BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectrum beam splitting PV / T assembly and thermoelectric cooling independent regulation and control

Abstract

The invention discloses a BIPV / T system based on a nanofluid spectrum beam splitting PV / T assembly and thermoelectric cooling independent regulation and control, and belongs to the field of solar photoelectric photo-thermal and building integrated comprehensive application. According to the system, the nanofluid has the spectral frequency division characteristic, and incident sunlight can be precisely split at the band gap wavelength of a photovoltaic cell, so that light with different wavelengths is used for power generation and heat generation respectively. And effective decoupling of photoelectric and photo-thermal parts is realized, so that photoelectric and photo-thermal conversion performance is balanced, full-spectrum efficient utilization is realized, and the comprehensive utilization efficiency of solar energy is further improved. The requirements of the building for cooling and heating loads can be adjusted and controlled. And through optimization of the supplier and the demander, dynamic matching of co-supply and demand is realized. According to the BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectrum beam splitting and thermoelectric and cold independent control, a traditional building energy supply mode is changed, and a new path and a new solution are provided for green, low-carbon and sustainable development of buildings.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of combined heat, power and cooling systems for integrated application of solar photovoltaic, solar thermal and buildings, and in particular to the comprehensive application field of a BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral beam splitting technology and independent regulation of heat, power and cooling. Background Art

[0002] Solar energy is one of the major renewable energy sources, and its efficient utilization is considered an effective solution to the problems caused by fossil fuel combustion. As a high-quality and abundant renewable energy source, solar energy can generate both electricity and heat. Its integrated photovoltaic and thermal energy utilization offers higher overall efficiency than simple photovoltaic and solar thermal systems, making it a promising approach to solar energy utilization. Its efficient development and intensive utilization, combined with its integration into buildings, are of great significance.

[0003] Currently, the development and application of solar PV / T heat pumps and building-integrated technology for building complexes, particularly combined heat, power, and cooling, will have significant practical and long-term implications for building energy supply and the comprehensive utilization of renewable energy. However, because traditional PV / T systems capture heat energy by recycling heat generated by photovoltaic cells, rising PV panel temperatures reduce photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Consequently, due to high surface thermal radiation losses and high module cell temperatures, traditional PV / T systems suffer from low solar-thermal and photovoltaic conversion efficiencies. Furthermore, the coupling of solar-thermal and photovoltaic power generation reduces the overall conversion efficiency of conventional BIPV / T systems.

[0004] To address this issue, the present invention proposes a BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T modules and independent control of heat, electricity, and cooling. This system essentially decouples PV and PT by filtering incident light, enabling coordinated operation and independent control of the units. This system also produces higher-quality thermal energy than traditional PV / T systems, thereby achieving higher photothermal and photoelectric conversion efficiencies. The integration of the modules with building roofs fully utilizes the spatial resources of rooftops, which typically receive ample sunlight. This allows for the integrated application of solar photovoltaics and thermal energy with buildings, achieving combined heat, electricity, and cooling for buildings. Applying nanofluid spectral splitting technology to a BIPV / T system with independent control of heat, electricity, and cooling is an efficient, controllable, and promising technical solution that can simultaneously meet the three energy needs of a building: heat, electricity, and cooling. This system efficiently utilizes the entire solar spectrum, thereby improving the overall efficiency of solar energy utilization. Furthermore, due to its distributed nature, solar energy is directly converted into multiple energy forms near the user end, reducing losses associated with long-distance energy transmission and multiple energy conversions, resulting in more efficient energy utilization. The widespread application of this system will help reduce the carbon intensity of the global energy system, which is also one of the important means to achieve sustainable energy development and a low-carbon economy. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to propose a BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T components and independent regulation of thermoelectric cooling.

[0006] The technical solution of the present invention:

[0007] A nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component includes a Fresnel lens, a heat collection module and a photovoltaic module; the heat collection module contains a nanofluid channel, and the photovoltaic module contains a photovoltaic cell layer; the Fresnel lens is located on the top layer, the photovoltaic cell panel is placed on the bottom layer, and the nanofluid channel is placed between the Fresnel lens and the photovoltaic cell panel, and the nanofluid channel is filled with nanofluid.

