A method for controlling the damage of plum gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for preventing and controlling the damage of hairy gall mites under plum trees in an apricot orchard based on a post-harvest heavy pruning technology, and belongs to the field of fruit tree pest control. The method includes targeting a pending apricot orchard in a planting area where the fruits are harvested before mid-month and the leaves are completely defoliated after mid-November. After the apricot fruits are harvested, the apricot trees are heavily pruned to prevent and control the hairy gall mites under plum trees and ensure the normal yield in the next year. The heavy pruning method includes: except for the main trunk and main branches of the apricot trees, the remaining branches are cut off from the base. The invention proposes a post-harvest heavy pruning technology for the first time for the restoration of apricot orchards damaged by hairy gall mites under plum trees. By completely removing apricot buds to prevent the spread of hairy gall mites under plum trees, the damage of hairy gall mites under plum trees can be controlled to about 25%. The technology is applied to planting areas with long growth periods or early-maturing varieties, and can restore the tree vigor in the current year and form more fruiting branch groups and mature flower buds, which can ensure the yield in the second year. The method of the invention is reasonably designed and easy to operate, and can be widely promoted and applied.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of fruit tree disease and insect pest control, and in particular to a method for controlling the damage of plum gall mites in an apricot orchard based on a post-harvest heavy pruning technology. Background Art

[0002] Apricot belongs to the genus Apricot in the subfamily Prune of the Rosaceae family. It is widely planted in my country and is one of the important economic fruits. It plays an important role in ecological environmental protection. However, in recent years, the Golden Sun Apricot production area in Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province has begun to experience abnormal spring flowering of apricots from low altitude areas. The main manifestations are: small number of flowers, delayed flowering, and serious flower and fruit drop. Abnormal flowering directly leads to a significant decrease in fruit yield. Up to now, 95% of apricot orchards in low altitude areas have almost lost their production, and apricot orchards in high altitude areas have also shown abnormal flowering, which has brought huge economic losses to the local area and is an industrial problem that needs to be solved urgently.

[0003] In response to this problem, the research team of the present invention investigated the flower bud development process of apricot orchards in high and low altitude areas of Dongchuan District, Kunming City, and found that the flower buds of apricots in low altitude areas developed abnormally and the proportion of apricot bud galls was higher. The eggs and larvae of various ages of the plum bud gall mite were observed in the apricot bud galls by means of electron microscopy and other means, confirming that the abnormal flowering of apricots was caused by the damage of the plum bud gall mite.

[0004] Apricot bud gall is common in apricot orchards. It is caused by the infection of the plum bud gall mite Acalitus phloeocoptes (Nalepa). The plum bud gall mite is a specialized food. It mainly parasitizes the apricot buds and causes damage, resulting in abnormal internal and external structures of the apricot buds, which leads to the inability to bloom and branch normally. In severe cases, the tree is weakened, the flowering period is delayed, the yield is seriously reduced, and even the yield is completely eliminated. Wei Yongliang et al. (1991) reported that this mite mainly infects ordinary apricot trees, harming their young buds and forming permanent irregular galls. These galls grow singly or in clusters and gradually become lignified (Occurrence and prevention of apricot bud gall. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 1991 (01): 66-74). The plum bud gall mite can crawl to nearby new buds at close range to continue to cause damage. The adult mites mainly overwinter in the gall bud buds that are tightly wrapped and have green young leaves. Long-distance transmission mainly relies on passive transmission by wind and seedling transportation. Studies have shown that the longest distance of passive transmission of apricot bud gall by wind is 15m (Occurrence law of hairy gall mite Acalitusphloeocoptes (Nalepa) in apricot orchards. Xinjiang Agricultural Science, 2022, 59(05): 1156-1164.).

[0005] At present, the main methods of prevention and control are manual removal of galls, diseased and insect-infested branches and spraying of mite drugs (Research on the prevention and control technology of apricot bud galls. Gansu Forestry Science and Technology, 2008 (02): 26-29.), but the manual removal of galls and diseased and insect-infested branches is labor-intensive and difficult to achieve ideal results. Since the hairy gall mites under plum trees parasitize and cause harm in the buds, it is difficult for general pesticides to penetrate into the multi-layer scales. The research team used a variety of pesticides to control the damage of mites for multiple times within a year. The results showed that the damage of the hairy gall mites under plum trees was not significantly different from that of the control, indicating that the effect of applying pesticides alone is poor and other means are needed for combined prevention and control. In addition, the application of pesticides may also cause environmental pollution due to unreasonable use.

[0006] Because the early symptoms of the plum hairy gall mite infection are not obvious, and the mite parasitizes inside the buds, it is difficult for drugs to penetrate and effectively control it, resulting in more and more apricot orchards being harmed by it, and most orchards have serious yield reductions after a few years. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a set of effective technical measures for the prevention and control of plum hairy gall mites. Summary of the invention

[0007] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a green and effective method for controlling the hairy gall mites in the apricot orchard with a long growing season for apricot trees, so as to fill the gap in the effective control means for the mite pest in current production. While controlling the mite, the method takes into account the operability and promotion of the technology, minimizes the yield loss of the production garden, and restores the normal production of the production garden as quickly as possible.

