Leak characterization device, detection system for leaked fuel and method for detecting leaks

Abstract

The invention relates to a leak characterization device, a detection system for leaked fuel and a method for detecting a leak. In order to provide an improved assessment of leaks, a leak characterization device (10) is provided comprising a compound (12) having at least two emission-generating markers (14a, 14b). The compound can be applied to the exterior (16) of an enclosure (18) that encapsulates fuel (20) from the surroundings (22). The applied compound is configured to physically and / or chemically react upon exposure to activation energy (24) generated by fuel leakage (26) from the interior (28) of the enclosure. The physical reaction and / or chemical reaction (30) actively generates a detectable emission (32) indicative of at least one measurable parameter (34) of the leak site (36) based on the at least two emission-generating markers.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to leak detection and assessment, and more particularly, the present invention relates to leak characterization devices, detection systems and methods for detecting leaks. Background Art

[0002] Facilities that supply, store or process fluids, such as fuels, may experience leaks. Leaks of fuel may result in situations of concern that may require attempts to provide immediate cleanup. However, in order to clean up the leak, information about the leak may be required. In order to obtain this information, leak monitoring or surveillance systems may be applied. However, it has been shown that certain fuel leaks, such as hydrogen leaks, are difficult to detect. Summary of the invention

[0003] Therefore, improved leakage assessment may be needed.

[0004] The objects of the invention are solved by the subject matter of the main aspects; further embodiments are incorporated in the additional aspects. It should be noted that the aspects of the invention described below also apply to the leak characterization device, the detection system and the method for detecting leaks.

[0005] According to the present invention, a leak characterization device is provided, which includes a compound having at least two emission generating markers. The compound can be applied to the outside of a housing that encapsulates fuel from the surrounding environment. The applied compound is configured to physically react and / or chemically react when exposed to activation energy generated by leaking fuel from the inside of the housing. The physical reaction and / or chemical reaction actively generates a detectable emission of at least one measurable parameter indicating a leak location based on the at least two emission generating markers.

[0006] As an advantage, the immediate emission of light occurs after a fire or leak occurs.

[0007] As a further advantage, the detection of hydrogen flames and hydrogen leaks is rapid.

[0008] As an advantage, localization of a fire or a leak is possible by applying different detection mixtures to different fire zones, which allows shutting down only the affected fuel cell subsystem or fuel cell component and thus prevents shutting down the entire fuel cell system.

[0009] As a further advantage, the detection of hydrogen flames and hydrogen leaks is technically comprehensive.

[0010] As an advantage, the detection material, ie the compound, is non-flammable and can be used in potentially explosive environments.

[0011] As another advantage, the detection of hydrogen flames and hydrogen leaks is safe.

[0012] As an advantage, material is not burned / consumed and therefore the reproducibility of the method is high.

[0013] As a further advantage, the detection of hydrogen flames and hydrogen leaks is reliable.

[0014] According to an example, the detectable emission provides a characteristic emission pattern. The characteristic emission pattern includes a unique emission spectrum having emission intensities at different photon wavelengths. The characteristic emission pattern indicates at least one measurable parameter of a leak site at the housing.

[0015] As an advantage, a spectral emission with a characteristic "fingerprint" wavelength is produced.

[0016] According to an example, at least two emission generating markers each comprise a different chemical composition. The different chemical compositions provide a characteristic photon emission.

[0017] As another advantage, the detection of hydrogen flames and hydrogen leaks is resistant to false alarms.

[0018] According to an example, at least two emission generating markers are spaced apart relative to the housing in the leak characterization device such that they have different distances to the activation energy of the leaking fuel.

[0019] According to an example, the at least one measurable parameter is further selected from the group consisting of:

[0020] - the size of the leak, and / or

[0021] - the geometry of the leak, and / or

[0022] - the amount of energy released at the leak site, and / or

[0023] - the duration of the leak at the leak site, and / or

[0024] - the velocity of the leaking fuel at the leak site, and / or

[0025] - There is flame or no flame at the leak,

[0026] - at least one temperature at the leak site,

[0027] - at least one minimum temperature at the leak site,

[0028] - at least one temperature zone at the leak site,

[0029] Or a combination of these.

[0030] According to the present invention, there is also provided a detection system for leaking fuel, the detection system comprising at least one detector and a leakage characterization device according to one of the aforementioned aspects, the leakage characterization device comprising a compound having at least two emission generating markers. At least one detector is positioned toward the compound within a detection distance. The compound is configured to provide a specific emission pattern according to the position of each emission generating marker in the at least two emission generating markers at the housing. At least one detector is configured to generate a specific detection signal when contacting a specific emission pattern within the detection distance.

[0031] According to an example, the system further comprises at least one enclosure for storing leaked fuel.The at least one enclosure provides each of the at least two emission generating markers at a different location.

[0032] According to an example, the system further comprises a shut-off valve at a conduit arrangement, the conduit arrangement comprising at least one specific conduit selected from the group of a supply conduit, a ventilation conduit and an exhaust conduit, and a processing unit. The conduit arrangement is configured to supply at least one housing. The processing unit is connected to the shut-off valve and at least one detector. The at least one detector monitors at least one housing. The processing unit is configured to generate a specific shut-off signal upon receiving a predetermined detection signal from the at least one detector. The specific shut-off signal triggers the closing of the shut-off valve to stop the supply to the at least one housing.

[0033] According to the present invention, a method for detecting leakage is also provided. The method comprises the following steps:

[0034] - providing at least two emission generating markers at different locations outside of a housing enclosing the fuel from the surrounding environment;

[0035] - providing at least one detector in a detection distance to the housing;

[0036] - monitoring the housing with at least one detector;

[0037] - the compound physically and / or chemically reacts when exposed to activation energy generated by fuel leakage from the interior of the housing; the physical and / or chemical reaction actively produces a detectable emission; and

[0038] - Detecting the emission of at least one measurable parameter indicative of a leak site based on at least two emission generating markers.

