A long-term adhesion enhancement method for wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of wheel-rail interface adhesion enhancement, and specifically discloses a method for synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles. By combining the wheel-rail surface texture with sanding of hard particles, compared with the adhesion enhancement of ordinary wheel-rail materials without texture by sanding, in addition to hard particles embedded in the material surface under the wheel-rail contact load, there are also hard particles remaining in the texture that are not easy to be removed during the synergistic adhesion enhancement of the texture and hard particles, which will make the wheel-rail surface rougher, the hard particles exist longer, and thus the adhesion enhancement of the wheel-rail interface lasts longer. The synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of the wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles is achieved by optimally matching the wheel-rail surface texture parameters with the hard particle parameters.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of wheel-rail interface adhesion enhancement, and in particular to a long-term adhesion enhancement method of synergistically combining wheel-rail surface texture with hard particles. Background Art

[0002] Wheel-rail is one of the most core components to ensure the safety of train operation, and its interface adhesion directly determines the traction and braking performance of high-speed heavy-load trains. Affected by many factors such as service environment, alternating stress, interface behavior, etc., the wheel-rail adhesion behavior is complex and changeable, and low adhesion is very likely to occur. When the wheel-rail interface adhesion is insufficient (low adhesion), the most common result caused by insufficient train traction capacity is train delays, affecting the normal operation of the railway; and the resulting insufficient braking force will increase the braking distance, causing accidents such as trains running into signals, running out of platforms, or train collisions, seriously affecting driving safety. At the same time, wheel-rail idling or sliding caused by insufficient adhesion will also cause serious scratches on the rails or wheel treads.

[0003] In order to solve the problem of low wheel-rail adhesion and increase the traction or braking effect of locomotives, a variety of adhesion-enhancing measures have been taken on the railway site, mainly including: spraying adhesion-enhancing particles, using grinding wheels, increasing surface roughness, using high-pressure water (air) flow, installing magnetic rail brakes, etc. Sanding adhesion-enhancing has been widely used on railways at home and abroad as the most economical and efficient adhesion-enhancing technology. The sanding device is used to spray hard particles between the wheel and rail interface. After the particles enter the wheel-rail contact area, they are subjected to normal loads to penetrate the third body medium film and produce a ploughing effect, thereby increasing the adhesion coefficient. However, the utilization rate of hard particles in the traditional sanding adhesion-enhancing process is low, and a large number of particles are removed under the subsequent rolling contact. Only some hard particles embedded in the wheel-rail material under the contact load maintain the adhesion effect of the wheel-rail interface, and the adhesion duration is short. In order to improve the duration of sanding adhesion-enhancing at the wheel-rail interface and meet the adhesion requirements of the traction wheelset passing in the subsequent long period of time, it is necessary to carry out research on long-term wheel-rail adhesion-enhancing methods. Considering the textured wheel-rail surface, its surface texture can effectively store some hard particles during sand spreading, and synergize with the hard particles embedded during traditional sand spreading to further prolong the duration of wheel-rail interface adhesion, thereby achieving long-term adhesion at the wheel-rail interface. Summary of the invention

[0004] In order to solve the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a long-term viscosity enhancement method of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles, which solves the problems of low utilization rate of hard particles and short viscosity enhancement duration in the existing traditional sand-spreading viscosity enhancement.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles, comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1. Prefabricate texture on the surface of wheel / rail sample based on surface etching technology, use complex environment simulation system to simulate the operating conditions of third medium and wind and sand, conduct rolling contact friction and wear test of textured wheel / rail sample by wheel / rail rolling contact friction and wear tester, monitor and record the dynamic response of textured wheel / rail interface adhesion coefficient, and obtain low adhesion state of wheel / rail interface;

[0007] S2. The sand spreader device equipped with the test machine uses compressed air to spray hard particles to the textured wheel-rail interface in a low-adhesion state to increase adhesion by spreading sand. When the hard particles enter the wheel-rail interface, they directly contact the wheel-rail and generate a plowing force, thereby increasing the tangential adhesion between the wheel and rail, and then increasing the adhesion coefficient between the wheel and rail, thereby achieving sand spreading and increasing adhesion at the wheel-rail interface;

