A post-welding slit indium material residue processing device and use method thereof

Abstract

The present invention relates to a post-welding slit indium material residue processing device and a method for using the same. The indium material residue processing device comprises a control unit, an indium removal unit and a recycling unit; the indium removal unit comprises a heat-insulating shell body and an indium absorption tube arranged at the bottom of the heat-insulating shell body; an electric heating rod is arranged in the heat-insulating shell body; an endoscope is arranged at the head of the indium absorption tube, and a compression spring is arranged at the tail; a heat-conducting copper column is arranged on the outer wall of the electric heating rod, and the heat-conducting copper column extends downward to the top of the indium absorption tube; a pressure sensor is also arranged above the tail of the indium absorption tube; the present invention is suitable for the post-welding processing process using indium as solder, and realizes the removal and recycling of indium material; solves the problem that the slit indium material residue affects the performance of the weldment, and the recycling and reuse of the indium material residue saves costs.

Description

[0001] Technical field

[0002] The present invention specifically relates to a post-welding slit indium material residue processing device and a use method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of special welding. Background Art

[0003] Indium is a rare metal. Due to its good ductility, moderate hardness, low melting point and good conductivity, it is often prepared into high-concentration indium balls by chemical vapor deposition, which are used in electronics, semiconductors, photovoltaics and welding technology. When indium balls are used in the field of welding, pressure diffusion welding is generally adopted to make the weldment and the welded parts fit tightly together under the action of temperature and pressure. Affected by the good ductility of the indium ball itself, after being subjected to high temperature and pressure, the molten indium material moves irregularly, resulting in uneven distribution between the weldment and the welded parts after cooling, and residues overflow and adhere to the surface of the weldment or in the slits. When used in semiconductor packaging, high-density integrated circuits or laser gain modules, the residues of indium materials will hinder signal transmission, light transmission and homogenization, and directly affect its performance. In addition, indium is a scarce resource. According to statistics, the estimated global reserves are only 50,000 tons, of which only half can be used for mining. In the face of the current situation, the recovery of indium residues after welding has become particularly important.

[0004] At present, the post-welding indium material residues on flat surfaces or grooves with large gaps are generally removed with a scraper. This method will cause some of the indium material residues to remain attached to the surface, which is not completely removed. In addition, the scraper head is very sharp, which requires high operator requirements. Improper operation will cause overcutting, resulting in damage to the welding surface and reduced bonding strength. In addition, there is a risk of scratching the surface of the part or damaging the device itself. Therefore, in actual operation, the post-welding indium material residues in tiny slits are usually not processed directly without affecting the use. If necessary, they will be heated and re-welded. This method does not fundamentally solve the problem. It not only wastes time and indium materials, but also has many hidden dangers in use.

[0005] Currently, there is no reasonable way to collect the indium material residue after removal, and the manual picking method is time-consuming and incomplete. Therefore, a device is needed to rationally remove and recycle the indium material residue in the slit after welding. Summary of the invention

[0006] In view of the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a device for processing slit indium material residues after welding.

[0007] The present invention also provides a method for using the post-welding slit indium material residue processing device.

[0008] The technical solution of the present invention is:

[0009] A post-welding slit indium material residue processing device comprises a control unit, an indium removal unit and a recovery unit;

[0010] The indium removal unit comprises a heat preservation shell body and an indium absorption tube arranged at the bottom of the heat preservation shell body; an electric heating rod is arranged in the heat preservation shell body; an endoscope is arranged at the head of the indium absorption tube, and a compression spring is arranged at the tail; a heat-conducting copper column is arranged on the outer wall of the electric heating rod, and the heat-conducting copper column extends downward to the top of the indium absorption tube; a pressure sensor is also arranged above the tail of the indium absorption tube;

[0011] The recovery unit comprises a vacuum pump, a housing upper cover, and a housing body which are arranged in sequence from top to bottom; the housing body is a groove-shaped structure; the housing upper cover and the housing body form a closed cavity, and the vacuum pump is connected to the closed cavity; a drawable guide tray is arranged on the side wall of the housing body; an electric heating wire is arranged at the bottom of the housing body; a rectangular storage groove is opened on the upper surface of the guide tray for storing the indium material residues removed by suction;

[0012] The indium absorption tube is connected to the closed cavity through a metal conduit; one end of the metal conduit extends to the top of the guide tray;

[0013] The control unit is a PLC control module.