[0008] To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0009] The invention provides a method for preventing and controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in an apricot orchard based on a post-harvest heavy pruning technology. For apricot orchards to be treated in planting areas where the fruits of apricot trees are harvested before mid-November and the leaves are completely shed after mid-November, the apricot trees are heavily pruned after the fruits are harvested to ensure a normal yield in the next year. The heavy pruning method comprises: except for the main trunk and main branches of the apricot trees, the remaining branches are pruned from the base.

[0010] The apricot orchard to be treated refers to the apricot trees in the orchard, which are damaged by the hairy gall mites of Prunus subspinipes, resulting in serious impact on the quality of apricot flower buds, low yield or even total failure.

[0011] The present invention adopts the method of post-harvest heavy pruning to prevent and control the damage of plum hairy gall mites, removes some large branches, cross branches, and closed branches, opens the inner hall of the tree to the maximum extent, and removes branches with obvious symptoms of plum hairy gall mites. In the above method, after the fruit is harvested, all branches with or potential plum hairy gall mites are removed to cut off the source of plum hairy gall mites. Because plum hairy gall mites only parasitize in apricot tree buds to cause harm, short-distance transmission relies on crawling to nearby buds to cause harm, and long-distance transmission mainly relies on wind and human carrying for passive transmission, so removing apricot buds is an indirect removal of plum hairy gall mites.

[0012] The method of the present invention is suitable for planting areas where apricot trees have a long growing period and early-maturing varieties are planted, such as dry-hot river valleys and protected cultivation. Planting areas with a long growing period for apricot trees usually have sufficient light and heat and a short low-temperature period in winter. This climate feature and the strong growth potential of apricot trees provide a favorable basis for the application of the post-harvest heavy pruning technology of the present invention. Due to the sufficient light and heat, short low-temperature period in winter, and long growing period of apricot trees, heavy pruning is carried out after the fruit of the tree is harvested by utilizing the early maturity and strong sprouting ability of the apricot tree buds. A sufficient amount of new shoots can be sprouted in the current year, and the new shoots will have the ability to bloom and bear fruit in the second year, thereby not affecting the yield in the second year.

[0013] Therefore, the "post-harvest heavy pruning technology" is used to immediately carry out heavy pruning in the entire orchard after the fruits of the trees are harvested. On the one hand, a large number of plum gall mites in the orchard can be eliminated, and on the other hand, a large number of new shoots sprouted after pruning can be used as fruiting branches in the second year, achieving the purpose of preventing insects without affecting the yield in the second year.

[0014] In principle, this technology is applicable to areas (including facility cultivation) and cultivars where the fruit is harvested before mid-June and the leaves are completely shed after mid-November. For example, the apricot trees planted in the Golden Sun apricot production area in Dongchuan District, Kunming City, in the dry and hot valley area, begin to sprout in mid-February, the fruit can be harvested in late April, and the leaves are not completely shed until mid-December.

[0015] As a preferred method, for open-heart trees, except for 3 to 4 main branches, all other branches are cut off at the base; for sparse trunk trees, only the trunk and 3 to 4 main branches in each layer are left, and all other branches are cut off at the base. After pruning, only the trunk and several main branches are left on the tree.

[0016] Preferably, after heavy pruning, paint or healing agent is sprayed on the wound to protect the tree, and then the orchard is cleaned. In order to better achieve the cleaning effect and reduce the workload of pest control in the orchard, all cut branches in the orchard are removed and crushed or otherwise harmlessly treated, and Bordeaux liquid is sprayed for cleaning.

[0017] In order to prevent a small amount of plum hairy gall mites from remaining after the above pruning, the present invention uses chemical drugs to prevent and control plum hairy gall mites on the basis of the above post-harvest heavy pruning technology.

[0018] Preferably, the method further comprises: spraying miticide 3 to 5 times on the 12th to 15th day after the heavy pruning after harvesting to assist in the prevention and control of plum hairy gall mites. The interval between the first 2 to 3 times is half a month, and the interval between the next few times is one month or more.

[0019] The selected miticides may be, but are not limited to: one or more of cyfluthrin, abamectin, abamectin, cyfluthrin, and etoxazole. The first application time is about half a month after heavy pruning.

[0020] Preferably, acaricide is sprayed once 15 days, 1 month, 1.5 months, 2.5 months and 5.5 months after heavy pruning after harvest.

[0021] More preferably, 15 days after the heavy pruning, spray 2000-3000 times of diazinon·pyraclostrobin once; 1 month after the heavy pruning, spray 4000-6000 times of abamectin once; in mid-June, mid-July and mid-October, spray 1500 times of butyric acid, 2000-3000 times of diazinon·pyraclostrobin and 6000-8000 times of abamectin·ethoxazole once respectively.

[0022] In order to enable the tree to recover its growth more quickly after heavy pruning, to reasonably cultivate the tree shape, and to facilitate the formation of more fruiting branches and flower buds so as not to affect the yield in the next year, the present invention provides a set of effective tree management methods.

[0023] The method further comprises: performing orchard management after post-harvest heavy pruning, and the orchard management method comprises: bud removal, branch pruning and shaping, and winter pruning.