[0008] S3. After sanding for viscosity enhancement, most of the hard particles will be removed during the continuous rolling contact process. A small amount of hard particles will be embedded in the surface of the wheel-rail material under the action of the contact load after entering the wheel-rail interface without being removed. At the same time, due to the texture on the wheel-rail surface, some hard particles will enter and remain inside the texture. The residual hard particles and the embedded hard particles will act together on the textured wheel-rail contact interface to increase the surface roughness of the textured wheel-rail material, and continue to play the viscosity enhancement role of the hard particles, prolonging the duration of the viscosity enhancement effect. Through the optimal matching of the wheel-rail surface texture parameters and the hard particle sanding parameters, the synergistic long-term viscosity enhancement of the wheel-rail surface texture and the hard particles is achieved.

[0009] Preferably, in step S1, the surface etching technology is a technology that removes surface material according to a preset shape trajectory through laser energy / machine tool milling cutter engraving to form a surface texture, and the surface texture parameters include texture, depth, direction, spacing and angle; the texture is pits, ellipses, squares, scales, V-shapes or grooves.

[0010] Preferably, in step S1, the presence of the third medium in the complex environment will reduce the number of contact micro-protrusions on the wheel-rail surface and reduce the tangential adhesion. When the wheel-rail interface adhesion coefficient is less than 0.1, it is defined as a low adhesion state; the presence of surface texture will increase the number of contact micro-protrusions at the wheel-rail interface, thereby increasing the wheel-rail interface adhesion coefficient in the dry state. Compared with the wheel-rail without texture, the textured wheel-rail interface is not easy to drop from a high dry adhesion coefficient to a low adhesion state in the presence of the third medium.

[0011] Preferably, in step S2, the sand spreading parameters for sanding and viscosity enhancement include hard particles, particle size, hardness, usage, particle spraying speed and particle utilization rate.

[0012] Preferably, the duration of the viscosity enhancement effect refers to the time it takes for the adhesion coefficient at the wheel-rail interface to recover to the normal wheel-rail adhesion level after the synergistic viscosity enhancement of the texture and hard particles. The recovery of the adhesion coefficient to above 0.2 is used as the condition for defining the duration of viscosity enhancement and is used as one of the evaluation indicators for long-term viscosity enhancement at the wheel-rail interface.

[0013] Preferably, after the wheel-rail sand-sprinkling synergistic adhesion test is completed, the surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, fatigue cracks, and damage behavior of plastic deformation of the wheel-rail material are analyzed using microscopic analysis and testing methods. The degree of material damage after sand-sprinkling adhesion enhancement is used as one of the evaluation indicators of long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface. It is necessary to avoid serious material damage while ensuring the synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement effect.

[0014] Preferably, the optimal matching of the wheel-rail surface texture parameters and the hard particle sanding parameters is determined by a wheel-rail interface long-term adhesion evaluation method, and the wheel-rail interface long-term adhesion evaluation method comprises the following steps:

[0015] a) Using wheel-rail surface textures with different texture parameters, orthogonal wheel-rail rolling contact sand spreading experiments were carried out under different operating conditions and different sand spreading parameters;

[0016] b) Obtain the experimental results of adhesion coefficient recovery level, adhesion enhancement effect duration, wheel-rail surface damage, and friction vibration noise after each group of experiments as evaluation indicators of long-term adhesion enhancement effect; quantify and score the evaluation indicators after each group of experiments according to the quantitative scoring criteria of each evaluation indicator, and give the weight of each indicator in the evaluation of adhesion enhancement effect;

[0017] c) Obtain the comprehensive index score of long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface, that is, multiply the individual scores of each evaluation index by the corresponding weight and then sum them up to obtain the comprehensive index score of long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface. The calculation formula is:

[0018] (1);

[0019] In the formula, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 They are the adhesion coefficient recovery level index score, adhesion enhancement effect duration index score, wheel-rail surface damage index score, and friction vibration noise index score; They are the weight of adhesion coefficient recovery level, the weight of adhesion enhancement effect duration, the weight of wheel-rail surface damage, and the weight of friction vibration noise.

