A capillary self-priming electrolysis seawater hydrogen production device and method

Abstract

The present invention discloses a capillary self-priming electrolysis seawater hydrogen production device and method, which relates to the technical field of seawater electrolysis hydrogen production, including: an electrolysis water chamber, a cathode electrolysis component and an anode electrolysis component are arranged in the electrolysis water chamber, a hydrophilic porous diaphragm is clamped and arranged between the cathode catalytic electrode and the anode catalytic electrode, an electrolyte storage chamber is filled with electrolyte, and an extension of the hydrophilic porous diaphragm extends into the electrolyte in the electrolyte storage chamber; a seawater heat desalination chamber can transport normal temperature seawater to the cathode plate and the anode plate for heat exchange to form high temperature seawater, and the seawater heat desalination component desalinates part of the high temperature seawater and transports it to the electrolyte storage chamber, and discharges the rest of the high temperature seawater through a seawater outlet pipe. Mature alkaline electrolysis electrodes can be directly used, and the device integrates the seawater in-situ desalination and water electrolysis process, realizing the direct introduction of seawater into the electrolyzer for electrolytic hydrogen production.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of hydrogen production by electrolysis of seawater, and in particular to a capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis hydrogen production device and method. Background Art

[0002] Hydrogen energy is a clean, efficient energy source with broad application prospects. Hydrogen energy has the following characteristics: Clean and environmentally friendly: The product after combustion is mainly water, and it does not produce greenhouse gases and pollutants such as carbon dioxide, which is very friendly to the environment. High energy density: The energy contained in a unit mass of hydrogen energy is high. Wide range of sources: It can be produced through various ways, such as water electrolysis, fossil fuel reforming, etc. Storable and transportable: It can be stored and transported in gaseous, liquid and other forms, which is convenient for use.

[0003] At present, hydrogen energy is mainly produced by water electrolysis. The main water electrolysis technology uses fresh water as raw material. However, my country is short of fresh water resources. With the explosive growth of hydrogen energy demand in the future, the shortage of fresh water resources will become one of the main limiting factors of the water electrolysis hydrogen production industry. my country has a long coastline and rich marine resources. Therefore, the use of seawater to produce hydrogen will become the main direction of hydrogen energy development in the future.

[0004] Hydrogen production from seawater can be divided into indirect hydrogen production from seawater and in-situ hydrogen production from seawater. Among them, the indirect hydrogen production technology from seawater electrolysis first uses a mature seawater desalination system (such as a reverse osmosis system) to desalinate seawater before electrolysis, and then passes the obtained fresh water into an electrolysis device for electrolysis to produce hydrogen. However, the seawater desalination system requires additional floor space, energy consumption, funds and personnel, which undoubtedly increases investment costs and operating expenses. In-situ hydrogen production from seawater directly introduces seawater into the electrolyzer for electrolysis to produce hydrogen, greatly shortening the process flow. However, the composition of seawater is complex, the salt content is as high as 3.5wt% and there are many impurities, which leads to side reactions, catalyst deactivation, electrolysis diaphragm blockage, electrode corrosion and other problems in direct hydrogen production from seawater, which greatly reduces the stability of the hydrogen production process. Therefore, hydrogen production from seawater by electrolysis faces great challenges in industrialization.

[0005] In view of this, how to provide an in-situ seawater hydrogen production device and method that can solve the above-mentioned problems is a technical problem that people in this field urgently need to solve. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis hydrogen production device and method, which can directly adopt mature alkaline electrolysis electrodes. The device integrates the in-situ desalination of seawater and the electrolysis of water, and realizes the direct introduction of seawater into the electrolytic cell for electrolytic hydrogen production, so as to solve the problems existing in the prior art.