[0024] Bud removal: Because apricot trees have a strong budding ability, a large number of latent buds emerge from trees treated with the "post-harvest heavy pruning technology" half a month later. If too many new shoots are left at this time, it will not only waste the tree's nutrients, but also increase a lot of unnecessary work for pruning and shaping in the later stage; but if too many new shoots are removed in the early stage, it will not only suppress the tree's vigor, but also be detrimental to the cultivation of sufficient and appropriate fruiting branches in the later stage. In addition, the new shoots sprouting from the main branches are not firm at the base in the early stage and are easily blown off by the wind, so it is necessary to reserve some spare new shoots in the early stage.

[0025] Preferably, the bud removal comprises: the first bud removal is carried out 15 to 20 days after the latent buds germinate, and the new shoots removed include upper back branches, lower back branches and overcrowded branches, and the thinning amount is 1 / 3 to 1 / 4 of the new shoots of the whole tree; the second bud removal is carried out 1 month after the latent buds germinate, and permanent side branches and temporary fruiting branches are selected.

[0026] When the latent buds germinate for one month, the germination of latent buds has basically ended, and a more accurate bud removal work can be carried out. The specific method is as follows:

[0027] For open-heart trees, it is necessary to distinguish between permanent main and side branches and temporary fruiting branches. Permanent side branches are branches that are cultivated for several consecutive years, and temporary fruiting branches are branches that only bear fruit for 1-2 years to make up for the lack of fruiting parts in the early stage. Preferably, for the selection of permanent side branches, the second bud removal includes: leaving 6 to 8 permanent side branches on both sides of the main branch, and the distance between each two adjacent permanent side branches is controlled at 30 to 35 cm; the characteristics of the selected permanent side branches at this time are: new branches grow on both sides of the main branch, the stem is thicker, the growth is vigorous, some side branches have been generated, and the branches grow obliquely upward. For the selection of temporary fruiting branches, the second bud removal includes: selecting and retaining thinner branches growing on both sides of the main branch with a spacing of more than 5 cm as temporary fruiting branches.

[0028] For trees with sparse trunks, it is also necessary to distinguish between permanent side branches and temporary fruiting branches. Preferably, for the selection of permanent side branches, the second bud removal includes: selecting a permanent side branch every 20 to 30 cm on both sides of the main branch; the characteristics of the selected permanent side branches at this time are: new branches grow on both sides of the main branch, the stems are thicker, the growth is more vigorous, some side branches have been generated, and the branches grow obliquely upward. For the selection of temporary fruiting branches, the second bud removal includes: selecting new and weaker branches on the main branch and spacing them more than 5 cm as temporary fruiting branches.

[0029] In the above method, in order to reduce the possibility of the base of the side branches being blown off by the wind, use a cloth strip with a width of more than 3 cm to wrap it around the base of the branch twice, and then cross-wrap it around the main branch twice and tie it up. Note that the cloth strip should not be tied too tightly at this time. After one month, loosen it appropriately depending on the stability of the new shoots and the local wind strength.

[0030] Pruning and shaping: In order to guide the tree to form more fruiting branches and more plump flower buds in the same year, it is necessary to carry out appropriate pruning and shaping during the growth period. Specific methods include thinning out the upper branches, lower branches, cross branches and overcrowded branches, appropriately shortening the branches, twisting some side branches to promote flower bud differentiation, and appropriately pulling the overly vigorous, upward, and upright branches to moderate the growth potential and open up light. The overall principle is to ensure that the tree is ventilated and light-permeable, and that both vegetative growth and reproductive growth are developed.

[0031] Preferably, the pruning and shaping includes: for permanent side branches, when they grow to 60-70 cm, they are cut short for the first time, retaining them to 30-40 cm, and thinning out the side branches on the back, below the back and those that grow too vigorously; when the new branches at the cut end grow to 50-60 cm, they are cut short for the second time, retaining the length of the new branches to 30-40 cm, thinning out the side branches, and retaining strong branches to extend at a single end.

[0032] After the first pruning, for the existing side branches, remove the side branches on the back, below the back and those that grow too vigorously. For the permanent side branches that grow upright, twist / pull them appropriately to control the angle with the ground at 10 to 30 degrees.

[0033] About 15 days after the first and second short cuts, the permanent side branches begin to sprout new shoots. From this time to one month after the first short cut, the branches on the permanent side branches need to be thinned again. Preferably, within one month after the first and second short cuts, when the permanent side branches sprout new shoots, the side branches on the upper and lower backs, the side branches that grow too vigorously, and the side branches that are less than 15 cm from the base, as well as the redundant forks at the cut ends of the permanent side branches are thinned out, leaving only the stronger branches extending at a single end.

[0034] For areas with a long growing season, a third pruning can be performed similar to the above method to obtain more fruiting branches. At this point, the shaping of permanent side branches is basically completed.

[0035] During the entire growth period, the side branches on the permanent side branches should be lightly pruned and twisted. Light pruning can enable them to produce secondary and tertiary branch branches, and twisting can enable them to better convert vegetative growth into reproductive growth.

[0036] For temporary fruiting branches, while shaping and pruning permanent side branches, they should be properly pruned to make them grow more side branches. As a preference, pruning should be done according to the principle of single-head extension, and twisting the branches as the main method and pulling the branches as the auxiliary method should be used to ease their growth potential, and the angle between the temporary fruiting branches and the ground should be controlled below 10°.

