Cylinder cover

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a cylinder head configured to be mounted to a combustion cylinder of an internal combustion engine (ICE), the cylinder head comprising: a cylinder head surface configured to face an internal combustion chamber of the combustion cylinder; a cavity including an inner cavity surface and a cavity sidewall, the cavity extending from the cylinder head surface along the cavity sidewall to the inner cavity surface in a direction away from the cylinder head surface; the invention relates to a combustion chamber for a combustion engine, comprising a chamber side wall, an inner cavity surface, and an opening arranged in the inner cavity surface, the opening being configured to be provided with a fuel injector for supplying gaseous fuel into the combustion chamber, where the cavity side wall comprises a surface discontinuity arranged at a distance from the inner cavity surface.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to internal combustion engines. In a particular aspect, the present invention relates to a cylinder head for a combustion cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The present disclosure may be applied to heavy vehicles, such as trucks, buses, and construction equipment, as well as other vehicle types. Although the present disclosure may be described with respect to a particular vehicle, the present disclosure is not limited to any particular vehicle. The present disclosure may also be applicable to non-mobile internal combustion engines, such as, for example, stationary combustion engines used to generate electricity. Background Art

[0002] Hydrogen internal combustion engines are becoming an ideal alternative to conventional internal combustion engines that consume gasoline or diesel. For such hydrogen internal combustion engines, hydrogen is injected into the combustion chamber. Hydrogen injectors that inject hydrogen usually operate under critical conditions, under which the hydrogen flow becomes sonic or even partially supersonic. One problem with this type of flow is that it is difficult to maintain the initial direction of the jet ejected from the injector.

[0003] Therefore, it is desirable to improve the guidance of the hydrogen flow into the combustion chamber. Summary of the invention

[0004] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a cylinder head is provided, which is configured to be mounted to a combustion cylinder of an internal combustion engine (ICE), the cylinder head comprising: a cylinder head surface, the cylinder head surface being configured to face an internal combustion chamber of the combustion cylinder; a cavity, the cavity comprising an inner cavity surface and a cavity side wall, the cavity extending from the cylinder head surface along the cavity side wall in a direction away from the cylinder head surface to the inner cavity surface; and an opening, the opening being arranged in the inner cavity surface, the opening being configured to be provided with a fuel injector for supplying gaseous fuel into the combustion chamber, wherein the cavity side wall comprises a surface discontinuity portion, and the surface discontinuity portion is arranged at a certain distance from the inner cavity surface.

[0005] A surface discontinuity is to be understood as follows: the cavity sidewall is provided with a surface portion that changes or interrupts the continuity of the cavity sidewall. Thus, a surface discontinuity is a change in the surface structure of the cavity sidewall. As will be apparent from the following description, a surface discontinuity may be a protrusion of the cavity sidewall that protrudes from the cavity sidewall and interrupts the continuity of the cavity sidewall. As another example, a surface discontinuity may be a recess of the cavity sidewall that interrupts the continuity of the cavity sidewall.

[0006] Technical benefits may include that the gaseous fuel injected by the fuel injector can be directed into the combustion chamber of the combustion cylinder in a desired direction. The combustion process in the combustion chamber can be improved by directing the gaseous fuel in a specific direction. Therefore, the above-mentioned cylinder head is advantageous for hydrogen internal combustion engines. Specifically, the injection of hydrogen fuel is preferably performed at a lower pressure level than the injection of diesel or gasoline. Due to the low injection pressure, it may be difficult to direct the hydrogen fuel in the desired direction, and therefore the present disclosure proposes a solution to this problem by forming a surface discontinuity on the side wall of the cavity. In addition, by forming a cavity in the cylinder head (i.e., forming a depression in the cylinder material), the need to provide any additional nozzle cover with a specific shape is reduced, and the specific shape obtains the desired direction for the gaseous fuel to enter the combustion chamber.

[0007] Optionally, the envelope surface of the cavity sidewall may extend 360 degrees in the circumferential direction.Technical benefits may include that a substantially uniform distribution of gaseous fuel may be directed into the combustion chamber.

