High-pressure grouting reinforcement assembly for PHC tubular pile and construction method of high-pressure grouting reinforcement assembly
By using high-pressure grouting reinforcement components in PHC pipe piles, removing debris in the cavity and injecting high-pressure cement slurry, the cracking and fracture problems of pipe piles in soft soil areas are solved, and the pile body stability and foundation are enhanced Carrying capacity reduces construction costs and risks.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202411554553.1
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-04
- Publication Date
- 2024-12-17
AI Technical Summary
PHC pipe piles are prone to cracking and fracture during construction in soft soil areas, resulting in pile body defects. The existing pile replenishment method is costly and has high risk, especially difficult to deal with in deep defect locations, and pile replenishment aggravates the soil squeeze effect, forming Vicious cycle.
The high-pressure grouting reinforcement components of PHC pipe piles are adopted, including the steel cage, grouting pipe, return water pipe and sealing layer in the pipe piles. By removing debris in the inner cavity, filling gravel and high-pressure cement grout injection defects, Form a bamboo-shaped protective layer to consolidate steel bars and concrete, reduce the depth of the pile and enhance the foundation bearing capacity.
It effectively solves the pile body defect problem, reduces the pile pressing depth, enhances the foundation bearing capacity, reduces construction costs, and improves construction stability, avoiding the risk of earth landslides.
Smart Images
Figure CN119145409A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of engineering construction, in particular to a PHC pipe pile high-pressure grouting reinforcement component and a construction method thereof. Background Art
[0002] With the rapid development of the national economy, infrastructure construction has grown steadily. PHC piles (prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles) are widely used in the foundations of construction projects, roads and bridges, ports, water conservancy projects in soft soil areas such as coastal areas and both sides of the Yangtze River due to their high single pile bearing capacity, fast construction speed, wide application range, convenient lifting, good crack resistance, and low cost. PHC pipe piles use high-grade concrete and steel bars in the production process, and prestress is applied, so that the pile body has extremely high compressive strength and pull-out resistance.
[0003] In the prior art, PHC piles are driven into the soft soil foundation in a large area with high density, which produces the soil squeezing effect, or the geological conditions are complex, which may easily cause the pipe piles to crack or break, or disturb the soil during excavation, which may easily cause the pile body to have obvious or serious defects, and the pile body integrity test determines it to be a Class III or Class IV pile. In the past, similar situations were often handled by adding piles or excavating to the defective position and reconnecting the piles. In the case of high pile density, adding piles aggravates the negative effect of squeezing the soil, and even a vicious cycle of "adding piles → breaking piles → re-adding piles" occurs; there are also situations where the earthwork has been excavated and the heavy pile driver cannot enter the construction work surface; if the method of excavating to the defective position and reconnecting the piles is adopted, the defective position is shallow, but if the defective position is deep, the handling cost is high, the risk of landslide is high, and it is even not feasible at all. For this reason, the present invention proposes a PHC pipe pile high-pressure grouting reinforcement component and a construction method thereof to solve the above problems. Summary of the invention
[0004] The object of the present invention is to provide a PHC pipe pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component and a construction method thereof, so as to solve the problems raised in the above background technology.
[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a PHC pipe pile high-pressure grouting reinforcement component and a construction method thereof, comprising: a pipe pile, a steel cage is arranged inside the pipe pile, a grouting pipe is fixedly installed on the steel cage, a return pipe is arranged on one side of the grouting pipe, and a sealing layer is arranged on the lower side of the return pipe.
[0006] A clamping block is arranged on the outer ring surface of the blocking layer, one side of the clamping block is fixedly connected to the slider, one side of the slider is rotatably sleeved with a sliding rod, a driving disk is installed under the sliding rod, and a ground base is arranged under the driving disk.
[0007] Preferably, the steel cage is slidably sleeved in the pipe pile, and a support plate is welded and fixed to the bottom of the steel cage.