[0039] According to an aspect, leak information is provided about its presence, location and severity. Thus, even for certain fuels, such as hydrogen, leaks are still detected due to the detection capabilities of the leak monitoring system and thus support is provided in clearing the leak.

[0040] According to one aspect, in situ leak characterization is enabled by providing a detectably emitting compound having at least two emission generating markers activated by a leaking fluid such as a fuel, such as hydrogen, in combination with an optical camera that detects physical or chemical reaction products of the markers.

[0041] These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the following drawings:

[0043] Figure 1 Examples of leakage characterization devices and their applications are schematically shown.

[0044] Figure 2 Examples of leak characterization devices and detection systems responsive to leaks are shown.

[0045] Figure 3 The basic steps of an example of a method for detecting a leak are shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] Certain embodiments will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, the same reference numerals are used for the same elements even in different drawings. The contents defined in the specification, such as detailed construction and elements, are provided to help fully understand the exemplary embodiments. In addition, well-known functions or structures are not described in detail because they would make the embodiments unclear due to unnecessary details. In addition, expressions such as "at least one of..." when preceding a list of elements modify the entire list of elements rather than modifying a single element of the list.

[0047] Figure 1 An example of a leak characterization device 10 and its application is schematically shown. The leak characterization device 10 includes a compound 12 having at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b. The compound 12 can be applied to the exterior 16 of an enclosure 18 that encloses fuel 20 from an ambient environment 22. The applied compound 12 is configured to physically react and / or chemically react when exposed to activation energy 24 generated by leaking fuel 26 from the interior 28 of the enclosure 18. The physical reaction and / or chemical reaction 30 actively generates a detectable emission 32 of at least one measurable parameter 34 indicative of a leak location 36 based on the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b.

[0048] The term "leakage sensitive device" refers to a device that responds to changes in its environment, Figure 1 An object that changes its measurable properties by changing its surroundings 22.

[0049] In examples, the leak sensitive device may take various geometries and shapes, such as a cover, a mesh, a cable, a pipe, a pill, a probe.

[0050] The term "compound" may be understood as a mixture of at least one substance that actively discharges, emits or transfers a portion of itself to its environment. The term "compound" may also refer to an emitter, transmitter, pulse transmitter, pulse transmitter, radiator, transducer, projector, transmitter or source.

[0051] A "leak characterization device" may also be referred to as a leak sensitive and activation energy sensitive device.

[0052] The term "emission generating marker" refers to a substance that radiates a portion of itself to produce a unique radiation fingerprint that can be clearly and unambiguously identified Figure 1 At least one of the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b in itself emits a generating marker.

[0053] In the example, not only two emission generating markers 14a, 14b are provided, but also three or five or more emission generating markers are provided.

[0054] A "compound" may also be referred to as a substance, an agent, an emission producing compound, or a material.

[0055] The term "applicable" means that compound 12 is Figure 1 The housing 18 in the embodiment does not change its condition or state so that it reacts spontaneously, for example.

[0056] The term "exterior" refers to the opposite of the interior 28. The exterior 16 describes the surface of the housing 18 that is not in contact with the interior volume. The exterior 16 may also include recessed portions of the housing 18 and connections to the housing 18. Figure 1 The recess at the flange is not shown.

[0057] The term "enclosure" refers to a solid body that separates two spaces. One space is the environment, or Figure 1 The surrounding environment 22 in the housing 18, and the other space is the internal volume 28 inside the housing 18. The internal volume and the environment are not in contact with each other. The housing 18 encloses the internal volume. The internal volume can be referred to as the interior 28.

[0058] The housing 18 may also be referred to as a tank, a vessel, a container, a reservoir or a basin. In an example, the storage unit may also be a pipe or a pipeline or a piping system and is not limited to Figure 1 The shapes shown in .

[0059] The term "encapsulation" refers to the function of the housing 18 to isolate the internal volume from the environment such that they are not in contact with each other.

[0060] The term "fuel" refers to a substance, and may be a fluid in either a gaseous or liquid state.

[0061] The fuel 20 may also be referred to as a stored substance, a fluid, a stored fluid, or a stored substance.

[0062] In an example, fuel 20 is a material that carries chemical energy.

[0063] In an example, fuel 20 includes gaseous hydrogen.

[0064] In another example, the fuel 20 is cryogenic or liquid hydrogen.

[0065] In another example, the fuel 20 is pressurized hydrogen.

[0066] In an example, the housing 18 is leak-proof with respect to hydrogen.

[0067] The term "surrounding environment" may be understood to refer to the structure to which the housing 18 is connected or embedded. For the sake of clarity, Figure 1 The surrounding environment 22 is in the environment. The outside of the surrounding environment 22 is the external environment.

[0068] In the example, the surrounding environment 22 is a storage space of a vehicle.

[0069] In another example, surrounding environment 22 is the interior of an aircraft.

[0070] In an example, ambient environment 22 is defined by a hydrogen conversion facility.

[0071] The term "physical and / or chemical reaction" refers to the rearrangement and transfer of electrons in and / or between atoms within a substance comprising compound 12 and at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b, also referred to herein as the term "chemical reaction". The term chemistry is understood herein as the physics of the outer electron shells of atoms.

[0072] The term "physical and / or chemical reaction" also refers to the transfer of energy between atoms during a physical reaction via electromagnetic energy, such as radiation energy or mechanical energy.

[0073] The term "activation energy" may be understood as the energy barrier that needs to be overcome in order for compound 12 to change its state or condition. The change of state may be irreversible and / or reversible and is initiated by Figure 1 The reaction is caused by applying a certain amount of energy to the compound 12 in the reaction mixture. The certain amount or quantum of energy can be applied in the form of electromagnetic energy, thermal energy or mechanical energy.

[0074] "Leaking fuel" may also be referred to as leaking fuel. It refers to the fluid from Figure 1The process by which the interior volume of the housing 18 infiltrates or spreads to the exterior 16 of the housing 18 through the passages and holes of the housing 18 .

[0075] In the example, "leaking fluid" creates a situation that may require immediate cleanup and detection.