[0008] Alternatively, the surface discontinuity may be integrated with the cavity sidewall. Technical benefits may include that no additional material may be required to achieve the technical advantages defined above. However, other alternatives may be envisioned. For example, the surface discontinuity may be arranged on a sleeve that is fixed to the cavity sidewall. In this case, the sleeve may be formed of a material that is stronger than the cylinder head material so that the surface discontinuity can withstand the stress concentration caused by the gaseous fuel flow.

[0009] Alternatively, the surface discontinuity may include a protrusion.Technical benefits may include that the protrusion may effectively redirect flow into the combustion chamber in a desired direction.

[0010] Alternatively, a protrusion may be arranged at the interface between the cylinder head surface and the inner cavity surface, the protrusion extending towards the central portion of the cavity.Technical benefits may include that the gaseous fuel flow is redirected to a desired direction just before leaving the cylinder head, ie at the top end of the combustion chamber.

[0011] Optionally, the protrusion may extend 360 degrees at the cavity sidewall.Technical benefits may include that uniform redirection of the gaseous fuel may be obtained.

[0012] Alternatively, the protrusion may be flush with the cylinder head surface. Technical benefits may include that the protrusion does not protrude towards the combustion chamber and the risk of piston interaction with the protrusion is avoided. "Flush" should be understood as a portion of the protrusion being arranged in the same geometrical plane as the cylinder head surface.

[0013] Alternatively, the protrusion may be arranged at a non-zero distance from the cylinder head surface. Technical benefits may include redirecting the gaseous fuel flow to a desired direction at a distance from the cylinder head surface (i.e., somewhere between the cylinder head surface and the inner cavity surface). In this example, the protrusion does not include a portion that is flush with the cylinder head surface, i.e., does not include a portion that is arranged in the same geometric plane as the cylinder head surface.

[0014] Optionally, the surface discontinuity may include at least one recess disposed in the cavity sidewall. Technical benefits may include that the at least one recess may provide a desired direction for gaseous fuel to enter the combustion chamber. Optionally, the at least one recess may include a plurality of recesses.

[0015] Optionally, the recesses of the plurality of recesses may be evenly distributed along the circumferential direction of the cavity sidewall.Technical benefits may include that evenly distributed redirected gaseous fuel may be provided into the combustion chamber.

[0016] Alternatively, the recess may extend from the cylinder head surface in a direction towards the inner cavity surface. Alternatively, the recess may extend into the cylinder head surface. Technical benefits may include controlling the gaseous fuel to be directed in a desired direction.

[0017] Alternatively, the cavity may be arranged at the center of the cylinder head surface.

[0018] Alternatively, the cavity may comprise a circular cross section. However, other cross sections are also conceivable, such as, for example, elliptical or oval.

[0019] Alternatively, the cylinder head may be a hydrogen internal combustion engine cylinder head.

[0020] According to a second aspect, an internal combustion engine ICE is provided, comprising: a combustion cylinder accommodating a reciprocating piston; a cylinder head according to any one of the above examples of the first aspect, mounted to the combustion cylinder; and a fuel injector arranged at an inner cavity surface of the cavity.

[0021] Alternatively, the internal combustion engine may be a hydrogen internal combustion engine. As described above, technical benefits may include that low pressure injected hydrogen may be directed in a desired direction by the shape of the cylinder head, in particular the shape of the cavity.

[0022] The effects and features of the second aspect are largely similar to those described above in relation to the first aspect.

[0023] According to a third aspect, there is provided a vehicle comprising an internal combustion engine according to any one of the examples of the second aspect.

[0024] Optionally, the vehicle may further include a gas tank configured to contain hydrogen gas, wherein the gas tank is arranged in fluid communication with the fuel injector.

[0025] The effects and features of the third aspect are largely similar to those described above with respect to the first and second aspects.