[0008] Preferably, the steel cage and the grouting pipe are bound together by steel wires, an installation hole is opened on the ground base, and the pipe pile is slidably sleeved in the installation hole.
[0009] Preferably, the top of the inner hole of the pipe pile is fixedly connected to the sealing layer, the top of the steel cage, the grouting pipe and the return pipe are all fixedly sleeved in the sealing layer, and a valve is fixedly installed on one side of the top of the return pipe.
[0010] Preferably, clamping blocks are arranged in a circumferential array on the outer ring surface of the pile, one side of the slider is fixedly connected to the clamping block, the other side of the slider is fixedly connected to the clamping block, and both sides of the slider are slidably connected to the limit blocks.
[0011] Preferably, the clamping block is rotatably connected to the top of the slide rod, a bearing is rotatably sleeved on the bottom of the slide rod, one side of the limit block is fixedly connected to the fixed block, and the lower surface of one side of the fixed block is fixedly connected to the limit ring.
[0012] Preferably, the lower surface of the limiting ring is fixedly connected to the support platform, the driving disk is rotatably sleeved on the limiting ring, an arc groove is opened on the surface of the driving disk, the arc groove is slidably connected to the bearing, and a steel pin is fixedly installed on the bottom of the support platform.
[0013] Preferably, the steel pin is fixedly inserted on the ground base, one side of the ground base is fixedly connected to the L-shaped frame, one side of the driving disc is rotatably connected to the output end of the cylinder through a short pin, the non-output end of the cylinder is fixedly connected to a connecting seat, the connecting seat is rotatably connected to one end of the long pin, and the other end of the long pin is fixedly connected to the L-shaped frame. A construction method for a PHC pipe pile high-pressure grouting reinforcement component includes the following construction steps:
[0014] S1. Use a small submersible drilling rig to remove mud and debris from the inner cavity of the pile until it reaches 3.5 meters below the defective part, and seal the bottom with a sack;
[0015] S2. The steel cage is sealed with a support plate, and the steel cage extends one meter from the top of the pile. The grouting pipe is tied inside the steel cage, and finally the steel cage is hoisted into the inner cavity of the pile by a crane.
[0016] S3. Use gravel with a particle size of 10 to 30 mm and slowly fill it into the inner cavity of the pile manually until it reaches 600 mm below the top surface of the pile. Then insert the return pipe into the inner cavity of the pile to one meter.
[0017] S4. The hole in the inner cavity of the pile is sealed with a mixture of cement, triethanolamine, aluminum powder expansion agent, water glass, etc., and the hole is sealed 600 mm below the hole in the inner cavity of the pile, and then solidified for 12 hours;
[0018] S5. After plugging for twelve hours, pressurized water is used to wash the inner cavity of the pile until clear water overflows from the return pipe;
[0019] S6. Prepare cement slurry and slowly inject it with a grouting machine until it is filled up and overflows through the return pipe, then close the valve of the return pipe;
[0020] S7. Confirm the working status of the mixer, high-pressure grouting pump, pressure gauge and other equipment: check the condition of the grouting pipe, set up the slurry configuration pool, and ensure that it is reliably connected to the high-pressure grouting pump;
[0021] S8, grouting is performed by applying pressure at a low gear and then increasing pressure at a shifting gear;
[0022] S9, intermittent grouting: stop grouting immediately when grouting occurs;
[0023] S10. Termination of grouting: The grouting termination standard is two tons of pure cement. It is planned to terminate the grouting when the pure cement consumption reaches more than 1.2 tons and the pressure reaches three MPa for five minutes.
[0024] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
[0025] 1. The pipe pile is limited by the installation hole opened on the base surface. Before operating the pipe pile, the driving plate is rotated to indirectly drive the slide bar to slide inside it, so that the slide bar drives the slider to slide, and the slider drives the clamping block to move in the axial direction of the installation hole, so that the clamping block limits and fixes the surrounding of the pipe pile, thereby avoiding the displacement of the pipe pile when the small submersible drilling rig clears debris from the pipe pile, and at the same time strengthening the limit fixation of the pipe pile, so that the pipe pile is more stable during reinforcement and strengthening operations.