[0014] Preferably, a diamond-shaped convex positioning block and a through hole are provided on the inner side of the side of the guide tray, and a positioning groove matching the diamond-shaped convex positioning block and a threaded hole corresponding to the through hole are provided on the side of the shell body for positioning and fastening;

[0015] A guide base plate is arranged below the guide tray, a convex guide block is arranged on the bottom surface of the guide tray, a guide groove matching with the convex guide block is arranged on the upper surface of the guide base plate, and a second pressure sensor is also arranged on the upper surface of the guide base plate.

[0016] Preferably, a "funnel"-shaped flow channel is provided at the tail of the indium absorption tube, and a baffle is provided at the bottom of the "funnel"-shaped flow channel, and the baffle is arranged at the bottom of the "funnel"-shaped flow channel through a torsion spring; a disc for contacting the compression spring is also provided at the tail of the indium absorption tube to provide a pressure plane for the compression spring; the cylinder in the center of the disc is used to contact the pressure sensor; a horizontal flow channel is provided on the side of the "funnel"-shaped flow channel, and an arc-shaped guide groove is provided on the inner wall of the horizontal flow channel.

[0017] Preferably, the pressure sensor is wrapped by an asbestos pad to eliminate the influence of high temperature generated by the electric heating rod on the pressure sensor.

[0018] Preferably, the indium absorption tube is arranged at the bottom of the heat preservation shell body through a protective head; the heat-conducting copper column is threadedly connected to the protective head; and the gap between the protective head and the indium absorption tube is filled with a heat-conducting material.

[0019] Preferably, the main body of the heat-insulating shell is a double-layer structure, the inner layer is a "convex" circular ring structure made of glass fiber, and the outer layer is a "concave" circular ring structure made of polytetrafluoroethylene, and the two are interference-connected and interlocked.

[0020] Further preferably, an insulation shell upper cover is also provided on the top of the insulation shell main body. The insulation shell upper cover is a double-layer insulation structure, is threadedly connected to the insulation shell main body, and is provided with a wire hole.

[0021] Preferably, the shell body is a double-layer structure, the inner layer is brass, and the outer layer is made of polytetrafluoroethylene; the upper surface of the shell body is provided with a fixing groove for fixing the electric heating wire;

[0022] A metal conduit mounting hole and a guide tray window are arranged on one side of the shell body.

[0023] A method for using the above-mentioned post-welding slit indium material residue processing device comprises the following steps:

[0024] 1) Hold the main body of the insulation shell, insert the head of the indium absorption tube into the slit, use an endoscope to observe the location of the indium material residue, and determine the processing area;

[0025] 2) When the head of the indium absorption tube touches the indium material residue, the compression spring is compressed, and the tail of the indium absorption tube touches the pressure sensor. The pressure sensor sends an electrical signal to the PLC control module, and the PLC control module sends an instruction to start the electric heating rod, vacuum pump and electric heating wire to work;

[0026] 3) After the electric heating rod is heated to the set temperature, the PLC control module sends a command to control the temperature again. Since the electric heating rod is in direct contact with the heat-conducting copper column, the heat is transferred to the protective head through the heat-conducting copper column, and then to the indium absorption tube; the head of the indium absorption tube heats the indium material residue to a molten state;

[0027] 4) The vacuum pump absorbs the molten indium material residue, and the molten indium material residue flows into the guide tray through the flow channel at the root of the indium absorption tube and the metal conduit in turn. During this process, the electric heating wire continues to heat, and the heat is transferred to the metal conduit, the guide tray, the guide bottom plate and the inner wall of the shell body to prevent the molten indium material residue from cooling rapidly and blocking the flow channel;

[0028] 5) Lift the indium absorption tube upward, compress the spring to rebound the indium absorption tube, separate the indium absorption tube from the pressure sensor, the pressure sensor stops generating electrical signals, the PLC control module sends a stop command, and the electric heating rod, vacuum pump and electric heating wire stop working;

[0029] Preferably, when the weight of the recycled indium material residue in the guide tray reaches a preset value, the second pressure sensor sends a signal to the PLC control module, the PLC control module sends an instruction, and the indicator light lights up, indicating that the guide tray needs to be replaced.