[0076] In the example, "leaking fluid" is difficult to observe and may require immediate indication, e.g. Figure 1 as shown in .

[0077] In the example, the “leaking fluid” condition is a malfunction condition of the housing 18 .

[0078] The term "interior of the housing" refers to the area opposite the exterior 16 of the housing 18, that is, opposite substantially at the ambient environment 22. The interior 28 describes the surface of the housing 18 that is not in contact with the ambient environment 22 of the housing 18 but is in contact with the fuel 20 contained in the housing 18, which surface is isolated from the ambient environment 22.

[0079] The term "emission" refers to the process by which a material actively radiates, emits, expel or emits a portion of its matter or photons into its environment. Compound 12 or at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b emit Figure 1 The emission does not necessarily include the material itself, it mainly includes chemically and / or physically different and transformed parts of the material, such as photons or photoelectrons.

[0080] The term "detectable" refers to the characteristics of an emission that enable it to be detected in conjunction with another entity, e.g. Figure 1 The detection unit 37 in the device generates a discernible signal when contact is made.

[0081] In an example, the detection unit responds to electromagnetic waves, matter waves, such as vibrations or certain molecules or particles in matter waves. Electromagnetic waves include UV (100nm to 380nm wavelength), VIS (380nm to 780nm wavelength), IR (780nm to 1mm wavelength) or microwave radiation (1mm to 30cm).

[0082] The term "indicative" refers to an emission characteristic that is interpreted as a clear and unique signal for the physical and / or chemical condition of compound 12.

[0083] "Indicate" may also be referred to as showing, illustrating, revealing, suggesting, meaning, expressing, or demonstrating.

[0084] The term "measurable parameter" refers to a concept that can describe the condition of the leak site 36 in terms of a mathematical value. The measurable parameter 34 refers to the dimensions of space, time, mass, and energy.

[0085] The term "leakage site" refers to the location of the leakage of the fuel 20 relative to the housing 18 as the leaking fuel, such as Figure 1 The passages and holes of the leak site can take various forms and shapes, which are sometimes difficult to assess in the operating state of the housing 18. The characteristics of the leak site also determine the activity and nature of the leak.

[0086] In an example, how the emission is based on at least two generated markers can provide information about Figure 1 Clear information about the leak location 36.

[0087] exist Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 4 , the detectable emission 32 provides a characteristic emission pattern 40. The characteristic emission pattern is shown in a coordinate system diagram of the spectrum at Figure 1 The characteristic emission pattern 40 includes a unique emission spectrum having emission intensities 42 at different photon wavelengths 44. The characteristic emission pattern 40 is indicative of at least one measurable parameter 34 of a leak location 36 at the housing 18.

[0088] The term "characteristic emission pattern" can also be understood as a fingerprint, which is Figure 1 Any occurrence of leakage location 36 is unique. Figure 1 As shown in FIG. 4 , characteristic emission pattern 40 has a shape based on spectral analysis of detectable emission 32. The spectrum of characteristic emission pattern 40 includes the intensity of emission peaks at different positions in the spectrum, similar to different photon wavelengths of emission intensity 42. The shape of several emission peaks at several photon wavelengths in the spectrum added together is similar to characteristic emission pattern 40. Characteristic emission pattern 40 is configured to characterize how the emission peaks are detected in terms of space, energy, mass, time, and temperature. Figure 1 The manner in which the leakage site 36 is located in the embodiment of the present invention provides information about the leakage site 36 through its shape.

[0089] In the example, a prism for light scattering is applied in front of the detector in order to generate the spectrum, Figure 1 Not shown in FIG.

[0090] In an example, the information is provided by the intensity amplitude of the emission peak, the peak width, or the presence or absence of the emission peak.

[0091] "Unique" can also be called individual, special, or exclusive.

[0092] In an example, the characteristic emission pattern 40 is configured so that its emission peaks do not overlap or interfere with each other, so that a characteristic emission pattern 40 consisting of a single broad emission peak is not generated. Figure 1 Not shown in FIG.

[0093] The term "different photon wavelengths" can also be understood as qualitative information relative to the emission spectrum, which provides intensity as quantitative information.

[0094] exist Figure 1 In an example not shown, at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b each comprise a different chemical composition. The different chemical compositions provide characteristic photon emissions.

[0095] The term "different chemical composition" may be understood as the markers differing in the kind of atoms that compose them, or in the kind of interactions between their atoms, ie, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, etc.

[0096] In the example, for any different chemical composition, different photon emissions can be expected when the chemical composition is excited by energy. Such energy excitation can be achieved, for example, by heat, physical reaction and / or chemical reaction 30 or by excitation by electromagnetic radiation or application of mechanical stress. All of the aforementioned types of energy can be provided by the leak site 36, respectively, the leak event itself or added to Figure 1 At least two of the above emit a substance that generates a compound 12 near the markers 14a, 14b. The substance may be a pyrotechnic material that is configured to emit a compound 12 near the markers 14a, 14b. Figure 1 When contact is made with the leak site 36 in the housing, energy is transferred to at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b.

[0097] In an example, energy excitation of at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b results in emission of photons having wavelengths that are characteristic of the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b involved.

[0098] In an example, the emission of photons results from the decay of electronic excited states of atoms in at least two emission generating labels 14a, 14b.

[0099] The term "characteristic photon emission" can be understood as an element fingerprint.

[0100] In an example, a characteristic photon emission of one of the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b may electronically excite another of the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b to provide Figure 1 Another emission of at least two of the emissions generating markers 14a, 14b generates a characteristic photon emission of the marker.

[0101] In an example, the chemical components include metal ions.

[0102] In an example, the chemical composition includes an alkali metal and / or an alkaline earth metal.

[0103] In the example, the chemical composition is selected to produce relative Figure 1 The surrounding environment 22 does not undergo chemical reaction emission.

[0104] In an example, the photon emission includes visible photon radiation.

[0105] As an advantage, visible photon radiation is generated by at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b, which facilitates their detection.

[0106] Photon emission can also be referred to as light.