[0026] 2. Through the repair and reinforcement of the original defective parts, first use the drilling rig to clean the inner cavity of the pipe pile, and then install a steel cage in the cavity and fill it with gravel. Use high pressure and cement slurry mixed with aluminum powder and expansion agent to penetrate the outside of the pipe pile through the defective parts, and form a bamboo-shaped protective layer on the outside of the defective parts of the pipe pile, so as to achieve effective consolidation of the original steel bars and concrete in the defective parts, and play a role in reinforcement.
[0027] 3. The post-grouting technology can significantly reduce the depth of pile driving while meeting the bearing capacity of the foundation, overcoming the problem of poor affinity between the soft soil layer and the pile body. By grouting the side of the pile, the side friction resistance of the end-bearing pile increases the bearing capacity of the foundation.
[0028] 4. By filling the cavity in the pipe pile, the limited cross-section of the pipe pile is increased. The cement slurry, crushed stone and steel cage form a reinforced concrete structure, which increases the limited cross-section of the pipe pile. The grouting device is easy to install and can effectively reduce costs. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;
[0030] Figure 2 It is a bottom view schematic diagram of the internal structure of the present invention;
[0031] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the present invention;
[0032] Figure 4 It is a side view schematic diagram of the internal structure of the present invention;
[0033] Figure 5 It is a top view schematic diagram of the internal structure of the present invention;
[0034] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the pipe pile of the present invention.
[0035] In the figure: 1. pipe pile; 2. steel cage; 3. grouting pipe; 4. return pipe; 5. plugging layer; 6. clamping block; 7. slider; 8. slide rod; 9. drive plate; 10. ground base; 11. support plate; 12. steel wire; 13. installation hole; 14. valve; 15. clamping block; 16. limit block; 17. bearing; 18. fixing block; 19. limit ring; 20. support table; 21. arc groove; 22. steel pin; 23. L-shaped frame; 24. short pin; 25. cylinder; 26. connecting seat; 27. long pin. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0036] In order to make the purpose and technical solution of the present invention clearly and completely described, and the advantages more clearly understood, the embodiments of the present invention are further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments, and are only used to explain the embodiments of the present invention, and are not used to limit the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0037] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "middle", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", "top", "bottom", "side", "vertical", "horizontal" and the like indicate positions or positional relationships based on the positions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operate in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present invention. In addition, the terms "one", "first", "second", "third", "fourth", "fifth", "sixth" are used for descriptive purposes only, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.
[0038] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.
[0039] For the purpose of simplicity and illustration, the principles of the embodiments are mainly described by reference to examples. In the following description, many specific details are proposed to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is obvious that for those of ordinary skill in the art, these embodiments may not be limited to these specific details in practice. In some instances, known methods and structures are not described in detail to avoid making these embodiments unnecessarily difficult to understand. In addition, all embodiments can be used in combination with each other.
[0040] Example 1: Please refer to Figures 1 to 6 The present invention provides a technical solution: a PHC pipe pile high-pressure grouting reinforcement component and a construction method thereof, comprising: a pipe pile 1, a steel cage 2 is arranged inside the pipe pile 1, a grouting pipe 3 is fixedly installed on the steel cage 2, a return pipe 4 is arranged on one side of the grouting pipe 3, a sealing layer 5 is arranged on the lower side of the return pipe 4, a clamping block 6 is arranged on the outer ring surface of the sealing layer 5, one side of the clamping block 6 is fixedly connected with a slider 7, one side of the slider 7 is rotatably sleeved with a sliding rod 8, a driving disk 9 is installed on the lower side of the sliding rod 8, and a ground base 10 is arranged on the lower side of the driving disk 9.