[0008] Furthermore, the Fresnel lens, nanofluid channel and photovoltaic cell layer are arranged parallel to the roof.

[0009] Furthermore, the nanofluid-based spectral beam splitting PV / T component is entirely surrounded by glass plates and pressed into an integrated box structure, with nanofluid inlets and outlets left on the left and right sides.

[0010] Furthermore, based on the integrated design of the nanofluid spectrum splitting PV / T component and the roof, a ventilation channel is set between the roof and the nanofluid spectrum splitting PV / T component.

[0011] Furthermore, the bracket member extends through the roof. Its upper portion is fixedly connected to the module bracket, which in turn is fixedly connected to the nanofluidic spectral splitting PV / T module, ensuring the PV / T module is arranged parallel to the roof. The lower portion of the bracket member is fixed to the roof's fine stone concrete layer. At the point where the bracket member extends, the roof is polished to form a groove that interlocks with the bracket member. The bracket member is made of corrosion-resistant, high-strength material.

[0012] A BIPV / T system with independent regulation of heat, electricity and cooling, comprising a nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component and a heat pump system, in the form of a non-direct expansion system.

[0013] Furthermore, the heat pump system includes a collector / evaporator, a gas-liquid separator, a compressor, a liquid storage tank, a drying filter, a throttle valve, a cold water storage tank, and a manifold, all connected in sequence. The inlet and outlet of the low-temperature heat source of the collector / evaporator are respectively connected to the outlet and inlet of the nanofluid based on the nanofluid spectral beam splitting PV / T component; the outlet of the high-temperature heat source of the collector / evaporator is connected in sequence to the gas-liquid separator, the compressor, and the hot water storage tank; the nanofluid absorbs the remaining wavelength of the light beam after the frequency division and filtering and converts it into heat energy, which is connected to the collector / evaporator as the low-temperature heat source of the heat pump system. The refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator, completing the phase transition from liquid to gas while absorbing heat; after gas-liquid separation, the superheated steam enters the compressor and is compressed into high-temperature, high-pressure gas; the exhaust steam from the compressor enters the high-efficiency heat exchange coil located in the hot water storage tank for condensation, completing the phase transition from gas to liquid while releasing heat and raising the water temperature in the hot water storage tank. The liquid refrigerant passes through the liquid storage tank, drying filter, and throttle valve to achieve throttling and become a low-temperature and low-pressure gas-liquid mixed refrigerant. It then enters the evaporator to absorb heat, completing the circulation process of the heat pump system.

[0014] Furthermore, the BIPV / T system with independent control of heat, electricity and cooling is provided with a cold water storage tank, which is connected to the end of the fan coil unit, and uses the long-wave radiation from the sky to store cold for the building, thereby achieving cooling of the building in summer.

[0015] Furthermore, the concentrator is connected to the photovoltaic panels to aggregate the direct current generated by the photovoltaic panels, and then connected to the inverter to further process and distribute the electrical energy.

[0016] Furthermore, the inverter is connected in series to the circuit breaker and integrated into the power grid. The real-time power generation and power generation of the photovoltaic system are recorded by the monitor and router and uploaded to the database for storage.

[0017] Furthermore, the system is equipped with energy storage equipment to respond to changes in the building's cooling and heating load demands through energy storage and deployment strategies.

[0018] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0019] PV / T modules based on nanofluid spectral splitting technology are key components for integrating PV / T heat pump systems with buildings. Based on the band gap of the photovoltaic cell, they split incoming sunlight at the band gap wavelength, allowing different wavelengths to be used for power generation and heat production, essentially decoupling the photovoltaic and thermal components. This also yields higher-quality thermal energy than traditional PV / T systems, balancing photovoltaic and thermal conversion performance, achieving efficient full-spectrum utilization and ultimately improving the overall efficiency of solar energy.