[0030] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0031] 1. The post-welding slit indium material residue processing device of the present invention is suitable for the post-welding processing process using indium as solder, and realizes the removal and recycling of indium material; it solves the problem that the slit indium material residue affects the performance of welded parts, and the recycling and reuse of indium material residue saves costs;

[0032] 2. The present invention can accurately locate the residue of indium material in the slit after welding, the heating temperature and duration are controllable, and local heating will not damage the welding surface and affect the welding bonding strength; the overall size of the device is small, the operation is convenient, the requirements for personnel are low, it is easy to clean, and the safety level is high. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] Figure 1 It is an overall schematic diagram of the post-welding slit indium material residue processing device of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the indium removal unit of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 3 It is an explosion schematic diagram of the recovery unit of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the thermal insulation shell of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the indium absorption tube of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the guide tray described in the present invention;

[0039] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the guide base plate of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the housing body of the present invention;

[0041] In the figure: 1-1, PLC control module; 1-2, pressure sensor; 2-1, insulation shell cover; 2-2, insulation shell body; 2-3, thermal conductive copper column; 2-4, electric heating rod; 2-5, asbestos pad; 2-6, compression spring; 3-1, indium absorption tube; 3-1-1, torsion spring; 3-1-2, baffle; 3-1-3, limit block; 3-1-4, arc guide groove; 3-2, protective head; 3-3, endoscope; 3-4, metal catheter; 4-1, vacuum pump; 4-2, shell cover; 4-3, shell body; 4-4, indicator light; 4-5, guide tray; 4-6, guide bottom plate; 4-7, electric heating wire; 4-8, second pressure sensor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] Some embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0043] Example 1

[0044] like Figure 1-8 shown.

[0045] A post-welding slit indium material residue processing device comprises a control unit, an indium removal unit and a recovery unit;

[0046] The indium removal unit includes a heat preservation shell body 2-2 and an indium absorption tube 3-1 arranged at the bottom of the heat preservation shell body; an electric heating rod 2-4 is arranged in the heat preservation shell body 2-2; an endoscope 3-3 is arranged at the head of the indium absorption tube, and a compression spring 2-6 is arranged at the tail; a heat-conducting copper column 2-3 is arranged on the outer wall of the electric heating rod, and the heat-conducting copper column 2-3 extends downward to the top of the indium absorption tube; a pressure sensor 1-2 is also arranged above the tail of the indium absorption tube;

[0047] The recovery unit comprises a vacuum pump 4-1, a housing cover 4-2, and a housing body 4-3 which are arranged in sequence from top to bottom; the housing body 4-3 is a groove-shaped structure; the housing cover 4-2 and the housing body 4-3 form a closed cavity, and the vacuum pump is connected to the closed cavity; a removable guide tray 4-5 is arranged on the side wall of the housing body 4-3; an electric heating wire 4-7 is arranged at the bottom of the housing body 4-3; a rectangular storage groove is opened on the upper surface of the guide tray 4-5 for storing the indium material residue removed by suction;

[0048] The indium absorption tube 3-1 is connected to the closed cavity through a metal conduit 3-4; one end of the metal conduit extends to the top of the guide tray 4-5;

[0049] The control unit is a PLC control module 1-1.

[0050] Example 2

[0051] As described in Example 1, the post-welding slit indium material residue processing device, further, the inner side of the side of the guide tray 4-5 is provided with a diamond-shaped convex positioning block and a through hole, and the side of the shell body 4-3 is provided with a positioning groove matching the diamond-shaped convex positioning block and a threaded hole corresponding to the through hole, which are used for positioning and fastening; through the cooperation of the through hole and the threaded hole, and then fastened with bolts, the guide tray 4-5 is pressed and fitted against the inner wall of the shell body 4-3, which has the function of guiding the fluid and preventing the molten indium material residue from overflowing and contaminating the shell body 4-3.