[0020] Preferably, through a long-term viscosity enhancement evaluation method based on the optimal matching of wheel-rail surface texture characteristics and hard particle sanding parameters, the optimal matching mode of wheel-rail surface texture parameters and hard particle parameters is obtained, thereby achieving the optimal viscosity enhancement control effect under the synergistic effect of the two for general / special operating conditions.

[0021] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: the present invention provides a long-term adhesion enhancement method for the synergistic effect of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles. Compared with the existing traditional wheel-rail sand-spreading adhesion enhancement method, the long-term adhesion enhancement method achieves the traditional adhesion enhancement level while taking into account that the surface texture of the wheel-rail surface with texture can effectively store part of the hard particles when sand is spread, and synergizes with the hard particles embedded during the traditional sand-spreading adhesion enhancement to further extend the duration of wheel-rail interface adhesion enhancement, thereby achieving long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface, which has important engineering application value and theoretical guiding significance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of a method flow of a method for synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 2 This is a topographic image of a uniformly distributed square texture in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of wheel-rail sample sampling and sand spreading device installation in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 4 The dynamic response curve of the adhesion coefficient under the low adhesion condition under the complex operating conditions in the embodiment of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 5a Schematic diagram of the effect of sanding on the contact interface of ordinary wheel-rail materials to increase adhesion;

[0027] Figure 5b Schematic diagram of the effect of sanding on the contact interface of the textured wheel-rail material in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the synergistic adhesion mechanism of surface texture and hard particles in an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0030] See also Figure 1-Figure 6The present invention provides a technical solution: a method for synergizing wheel-rail surface texture with hard particles for long-term adhesion enhancement, such as Figure 1 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0031] Step 1) Use surface etching technology to prefabricate texture on the surface of wheel / rail sample. The surface material of the wheel / rail sample can be removed according to the preset shape trajectory by laser energy / machine tool milling cutter engraving to achieve the prefabrication of surface texture. The surface texture features include texture (pits, ovals, squares, scales, V-shapes, grooves, etc.), depth (50-500 μm), direction (30-180° to the longitudinal direction of wheel-rail operation), spacing (300-1000 μm), angle (30-180°), etc. Figure 2 As shown, the evenly distributed square texture is obtained by using machine tool milling cutter engraving technology.

[0032] The textured wheel-rail specimens were installed on a wheel-rail rolling friction and wear testing machine. The wheel and rail disc specimens were taken from the wheel flange and rail head, respectively. Figure 3 As shown, the sample size is processed to 55 mm in diameter according to the test machine structure, and the wheel-rail sample contact width is 10 mm. The textured wheel-rail sample is installed on the wheel-rail rolling friction and wear tester;

[0033] The wheel-rail rolling friction and wear tester is equipped with a complex environment simulation system environment chamber, which can simulate different operating conditions. The complex environment simulation system is used to simulate the third medium, wind and sand and other operating conditions, and the rolling contact friction and wear test of the textured wheel-rail sample is carried out. The dynamic response of the adhesion coefficient of the textured wheel-rail interface is monitored and recorded to obtain the low adhesion state of the wheel-rail interface. The low adhesion state of the wheel-rail interface is the adhesion coefficient is less than 0.1. The duration of the viscosity enhancement effect refers to the time for the adhesion coefficient of the wheel-rail interface to recover from the low adhesion state to the normal adhesion level of the wheel-rail after the synergistic viscosity enhancement of the texture and hard particles. The viscosity enhancement duration is defined by the recovery of the adhesion coefficient to above 0.2. The adhesion coefficient change curve is as follows: Figure 4 As shown;

[0034] Step 2) Use compressed air to spray hard particles onto the textured wheel-rail interface in a low-adhesion state through the sand spreader device equipped with the testing machine. When the hard particles enter the wheel-rail interface, they directly contact the wheel-rail and generate plowing force, which increases the tangential adhesion between the wheel and rail, thereby increasing the adhesion coefficient between the wheel and rail ( Figure 5b ), realize the sand spreading and adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface;