[0020] A BIPV / T system based on nanofluidic spectral splitting PV / T modules and independent control of heat, electricity, and cooling specifically integrates the nanofluid-based PV / T modules with the building roof, creating a PV / T roof that becomes an integral part of the building structure and performs some of the building's functions. The most significant feature of this system's integration with the building is that the modules are part of the building envelope, directly reducing the module's footprint, supporting structures, framework, and existing building materials, thereby lowering system costs. The integration of the modules with the building roof isolates the roof from solar radiation absorption and convective and radiative heat transfer with the surrounding environment. Simultaneously, the PV / T modules convert solar radiation into electrical and thermal energy for output, directly altering the heat transfer process within the PV / T envelope, effectively reducing indoor heating and cooling load fluctuations and the building's overall energy consumption. Furthermore, the integration of the PV / T modules with the roof enhances the thermal storage capacity of the building envelope, resulting in a slightly delayed peak cooling load for the photovoltaic building compared to conventional buildings. Secondly, in terms of energy supply methods, the electricity and heat energy generated by this form of BIPV / T system can be supplied to nearby buildings. The use of a distributed energy supply method reduces energy losses during transmission, and while meeting the energy requirements of the building, the performance of the system is also improved.

[0021] In summary, the BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T components and independent control of thermoelectric cooling has changed the traditional way of building energy supply and opened up a new path for green, low-carbon and sustainable development of buildings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of a PV / T module based on nanofluid spectrum splitting. In the figure: G is the incident solar radiation power, G sr is the spectral energy power lost after passing through the Fresnel lens, G sa is the spectral energy power absorbed by the nanofluid, Q c,sa is the convective heat transfer power between the nanofluid and the environment, Q r,ga is the radiation heat transfer power between the nanofluid and the sky, Q h is the heat loss of the photovoltaic cell.

[0023] Figure 2 A structural diagram is constructed for the integration of nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T components and roofs.

[0024] Figure 3 Diagram of the BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral splitting and independent regulation of thermoelectric cooling.

[0025] Figure 4 For the framework diagram. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] In order to more intuitively demonstrate the core purpose, innovative technical solutions and significant advantages of this application, the specific implementation methods of the present invention are described in detail below in combination with the invention content and the accompanying drawings.

[0027] S1. Establishment of PV / T components based on nanofluidic spectral splitting

[0028] S1.1. Nanofluid-based spectral splitting PV / T module structure

[0029] Refer to the attached Figure 1 Build a structural model of nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component.

[0030] The model is primarily composed of three core modules: a Fresnel lens module, a solar collector module (containing nanofluid channels), and a photovoltaic module (containing a photovoltaic cell layer). Specifically, the Fresnel lens serves as the outermost layer, with the nanofluid channels and photovoltaic cell layer arranged in sequence below it, all three maintaining a parallel layout. The nanofluid channels are filled with nanofluids for efficient heat absorption and conduction. The Fresnel lens not only serves as an optical focusing element but also bears the heavy responsibility of isolating the photovoltaic cell layer from moisture, dust, and inclement weather (such as rain, snow, and hail), protecting it from contamination and erosion by water vapor and inclement weather (such as rain, snow, and hail), providing solid protection for the entire system.

[0031] The entire structure is tightly wrapped in glass panels and pressed into a box-like unit. Nanofluid inlets and outlets are designed at the left and right ends to facilitate fluid circulation and heat exchange. This PV / T module, which integrates photovoltaic and solar-thermal conversion functions, is installed on the building roof, achieving integrated integration with the roof. To ensure efficient operation of the module, ventilation channels are designed between the roof and the module to promote effective heat dissipation and air circulation.