[0041] The pipe pile 1 is limited by the installation hole 13 opened on the base pedestal 10. Before the pipe pile 1 is operated, the driving plate 9 is rotated to indirectly drive the slide bar 8 to slide therein, so that the slide bar 8 drives the slider 7 to slide, and the slider 7 drives the clamping block 6 to move in the axial direction of the installation hole 13, so that the clamping block 6 limits and fixes the surrounding of the pipe pile 1, thereby avoiding the displacement of the pipe pile 1 when the small submersible drilling rig clears debris from the pipe pile 1, and at the same time strengthening the limit fixation of the pipe pile 1, so that the pipe pile 1 is more stable when being reinforced and strengthened.
[0042] Embodiment 2: On the basis of embodiment 1, the steel cage 2 is slidably sleeved in the pipe pile 1, a support plate 11 is welded and fixed at the bottom of the steel cage 2, the bottom of the steel cage 2 is sealed with the support plate 11, the steel cage 2 and the grouting pipe 3 are bound by steel wire 12, an installation hole 13 is opened on the ground base 10, the pipe pile 1 is slidably sleeved in the installation hole 13, the grouting pipe 3 is tied to the inner side of the steel cage 2 by the steel wire 12, the installation hole 13 opened on the ground base 10 is convenient for limiting the pipe pile 1, the top of the inner cavity opening of the pipe pile 1 is fixedly connected to the sealing layer 5, the top of the steel cage 2, the grouting pipe 3, and the return pipe 4 are all fixedly sleeved in the sealing layer 5, a valve 14 is fixedly installed on one side of the top of the return pipe 4, and the sealing layer 5 is composed of a mixed material such as cement, triethanolamine, aluminum powder expansion agent, water glass, etc., so as to seal the top of the pipe pile 1.
[0043] First, the inner cavity of the pipe pile 1 is cleaned by using a drilling rig to ensure the filling of the steel cage 2, the grouting pipe 3 and the crushed stone. The steel cage 2 is installed in the cavity of the pipe pile 1 and filled with crushed stone. The cement mixed with aluminum powder and expansion agent is used at high pressure to penetrate the outer side of the pipe pile 1 through the defective part, and a bamboo ring protective layer is formed on the outer side of the defective part of the pipe pile 1, so as to achieve effective consolidation of the original steel bars and concrete in the defective part, which plays a role in reinforcement. The post-grouting technology can greatly reduce the pile driving depth while meeting the foundation bearing capacity, overcome the problem of poor affinity between the soft soil layer and the pile body of the pipe pile 1, and increase the foundation bearing capacity through pile side grouting. The side friction resistance of the end-bearing pile increases the foundation bearing capacity, and then the limited cross-section of the pipe pile 1 is increased by filling the cavity in the pipe pile 1. The cement slurry, crushed stone and steel cage 2 form a reinforced concrete structure, which increases the limited cross-section of the pipe pile 1. The grouting device is easy to install and can effectively reduce the cost.