[0035] The sand spreader nozzle is fixed close to the entrance area of ​​the simulated wheel-rail sample in the rolling direction, and the sand particles are blown into the wheel-rail contact interface at a certain flat angle. In order to accurately control the flow rate, a diversion structure is provided inside the sand box to adjust the amount of sand effectively flowing into the lower sand pipe; the sand spreader uses a Venturi nozzle, and uses the pressure difference when the compressed air passes through the nozzle to assist the particles to flow into the nozzle to avoid the blockage of the lower sand pipe; in addition, by spraying particles with compressed air, it can effectively prevent third-body media such as water and oil from splashing into the nozzle to form blockage. The sand spreading parameters of the sand spreader include the type of viscosity-enhancing particles (aluminum oxide, quartz sand, zinc oxide, etc.), particle size (0.3~2 mm), hardness / crushing strength (18.5~35 MPa), usage (0.45~1.05 kg / min), particle injection speed (10~25m / s), particle utilization rate (40%~60%), etc. Different sand spreading parameters will affect the sand-spreading viscosity-enhancing effect at the wheel-rail interface.

[0036] Step 3) After sanding to increase viscosity, most of the hard particles will be removed during the continuous rolling contact process. A small amount of hard particles will be embedded in the surface of the wheel-rail material under the contact load after entering the wheel-rail interface without being removed. At the same time, due to the texture on the wheel-rail surface, some hard particles will enter and remain inside the texture. The remaining hard particles and the embedded hard particles will act together on the textured wheel-rail contact interface, increase the surface roughness and tangential adhesion of the textured wheel-rail material, and continue to play the viscosity-increasing role of the hard particles, prolonging the duration of the viscosity-increasing effect. Through the optimal matching of the wheel-rail surface texture parameters and the hard particle sanding parameters, the synergistic long-term viscosity increase of the wheel-rail surface texture and the hard particles is achieved. Figure 6 Shown is a schematic diagram of the synergistic adhesion between surface texture and hard particles;

[0037] Sanding and adhesion enhancement with non-textured ordinary wheel and rail materials ( Figure 5a ), when the texture and hard particles cooperate to enhance adhesion, in addition to the hard particles embedded in the material surface under the wheel-rail contact load, there are also hard particles remaining in the texture that are not easy to be removed, which will make the wheel-rail surface rougher, the hard particles exist longer, and the adhesion of the wheel-rail interface will last longer ( Figure 5b ) to achieve synergistic and long-term adhesion between wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles.

[0038] Based on the synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles, the optimal match between wheel-rail surface texture parameters and hard particle sanding parameters is determined by a wheel-rail interface long-term adhesion enhancement evaluation method, which includes the following steps:

[0039] a) Using the wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles to coordinate long-term adhesion enhancement, orthogonal wheel-rail rolling contact sand spreading experiments were carried out under different operating conditions (low temperature, frost, rain, snow, humidity, atmospheric corrosion, third medium: water, oil, leaves, etc., speed: 60~350km / h, axle load: 17~35t, curve radius: 600~3000m, creep rate: 0~5%, etc.), different texture features (texture: pits, ovals, squares, scales, V-shaped, grooves, etc., depth, direction, spacing, angle), and different sand spreading parameters (types of adhesion enhancement particles: alumina, quartz sand, zinc oxide, etc., particle size, hardness, shape, usage, spraying particle speed, particle utilization rate, etc.);

[0040] b) Obtain the experimental results such as adhesion coefficient recovery level, duration of adhesion enhancement effect, wheel-rail surface damage (with the help of microscopic analysis test technology), friction vibration noise (with the help of acoustic emission detection technology) after each group of experiments, which are the evaluation indicators of long-term adhesion enhancement effect, determine the quantitative scoring standard for each evaluation indicator, quantify the evaluation indicators after each group of experiments, and give the weight of each indicator in the evaluation of adhesion enhancement effect based on experience, theoretical calculation, etc.;

[0041] c) The comprehensive index score of long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface is to sum the scores of each evaluation index by multiplying them by the corresponding weights. The calculation formula is:

[0042] ;

[0043] In the formula, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 They are the adhesion coefficient recovery level index score, adhesion enhancement effect duration index score, wheel-rail surface damage index score, and friction vibration noise index score; They are the weight of adhesion coefficient recovery level, the weight of adhesion enhancement effect duration, the weight of wheel-rail surface damage, and the weight of friction vibration noise.