[0032] S1.2 Energy conversion based on nanofluidic spectral splitting PV / T components

[0033] Refer to the attached Figure 1 Describe the energy conversion process of this component. After the full spectrum energy of the sun (G) is concentrated by the Fresnel lens, a small amount of it will be lost (G sr), the nanofluid splits the incident sunlight at the band gap wavelength of the photovoltaic cell. The nanofluid first absorbs part of the solar radiation (G sa ) and heats up, converting it into thermal energy. At the same time, the nanofluid channel acts as a heat collector and transfers heat through convection (Q c,sa ) and radiation heat transfer (Q r,ga ) to transfer heat to the environment in two ways. Then, the spectral energy filtered by the nanofluid is accurately transferred to the photovoltaic cell (G pa ), photovoltaic cells convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect. Even if spectral filtering can be achieved through nanofluids, some non-responsive spectral energy still reaches the cell surface and forms heat accumulation on the surface. This part of energy will be dissipated to the environment mainly through convection. The heat loss here is only a rough estimate of the heat loss of the cell in equilibrium state (Q h ).

[0034] S2. Nanofluid spectrum splitting PV / T components and roof integration

[0035] When integrating solar-powered building integration into a building, the integration of nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T modules into the building should ensure the integrity and aesthetics of the building itself, making the modules an integral part of the architecture. The nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T modules in this invention offer a simple, compact, and elegant structure, with a high degree of module integration. The building roof provides a solid support structure for the PV / T modules, achieving an integrated architectural design.

[0036] Refer to the attached Figure 2 The bracket component passes through the roof, and the upper part of the bracket component is firmly connected to the component bracket and PV / T component by bolts to ensure that the PV / T component is arranged parallel to the roof. The lower part of the bracket component is anchored to the fine stone concrete layer of the roof with bolts. At the same time, the roof is carefully polished to form a groove at the part where the bracket component passes through, which fits perfectly with the bracket component to ensure the overall waterproof, windproof and stable performance of the roof. The material of the bracket component is corrosion-resistant and high-strength material, such as stainless steel or aluminum alloy, to ensure that the bracket component has good load-bearing capacity and stability, and ensure that the PVT component can remain stable under various weather conditions. In addition, in the integrated construction of the PV / T component and the roof, a ventilation duct is also set between the PV / T component and the roof. This design not only enhances the heat exchange capacity of the PVT component and improves the energy supply efficiency of the heat pump system, but also provides good ventilation and heat dissipation conditions for the component, effectively avoiding the impact of overheating on efficiency.

[0037] S3, BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T components and independent control of thermoelectric cooling

[0038] Combining the aforementioned nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T module with a building roof and connecting it to a heat pump unit creates a BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T modules and independent control of heat, electricity, and cooling. Solar heat pump systems can be categorized as direct expansion or indirect expansion, depending on the combination of the solar collector and the heat pump evaporator. The latter is also known as a non-direct expansion solar heat pump system. This invention utilizes the second type, the indirect expansion system.

[0039] S3.1, refer to the attached Figure 3 Describe the structure of the BIPV / T system based on nanofluidic spectral splitting PV / T components and independent control of thermoelectric cooling

[0040] The core components of the BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral beam splitting PV / T components and independent control of heat, electricity and cooling include: nanofluid spectral beam splitting PV / T component integrated roof, collector / evaporator, compressor, throttle valve, hot water storage tank, cold water storage tank, four-way reversing valve, gas-liquid separator, drying filter, liquid storage tank, and combiner, etc., to achieve independent control of heat, electricity and cooling of the building.

[0041] The photovoltaic system in this system uses a micro-photovoltaic inverter to measure the output characteristics of solar cells. The inverter is connected in series to a circuit breaker and integrated into the power grid. The photovoltaic system's real-time power and output are recorded by a monitor and router and uploaded to a database for storage. In the solar thermal system, the nanofluid pipes in the PV / T module, or the solar thermal component, are connected to the evaporator. The heat collected in the module is then supplied to the evaporator as a low-temperature heat source for the heat pump system, forming a circulation pipeline. The collector (evaporator), compressor, hot water storage tank (condenser), and throttle valve are connected in sequence to form the heat pump circulation pipeline, through which refrigerant flows.

[0042] S3.2, refer to the attached Figure 1 、 2 3. Explain the principle of BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T components and independent control of thermoelectric cooling

[0043] The BIPV / T system based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T components and independent control of heat, electricity and cooling combines photovoltaic thermal components with building roofs, which not only effectively reduces indoor cooling and heating load fluctuations and the overall energy consumption of the building, but also can use solar radiation to supply / store electricity and heat energy for the building during the day, and use long-wave radiation to supply and store cold energy for the building at night, thus achieving multiple energy consumption goals such as winter heating, summer air conditioning, and year-round electricity and hot water supply inside the building.