[0007] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following scheme: The present invention provides a capillary self-priming electrolysis seawater hydrogen production device, wherein the cathode electrolysis component includes an integrally arranged cathode plate, a cathode gas diffusion layer and a cathode catalytic electrode, and the anode electrolysis component includes an integrally arranged anode plate, an anode gas diffusion layer and an anode catalytic electrode, including:

[0008] A water electrolysis chamber, wherein the cathode electrolysis assembly and the anode electrolysis assembly are arranged in the water electrolysis chamber;

[0009] A hydrophilic porous diaphragm, wherein the hydrophilic porous diaphragm is sandwiched between the cathode catalytic electrode and the anode catalytic electrode;

[0010] an electrolyte storage chamber, the electrolyte storage chamber is filled with electrolyte, the hydrophilic porous diaphragm extends outward to form an extension portion, and the extension portion extends into the electrolyte in the electrolyte storage chamber;

[0011] A seawater heat desalination chamber, wherein the seawater heat desalination chamber is arranged on both sides of the water electrolysis chamber and corresponds to the cathode plate and the anode plate respectively. A seawater heat desalination component is arranged in the seawater heat desalination chamber. The seawater heat desalination component can transport normal temperature seawater to the cathode plate and the anode plate for heat exchange to form high temperature seawater. The seawater heat desalination component desalinates part of the high temperature seawater and transports it to the electrolyte storage chamber, and discharges the rest of the high temperature seawater through the seawater outlet pipe;

[0012] A hydrogen outlet pipe and an oxygen outlet pipe, wherein the cathode plate is provided with a hydrogen outlet flow channel which is connected to the hydrogen outlet pipe, and the anode plate is provided with an oxygen outlet flow channel which is connected to the oxygen outlet pipe.

[0013] Furthermore, the seawater heat extraction and desalination component comprises:

[0014] An outer heat-insulating end plate, the inner side surface of which defines a low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel, the inlet of which is connected to a seawater inlet pipe;

[0015] An inner heat-insulating end plate, wherein the inner and outer sides of the inner heat-insulating end plate respectively define a seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel and a high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel, wherein the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel is arranged close to the anode plate or the cathode plate, and the inlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel is connected to the outlet of the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel; the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel is arranged close to the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel, and the inlet of the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel is connected to the outlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel;

[0016] A dense non-porous membrane, the dense non-porous membrane is covered and arranged on the inner side surface of the outer heat-insulating end plate;

[0017] A hydrophobic porous membrane, the hydrophobic porous membrane is provided to cover the outer side surface of the inner heat-insulating end plate;

[0018] A freshwater generating interlayer gasket, the freshwater generating interlayer gasket is clamped between the dense non-porous membrane and the hydrophobic porous membrane, the freshwater generating interlayer gasket has a cavity formed through the inner and outer surfaces, and has a water outlet connected to the cavity, and the water outlet is connected to the electrolyte storage chamber;

[0019] The outlet of the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel is connected to the seawater outlet pipe. Part of the high-temperature seawater is desalinated by membrane distillation and passes through the hydrophobic porous membrane and is transported to the electrolyte storage chamber through the outlet of the fresh water production barrier gasket, and the rest of the high-temperature seawater is discharged through the seawater outlet pipe.

[0020] Furthermore, the hydrophobic porous membrane is a polytetrafluoroethylene microporous membrane, a polyvinylidene fluoride microporous membrane, a polypropylene microporous membrane or a polyethylene microporous membrane; the dense nonporous membrane is a polytetrafluoroethylene nonporous membrane, a polyvinylidene fluoride nonporous membrane, a polypropylene nonporous membrane or a polyethylene nonporous membrane.

[0021] Furthermore, the dense non-porous membrane, the hydrophobic porous membrane and the fresh water production barrier gasket are penetrated by a connecting flow channel, and the two ends of the connecting flow channel are respectively connected to the outlet of the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel and the inlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel.

[0022] Furthermore, the hydrophilic porous membrane is a polyethersulfone microporous membrane or a polyacrylonitrile microporous membrane with a pore size of 0.2um-10um.