[0037] Management of dormant trees, winter pruning includes: after the tree enters dormancy, thinning out the upper branches, lower branches, vigorous growth branches, weak fruiting branches, cross branches and extra multi-forked branches, so as to maintain the effect of single-head extension of fruiting branches and ventilation of the tree. After winter pruning, use 3-5 waves of lime sulfur mixture to clean the garden.

[0038] The orchard management also includes water and fertilizer input. After heavy pruning, the tree needs to be quickly restored and the fruiting branches need to be expanded. At the same time, as many high-quality flower buds as possible need to be differentiated to ensure normal yields in the next year. Therefore, fertilizer and water supply are also key. The fertilizer and water supply principles of this year are different from those of normal years. That is, more water and nutrients should be provided in the early stage, and the water supply will return to normal in the later stage, but more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers need to be provided to promote better differentiation of flower buds.

[0039] Preferably, the water and fertilizer input method includes watering and fertilizing, and the watering method includes: watering once after heavy pruning, so that the soil of the orchard is soaked for more than 50 to 60 centimeters; watering once half a month after heavy pruning and one and a half months after heavy pruning, so that the soil moisture content is maintained at 70%; if the production area has sufficient rainfall, the last two waterings can be omitted. The water supply thereafter depends on the growth of the tree.

[0040] The fertilization methods include: in mid-June, fertilize by trenching, applying 2 tons of organic base fertilizer + 100 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer per mu, with a trench depth of 30 cm; spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate water-soluble fertilizer in July, August and September.

[0041] The basal fertilizer work of the year should be advanced to June. Applying basal fertilizer at this time is beneficial to timely replenish the large amount of nutrients consumed by the tree in the first half of the year for fruiting and growth, and is also beneficial to the differentiation of flower buds. It should be noted that fertilizing by trenching at this time should not damage too many tree roots, and the temperature should not be higher than 30℃ half a month after fertilization. In addition to basal fertilizer, it is necessary to spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate water-soluble fertilizer in July, August and September in combination with drug control to improve the quality of flower bud differentiation and tree resistance.

[0042] The orchard management also includes pest and disease control. In the above-mentioned process of controlling the hairy gall mites under the plum tree by heavy pruning and chemical agents, strict coordinated pest and disease control is also required. During the growth period, there are three main pests and diseases that require special control, namely aphids, thrips and diseases. Other pests and diseases can be controlled by conventional means.

[0043] Aphids are very likely to cause damage to the tender shoots of apricot trees. Their damage is characterized by gathering on the tender shoots, sucking the tender shoots and leaves, causing the leaves to curl and the stem tips to be unable to continue growing. They reproduce quickly. If not prevented and controlled in time, the new shoots will not be able to grow and develop normally, the plant's growth cannot be restored, and normal flower buds cannot be formed.

[0044] Aphids on apricot trees can be effectively controlled by using symptomatic drugs. The available drugs include: acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cypermethrin (Diacloprid), thiamethoxam·perchlorvos, etc.

[0045] As preferably, for aphid pests, 15 days and 1 month after heavy pruning, insecticides are used for prevention respectively, and when aphid harm symptoms occur, different insecticides are used in rotation for prevention and treatment. More preferably, 15 days and 1 month after heavy pruning, 500 times of acetamiprid and 500 times of imidacloprid are added respectively for prevention while chemical drugs are used for plum hair gall mites, and then when aphid harm symptoms such as the above occur, 1500-2000 times of deltamethrin (dimethoate) and 1500 times of thiamethoxam are used in rotation for prevention and treatment. Aphid harm may occur until the autumn stops growing slightly, and after the autumn stops growing slightly and the leaves mature at this time, aphid harm disappears.

[0046] Thrips, although small in size, are visible to the naked eye. They mainly harm the tender leaves of apricot trees, causing the leaves to gradually turn yellow and then fall off soon after, affecting the growth of the tree and the differentiation of flower buds. Thrips occur at different times in different regions, generally in July, and can be judged by the symptoms and morphology of the damage.

[0047] Preferably, with respect to thrips, at the early stage of thrips damage, the whole orchard is sprayed with insecticides once, and then sprayed again after one week; more preferably, the time when thrips appear and damage the tender leaves of apricot trees is relatively concentrated, and at the early stage of the appearance of symptoms of thrips damage as mentioned above, the whole orchard is sprayed with 3000 times of Lochloacarb·Thiamethoxam or 5000-7000 times of Lochloacarb·Thiamethoxam, and then sprayed again after 7 days. Only after two coats of medicine can the damage of thrips to the tender leaves of the orchard be eliminated.

[0048] Diseases, entering the high temperature and rainy season is the peak period for tree diseases. In addition, the present invention adopts the technology of heavy pruning of trees, which will reduce the immunity of the tree to a certain extent in the same year, making it more vulnerable to diseases. When the tree is threatened by diseases, the growth vitality of the leaves will be reduced, or even the leaves will fall prematurely, which will seriously threaten the growth of the tree and the differentiation of flower buds. Diseases that apricot trees are susceptible to include powdery mildew, leaf spot disease and some unknown fungal diseases.