[0107] The term "characteristic photon emission" can also be understood as the human perception of visible light, ie color.

[0108] exist Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 4 , each of the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b provides a contribution to the emission intensity 42 of the characteristic emission pattern 40. The contribution indicates that the at least one measurable parameter 34 is a position 46 of the leak site 36 relative to the housing 18.

[0109] The term "contribution" refers to the composition of compound 12, in which one of the at least two emission-generating markers 14a, 14b contains more atoms or molecules that emit characteristic photon emissions than the other of the at least two emission-generating markers 14a, 14b. The difference in amount between the at least two emission-generating markers 14a, 14b results in a difference in their overall emission behavior, which is presented as Figure 1 Characteristic emission pattern 40.

[0110] The colors mentioned in this article can also be considered Figure 1 Emission intensity 42 at different photon wavelengths 44 in nanometers.

[0111] In the example, there is more emission-generating marker A in compound 12 that emits blue photons at wavelengths between 450 and 495 nanometers, compared to emission-generating marker B that emits red photons at wavelengths between 620 and 750 nanometers. In this example, emission-generating markers A and B are Figure 1 The detectable emission 32 of compound 12, ie, the corresponding characteristic emission pattern 40, will mainly show a high emission peak for blue photons, while the emission peak for red photons is very small.

[0112] In the example, compared to Figure 1At the bottom portion or the top portion of the housing 18 not shown in the figure, at the middle portion of the housing 18, there is more emission-generating marker A in the compound 12 that emits blue photons. At the bottom portion or the top portion of the housing 18, there is more emission-generating marker B than emission-generating marker A. An invisible leak site at the middle portion will result in the emission of blue photons of emission-generating marker A, and the characteristic emission pattern 40 of the detectable emission 32 will show a high emission peak of blue photons. This indicates the location 46 of the leak site at the middle portion of the housing 18. An invisible leak site at the bottom portion or the top portion will result in the emission of red photons of emission-generating marker B, and the characteristic emission pattern 40 of the detectable emission 32 will show a high emission peak of red photons. This indicates the location 46 of the leak site at the bottom portion or the top portion of the housing 18.

[0113] Emission generating marker A may also be referred to as a blue emission generating marker.

[0114] The emission generating marker B may also be referred to as a red emission generating marker.

[0115] In an example, different quantitative emission generating gradients of markers A and B are provided relative to certain positions of the housing.

[0116] exist Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b are spaced apart relative to the housing 18 in the leakage characterization device so that they are Figure 1 There are different distances 48 to the activation energy 24 of the leaking fuel 26.

[0117] In an example, at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b are located at different portions of the housing 18 and are spaced parallel to a surface of the housing 18.

[0118] In the example, at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b are present in the compound 12. Figure 1 The housing 18 is separated from the housing 18 by a filler material (not shown) that is perpendicular to the surface of the housing 18.

[0119] The term "different in contact with the activation energy of the leaking fuel 26" means that one of the at least two emission-generating markers 14a, 14b can provide characteristic photon emission by contacting the activation energy 24, while the other of the at least two emission-generating markers 14a, 14b cannot contact the activation energy 24, such as Figure 1 , because it has a large distance from the activation energy 24 and is therefore not yet able to provide characteristic photon emission, but may provide characteristic photon emission later.

[0120] exist Figure 1In the example of , the compound 12 further includes at least one emission extender 50 having luminescent properties. The at least one emission extender 50 is configured to extend the detectable emission 32 by decaying its luminescence beyond the activation energy 24.

[0121] The term "emission extender" can also be understood as causing the echo of the characteristic photon emission to Figure 1 The time range of the detectable emission 32 is extended for the entity.

[0122] The term "luminescent property" refers to a property of matter that results in the spontaneous emission of radiation from electronically or vibrationally excited matter that is not in thermal equilibrium with its environment.

[0123] In an example, at least one emission extender 50 may provide chemiluminescence.

[0124] In an example, at least one emission extender 50 may provide triboluminescence.

[0125] In an example, at least one emission expander 50 may provide thermoluminescence.

[0126] In an example, at least one emission expander 50 may provide fluorescent light.

[0127] In an example, at least one emission expander 50 may provide phosphorescence.

[0128] In an example, at least two of the emission markers also include a luminescent property.

[0129] In an example, the characteristic photon emission excites at least one emission expander 50 to Figure 1 Light is provided at the device in the embodiment.

[0130] In an example, contact with the fuel 20 from the housing 18 causes the at least one emission extender 50 to emit light.

[0131] exist Figure 1 In the example of , at least one of the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b of compound 12 is encapsulated in at least one delay layer 52. At least one delay layer 52 is configured to provide energy and / or time-dependent detectable emission 54 of compound 12 upon contact with activation energy 24.

[0132] In an example, the at least one delay layer 52 delays the effect of the activation energy 24 on at least one of the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b.

[0133] In an example, compound 12 includes different layers of different emission generating markers providing different emission patterns, the layers being separated by delay layers having different penetration times or energies, Figure 1 Not shown in FIG.

[0134] As an advantage, the duration of the leak can be estimated.

[0135] As an advantage, it is possible to determine whether a flame is present at the leak site 36 .

[0136] As an advantage, false alarms can be prevented.

[0137] As an advantage, energy losses through leakage can be estimated.

[0138] exist Figure 1 In an example not shown in FIG. 1 , the at least one measurable parameter 34 is further selected from the group consisting of:

[0139] - the size of the leak 36, and / or

[0140] - the geometry of the leakage point 36, and / or

[0141] - the amount of energy released at the leak site 36, and / or

[0142] - the duration of the leak at the leak site 36, and / or

[0143] - the velocity of the leaking fuel 26 at the leak location 36, and / or

[0144] - There is flame or no flame at the leak 36,

[0145] at least one temperature of the leakage point 36,

[0146] at least one minimum temperature at the leakage point 36,

[0147] at least one temperature zone at the leakage point 36,

[0148] Or a combination of these.