[0044] Through the long-term viscosity enhancement evaluation method based on the optimal matching of wheel-rail surface texture characteristics and hard particle sanding parameters, the optimal matching method of wheel-rail surface texture parameters and hard particle parameters can be proposed, thereby achieving the optimal viscosity enhancement control effect under the synergistic effect of the two for general / special operating conditions.

[0045] The present invention provides a long-term adhesion enhancement method for the synergistic effect of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles. Compared with the existing traditional wheel-rail sand-spreading adhesion enhancement method, the long-term adhesion enhancement method achieves the traditional adhesion enhancement level while taking into account that the surface texture of the wheel-rail surface with texture can effectively store part of the hard particles when sand is spread, and synergizes with the hard particles embedded during the traditional sand-spreading adhesion enhancement to further extend the duration of wheel-rail interface adhesion enhancement, thereby achieving long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface, and has important engineering application value.

[0046] The terms used in the embodiments of the present invention are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments, and are not intended to limit the present invention. The singular forms "a", "said" and "the" used in the embodiments of the present invention and the appended claims are also intended to include plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates other meanings.

[0047] It should be understood that the term "and / or" used in this article is only a description of the association relationship of associated objects, indicating that there can be three relationships. For example, A and / or B can represent: A exists alone, A and B exist at the same time, and B exists alone. In addition, the character " / " in this article generally indicates that the associated objects before and after are in an "or" relationship.

[0048] The word "if" as used herein may be interpreted as "at the time of" or "when" or "in response to determining" or "in response to detecting", depending on the context. Similarly, the phrases "if it is determined" or "if (stated condition or event) is detected" may be interpreted as "when it is determined" or "in response to determining" or "when detecting (stated condition or event)" or "in response to detecting (stated condition or event)", depending on the context.

[0049] The "first\second" mentioned in the embodiments is only to distinguish similar objects, and does not represent a specific order for the objects. It is understandable that the "first\second" can be interchanged with the specific order or sequence where permitted. It should be understood that the objects distinguished by "first\second" can be interchanged where appropriate, so that the embodiments described herein can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein.