[0049] Preferably, for diseases, Bordeaux mixture is used to clean the garden once when the hot and rainy season comes; when disease symptoms appear, fungicides are sprayed twice, with an interval of 7 to 10 days. More preferably, the peak period of disease occurrence is half a month after the rainy season, and the condition of the leaves needs to be closely monitored. If disease symptoms appear, 3000 times dilution of benzopyraclostrobin and 2500 times difenoconazole can be used to spray twice continuously, with an interval of 7 to 10 days between the two uses.

[0050] The present invention realizes rapid, efficient and green control of the hairy gall mites under plum trees in apricot orchards and restores normal production of the production orchard at the fastest speed through the above-mentioned post-harvest heavy pruning technology, chemical control, fertilizer and water application, pruning and bud removal, vegetative growth and reproductive growth transformation and other technologies.

[0051] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0052] (1) The present invention proposes a post-harvest heavy pruning technology for the first time for the restoration of apricot orchards damaged by the plum hairy gall mite, which eliminates the spread of the plum hairy gall mite by removing apricot buds. The application of the technology of the present invention can effectively prevent and control the apricot orchards damaged by the plum hairy gall mite, and the damage caused by the plum hairy gall mite can be controlled to about 25%.

[0053] (2) The technology of the present invention is applied in planting areas with a relatively long growing period and early-maturing varieties. After the apricots are harvested, the trees are re-pruned, which can restore the tree vigor and form more fruiting branches and mature flower buds in the same year, thus ensuring the yield in the second year.

[0054] (3) The method of the present invention is reasonably designed and easy to operate. Ordinary fruit farmers can easily master the technology and it can be promoted and applied on a large scale. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0055] Figure 1 These are the symptoms after the trees are damaged by the hairy gall mites under the plum tree. Picture A shows that the hairy gall mites under the plum tree cause the formation of large and small galls on the tree. Picture B shows that the hairy gall mites under the plum tree cause the apricot buds to be unable to bloom and branch normally in spring. Picture C shows the symptoms of varying degrees of damage to the flower buds caused by the hairy gall mites under the plum tree. Picture D shows the symptoms of varying degrees of damage to the flower primordia caused by the hairy gall mites under the plum tree.

[0056] Figure 2 This is a picture of the symptoms after the tree was damaged by thrips, aphids and two diseases (guessed to be powdery mildew and leaf spot disease based on the symptoms).

[0057] Figure 3 This is the effect of the tree after the application of the "post-harvest heavy pruning technology".

[0058] Figure 4 The present invention is applied to the treatment of plum hairy gall mites, and the probability statistics of flower buds being invaded by plum hairy gall mites at different stages in the "post-harvest heavy pruning orchard" and two control orchards are shown.

[0059] Figure 5 The growth condition of the tree in that year after the "post-harvest heavy pruning technology" was applied but the management was not carried out according to the "matching management technology" of the present invention.

[0060] Figure 6 The invention relates to the growth condition of trees in the current year before applying the technology of the invention to control the hairy gall mites under plum trees.

[0061] Figure 7 The technical system of the present invention is used to investigate the development of fruiting branches and flower buds of orchard trees after the treatment with plum hairy gall mites. Figure A shows the fruiting branch group, Figure B shows the fruiting branch, and Figure C shows the flower bud development. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0062] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments. The following embodiments are only used to illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of application of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and essence of the present invention, modifications or replacements made to the inventive method, steps or conditions all belong to the scope of the present invention.

[0063] Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used in the following examples are all conventional methods; the materials and reagents used are reagents and materials that can be obtained from commercial channels unless otherwise specified.

[0064] Terminology Note:

[0065] Main trunk: the part above the rhizome to the point where the first branch is attached.

[0066] Main branches: Several large branches growing on the main trunk, also known as primary backbone branches.

[0067] Permanent side branches: branches that are cultivated for several consecutive years, and their characteristics meet the following requirements: new shoots are born on the upper middle sides of the main branches, the stems are relatively thick, the growth is vigorous, some side branches have been generated, and the branches grow diagonally upwards.

[0068] Temporary fruiting branches: branches that only bear fruit for 1-2 years to make up for the lack of fruiting parts in the early stage. Their characteristics are: new shoots grow on both sides of the main branches, and the branches are thin and weak.

[0069] Example 1

[0070] Implementation location: Lvmao Village, Bigu Street, Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province

[0071] Basic information of the apricot orchard: The area of ​​the apricot orchard is about 1.5 acres. The planting variety is Golden Sun apricot, the tree age is 12 years, the tree shape is 3 or 4 main branches open heart type, the trees are seriously damaged by the hairy gall mites in plum trees, and have been almost in a state of complete extinction for 5 consecutive years. There are no apricot, plum or other trees parasitized by the hairy gall mites within 15m of the apricot orchard.

[0072] like Figure 1 As shown in the figure, after the tree is damaged by the plum hairy gall mite, galls of various sizes are formed ( Figure 1 A), apricot buds cannot bloom and branch normally in spring ( Figure 1 B), flower buds show varying degrees of damage symptoms ( Figure 1 C), the flower primordium showed different degrees of damage symptoms ( Figure 1 D).

[0073] In addition to being harmed by the plum gall mites, apricot trees are also harmed by other pests and diseases, such as aphids and thrips. Figure 2 .