[0149] In the example, compound 12 also includes Figure 1 The reaction controller is configured to enable the physical reaction and / or chemical reaction 30 of the compound 12 and the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b to be steered toward at least one of the group consisting of:

[0150] - generates activation energy 24 when in contact with fuel 20,

[0151] - a delay of 30% in the physical and / or chemical reaction,

[0152] - enhance the emission of photons from physical and / or chemical reactions 30,

[0153] - isolating the products of the physical and / or chemical reactions 30 from the surrounding environment 22, and

[0154] - Confine the physical and / or chemical reactions 30 to a geometrically restricted space.

[0155] In an example, the compound 12 and the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b are configured to be capable of combining with the pyrotechnic material to amplify the detectable emission 32, Figure 1 Not shown in FIG.

[0156] In an example, the temperature and / or minimum temperature may be determined, or at least roughly estimated, based on a characteristic emission spectrum.

[0157] exist Figure 1 In the example shown, the leaking fuel 26 is hydrogen, and the physical reaction and / or chemical reaction 30 of the compound 12 is initiated by the activation energy 24 of the leaking hydrogen from the housing 18 .

[0158] In an example, the leaked hydrogen at the housing 18 combusts, and the thermal energy initiates a physical and / or chemical reaction 30 of the compound 12 and the at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b.

[0159] In another example, leaked hydrogen at the housing 18 contacts a reaction initiator or activating material at the compound 12. The activating material or activating agent generates heat energy when in contact with hydrogen, and the heat energy initiates a physical reaction and / or a chemical reaction 30 of the compound 12.

[0160] exist Figure 1 In an exemplary option not shown in FIG. 8 , the activation energy 24 for the compound 12 is generated by the release of thermal energy of the leaking fuel 26 and / or is initially generated in the compound 12 itself by contact between the compound 12 and the leaking fuel 26 .

[0161] In the example, the thermal energy release or release of thermal energy occurs at the burning leaking fuel 26. The thermal energy is released in the form of radiation or convection via the flame of the burning fuel.

[0162] In the example, the flame of the burning leaking fuel 26 transfers its heat energy mainly via convection. This makes it difficult to detect the flame via the radiation it emits. The compound 12 and at least two emission generating markers 14a, 14b are activated by the heat convection of the flame, resulting in a physical reaction and / or chemical reaction 30 and a second flame with higher radiation, which is easier to detect.

[0163] In the example, the flame originates from the burning fuel.

[0164] In the example, the flame originates from burning hydrogen.

[0165] In another example, hydrogen burns to generate a hydrogen micro-flame at the exterior 16 at the surface of the housing 18 .

[0166] In an option, the activation energy 24 is initially generated in the compound 12. The compound 12 includes a reaction initiator or a reaction starter, which generates the activation energy 24 when it comes into contact with the leaking fuel 26 from the housing 18. Here, the activation energy 24 can also be considered as the energy of the chemical bonds of the leaking fuel 26.

[0167] In an example, the reaction initiator is contacted with hydrogen or hydrogen and oxygen to generate heat as activation energy 24 .

[0168] In an example, the reaction initiator includes an organometallic compound.

[0169] In an example, the reaction initiator includes Pd or Pt.

[0170] In an example, the reaction initiator includes a mixture of Pt, WO3 and calcium fluoride.

[0171] In the example, the reaction initiator causes the compound 12 to heat up and results in a thermoluminescent fingerprint light emission spectrum with characteristic wavelengths primarily in the visible range.

[0172] In an example, a device is provided that can detect general fuel flames, particularly hydrogen flames and / or hydrogen micro-flames in a fingerprint-like manner and thus prevent false alarms. The detection is based on the following principle. For example, hydrogen flames and / or hydrogen micro-flames occur due to fault conditions in a fuel cell system. The heat generated by the hydrogen flame excites the surrounding "detection" material, i.e., a compound, which is, for example, a mixture of alkali metal salts and / or alkaline earth metal salts or any other suitable metal salt, resulting in a "fingerprint" light emission spectrum with a characteristic wavelength "flame coloration" mainly in the visible light range. The fingerprint spectrum can be detected by a sensor unit and indicates a flame / hydrogen flame with zero false alarms. The signal from the sensor unit can be used to trigger the shutdown of the hydrogen supply in the fuel cell system to eventually stop the hydrogen flame.

[0173] In an example, the localization of the hydrogen flame is provided by applying different mixtures of "detection" materials, such as mixtures of two or more metal salts or other suitable materials containing metals and / or metal ions and / or any other materials that emit light when subjected to thermal stimulation, such as zirconium oxide mixed with yttria or any combination thereof, a specific fingerprint light signal can be achieved to locate the fire, for example, different mixtures are applied to different fire zones in an aircraft. The light signal can be detected by a light detection unit such as a light sensor, a photometer installed at any suitable position in the surrounding area, and / or the light signal can be transmitted from the flame position via a glass fiber to any suitable position for the detection unit. The glass fiber can be located in the surrounding area of ​​the light source, so that the total number of glass fibers can be significantly reduced compared to the optical fiber-based detection devices of the prior art, and no laser is required for activation. The "detection" material can be combined with a pyrotechnic material to enhance the generation of visible light.

[0174] In an example, the option for specific light generation caused by the flame is chemiluminescence. The light signal is generated due to the chemiluminescent reaction of two materials, such as luminol and an oxidant, or any other suitable mixture. The two materials that can react by chemiluminescence are encapsulated and separated from each other in a temperature-sensitive material, such as a small-scale encapsulation in a thermoplastic sphere, and the heat of the hydrogen flame melts the encapsulation of the surrounding "detection" material, so that the different materials can chemically react with each other, thereby producing a "fingerprint" chemiluminescent emission spectrum with a characteristic wavelength. Even after the H2 flame may have quickly disappeared, the light signal is maintained for a period of time after activation, which enables the detection of short flame events, which is beneficial for early detection of hydrogen leaks and / or dangerous situations in proactive maintenance.