[0052] A guide bottom plate 4-6 is provided below the guide tray 4-5, a convex guide block is provided on the bottom surface of the guide tray 4-5, a guide groove matched with the convex guide block is provided on the upper surface of the guide bottom plate 4-6, and a second pressure sensor 4-8 is also provided on the upper surface of the guide bottom plate 4-6. The convex guide block cooperates with the guide groove to facilitate the guide tray 4-5 to be slid out along the groove direction.

[0053] Example 3

[0054] As described in Example 1, the post-welding slit indium material residue processing device is further provided with a "funnel" type flow channel at the tail of the indium absorption tube 3-1, and a baffle 3-1-2 is provided at the bottom of the "funnel" type flow channel, and the baffle 3-1-2 is arranged at the bottom of the "funnel" type flow channel through a torsion spring 3-1-1; a disc for contacting the compression spring is also provided at the tail of the indium absorption tube to provide a pressure plane for the compression spring 2-6; the cylinder in the center of the disc is used to contact the pressure sensor 1-2; a horizontal flow channel is provided on the side of the "funnel" type flow channel, and an arc-shaped guide groove 3-1-4 is provided on the inner wall of the horizontal flow channel. When working, under the action of the suction of the vacuum pump 4-1 and the pressure of the molten indium material residue, the baffle 3-1-2 opens, and the molten indium material residue flows into the horizontal flow channel, and flows into the metal conduit 3-4 through the arc guide groove 3-1-4. When stopping working, the baffle 3-1-2 is closed under the action of gravity and the torsion spring 3-1-1, and contacts with the limit block 3-1-3. The arc guide groove 3-1-4 and the baffle 3-1-2 prevent the molten indium material residue from flowing back, and the horizontal flow channel and the metal conduit 3-4 are threadedly connected to facilitate the molten indium material residue to flow into the metal conduit 3-4.

[0055] Example 4

[0056] As described in the device for processing the residue of slit indium material after welding in Example 1, further, the pressure sensor 1-2 is wrapped with an asbestos pad 2-5 to eliminate the influence of the high temperature generated by the electric heating rod 2-4 on the pressure sensor.

[0057] Example 5

[0058] As described in Example 1, the post-welding slit indium material residue processing device, further, the indium absorption tube 3-1 is arranged at the bottom of the heat preservation shell body through the protective head 3-2; the heat-conducting copper column 2-3 is threadedly connected with the protective head 3-2; the gap between the protective head 3-2 and the indium absorption tube 3-1 is filled with a heat-conducting material. The size and shape of the head of the indium absorption tube 3-1 can be replaced according to the slit morphology, which effectively solves the current situation that the slit indium material residue is difficult to remove and cannot be completely removed, and has the characteristics of strong applicability.

[0059] Example 6

[0060] As described in Example 1, the post-welding slit indium material residue treatment device, further, the heat-insulating shell body 2-2 is a double-layer structure, the inner layer is a "convex" type circular ring structure made of glass fiber, and the outer layer is a "concave" type circular ring structure made of polytetrafluoroethylene, and the two are connected by interference fit. The above structure and material can concentrate heat on the heat-conducting copper column 2-3, slow down the efficiency of heat transfer to the outside, and prevent high temperature from causing harm to personnel.

[0061] Example 7

[0062] As described in Example 6, the post-welding slit indium material residue treatment device, further, the top of the insulation shell body is also provided with an insulation shell upper cover 2-1, the insulation shell upper cover 2-1 is a double-layer insulation structure, is threadedly connected to the insulation shell body 2-2, and has a wire hole. To prevent heat from harming personnel, the electric heating rod 2-4 is connected to the PLC control module 1-1 through a wire.

[0063] Example 8

[0064] As described in Example 1, the post-welding slit indium material residue processing device, further, the shell body 4-3 is a double-layer structure, the inner layer is brass, and the outer layer material is polytetrafluoroethylene; the upper surface of the shell body 4-3 is provided with a fixing groove for fixing the electric heating wire; the brass layer facilitates the transfer of heat to the guide bottom plate 4-6 and the guide tray 4-5 in sequence; the polytetrafluoroethylene prevents the shell from overheating and causing harm to personnel;

[0065] The side wall of the housing body 4-3 is provided with a metal conduit 3-4 mounting hole and a guide tray window. The guide tray window facilitates the replacement of the guide tray 4-5.