[0044] Embodiment 3: On the basis of embodiment 2, a clamping block 6 is arranged in a circumferential array on the outer ring surface of the pipe pile 1, one side of the slider 7 is fixedly connected to the clamping block 6, the other side of the slider 7 is fixedly connected to the clamping block 15, and the two sides of the slider 7 are slidably connected to the limit blocks 16. The outer ring surface of the pipe pile 1 is limited and fixed to the pipe pile 1 by the clamping blocks 6 arranged in a circumferential array, and the block 15 limits the slide bar 8 to ensure its sliding stability. The block 15 is rotatably connected to the top of the slide bar 8, and the bottom of the slide bar 8 is rotatably sleeved with a bearing 17. One side of the limit block 16 is fixedly connected to the fixed block 18, and the lower surface of one side of the fixed block 18 is fixedly connected to the limit ring 19. The limit block 16 limits the slide bar 7 when it slides, and the lower surface of the limit ring 19 is fixedly connected to the support platform 20. The driving disk 9 is rotatably sleeved on the limit ring 19, and an arc groove 21 is opened on the surface of the driving disk 9. The arc groove 21 is slidably connected to the bearing 17. A steel pin 22 is fixedly installed at the bottom of the support platform 20. The positioning ring 19 limits the driving disk 9, and the sliding rod 8 drives the sliding block 7 to move through the sliding between the arc groove 21 opened on the surface of the driving disk 9 and the bearing 17. The steel pin 22 is fixedly inserted on the ground base 10, and one side of the ground base 10 is fixedly connected to the L-shaped frame 23. One side of the driving disk 9 is rotatably connected to the output end of the cylinder 25 through a short pin 24. The non-output end of the cylinder 25 is fixedly connected with a connecting seat 26, and the connecting seat 26 is rotatably connected to one end of the long pin 27, and the other end of the long pin 27 is fixedly connected to the L-shaped frame 23. The steel pin 22 is inserted on the ground base 10, so that the support platform 20 is limited and fixed by the steel pin 22, thereby ensuring the stability of the clamping block 6. The L-shaped frame 23 supports the cylinder 25, and the cylinder 25 is electrically connected to the external terminal control device. The output end of the cylinder 25 is rotatably connected to the driving disk 9 through the short pin 24, and the fixed end of the cylinder 25 is rotatably connected to the connecting seat 26 through the long pin 27.
[0045] When the pipe pile 1 needs to be reinforced, the output end of the cylinder 25 is extended first, so that the clamping blocks 6 are gradually separated, and then the steel pin 22 is inserted into the ground base 10 and the top of the pipe pile 1 passes through the clamping block 6. The steel pin 22 limits and fixes the support platform 20. At this time, the output of the control cylinder 25 is retracted, so that the cylinder 25 drives the drive plate 9 to rotate under the limit of the limit ring 19 through the connection of the short pin 24, and the arc groove 21 opened on the drive plate 9 and the bearing 1 are connected. The sliding connection between the two cylinders 7 drives the sliding rod 8 to move. The sliding rod 8 drives the sliding block 7 to move under the limit of the clamping block 15. The sliding block 7 slides under the limit of the limit block 16, so that the sliding block 7 drives the clamping block 6 to move in the axial direction of the pipe pile 1 until the clamping block 6 abuts against the side wall of the pipe pile 1, and the cylinder 25 stops contracting. Then, the clamping block 6 limits the pipe pile 1 to ensure the stability of the pipe pile 1, so that the pipe pile 1 will not be displaced in the subsequent construction, and its stability is improved, which is convenient for its reinforcement.
[0046] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1. A PHC pipe pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component, comprising a pipe pile (1), characterized in that: A steel cage (2) is arranged inside the pipe pile (1), a grouting pipe (3) is fixedly installed on the steel cage (2), a return pipe (4) is arranged on one side of the grouting pipe (3), and a blocking layer (5) is arranged on the lower side of the return pipe (4); A clamping block (6) is arranged on the outer ring surface of the blocking layer (5), one side of the clamping block (6) is fixedly connected to a sliding block (7), one side of the sliding block (7) is rotatably sleeved with a sliding rod (8), a driving disk (9) is installed on the lower side of the sliding rod (8), and a ground base (10) is arranged on the lower side of the driving disk (9).
2. A PHC pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component according to claim 1, characterized in that: The steel cage (2) is slidably sleeved in the pipe pile (1), and a support plate (11) is welded and fixed to the bottom of the steel cage (2).
3. A PHC pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component according to claim 2, characterized in that: The steel cage (2) and the grouting pipe (3) are bound together by a steel wire (12); a mounting hole (13) is provided on the ground base (10); and the pipe pile (1) is slidably sleeved in the mounting hole (13).