[0026] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the disclosed aspects, examples (including any preferred examples), and / or the appended claims may be appropriately combined with each other. Additional features and advantages are disclosed in the following description, claims, and drawings, and will in part be apparent to those skilled in the art or recognized by practicing the disclosure as described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] Examples are described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0028] Figure 1 is an exemplary illustration of a vehicle in the form of a truck according to an example,

[0029] Figure 2 is an exemplary cross-sectional view of an internal combustion engine according to an example,

[0030] FIG. 3A to FIG. 3B is a schematic illustration of a cavity in a cylinder head,

[0031] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4B is a schematic illustration of a discontinuous portion of a cavity side wall surface viewed from below,

[0032] FIG. 5A to FIG. 5B are schematic examples of surface discontinuities in the form of recesses seen from different views,

[0033] FIG. 6A to FIG. 6B are schematic examples of surface discontinuities in the form of protrusions seen from different angles,

[0034] Figure 7 is a schematic example of a surface discontinuity according to another example, and

[0035] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the fuel injector location in the cavity. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The detailed description set forth below provides information and examples of the disclosed technology in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure.

[0037] The disclosure described below may seek to alleviate the problem of properly directing pressurized fluid into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The disclosure is applicable to injecting fluid at pressure levels within a variety of pressure ranges, such as from low pressure injection (e.g., below 30 bar) to high pressure levels (e.g., up to 300 bar). Technical benefits may include that pressurized fuel from a fuel injector may be directed to a desired location within a combustion chamber to improve the combustion process within the combustion chamber.

[0038] refer to Figure 1 , which is an exemplary illustration of a vehicle 1 in the form of a truck according to an example. The vehicle 1 comprises an internal combustion engine ICE 10 for powering the vehicle 1 and driving said vehicle. Figure 1 The ICE 10 in the embodiment is a hydrogen internal combustion engine, or also referred to as a hydrogen piston ICE. The combustion in such a hydrogen ICE system is based on the combustion of air and hydrogen. Hydrogen or hydrogen fuel can be burned in the internal combustion engine in a variety of fuel-air mixtures. The hydrogen ICE can be operated to produce very low emissions during certain conditions. The hydrogen ICE can be operated based on hydrogen liquid or hydrogen gas.

[0039] The truck 1 may be a hybrid electric vehicle. For example, the hybrid electric vehicle includes an electric propulsion system having at least one high voltage battery and at least one electric motor, and a hydrogen ICE 10. The hydrogen ICE 10 of the truck 1 also includes a fuel injection device, as will be described herein with reference to Figure 2 For example, the fuel injection device is a fuel gas injection device, which is configured to inject hydrogen fuel directly into the combustion chamber 15 of the ICE 20, such as from Figure 2 It can be seen.

[0040] like Figure 1 As depicted in FIG. 1 , the ICE 10 further includes a control unit 90. The control unit 90 is arranged to communicate with components of the ICE 10 (particularly the fuel injection device 100 ( Figure 2 )). Thus, the control unit 90 is configured to control the fuel injector arrangement 100. The control unit 90 may also be in communication with or be an integral part of a main electronic control unit for controlling the vehicle and various parts of said vehicle.

[0041] Now turn to Figure 2 , which is a schematic diagram of a hydrogen internal combustion engine 10 according to an exemplary embodiment. The fuel injection device 100 is a fuel gas injection device having a fuel injector 101, which is arranged at a cavity 110 of a cylinder head 120 of the ICE 10. Specifically, the cylinder head 120 includes a cylinder head surface 122 facing the combustion chamber 15, wherein the cavity 110 extends from the cylinder head surface 122 in a direction away from the combustion chamber 15.

[0042] Figure 2Only a single cylinder 14 is depicted, in which a combustion chamber 15 and a reciprocating piston 16 are arranged. The piston 16 preferably comprises a piston bowl (not shown) facing the injector. In this case, the hydrogen flow will be directed towards the piston bowl. Although Figure 2 A single cylinder is depicted, but the ICE 10 typically includes a plurality of cylinders 14 that operate to combust a fuel 51 (such as hydrogen), thereby transferring the motion of a piston 16 reciprocating in the cylinder 14 to the rotational movement of a crankshaft 18. The crankshaft 18 is also coupled to a transmission (not shown) to provide torque to a drive element (not shown). In the case of a heavy vehicle (such as a truck), the drive element is a wheel; however, the ICE 10 may also be used in other equipment, such as construction equipment, marine applications, etc.