[0074] Growth characteristics of apricot trees planted in Dongchuan District: The latent buds of apricot trees are very easy to germinate after being stimulated, and they have strong growth potential. Through reasonable management, they can produce 3-4 secondary shoots in a year. Dongchuan District is located in a dry and hot river valley area with sufficient light and heat, short low temperature period in winter, and long growth period. The apricot trees planted in this area begin to sprout in mid-February and do not finish leafing until mid-December.

[0075] 1. A method for preventing and controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in an apricot orchard based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology, comprising the following steps:

[0076] (I) Using the “post-harvest heavy pruning technique” to eliminate plum gall mites

[0077] After the fruits were harvested on April 25, the orchard was heavily pruned by removing some large branches, crossing branches, and closed branches to open the interior of the tree to the maximum extent possible, and at the same time removing branches that showed obvious symptoms of damage by the plum gall mite.

[0078] Optimized: ① For open-heart-shaped trees, except for a few main branches, all other branches are cut off at the base.

[0079] ② For trees with sparse trunks, only the trunk and several main branches on each layer are left, and all other branches are cut off at the base. After pruning, only the trunk and several main branches are left on the tree.

[0080] After the pruning work is completed, the wounds are sprayed with paint immediately, and the trunk is whitened with whitening agent. The final effect is as follows Figure 3 .

[0081] All the cut branches in the orchard should be removed and crushed or otherwise disposed of harmlessly. At the same time, Bordeaux liquid should be sprayed to clean the orchard.

[0082] (II) Mite drugs to assist in the prevention and control of plum gall mites

[0083] 15 days after heavy pruning, spray 2000-3000 times diluted cypermethrin once; 1 month after heavy pruning, spray 4000-6000 times diluted abamectin once; in mid-June, mid-July and mid-October, spray 1500 times diluted cyfluthrin, 2000-3000 times diluted cypermethrin and 6000-8000 times diluted abamectin once respectively.

[0084] (III) Tree management after heavy pruning

[0085] (1) Remove the sprouts

[0086] After heavy pruning, the first bud removal is carried out 15-20 days after the latent buds germinate. At this time, the new shoots removed are mainly the upper branches, lower branches and overly dense branches, and the amount of thinning is about 1 / 3 of the new shoots of the whole tree; the second bud removal is carried out 1 month after the latent buds germinate. The specific method of the second bud removal is as follows:

[0087] ① For the selection of permanent side branches, keep 12-16 permanent side branches on each of the 3 (or 4) main branches, and keep 6-8 branches on both sides of the main branches. The distance between each two adjacent permanent side branches is controlled at 30-35cm. The characteristics of the selected permanent side branches at this time are: new shoots grow on both sides of the main branches, the stems are relatively thick, the growth is vigorous, some side branches have been generated, and the branches grow diagonally upward.

[0088] In order to reduce the possibility of the base of the side branches being blown off by the wind, use a cloth strip with a width of more than 3 cm to wrap it around the base of the branch twice, and then cross it around the main branch and tie it up twice. Note that the cloth strip should not be tied too tightly at this time. After one month, loosen it appropriately according to the stability of the new shoots and the local wind strength.

[0089] ② For the selection of temporary fruiting branches, select new and weaker branches. New shoots are generally grown on both sides of the main branches. Temporary fruiting branches can be temporarily selected if they are more than 5 cm apart. If they are too dense, remove them.

[0090] (2) Pruning and shaping

[0091] ① For permanent side branches, when they grow to 60-70cm, they will be cut short to 40cm, and the side branches that already exist will be thinned out, and the side branches that are on the back, below the back, and those that grow too vigorously. For permanent side branches that grow upright, they will be twisted / pulled appropriately to control the angle with the ground at 10-30°. About 15 days after the first short cut, the permanent side branches will begin to sprout new branches. From this time to one month after the first short cut, the branches on the permanent side branches will be thinned out again. The method is the same, thinning out the side branches that are on the back, below the back, those that grow too vigorously, and those that are less than 15cm away from the base. In addition, it is necessary to thin out the extra forks at the cut, leaving only the stronger branches to extend at a single end.

[0092] When the new branches at the cut grow to 50-60cm, carry out the second short pruning, retaining the new shoot length of 30-40cm. About 15 days after the second short pruning, the permanent side branches begin to sprout new shoots. From this time to 1 month after the second short pruning, the branches on the permanent side branches need to be thinned out again. The method is the same, thinning out the side branches on the back, below the back and those that grow too vigorously. In addition, the excess forks at the cut need to be thinned out, leaving only the stronger branches to extend at a single end.

[0093] When the second cut reaches 50-60cm, perform the third short cut and pruning similar to the above method. At this point, the shaping of permanent side branches is basically completed. During the entire growth period, the side branches on the permanent side branches should be lightly short cut and twisted appropriately.

[0094] ② For temporary fruiting branches, while shaping and pruning permanent side branches, prune them appropriately to make them grow more side branches. At the same time, use the method of "twisting the branches as the main method and pulling the branches as the auxiliary method" to ease their growth potential and control the angle between the temporary fruiting branches and the ground to less than 10°. The principle of "single-head extension" also applies to temporary fruiting branches.

[0095] All pruning work was completed by August 15th.