[0023] Furthermore, the electrolyte is a 10%-30% KOH solution.

[0024] The present invention also provides a method for producing hydrogen by capillary self-priming electrolysis of seawater, and the method uses the capillary self-priming electrolysis of seawater to produce hydrogen, comprising the following steps:

[0025] S1: Normal temperature seawater flows from the seawater inlet pipe into the low temperature seawater matrix flow channel on the inner side of the outer insulation end plate, and enters the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel on the inner side of the inner insulation end plate along the low temperature seawater matrix flow channel;

[0026] S2: Normal temperature seawater exchanges heat with the anode plate or cathode plate to form high temperature seawater, and the high temperature seawater enters the high temperature seawater matrix flow channel from the outlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel;

[0027] S3: A temperature difference is formed between the high-temperature seawater and the normal-temperature seawater, and the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel is close to the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel. Driven by the temperature difference, part of the high-temperature seawater undergoes membrane distillation desalination. The desalinated water molecules pass through the hydrophobic porous membrane in gaseous form and condense in the cavity of the freshwater production barrier gasket to form fresh water. The rest of the high-temperature seawater is discharged through the seawater outlet pipe;

[0028] S5: Fresh water flows into the electrolyte storage chamber through the outlet of the fresh water production barrier gasket to compensate for the loss of electrolyte;

[0029] S6: The electrolyte is sucked into the electrolysis chamber through the extension of the hydrophilic porous diaphragm, and the electrolyte is electrolyzed at the cathode catalytic electrode and the anode catalytic electrode to generate hydrogen and oxygen, which are discharged through the hydrogen outlet pipe and the oxygen outlet pipe respectively.

[0030] The present invention discloses the following technical effects:

[0031] 1. The device integrates seawater in-situ desalination and water electrolysis equipment, achieving the technical effect of directly introducing seawater into the water electrolysis chamber for electrolytic hydrogen production; the hydrophilic porous membrane is in direct contact with the anode and cathode catalytic electrodes, and the extended part of the hydrophilic porous membrane is immersed in the electrolyte storage chamber. The electrolyte required for electrolysis is supplied to the anode and cathode catalytic electrodes by the capillary rise phenomenon of the hydrophilic porous membrane, and the water lost by the electrolyte in the electrolysis process is finally provided by the in-situ desalination of seawater. There is no alkaline solution circulation in the whole process, and the alkaline electrolyte only exists in the electrolyte storage chamber; in addition, the seawater desalination structure is simple, the overall equipment is highly integrated, and the footprint is small, which has good application prospects and a wide range of applications.

[0032] 2. The present application utilizes normal temperature seawater to exchange heat and cool the anode and cathode electrodes, which can save the energy consumption required for conventional anode and cathode electrode cooling. At the same time, the temperature difference between the high temperature seawater after heat exchange with the anode and cathode electrodes and the normal temperature seawater can be utilized to realize partial high temperature seawater desalination. The desalinated water is desalinated and free of impurities. The water is collected through the fresh water production barrier gasket and discharged into the electrolyte storage chamber to compensate for the water lost in the electrolysis process. Since the desalination process relies on the temperature difference between the high temperature seawater and the normal temperature seawater, and the formation of the high temperature seawater depends on the heat of the anode and cathode electrodes themselves (waste heat of electrolyzed water), there is no additional energy consumption in the desalination process, and the energy saving effect is excellent. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0034] Figure 1 It is a front structural cross-sectional view of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the explosion of the water electrolysis chamber and the seawater heat desalination chamber structure of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the explosion of the water electrolysis chamber structure;

[0038] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the explosion of the chamber structure for heat extraction and desalination of seawater;

[0039] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the inner and outer sides of the inner heat insulation board;