[0044] In the novel nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T module design, a Fresnel lens is installed on the upper layer to achieve precise light focusing. The nanofluid channels within the module act as efficient frequency dividers, and the nanofluid inside them can finely filter sunlight. When sunlight strikes the nanofluid, the nanoparticles absorb specific wavelengths of light that match their size, shape, and material properties, while allowing light of other wavelengths to pass through. This selective absorption enables the nanofluid to split the solar spectrum into two parts. Light with wavelengths between 400nm and 1100nm passes through the nanofluid and strikes the photovoltaic cell, where it is converted into electricity through the photoelectric effect. Light with the remaining wavelengths is absorbed by the nanofluid and converted into heat energy, which then serves as a low-temperature heat source for the heat pump and is fed into the collector (evaporator). The refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator, completing a phase transition from liquid to gas while absorbing heat. The superheated steam enters the compressor, where it is compressed into a high-temperature, high-pressure gas. The compressor exhaust steam enters the high-efficiency heat exchange coil located in the hot water storage tank for condensation, completing a phase transition from gas to liquid while releasing heat, raising the water temperature in the tank. The liquid refrigerant is throttled through the throttle valve and becomes a low-temperature, low-pressure gas-liquid mixed refrigerant, and then enters the evaporator to absorb heat, completing the heat pump cycle.

[0045] This electricity, converted through an inverter, not only powers the compressor in the heat pump circulation module but also supplies AC loads such as household appliances within the building, meeting their power needs and even feeding into the power grid for flexible energy utilization. The frequency-dividing effect of the nanofluid ensures that the light striking the photovoltaic cell is primarily concentrated within the wavelength band that produces a photoelectric response, effectively controlling temperature fluctuations in the PV panel and maintaining it within a stable temperature range, significantly improving the photovoltaic cell's photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0046] S3.3. Functions of BIPV / T systems based on nanofluidic spectral splitting PV / T components and independent control of thermoelectric cooling

[0047] The BIPV / T system, based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T modules and independent control of heat, electricity, and cooling, not only meets a building's heating, electricity, and cooling needs, but also regulates the building's heating and cooling loads. By optimizing both supply and demand, it achieves a dynamic match between supply and demand.

[0048] The system provides the building's required heat, electricity, and cooling energy while precisely controlling the building's indoor temperature. In varying seasons and weather conditions, it automatically adjusts the power and operating mode of heating or cooling equipment based on the desired indoor temperature, maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature.

[0049] The PV / T system is equipped with an energy storage device. When solar energy is abundant, excess electricity generated by the solar energy is stored for use during peak energy demand periods, such as at night or on cloudy days. Thermal energy generated by the solar energy is stored in a hot water storage tank to meet the building's heating and domestic hot water needs at different times. Through a rational energy storage and deployment strategy, the PV / T system can better respond to fluctuating cooling and heating loads in the building.

[0050] By leveraging optimization measures on both the supply and demand sides, the PV / T system dynamically matches energy supply with the building's heating and cooling loads. This matching not only improves energy efficiency, reduces energy consumption and operating costs, but also enhances the quality and comfort of the building's indoor environment. This coordinated regulation of supply and demand enables efficient control and balance of the building's heating and cooling loads, avoiding significant indoor temperature fluctuations and energy waste caused by energy shortages or surpluses. It enhances the reliability and stability of the building's energy system and provides strong support for its sustainable development.

[0051] The BIPV / T system function based on nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T components and independent regulation of heat, electricity and cooling has changed the traditional form of building energy supply and opened up a new path for green, low-carbon and sustainable development of buildings.