[0175] In an example, the device also implements the detection of hydrogen leaks and / or hydrogen micro-leaks that are fingerprint-like and thus prevent false alarms. The detection is based on the following principle. For example, a hydrogen leak occurs due to a fault condition in a fuel cell system. The leaked hydrogen stimulates the surrounding "detection" material, such as a mixture of Pt, WO3 and calcium fluoride, causing the mixture to heat up and subsequently produce a thermoluminescent "fingerprint" light emission spectrum with a characteristic wavelength mainly in the visible light range through "thermoluminescence". The fingerprint spectrum can be detected by the sensor unit and indicate a hydrogen leak with a zero false alarm. The signal from the sensor unit can be used to trigger the shutdown of the hydrogen supply in the fuel cell system to eventually stop the hydrogen leak.

[0176] In an example, localization of a hydrogen leak is provided by applying different mixtures of "detection" materials, for example using different mixtures of different thermoluminescent materials, and a specific fingerprint light signal can be achieved in order to locate the hydrogen leak, for example, by applying different mixtures to different fire zones in the aircraft. The light signal can be transmitted from the leak location via a glass fiber to any suitable location for the detection unit. Since heat generation can also be caused by a hydrogen flame and / or a hydrogen micro-flame, this method is also particularly suitable for detecting flames and hydrogen flames and / or hydrogen micro-flames. In principle, any suitable combination of detection of hydrogen flames or hydrogen leaks can be applied, depending on the specific aircraft requirements. The propagation of a hydrogen flame and / or a micro-hydrogen flame and / or a hydrogen leak and / or a micro-hydrogen leak can be avoided by a subsequent fast hydrogen cut-off function.

[0177] Figure 2 An example of a leak characterization device 110 and a detection system 100 responsive to a leak is shown. The detection system 100 for leaking fuel 126 includes at least one detector 102 and a leak characterization device 110 according to one of the aforementioned examples and options, the leak characterization device 110 including a compound 112 having at least two emission generating markers 114a, 114b. At least one detector 102 is positioned toward the compound 112 within a detection distance 104. The compound 112 is configured to provide a specific emission pattern 106 based on the position of each of the at least two emission generating markers 114a, 114b at a housing 118. At least one detector 102 is configured to generate a specific detection signal 108 when in contact with the specific emission pattern 106 within the detection distance 104.

[0178] The term "within detection distance" refers to an arrangement in which at least one detector 102 is placed at a distance from the leak site, i.e. at least one detector 102 is not placed directly at the site, but is placed further away so that the detection of the intermediate reaction of the compound 112 is within the detection distance. Figure 2 It is still possible. Figure 2 In the embodiment, at least one detector 102 is spaced apart at a certain detection distance 104 .

[0179] In an example, at least one detector 102 generates photons of detectable emission 32 of the markers 114a, 114b in response to the compound 112 and the at least two emissions. Figure 2 At least one detector 102 in the sample samples the visible photon radiation.

[0180] In an example, the at least one detector 102 may be arranged as a light sensor behind a prism.

[0181] In an example, the transmission is configured such that it overcomes obstacles in the detection distance 104 to the at least one detector 102 .

[0182] In an example, a glass fiber may be provided to guide the photon emission to at least one detector 102, Figure 2 Not shown in FIG.

[0183] In an example, the system further comprises at least one transmitter-receiver, Figure 2 The at least one emission receiver is configured to collect a specific emission pattern 106 from the compound 112 and is configured to focus and / or enhance the specific emission pattern 106 toward the at least one detector 102 .

[0184] In an example, at least one of the transceivers is configured as a glass fiber, Figure 2 Not shown in FIG.

[0185] In an example, at least one of the transmitter-receiver elements is disposed on a reflective surface of the housing 118 and / or its surroundings. Figure 2 Not shown in FIG.

[0186] In an example, at least one detector 102 is placed in close proximity to compound 112. This allows for successful transmission of specific emission pattern 106 from compound 112 to at least one detector 102 in the event of a fire occurring near or at detection system 100, where smoke is generated, or a dusty environment exists or otherwise impairs or blocks transmission of specific emission pattern 106 from compound 112 to at least one detector 102. Figure 2 Other obscuration of transmission of at least one detector 102.

[0187] In an example, the compound 112 is configured as a part of the at least one detector 102 .

[0188] In examples, more than one detector 102 is provided, for example two, three, five detectors or an array of detectors, and different kinds of detectors are combined.

[0189] In an example, the response of the detector array with different orientations towards the leak site can yield the location of the leak site.

[0190] As an advantage, only one detector is required, since any possible leak site will generate its own characteristic emission pattern 40 .

[0191] exist Figure 2 In the example of , the system further comprises at least one housing 121 for storing leaked fuel 126. The at least one housing 121 provides each of the at least two emission-generating markers 114a, 114b at different positions 160a, 160b.

[0192] In an example, a blue emitting marker is attached to the middle portion of at least one housing 121, while a red emitting marker is added to the top portion of at least one housing 121. Figure 2 A blue light will indicate a leak location at the middle portion of at least one housing 121 , and a red light will indicate a leak location at the top portion of at least one housing 121 .

[0193] exist Figure 2 In an example of the system, the system further comprises a shut-off valve 170 at a conduit arrangement 172 and a processing unit 180, the conduit arrangement 172 comprising at least one specific conduit 174 selected from the group of a supply conduit, a ventilation conduit and an exhaust conduit. The conduit arrangement 172 is configured to supply at least one housing 121. The processing unit 180 is connected to the shut-off valve 170 and at least one detector 102. The at least one detector 102 monitors at least one housing 121. The processing unit 180 is configured to generate a specific shut-off signal 182 upon receiving a predetermined detection signal 184 from the at least one detector 102. The specific shut-off signal 182 triggers the closing of the shut-off valve 170 to stop the supply 186 to the at least one housing 121.

[0194] In the example, Figure 2 The processing unit 180 in is configured to generate a specific cutoff signal 182 based on a comparison of the specific detection signal 108 with a database of characteristic emission patterns.