[0096] (3) Prevention and control of major diseases and insect pests

[0097] ① Aphids: 15 days and 1 month after heavy pruning, apply chemical drugs to plum gall mites, and add 500 times diluted acetamiprid and 500 times diluted imidacloprid for prevention. Then, when symptoms of aphid damage appear, use 1500-2000 times diluted cypermethrin (Dithiophanate-methyl) and 1500 times diluted thiamethoxam for prevention and control.

[0098] ② Thrips: In mid-July, when the local thrips are at their initial stage of damage, spray the entire garden with 3000 times diluted Lochloacid·Thiamethoxam once, and then spray it again with 5000-7000 times diluted Lochloacid·Thiamethoxam 7 days later.

[0099] ③ Diseases: At the end of June, when the local hot and rainy season comes, use Bordeaux mixture to clean the garden once. On August 20, spray 3000 times of benzopyraclostrobin once, and 8 days later spray 2500 times of difenoconazole once.

[0100] (4) Water and fertilizer management

[0101] ① Water: Immediately after heavy pruning, water the orchard soil thoroughly to soak the soil layer of more than 50-60 cm. Water the orchard soil again half a month and one and a half months after heavy pruning to keep the soil moisture content at 60-70%.

[0102] ② Fertilizer: On June 15, the method of trench fertilization was adopted, with 2 tons of decomposed sheep manure + 100kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer applied per mu, and the trench depth was 30cm; on July 8, August 9 and September 1, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate water-soluble fertilizer was sprayed in combination with drug control.

[0103] (IV) Tree management during dormancy

[0104] On December 25, the trees were winter pruned. The specific method of winter pruning is: thinning out the back branches, the back branches, the vigorous growing branches, the weak fruiting branches, the crossed branches and the extra multi-forked branches, so as to keep the fruiting branches extending at a single head and the tree well ventilated.

[0105] On December 27, the tree trunks were whitewashed and the garden was cleaned with 5-wave lime sulfur mixture.

[0106] 2. Control Group Setup

[0107] The apricot orchard that applied the above-mentioned "a method for controlling the damage of plum gall mites based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology" was named "post-harvest heavy pruning orchard". In order to highlight the effect of "post-harvest heavy pruning orchard", we added 2 control groups, and the names and treatments of the control groups are as follows:

[0108] ① Conventional management orchard: An orchard with similar conditions is identified near the “post-harvest heavy-pruning orchard” and the management of this orchard is carried out in accordance with the local routine management of previous years, that is, no post-harvest heavy-pruning or the acaricide drug control treatment used in the “post-harvest heavy-pruning orchard” is carried out; during the growing season, summer pruning is carried out once at the end of June, and 1 ton of decomposed sheep manure + 100 kg of ordinary compound fertilizer is applied per mu at the end of September, and drug control is carried out according to the local disease and insect pest occurrence situation; the dormancy period management is the same as that of the “post-harvest heavy-pruning orchard”.

[0109] ②Drug control garden: An orchard with similar conditions was identified near the "post-harvest heavy pruning garden". The orchard was sprayed with 2000-3000 times dilution of cypermethrin and cypermethrin 15 days after budding; 4000-6000 times dilution of abamectin was sprayed once one month after budding; 1500 times dilution of cyfluthrin, 2000-3000 times dilution of cypermethrin and 6000-8000 times dilution of abamectin were sprayed once on May 8, July 17 and October 16 respectively. Except for the use of the above-mentioned acaricide drug control treatment, the rest of the management content is the same as the "conventional management garden".

[0110] In addition, in order to verify the necessity of applying "supporting management technology" after post-harvest heavy pruning, three apricot trees were selected from the post-harvest heavy pruning fruit trees and left without any management, and their growth effects were observed to serve as a supplementary control for the "post-harvest heavy pruning garden".

[0111] 3. Results and Analysis

[0112] (I) Prevention and control of plum hairy gall mites

[0113] From July 1st to December 1st, apricot buds in the "post-harvest heavy-pruning orchard" and two control group orchards were dissected and observed every month, and the damage caused by the invasion of Prunus subspinipes gall mites in the buds was counted. The "invasion rate" was used to represent the number of buds invaded by Prunus subspinipes gall mites as a percentage of the total number of buds counted.

[0114] like Figure 4 As shown in the figure, the invasion rate of P. chinensis in the "post-harvest heavy-pruning garden" was much lower than that in the "conventional management garden" in each period, ranging from (12% to 37%), and finally stabilized at 25%; while in the "drug control garden" compared with the "conventional management garden", except for the invasion rate measured on October 2, which was 12.41% lower, there was no significant difference in the other four times, and the invasion rate was always at a high level of (60% to 85%).

[0115] (II) Tree nutritional growth

[0116] like Figure 5 As shown, after applying the "post-harvest heavy pruning technology" but not managing according to the "supporting management technology" of the present invention, the new shoots of the tree cannot grow normally due to pests and diseases, insufficient fertilizer and water, etc., resulting in the inability to recover the tree vigor, few fruiting branches and difficulty in forming effective flower buds, and basically losing the ability to bear fruit in the second year.

[0117] like Figure 6 As shown, since apricot trees have strong growth potential, through scientific management, by September 1 when the new shoots of the apricot trees stopped growing, the growth of the apricot trees in the "post-harvest heavy-pruning garden" returned to a high-yield state.