Claims

1. A nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component, characterized in that: It includes a Fresnel lens, a heat collection module and a photovoltaic module; the heat collection module contains a nanofluid channel, and the photovoltaic module contains a photovoltaic cell layer; the Fresnel lens is located at the top layer, the photovoltaic cell panel is placed at the bottom layer, the nanofluid channel is placed between the Fresnel lens and the photovoltaic cell panel, and the nanofluid channel is filled with nanofluid.

2. A nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component according to claim 1, characterized in that: The Fresnel lens, nanofluid channel and photovoltaic cell layer are arranged parallel to the roof.

3. The nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component according to claim 1, characterized in that: The entire nanofluid spectrum splitting PV / T assembly is surrounded by a glass plate and pressed into an integrated box structure, with nanofluid inlets and outlets on the left and right sides.

4. The nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component according to claim 1, characterized in that: Based on the integrated design of nanofluid spectrum splitting PV / T components and roof, a ventilation channel is set between the roof and the nanofluid spectrum splitting PV / T components.

5. The nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bracket component passes through the roof, the upper part of the bracket component is fixedly connected to the component bracket, and the component bracket is fixedly connected to the nanofluid spectral splitting PV / T component to ensure that the PV / T component is arranged parallel to the roof, and the lower part of the bracket component is fixed to the fine stone concrete layer of the roof; at the position where the bracket component passes through, the roof is polished to form a groove, which is buckled with the bracket component; the material of the bracket component is selected from corrosion-resistant and high-strength materials.

6. A BIPV / T system with independent control of heat, electricity and cooling, characterized in that: The BIPV / T system with independent regulation of heat, electricity and cooling comprises any one of the nanofluid spectrum splitting PV / T components and heat pump system according to claims 1-5, wherein the heat pump system is in the form of a non-direct expansion system.

7. A BIPV / T system with independent control of heat, electricity and cooling according to claim 6, characterized in that: The heat pump system includes a collector / evaporator, a gas-liquid separator, a compressor, a liquid storage tank, a drying filter, a throttle valve, a cold water storage tank and a manifold connected in sequence; the inlet and outlet of the low-temperature heat source of the collector / evaporator are respectively connected to the outlet and inlet of the nanofluid based on the nanofluid spectral beam splitting PV / T component; the outlet of the high-temperature heat source of the collector / evaporator is connected to the gas-liquid separator, the compressor, and the hot water storage tank in sequence; the nanofluid absorbs the remaining wavelength of the light beam after the frequency division and filtering and converts it into thermal energy, which is connected to the collector / evaporator as the low-temperature heat source of the heat pump system. Evaporator, the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator, completing the phase change from liquid to gas and absorbing heat at the same time; after gas-liquid separation, the superheated steam enters the compressor and becomes high-temperature and high-pressure gas through the compression process; the exhaust steam from the compressor enters the high-efficiency heat exchange coil located in the hot water storage tank for condensation, completing the phase change from gas to liquid and releasing heat at the same time to increase the water temperature of the hot water storage tank; the liquid refrigerant passes through the liquid storage tank, the drying filter, and the throttle valve to achieve throttling and become a low-temperature and low-pressure gas-liquid mixed refrigerant, and then enters the evaporator to absorb heat, completing the circulation process of the heat pump system.

8. The BIPV / T system with independent control of heat, electricity and cooling according to claim 6 is characterized in that: The BIPV / T system with independent regulation of heat, electricity and cooling is provided with a cold storage water tank, which is connected to the end of the fan coil unit, and utilizes the long-wave radiation from the sky to store cold for the building, thereby realizing summer cooling of the building.

9. The BIPV / T system with independent control of heat, electricity and cooling according to claim 6, characterized in that: The combiner is connected to the photovoltaic panels to aggregate the direct current generated by the photovoltaic panels, and then connected to the inverter to further process and distribute the electrical energy; the inverter is connected in series to the circuit breaker and connected to the power grid. The real-time power generation and power generation of the photovoltaic system are recorded by the monitor and router and uploaded to the database for storage.

10. The BIPV / T system with independent control of heat, electricity and cooling according to claim 6, characterized in that: The system is equipped with energy storage equipment, which responds to changes in the building's cooling and heating load demands through energy storage and deployment strategies.

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