[0195] In an example, more than at least one housing 121 is provided, for example two housings A and B, which are Figure 2 In the embodiment, the housing 121 having two separate internal volumes is indicated, the right-hand internal volume of the interior 128 is, for example, housing A. Housing A includes a blue emission marker, which is one of the at least two emission generating markers 114a, 114b and is supplied by a stop valve A, which may be, for example, Figure 2 The stop valve 170 in the housing B includes a red emission marker and is Figure 2 If blue light is detected, the processing unit 180 cuts off the fuel supply to the housing A through the cut-off valve A. If red light is detected, the processing unit 180 cuts off the fuel supply to the housing B through the cut-off valve B. Figure 2 If the characteristic emission pattern 40 includes red light and blue light, both the shutoff valves A and B stop supplying fuel to the housings A and B.

[0196] As an advantage, a faster and more targeted blocking of leaks at the fuel switching system is provided.

[0197] In an example, after closing the stop valve, it is possible to check whether the blue light or the red light goes out, making it possible to determine whether the escaping hydrogen has stopped through the stop valve and thus giving evidence that the flame must have gone out or that the final leak has stopped.

[0198] As a further advantage, successful controlled leak stopping is possible.

[0199] exist Figure 2 In the example of the present invention, at least one housing 121 is configured to include at least one of the following groups:

[0200] - a fluid-consuming load configured to provide electrical and / or mechanical energy from hydrogen,

[0201] - a supply system configured to supply hydrogen,

[0202] a storage unit configured to supply hydrogen to fluid consuming loads and / or functional units via the supply system, and

[0203] - a functional unit configured to be contactable by hydrogen.

[0204] As an example of a fluid consuming load, a fuel cell is provided.

[0205] As an example of a supply system, a duct system or a pipe is provided, Figure 2 Not shown in FIG.

[0206] As examples of storage units, tanks or reservoirs for hydrogen and / or cryogenic hydrogen are provided, Figure 2 Not shown in FIG.

[0207] As an example of a functional unit, a sensor for measuring hydrogen pressure is provided, Figure 2 Not shown in FIG.

[0208] Figure 3 The basic steps of an example of a method 200 for detecting a leak are shown. The method 200 includes the following steps, also referred to as Figure 2 The system shown in:

[0209] In a first step 202 , at least two emission generating markers 114a , 114b are provided at different locations 160a , 160b of an exterior 116 of a housing 121 enclosing the fuel 120 from the surrounding environment 122 .

[0210] In a second step 204 , at least one detector 102 is provided in a detection distance 104 to the housing 121 .

[0211] In a third step 206 , the housing 121 is monitored with at least one detector 102 .

[0212] In a fourth step 208 , the compound 112 undergoes a physical and / or chemical reaction when exposed to the activation energy 124 generated by the leaking fuel 126 from the interior 128 of the housing 121 . The physical and / or chemical reaction 30 actively generates a detectable emission 132 .

[0213] In a fifth step 210 , the emission of at least one measurable parameter 134 indicative of a leakage site 136 is detected based on the at least two emission generating markers 114 a , 114 b .

[0214] In the example, it is arranged that the leaking fuel 126 of the housing 121 or the burning leaking fuel 126 is brought into contact with at least one of the two emission generating markers 114a, 114b.

[0215] In an example, the method steps further include:

[0216] - generating a specific detectable emission 132 indicative of the position of at least one of the two emission generating markers 114a, 114b,

[0217] - detecting a specific detectable emission 132 by at least one detector 102,

[0218] - generating a specific detection signal 108 by at least one detector 102,

[0219] - generating a specific cutoff signal 182 based on a comparison of the specific detection signal 108 with a database of characteristic emission patterns, and

[0220] The operation of the housing 121 with the fuel 120 is stopped by closing a specific shutoff valve 170 with a specific shutoff signal 182 .

[0221] It should be noted that hydrogen flames transfer heat primarily by convection, about 90%, rather than by radiation, where only about 10% is transferred. Therefore, it is more about local hot spots, such as hydrogen micro-flames, that need to be detected, rather than fires with high thermal radiation rates, such as kerosene fires: about 33% convection and about 66% radiation. By providing a compound and using its reaction for detection, the above-mentioned problem of difficulty in detecting hydrogen flames is solved.

[0222] In the example, for safe and reliable operation of a hydrogen, H2-based fuel cell system, i.e. a housing, it is necessary to quickly and reliably detect a hydrogen flame and / or a hydrogen micro-flame and / or a hydrogen leak and / or a hydrogen micro-leak, i.e. leaking fuel, in order to stop the H2 flame and / or the H2 leak as quickly and reliably as possible.

[0223] As an example, for hydrogen flame detection, the solutions provided in the various examples explained above offer specific advantages over current technologies.

[0224] Unlike temperature sensors that may have difficulty detecting local hot spots or locating small H2 flames or micro H2 flames, the present solutions prevent false alarms because they cannot be directly disturbed by other heat sources.

[0225] Unlike optical sensors / cameras that directly detect light from H2 leaks, the present solution is better able to optically cover all areas of potential H2 flame locations and / or H2 microflame locations because the compound compensates for the low intensity visible light otherwise generated by the H2 flame itself.

[0226] As an example, due to the provision of a compound activated by an H2 leak, locating the H2 flame, for example by means of special glass fiber optics, requires virtually no effort.

[0227] The present solution does not require such effort, unlike fiber-optic based temperature sensing, which is based on the evaluation of temperature-dependent changes in the reflectivity of a laser beam through a glass fiber, which can be regarded as not very suitable since it is an active method requiring, for example, a laser and a glass fiber as well as a connection to an evaluation unit at every potential measurement location.

[0228] Unlike chemical sensors, such as catalytic and / or electrochemical sensors, located somewhere in the monitored area, the present solution can detect hydrogen leak sites without the ability to locate H2 leaks and not just in the air. In addition, it provides the ability to prevent false alarms by avoiding any problems that may occur with cross-sensitivity to other compounds in the air.