[0040] Among them, 1. water electrolysis chamber; 11. hydrophilic porous diaphragm; 12. anode catalytic electrode; 13. cathode catalytic electrode; 14. anode gas diffusion layer; 15. cathode gas diffusion layer; 16. anode sealing gasket; 17. cathode sealing gasket; 18. anode plate; 181. anode plate power connector; 182. oxygen outlet flow channel; 19. cathode plate; 191. cathode plate power connector; 192. hydrogen outlet flow channel; 2 , seawater heat extraction and desalination chamber; 21. Outer insulation end plate; 211. Low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel; 22. Dense non-porous membrane; 23. Fresh water production barrier gasket; 231. Water outlet; 24. Hydrophobic porous membrane; 25. Inner insulation end plate; 251. High-temperature seawater matrix flow channel; 252. Seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel; 3. Electrolyte storage chamber; 4. Oxygen outlet pipe; 5. Hydrogen outlet pipe; 6. Seawater inlet pipe; 7. Seawater outlet pipe. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0042] In order to make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and easy to understand, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0043] Example 1

[0044] Reference Figure 1-Figure 6The embodiment of the present invention provides a capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis hydrogen production device, wherein the cathode electrolysis component includes an integrally arranged cathode plate 19, a cathode gas diffusion layer 15 and a cathode catalytic electrode 13, wherein the cathode gas diffusion layer 15 and the cathode catalytic electrode 13 are sealed by a cathode sealing gasket 17, and the anode electrolysis component includes an integrally arranged anode plate 18, an anode gas diffusion layer 14 and an anode catalytic electrode 12, wherein the anode gas diffusion layer 14 and the anode catalytic electrode 12 are sealed by an anode sealing gasket 16, and the cathode plate 19 is externally connected to a DC power supply through a cathode plate power supply connector 191, and the anode plate 18 is externally connected to a DC power supply through an anode plate power supply connector 181, including:

[0045] A water electrolysis chamber 1, wherein a cathode electrolysis component and an anode electrolysis component are arranged in the water electrolysis chamber 1;

[0046] A hydrophilic porous membrane 11, wherein the hydrophilic porous membrane 11 is sandwiched between the cathode catalytic electrode 13 and the anode catalytic electrode 12;

[0047] An electrolyte storage chamber 3, the electrolyte storage chamber 3 is filled with electrolyte, the hydrophilic porous diaphragm 11 extends outward to form an extension portion, and the extension portion extends into the electrolyte in the electrolyte storage chamber 3;

[0048] The seawater heat desalination chamber 2 is arranged on both sides of the water electrolysis chamber 1 and corresponds to the cathode plate 19 and the anode plate 18 respectively. The seawater heat desalination chamber 2 is provided with a seawater heat desalination component. The seawater heat desalination component can transport normal temperature seawater to the cathode plate 19 and the anode plate 18 for heat exchange to form high temperature seawater. The seawater heat desalination component desalinates part of the high temperature seawater and transports it to the electrolyte storage chamber 3, and discharges the rest of the high temperature seawater through the seawater outlet pipe 7;

[0049] A hydrogen outlet pipe 5 and an oxygen outlet pipe 4 , a hydrogen outlet flow channel 192 is provided on the cathode plate 19 and is connected to the hydrogen outlet pipe 5 , and an oxygen outlet flow channel 182 is provided on the anode plate 18 and is connected to the oxygen outlet pipe 4 .

[0050] like Figure 3 and Figure 5 As shown, the seawater heat desalination components include:

[0051] An outer heat-insulating end plate 21, the inner side of which defines a low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 211, the inlet of which is connected to a seawater inlet pipe 6, and a seawater pump is provided on the seawater inlet pipe;

[0052] The inner heat-insulating end plate 25, the inner and outer sides of the inner heat-insulating end plate 25 respectively define a seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel 252 and a high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 251, the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel 252 is arranged close to the anode plate 18 or the cathode plate 19, and the inlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel 252 is connected to the outlet of the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 211; the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 251 is arranged close to the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 211, and the inlet of the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 251 is connected to the outlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel 252;