4. A PHC pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component according to claim 3, characterized in that: The top of the inner cavity opening of the pipe pile (1) is fixedly connected to the blocking layer (5), the top of the steel cage (2), the grouting pipe (3) and the return pipe (4) are all fixedly sleeved in the blocking layer (5), and a valve (14) is fixedly installed on one side of the top of the return pipe (4).
5. A PHC pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component according to claim 4, characterized in that: The outer ring surface of the pipe pile (1) is provided with clamping blocks (6) in a circular array, one side of the slider (7) is fixedly connected to the clamping block (6), the other side of the slider (7) is fixedly connected to the clamping block (15), and both sides of the slider (7) are slidably connected to the limit blocks (16).
6. A PHC pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component according to claim 5, characterized in that: The clamping block (15) is rotatably connected to the top of the slide bar (8), a bearing (17) is rotatably sleeved on the bottom of the slide bar (8), one side of the limit block (16) is fixedly connected to the fixed block (18), and the lower surface of one side of the fixed block (18) is fixedly connected to the limit ring (19).
7. A PHC pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component according to claim 6, characterized in that: The lower surface of the limiting ring (19) is fixedly connected to the support platform (20), the driving disk (9) is rotatably sleeved on the limiting ring (19), an arc groove (21) is provided on the surface of the driving disk (9), the arc groove (21) is slidably connected to the bearing (17), and a steel pin (22) is fixedly installed on the bottom of the support platform (20).
8. A PHC pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component according to claim 7, characterized in that: The steel pin (22) is fixedly inserted on the ground base (10), one side of the ground base (10) is fixedly connected to the L-shaped frame (23), one side of the driving disc (9) is rotatably connected to the output end of the cylinder (25) through a short pin (24), the non-output end of the cylinder (25) is fixedly connected to a connecting seat (26), the connecting seat (26) is rotatably connected to one end of a long pin (27), and the other end of the long pin (27) is fixedly connected to the L-shaped frame (23).
9. A construction method for the PHC pile high pressure grouting reinforcement component according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The steps include: S1. Use a small submersible drilling rig to remove mud and debris from the inner cavity of the pipe pile (1) to a depth of 3.5 meters below the defective part, and seal the bottom with a gunny bag; S2, the bottom of the steel cage (2) is sealed with a support plate (11), the steel cage (2) extends one meter beyond the top surface of the pipe pile (1), the grouting pipe (3) is tied to the inner side of the steel cage (2), and finally the steel cage (2) is smoothly hoisted into the inner cavity of the pipe pile (1) by a crane; S3, select gravel with a particle size of 10 to 30 mm, and slowly fill it into the inner cavity of the pipe pile (1) manually until it is filled to 600 mm below the top surface of the pipe pile (1), and then insert the return pipe (4) into the inner cavity of the pipe pile (1) to one meter; S4. The inner hole of the pipe pile (1) is sealed with a mixture of cement, triethanolamine, aluminum powder expansion agent, water glass, etc., and the inner hole of the pipe pile (1) is sealed 600 mm below the inner hole, and the sealing is allowed to solidify for 12 hours; S5. After plugging for twelve hours, the inner cavity of the pipe pile (1) is flushed with pressurized water until clear water is discharged from the return pipe (4); S6. Prepare cement slurry and slowly inject the cement slurry with a grouting machine until the cement slurry is filled up and overflows through the return pipe (4), and then close the valve (14) of the return pipe (4); S7, confirm the working status of the mixer, high-pressure grouting pump, pressure gauge and other equipment: check the condition of the grouting pipe (3), set up the slurry configuration pool, and ensure that it is reliably connected to the high-pressure grouting pump; S8, grouting is performed by applying pressure at a low gear and then increasing pressure at a shifting gear; S9, intermittent grouting: stop grouting immediately when grouting occurs; S10. Termination of grouting: The grouting termination standard is two tons of pure cement. It is planned to terminate the grouting when the pure cement consumption reaches more than 1.2 tons and the pressure reaches three MPa for five minutes.