[0229] Since the compound is applied on the area with potential leak occasions and at least one detector is used to generate a specific detection signal when it comes into contact with a specific emission pattern within the detection distance, the present solution also avoids the need to cover all areas, such as is required in the case of acoustic sensors, which may have difficulty in acoustically covering all areas of potential H2 leaks and / or micro H2 leaks and acoustic sensors may not be able to prevent false alarms due to cross-sensitivity with other sound sources.

[0230] Compared to chemical-based color-changing materials, which cause a visible color change when in contact with gaseous hydrogen based on a chemical reaction of hydrogen with the material, the solution of the present invention is more suitable for aircraft applications because the chemical compound and the emission generating marker provide an active emitting material that actively emits light, while the color-changing material does not provide any active emission.

[0231] It must be noted that embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to different subject matters. In particular, some embodiments are described with reference to method type claims, while other embodiments are described with reference to apparatus type claims. However, from the above and following descriptions, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that, unless otherwise indicated, any combination of features related to different subject matters is also considered to be disclosed with the present application in addition to any combination of features belonging to one type of subject matter. However, all features can be combined to provide synergistic effects that exceed the simple superposition of features.

[0232] Although the present invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and the foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary rather than restrictive. The present invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variations of the disclosed embodiments may be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention by studying the drawings, the disclosure, and the dependent claims.

[0233] In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

Claims

1. A leakage characterization device (10), comprising a compound (12) having at least two emission generating markers (14a, 14b); in, The compound can be applied to the exterior (16) of a housing (18) that encloses the fuel (20) from the surrounding environment (22); wherein the applied compound is configured to physically react and / or chemically react when exposed to activation energy (24) generated by leaking fuel (26) from the interior (28) of the housing; and The physical and / or chemical reaction (30) actively generates a detectable emission (32) indicative of at least one measurable parameter (34) of a leakage site (36) based on the at least two emission-generating markers.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The detectable emission provides a characteristic emission pattern (40); wherein the characteristic emission pattern comprises a unique emission spectrum having emission intensities (42) at different photon wavelengths (44); and Wherein the characteristic emission pattern is indicative of the at least one measurable parameter of the leak location at the housing.

3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The at least two emission-generating markers each comprise a different chemical composition; and Wherein, the different chemical compositions provide characteristic photon emissions.

4. The device according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein: Each of the at least two emission generating markers contributes to the emission intensity of the characteristic emission pattern; and wherein the contribution indicates that the at least one measurable parameter is a position (46) of the leak site relative to the housing.

5. The device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein The at least two emission generating markers are spaced relative to the housing in the leak characterization device such that the at least two emission generating markers have different distances (48) to the activation energy of the leaking fuel.

6. The device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein The compound also includes at least one emission extender (50) having luminescent properties; and Wherein, the at least one emission extender is configured to extend the detectable emission by its luminescence beyond the decay of the activation energy.

7. The device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one emission generating marker of the at least two emission generating markers of the compound is encapsulated in at least one retarding layer (52); and Wherein the at least one retarding layer is configured to provide an energy- and / or time-dependent detectable emission (54) of the compound upon contact with the activation energy.

8. The device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein The at least one measurable parameter is further selected from the group consisting of: The size of the leak; and / or the geometry of the leak; and / or the amount of energy released at the leak site; and / or the duration of the leak at the leak site; and / or The velocity of the leaking fuel at the leaking location; and / or There is flame or no flame at the leakage location; at least one temperature at the leak site; at least one minimum temperature at the leak site; at least one temperature zone at the leak site; Or a combination of these.

9. The device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein The leaking fuel is hydrogen, and the physical reaction and / or chemical reaction of the compound is initiated by activation energy of the leaking hydrogen from the housing.

10. The device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein The activation energy for the compound: i) generated by the release of thermal energy from the leaking fuel; and / or ii) initially generated in the compound itself by contact between the compound and the leaked fuel.

11. A detection system (100) for leaking fuel, comprising: at least one detector (102); as well as The leak characterization device (110) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a compound (112) having at least two emission generating markers (114a, 114b); wherein the at least one detector is positioned towards the compound within a detection distance (104); wherein the compound is configured to provide a specific emission pattern (106) based on the location of each of the at least two emission generating markers at the housing (118); and The at least one detector is configured to generate a specific detection signal (108) when contacting the specific emission pattern within the detection distance.

12. The system according to claim 11, further comprising at least one housing (121) for storing the leaked fuel; in, The at least one housing provides each of the at least two emission generating markers at a different location (160a, 160b).

13. The system according to claim 11 or 12, further comprising: a shut-off valve (170) located at a conduit arrangement (172) comprising at least one specific conduit (174) selected from the group consisting of a supply conduit, a vent conduit, and a discharge conduit; and Processing unit (180); wherein said conduit means is configured to supply said at least one housing; wherein the processing unit is connected to the shut-off valve and the at least one detector; wherein said at least one detector monitors said at least one housing; wherein the processing unit is configured to generate a specific cutoff signal (182) upon receiving a predetermined detection signal (184) from the at least one detector; and The specific cut-off signal triggers closing of the cut-off valve to stop supplying the at least one housing (186).

14. A system according to claim 11, 12 or 13, wherein: The at least one housing is configured to include at least one of the group consisting of: a fluid consuming load configured to provide electrical and / or mechanical energy from the hydrogen; a supply system configured to supply hydrogen; a storage unit configured to supply hydrogen to fluid consuming loads and / or functional units via the supply system; as well as A functional unit is configured to be contactable by hydrogen.

15. A method (200) for detecting a leak, the method comprising the following steps: providing (202) at least two emission-generating markers at different locations outside of a housing that seals the fuel from the surrounding environment; providing (204) at least one detector in a detection distance to the housing; monitoring (206) the housing with the at least one detector; The compound undergoes (208) a physical and / or chemical reaction when exposed to activation energy generated by leakage of fuel from the interior of the housing; wherein the physical reaction and / or chemical reaction actively produces a detectable emission; and Emissions indicative of at least one measurable parameter of the leak site are detected (210) based on the at least two emission-generating markers.

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