[0053] A dense non-porous membrane 22, the dense non-porous membrane 22 is covered and arranged on the inner side of the outer heat-insulating end plate 21;

[0054] A hydrophobic porous membrane 24, the hydrophobic porous membrane 24 covers the outer side of the inner heat-insulating end plate 25;

[0055] Fresh water production barrier gasket 23, fresh water production barrier gasket 23 is clamped between dense non-porous membrane 22 and hydrophobic porous membrane 24, fresh water production barrier gasket has a cavity through the inner and outer surfaces, and has a water outlet 231 connected to the cavity, and the water outlet 231 is connected to the electrolyte storage chamber 3;

[0056] The outlet of the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 251 is connected to the seawater outlet pipe 7. Part of the high-temperature seawater is desalinated by membrane distillation and passes through the hydrophobic porous membrane 24 and is transported to the electrolyte storage chamber 3 through the outlet 231 of the fresh water production barrier gasket 23, and the rest of the high-temperature seawater is discharged through the seawater outlet pipe 7.

[0057] like Figure 5 As shown, the dense non-porous membrane 22, the hydrophobic porous membrane 24 and the fresh water production barrier gasket 23 are penetrated by a connecting flow channel, and the two ends of the connecting flow channel are respectively connected to the outlet of the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 211 and the inlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel 252.

[0058] In this embodiment, the electrolyte is a 30% KOH solution, the hydrophilic porous diaphragm 11 adopts a polyethersulfone porous membrane with a pore size of 8 microns and a thickness of 80 microns, the cathode catalytic electrode 13 adopts a Raney nickel sprayed nickel mesh, the anode catalytic electrode 12 adopts a nickel mesh, the cathode gas diffusion layer 15 and the anode gas diffusion layer 14 adopt a nickel mesh, the hydrophobic porous membrane 24 adopts a polytetrafluoroethylene porous membrane with a pore size of 0.45 microns, and the dense non-porous membrane 22 adopts a polytetrafluoroethylene non-porous membrane with a thickness of 90 microns.

[0059] The following is a detailed description of the capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis method for producing hydrogen in conjunction with Example 1, comprising the following steps:

[0060] S1: Electrolysis of seawater Using seawater from the Yellow Sea, pump normal temperature seawater (seawater temperature is 20°C) from the seawater inlet pipe 6 into the low temperature seawater matrix flow channel 211 on the inner side of the outer insulation end plate 21 using a seawater pump, with an inlet flow rate of 80 ml / min, and enter the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel 252 on the inner side of the inner insulation end plate 25 along the low temperature seawater matrix flow channel 211 and the connecting flow channel;

[0061] S2: Normal temperature seawater exchanges heat with the anode plate 18 or the cathode plate 19 to form high temperature seawater, and the high temperature seawater enters the high temperature seawater matrix flow channel 251 from the outlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel 252;

[0062] S3: A temperature difference is formed between the high-temperature seawater and the normal-temperature seawater, and the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 251 is close to the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel 211. Driven by the temperature difference, part of the high-temperature seawater is desalinated by membrane distillation. The desalinated water molecules pass through the hydrophobic porous membrane 24 in gaseous form and condense in the cavity of the freshwater production barrier gasket 23 to form fresh water. The rest of the high-temperature seawater is discharged through the seawater outlet pipe 7.

[0063] S5: Fresh water flows into the electrolyte storage chamber 3 through the water outlet 231 of the fresh water production barrier gasket 23 to compensate for the loss of electrolyte;

[0064] S6: The electrolyte is sucked into the electrolysis chamber through the extension of the hydrophilic porous diaphragm 11, and the electrolyte is electrolyzed at the cathode catalytic electrode 13 and the anode catalytic electrode 12 to generate hydrogen and oxygen, which are discharged through the hydrogen outlet pipe 5 and the oxygen outlet pipe 4 respectively.