[0118] (III) Tree reproductive growth

[0119] like Figure 7 As shown, the fruiting branches of the trees in the "post-harvest heavy pruning orchard" have more medium and short fruiting branches. The flower buds on the fruiting branches were dissected under a stereo microscope, and it was found that the flower buds were fully developed and differentiated normally. This shows that the orchard transformed by the present invention has the ability to bloom and bear fruit every other year.

[0120] In summary, through the application of "a method for preventing and controlling the damage of hairy gall mites under plum trees in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology", the damage of hairy gall mites under plum trees in apricot orchards can be effectively controlled without affecting the yield in the second year. The invention is technically feasible, simple to operate, and has obvious effects, and is suitable for promotion and application.

Claims

1. A method for preventing and controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology, characterized in that: The method comprises: for a pending apricot orchard in a planting area where apricot fruits are harvested before mid-June and leaves are completely shed after mid-November, after the fruits are harvested, the apricot trees are heavily pruned to ensure normal yield in the next year, and the heavy pruning method comprises: except for the main trunk and main branches of the apricot trees, the remaining branches are pruned from the base; for open-hearted trees, except for 3 to 4 main branches, the remaining branches are all pruned at the base; for trees with sparse trunks, only the main trunk and 3 to 4 main branches on each layer are left, and the remaining branches are all pruned at the base; The method further comprises: performing orchard management after post-harvest heavy pruning, wherein the orchard management method comprises: bud removal, branch pruning and shaping, and winter pruning; The bud removal includes: performing the first bud removal when the latent buds germinate for 15 to 20 days, removing new shoots including upper branches, lower branches and overly dense branches, and the amount of thinning is 1 / 3 to 1 / 4 of the new shoots of the whole tree; performing the second bud removal when the latent buds germinate for 1 month, selecting permanent side branches and temporary fruiting branches; The pruning and shaping includes: for permanent side branches, when they grow to 60-70 cm, they are cut short for the first time, leaving them to 30-40 cm, and thinning out the side branches on the back, below the back and those that grow too vigorously; when the new branches at the cut end grow to 50-60 cm, they are cut short for the second time, leaving the new branches 30-40 cm long, thinning out the side branches, and leaving strong branches to extend at one end; For temporary fruiting branches, prune them according to the principle of single-end extension, and use twisting as the main method and pulling as the auxiliary method to ease their growth potential. The angle between the temporary fruiting branches and the ground is controlled below 10°. The winter pruning includes: after the tree enters dormancy, thinning out the upper back branches, lower back branches, vigorous growth branches, weak fruiting branches, crossed branches and excess multi-forked branches, so as to maintain the single-end extension of the fruiting branches and the ventilation of the tree.

2. The method for controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: After heavy pruning, spray paint or healing agent on the wound and then clean the garden.

3. The method for controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method further comprises: starting from the 12th to 15th day after the heavy pruning after harvesting, spraying acaricide 3 to 5 times to assist in the prevention and control of plum gall mites.

4. The method for controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology according to claim 3, characterized in that: Spray acaricide once 15 days, 1 month, 1.5 months, 2.5 months and 5.5 months after heavy pruning after harvest.

5. The method for controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: For open-heart trees, the second bud removal includes: leaving 6 to 8 permanent side branches on both sides of the main branch, and controlling the distance between each two adjacent permanent side branches to be 30 to 35 cm; selecting new and slightly thinner branches on both sides of the main branch with a distance of more than 5 cm as temporary fruiting branches; For trees with sparse trunks, the second bud removal includes: selecting a permanent side branch every 20 to 30 cm on both sides of the main branch; selecting new and slightly thinner branches on the main branch and leaving them at intervals of more than 5 cm as temporary fruiting branches.

6. The method for controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: Within one month after the first and second shortcuts, wait for new shoots to sprout from the permanent side branches, and remove the side branches on the upper and lower backs of the permanent side branches, the side branches that grow too vigorously, the side branches that are less than 15 cm away from the base, and the excess branches at the cut ends, leaving only the stronger branches extending alone.

7. The method for controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The orchard management also includes pest and disease control, and the pest and disease control methods include: for aphid pests, use pesticides for prevention 15 days and 1 month after heavy pruning, and when aphid damage symptoms appear, use different pesticides in rotation for control; for thrips, spray the entire orchard with pesticides once at the early stage of thrips damage, and spray again one week later; for diseases, use Bordeaux liquid to clean the orchard once when the hot and rainy season comes; when disease symptoms appear, spray fungicides twice, with an interval of 7 to 10 days.

8. The method for controlling the damage of hairy gall mites in apricot orchards based on post-harvest heavy pruning technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The orchard management also includes water and fertilizer input, and the water and fertilizer input methods include watering and fertilizing. The watering method includes: watering once after heavy pruning, so that the soil of the orchard is soaked at a soil layer of more than 50 to 60 centimeters; watering once half a month after heavy pruning and one and a half months after heavy pruning, so that the soil moisture content is maintained at 60 to 70%; The fertilization methods include: applying 2 tons of organic base fertilizer and 100 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer per mu by trench fertilization in mid-June, with a trench depth of 30 cm; spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate water-soluble fertilizer once in July, August and September respectively.

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