[0050] Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, it is still possible for those skilled in the art to modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or to make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features therein. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles, characterized in that: The steps include: S1. Prefabricate texture on the surface of wheel / rail sample based on surface etching technology, use complex environment simulation system to simulate the operating conditions of third medium and wind and sand, conduct rolling contact friction and wear test of textured wheel / rail sample by wheel / rail rolling contact friction and wear tester, monitor and record the dynamic response of textured wheel / rail interface adhesion coefficient, and obtain low adhesion state of wheel / rail interface; S2. The sand spreader device equipped with the test machine uses compressed air to spray hard particles to the textured wheel-rail interface in a low-adhesion state to increase adhesion by spreading sand. When the hard particles enter the wheel-rail interface, they directly contact the wheel-rail and generate a plowing force, thereby increasing the tangential adhesion between the wheel and rail, and then increasing the adhesion coefficient between the wheel and rail, thereby achieving sand spreading and increasing adhesion at the wheel-rail interface; S3. After sanding to increase viscosity, most of the hard particles will be removed during the continuous rolling contact process. A small amount of hard particles will be embedded in the wheel-rail material surface under the contact load after entering the wheel-rail interface without being removed. At the same time, due to the texture on the wheel-rail surface, some hard particles will enter and remain inside the texture. The remaining hard particles and the embedded hard particles will act together on the textured wheel-rail contact interface, increase the surface roughness of the textured wheel-rail material, and continue to play the viscosity-increasing role of the hard particles, prolonging the duration of the viscosity-increasing effect. Through the optimal matching of the wheel-rail surface texture parameters and the hard particle sanding parameters, the synergistic long-term viscosity increase of the wheel-rail surface texture and the hard particles is achieved. In step S1, the presence of the third medium in the complex environment will reduce the number of contact micro-convexities on the wheel-rail surface and the tangential adhesion. When the wheel-rail interface adhesion coefficient is less than 0.1, it is defined as a low adhesion state. The presence of surface texture will increase the number of contact micro-convexities on the wheel-rail interface, which will increase the adhesion coefficient of the wheel-rail interface in the dry state. Compared with the wheel-rail without texture, the textured wheel-rail interface is not easy to drop from a high dry state adhesion coefficient to a low adhesion state in the presence of the third medium. The duration of the adhesion enhancement effect refers to the time it takes for the adhesion coefficient of the wheel-rail interface to recover to the normal wheel-rail adhesion level after the synergistic adhesion enhancement of the texture and hard particles. The adhesion coefficient is restored to above 0.2 as the condition for defining the duration of adhesion enhancement, and is used as one of the evaluation indicators for the long-term adhesion enhancement of the wheel-rail interface. The optimal matching of the wheel-rail surface texture parameters and the hard particle sanding parameters is determined by a wheel-rail interface long-term adhesion evaluation method, which includes the following steps: a) Using wheel-rail surface textures with different texture parameters, orthogonal wheel-rail rolling contact sand spreading experiments were carried out under different operating conditions and different sand spreading parameters; b) Obtain the experimental results of adhesion coefficient recovery level, adhesion enhancement effect duration, wheel-rail surface damage, and friction vibration noise after each group of experiments as evaluation indicators of long-term adhesion enhancement effect; quantify and score the evaluation indicators after each group of experiments according to the quantitative scoring criteria of each evaluation indicator, and give the weight of each indicator in the evaluation of adhesion enhancement effect; c) Obtain the comprehensive index score of long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface, that is, multiply the individual scores of each evaluation index by the corresponding weights and then sum them up to obtain the comprehensive index score of long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface. The calculation formula is: R eq =R1·ε1+R2·ε2+R3·ε3+R4·ε4 (1) Where, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are the adhesion coefficient recovery level index score, adhesion enhancement effect duration index score, wheel-rail surface damage index score, and friction vibration noise index score, respectively; ε1, ε2, ε3, and ε4 are the weights of the adhesion coefficient recovery level, the duration of the adhesion enhancement effect, the wheel-rail surface damage, and the friction vibration noise, respectively.

2. The method for synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the surface etching technology is a technology that uses laser energy / machine tool milling cutter engraving to remove surface material in a preset shape trajectory to form a surface texture. The surface texture parameters include texture, depth, direction, spacing and angle; the texture is pits, ovals, squares, scales, V-shapes or grooves.

3. The method for synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the sand spreading parameters for sand spreading and viscosity enhancement include hard particles, particle size, hardness, usage, particle spraying speed and particle utilization rate.

4. The method for synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the wheel-rail sand-sprinkling synergistic adhesion test, the surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, fatigue cracks, and plastic deformation damage behavior of the wheel-rail material were analyzed using microscopic analysis and testing methods. The degree of material damage after sand-sprinkling adhesion enhancement is one of the evaluation indicators for long-term adhesion enhancement at the wheel-rail interface. It is necessary to avoid serious material damage while ensuring the synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement effect.

5. The method for synergistic long-term adhesion enhancement of wheel-rail surface texture and hard particles according to claim 1, characterized in that: Through the long-term viscosity enhancement evaluation method based on the optimal matching of wheel-rail surface texture characteristics and hard particle sanding parameters, the optimal matching method of wheel-rail surface texture parameters and hard particle parameters is obtained, thereby achieving the optimal viscosity enhancement control effect under the synergistic effect of the two for general / special operating conditions.

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