[0065] At a voltage of 2V and a current density of 0.7A / cm 2 Under the conditions, the purity of hydrogen produced is 98%, and after 300 hours of continuous operation, there is no obvious performance degradation, and the electrolyzed water and fresh water compensation reach a balance.

[0066] Example 2

[0067] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the electrolyte is a 10% KOH solution, and the hydrophilic porous diaphragm 11 is a polyethersulfone porous membrane with a pore size of 5 microns and a thickness of 80 microns.

[0068] In this embodiment, under the condition of voltage 2V, the current density is 0.55A / cm 2 The purity of hydrogen produced is 98.5%, and after 300 hours of continuous operation, there is no obvious performance degradation, and the electrolyzed water and fresh water compensation reach a balance.

[0069] Compared with Example 1, the pore size of the hydrophilic porous membrane 11 is reduced in this embodiment, which is beneficial to reduce the crosstalk between hydrogen and oxygen on both sides of the membrane, so the purity of hydrogen production is improved. However, in order to ensure full absorption of the replenished electrolyte under capillary action, a KOH solution with a concentration of only 10% is used, resulting in a lower current density in this embodiment at the same voltage as Example 1. Taking into account parameters such as energy consumption and hydrogen production purity, Example 1 is the optimal condition.

[0070] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside" and "outside" etc., indicating orientations or positional relationships, are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be understood as a limitation on the present invention.

[0071] The embodiments described above are only descriptions of the preferred modes of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the design spirit of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by ordinary technicians in this field should all fall within the protection scope determined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis hydrogen production device, wherein the cathode electrolysis component comprises an integrally arranged cathode plate (19), a cathode gas diffusion layer (15) and a cathode catalytic electrode (13), and the anode electrolysis component comprises an integrally arranged anode plate (18), an anode gas diffusion layer (14) and an anode catalytic electrode (12), characterized in that: include: A water electrolysis chamber (1), wherein the cathode electrolysis assembly and the anode electrolysis assembly are arranged in the water electrolysis chamber (1); A hydrophilic porous diaphragm (11), wherein the hydrophilic porous diaphragm (11) is sandwiched between the cathode catalytic electrode (13) and the anode catalytic electrode (12); An electrolyte storage chamber (3), the electrolyte storage chamber (3) being filled with electrolyte, the hydrophilic porous diaphragm (11) extending outward to form an extension portion, the extension portion extending into the electrolyte in the electrolyte storage chamber (3); A seawater heat extraction and desalination chamber (2), wherein the seawater heat extraction and desalination chamber (2) is arranged on both sides of the water electrolysis chamber (1) and corresponds to the cathode plate (19) and the anode plate (18) respectively. A seawater heat extraction and desalination component is arranged in the seawater heat extraction and desalination chamber (2). The seawater heat extraction and desalination component can transport normal temperature seawater to the cathode plate (19) and the anode plate (18) for heat exchange to form high temperature seawater. The seawater heat extraction and desalination component desalinates part of the high temperature seawater and transports it to the electrolyte storage chamber (3), and discharges the rest of the high temperature seawater through the seawater outlet pipe (7); A hydrogen outlet pipe (5) and an oxygen outlet pipe (4), wherein a hydrogen outlet channel (192) is provided on the cathode plate (19) and is in communication with the hydrogen outlet pipe (5), and an oxygen outlet channel (182) is provided on the anode plate (18) and is in communication with the oxygen outlet pipe (4); The seawater heat extraction and desalination component comprises: An outer heat-insulating end plate (21), wherein the inner side surface of the outer heat-insulating end plate (21) defines a low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (211), and the inlet of the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (211) is connected to the seawater inlet pipe (6); an inner heat-insulating end plate (25), wherein the inner and outer sides of the inner heat-insulating end plate (25) respectively define a seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel (252) and a high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (251); the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel (252) is arranged close to the anode plate (18) or the cathode plate (19), and the inlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel (252) is connected to the outlet of the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (211); the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (251) is arranged close to the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (211), and the inlet of the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (251) is connected to the outlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel (252); A dense non-porous membrane (22), wherein the dense non-porous membrane (22) is arranged to cover the inner side surface of the outer heat-insulating end plate (21); A hydrophobic porous membrane (24), the hydrophobic porous membrane (24) covering the outer side surface of the inner heat-insulating end plate (25); A freshwater generating interlayer gasket (23), the freshwater generating interlayer gasket (23) being clamped between the dense non-porous membrane (22) and the hydrophobic porous membrane (24), the freshwater generating interlayer gasket having a cavity formed through the inner and outer surfaces, and having a water outlet (231) communicating with the cavity, the water outlet (231) being communicated with the electrolyte storage chamber (3); The outlet of the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (251) is connected to the seawater outlet pipe (7), and part of the high-temperature seawater is desalinated by membrane distillation and then passes through the hydrophobic porous membrane (24) and is transported to the electrolyte storage chamber (3) through the outlet (231) of the freshwater production barrier gasket (23), and the rest of the high-temperature seawater is discharged through the seawater outlet pipe (7); The dense non-porous membrane (22), the hydrophobic porous membrane (24) and the fresh water production barrier gasket (23) are penetrated by a connecting flow channel, and the two ends of the connecting flow channel are respectively connected to the outlet of the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (211) and the inlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel (252).