[0066] Example 9

[0067] A method for using the device for treating post-welding slit indium material residues as described in any one of embodiments 1-8 comprises the following steps:

[0068] 1) Hold the heat preservation shell body 2-2, insert the head of the indium absorption tube 3-1 into the slit, use the endoscope 3-3 to observe the location of the indium material residue, and determine the processing area;

[0069] 2) When the head of the indium absorption tube 3-1 touches the indium material residue, the compression spring 2-6 is compressed, and the tail of the indium absorption tube 3-1 touches the pressure sensor 1-2. The pressure sensor 1-2 sends an electrical signal to the PLC control module 1-1, and the PLC control module 1-1 sends an instruction to start the electric heating rod 2-4, the vacuum pump 4-1 and the electric heating wire 4-7 to work;

[0070] 3) After the electric heating rod 2-4 is heated to the set temperature (180°C in this embodiment), the PLC control module 1-1 sends a command to control the temperature again (the temperature control time in this embodiment is 10s). Since the electric heating rod 2-4 is in direct contact with the heat-conducting copper column 2-3, the heat is transferred to the protective head 3-2 through the heat-conducting copper column 2-3, and then transferred to the indium absorption tube 3-1; the head of the indium absorption tube 3-1 heats the indium material residue to a molten state;

[0071] 4) The vacuum pump 4-1 absorbs the molten indium material residue, and the molten indium material residue flows into the guide tray 4-5 through the root flow channel of the indium absorption tube 3-1 and the metal conduit 3-4 in turn. During this process, the electric heating wire 4-7 continues to heat, and the heat is transferred to the metal conduit 3-4, the guide tray 4-5, the guide bottom plate 4-6 and the inner wall of the shell body 4-3 to prevent the molten indium material residue from cooling and blocking the flow channel;

[0072] 5) Lift the indium absorption tube 3-1, compress the spring 2-6 to rebound the indium absorption tube 3-1, separate the indium absorption tube 3-1 from the pressure sensor 1-2, the pressure sensor 1-2 stops generating electrical signals, the PLC control module 1-1 sends a stop command, and the electric heating rod 2-4, the vacuum pump 4-1 and the electric heating wire 4-7 stop working.

[0073] Example 10

[0074] As described in Example 9, the method for using the post-welding slit indium material residue processing device is as follows. Further, when the weight of the recovered indium material residue in the guide tray 4-5 reaches a preset value, the second pressure sensor sends a signal to the PLC control module 1-1, and the PLC control module 1-1 sends an instruction, and the indicator light 4-4 lights up, indicating that the guide tray 4-5 needs to be replaced.