2. A capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis hydrogen production device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hydrophobic porous membrane (24) is a polytetrafluoroethylene microporous membrane, a polyvinylidene fluoride microporous membrane, a polypropylene microporous membrane or a polyethylene microporous membrane; the dense non-porous membrane (22) is a polytetrafluoroethylene non-porous membrane, a polyvinylidene fluoride non-porous membrane, a polypropylene non-porous membrane or a polyethylene non-porous membrane.

3. The capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis hydrogen production device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hydrophilic porous membrane (11) is a polyethersulfone microporous membrane or a polyacrylonitrile microporous membrane, and the pore size is 0.2um-10um.

4. The capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis hydrogen production device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electrolyte is a 10%-30% KOH solution.

5. A capillary self-priming method for producing hydrogen by electrolyzing seawater, characterized in that: The capillary self-priming seawater electrolysis hydrogen production device according to claim 1 comprises the following steps: S1: Normal temperature seawater flows from the seawater inlet pipe (6) into the low temperature seawater matrix flow channel (211) on the inner side of the outer heat insulation end plate (21), and enters the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel (252) on the inner side of the inner heat insulation end plate (25) along the low temperature seawater matrix flow channel (211); S2: Normal temperature seawater exchanges heat with the anode plate (18) or the cathode plate (19) to form high temperature seawater, and the high temperature seawater enters the high temperature seawater matrix flow channel (251) from the outlet of the seawater heat exchange matrix flow channel (252); S3: A temperature difference is formed between the high-temperature seawater and the normal-temperature seawater, and the high-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (251) is close to the low-temperature seawater matrix flow channel (211). Driven by the temperature difference, part of the high-temperature seawater is desalinated by membrane distillation. The desalinated water molecules pass through the hydrophobic porous membrane (24) in gaseous form and condense in the cavity of the fresh water production barrier gasket (23) to form fresh water. The rest of the high-temperature seawater is discharged through the seawater outlet pipe (7); S5: fresh water flows into the electrolyte storage chamber (3) through the water outlet (231) of the fresh water production barrier gasket (23), compensating for the loss of electrolyte; S6: The electrolyte is sucked into the electrolysis chamber through the extension of the hydrophilic porous diaphragm (11), and the electrolyte is electrolyzed at the cathode catalytic electrode (13) and the anode catalytic electrode (12) to generate hydrogen and oxygen, which are discharged through the hydrogen outlet pipe (5) and the oxygen outlet pipe (4), respectively.

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