Claims

1. A method for using a post-welding slit indium material residue processing device, the processing device comprising a control unit, an indium removal unit and a recovery unit; the indium removal unit comprises a heat-insulating shell body and an indium absorption tube arranged at the bottom of the heat-insulating shell body; an electric heating rod is arranged in the heat-insulating shell body; an endoscope is arranged at the head of the indium absorption tube, and a compression spring is arranged at the tail; a heat-conducting copper column is arranged on the outer wall of the electric heating rod, and the heat-conducting copper column extends downward to the top of the indium absorption tube; a first pressure sensor is also arranged above the tail of the indium absorption tube; the recovery unit comprises a vacuum pump, an outer shell cover, and an outer shell body arranged in sequence from top to bottom; the outer shell body is a groove-shaped structure; the outer shell cover and the outer shell body form a closed cavity, and the vacuum pump is connected to the closed cavity; a pull-out guide tray is arranged on the side wall of the outer shell body; the bottom of the outer shell body An electric heating wire is arranged at the end; a rectangular storage groove is opened on the upper surface of the guide tray for storing the indium material residues removed; the indium absorption tube is connected to the closed cavity through a metal conduit; one end of the metal conduit extends to the top of the guide tray; the control unit is a PLC control module; a funnel-shaped flow channel is arranged at the tail of the indium absorption tube, and a baffle is arranged at the bottom of the funnel-shaped flow channel, and the baffle is arranged at the bottom of the funnel-shaped flow channel through a torsion spring; a disc for contacting the compression spring is also arranged at the tail of the indium absorption tube to provide a pressure plane for the compression spring; the cylinder in the center of the disc is used to contact the first pressure sensor; a horizontal flow channel is arranged on the side of the funnel-shaped flow channel, and an arc-shaped guide groove is arranged on the inner wall of the horizontal flow channel; a guide bottom plate is arranged at the bottom of the guide tray, and a second pressure sensor is also arranged on the upper surface of the guide bottom plate; it is characterized in that The steps include: 1) Hold the main body of the insulation shell, insert the head of the indium absorption tube into the slit, use an endoscope to observe the location of the indium material residue, and determine the processing area; 2) When the head of the indium absorption tube touches the indium material residue, the compression spring is compressed, and the tail of the indium absorption tube touches the first pressure sensor. The first pressure sensor sends an electrical signal to the PLC control module, and the PLC control module sends a command to start the electric heating rod, vacuum pump and electric heating wire to work; 3) After the electric heating rod is heated to the set temperature, the PLC control module sends a command to control the temperature again. Since the electric heating rod is in direct contact with the heat-conducting copper column, the heat is transferred to the protective head through the heat-conducting copper column, and then to the indium absorption tube; the head of the indium absorption tube heats the indium material residue to a molten state; 4) The vacuum pump absorbs the molten indium material residue, and the molten indium material residue flows into the guide tray through the root flow channel of the indium absorption tube and the metal conduit in turn. During this process, the electric heating wire continues to heat, and the heat is transferred to the metal conduit, the guide tray, the guide bottom plate and the inner wall of the shell body to prevent the molten indium material residue from cooling quickly and blocking the flow channel; 5) Lift the indium absorption tube upward, compress the spring to rebound the indium absorption tube, separate the indium absorption tube from the first pressure sensor, the first pressure sensor stops generating electrical signals, the PLC control module sends a stop command, and the electric heating rod, vacuum pump and electric heating wire stop working; When the weight of the residual recycled indium material in the guide tray reaches a preset value, the second pressure sensor sends a signal to the PLC control module, the PLC control module sends an instruction, and the indicator light comes on, indicating that the guide tray needs to be replaced.

2. The method for using the post-welding slit indium material residue treatment device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A diamond-shaped convex positioning block and a through hole are arranged on the inner side of the side of the guide tray, and a positioning groove matching the diamond-shaped convex positioning block and a threaded hole corresponding to the through hole are arranged on the side of the outer shell body for positioning and fastening; a guide base plate is arranged under the guide tray, a convex guide block is arranged on the bottom surface of the guide tray, and a guide groove matching the convex guide block is arranged on the upper surface of the guide base plate; a second pressure sensor is also arranged on the upper surface of the guide base plate.

3. The method for using the post-welding slit indium material residue treatment device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first pressure sensor is wrapped by an asbestos pad to eliminate the influence of high temperature generated by the electric heating rod on the first pressure sensor.

4. The method for using the post-welding slit indium material residue treatment device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The indium absorption tube is arranged at the bottom of the heat preservation shell body through a protective head; The heat-conducting copper column is threadedly connected to the protection head; the gap between the protection head and the indium absorption tube is filled with heat-conducting material.

5. The method for using the post-welding slit indium material residue processing device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main body of the heat-insulating shell is a double-layer structure, the inner layer is a convex circular ring structure made of glass fiber, and the outer layer is a concave circular ring structure made of polytetrafluoroethylene, and the two are interference-connected and interlocked.

6. The method for using the device for treating the residual indium material in the slit after welding according to claim 5, characterized in that: The top of the insulation shell body is also provided with an insulation shell upper cover, which is a double-layer insulation structure, is threadedly connected to the insulation shell body, and is provided with a wire hole.

7. The method for using the post-welding slit indium material residue treatment device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main body of the shell is a double-layer structure, the inner layer is brass, and the outer layer is made of polytetrafluoroethylene; a fixing groove for fixing the electric heating wire is arranged on the upper surface of the main body of the shell; a metal conduit installation hole and a guide tray window are arranged on one side of the main body of the shell.

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