[0043] Generally, each cylinder 14 is provided with a corresponding piston 16 connected to a crankshaft 18 of the ICE 10. The ICE 10 also includes an intake manifold (not shown) forming an intake guide arranged to direct air to the cylinders 14, and an exhaust guide (not shown) arranged to direct gases from the cylinders 14.

[0044] Each cylinder 14 may also include at its vertical top end: at least one (usually multiple) inlet passage, the inlet passage having at least one inlet valve 40 for controlling the intake flow to the combustion chamber 15; and at least one (usually multiple) exhaust passage, the exhaust passage having at least one exhaust valve 60 for controlling the discharge of exhaust gas generated by the fuel combustion process occurring in the cylinder 14.

[0045] Each of the cylinders 14 at least partially defines a combustion chamber 15. Commonly, one end of the cylinder cavity is closed by a cylinder head 120. A piston 16 reciprocates within the cylinder and is connected to a crankshaft 18 such that the piston is arranged to reverse between a top dead center position and a bottom dead center position within the cylinder.

[0046] Here, the ICE 10 further includes a fuel system 50. Figure 2 As shown in , the fuel system 50 defines a common fuel line 53 and is configured to supply hydrogen to one or more cylinders 16 by means of one or more fuel injection devices 100. Optionally, the fuel system 50 may include a plurality of fuel injection devices 100. Alternatively, the fuel injection device 100 may be a separate part arranged to be in fluid communication with the fuel system 50. The number of fuel injection devices 100 may be equal to the number of cylinders of the ICE 10. The fuel injection device 100 is arranged to be in fluid communication with the fuel line 53 of the fuel system 50.

[0047] The fuel system 50 here also includes a fuel tank 52, which contains hydrogen fuel 51 in gaseous form 51a. The fuel 51 may also be arranged partially in liquid form in the fuel tank 52. The fuel 51 in the form of gaseous hydrogen 51a is supplied from the fuel tank 52 to the fuel injection device 100 of the ICE 10 via a fuel circuit 53 of the fuel system 50. The fuel circuit 53 is arranged and configured to contain and transport fuel, such as Figure 2 , and may optionally include one or more additional fuel system components, such as a fuel pump, a fuel filter, etc. These components are of conventional type and therefore will not be further described or illustrated in order to simplify the disclosure for the reader.

[0048] In addition, the ICE 10 preferably includes an ignition source 30. The ignition source 30 is arranged in the cylinder and at a position facing the combustion chamber 15, such as Figure 2 . For example, the ignition source 30 (not shown in detail, just an example of its location) is arranged at the upper end of the combustion cylinder and is spaced apart from the fuel injector 100. Other arrangements of the ignition source and the fuel injector are also conceivable. For example, the fuel injector 100 can be arranged on one side radially spaced apart from the axial center, while the ignition source is arranged on the other side of the axial center.

[0049] The ignition source 30 is configured to ignite the hydrogen jet 51b supplied via the fuel injection device 100. For example, the ignition source 30 is a spark plug 32. A spark plug is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to a combustion chamber of a spark ignition engine to ignite a compressed fuel / air mixture by an electric spark. Typically, in each cylinder 14, a corresponding spark plug is arranged to ignite the mixture of fuel and oxygen in a given cylinder. The hydrogen fuel is generally compressed to a certain level with air. The spark plug thereby ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture.

[0050] To describe the cavity 110 in more detail, now refer to FIG. 3A to FIG. 3B , which schematically shows an example of a cavity 110 in a cylinder head 120. In detail, FIG. 3A to FIG. 3B is a cross-section of the cylinder head 120 and shows an example of the cavity 110. First, refer to Figure 3A The cylinder head includes a cylinder head surface 122 defined above. The cylinder head surface 122 faces the combustion chamber ( Figure 2 15 in the figure). The cavity 110 includes an inner cavity surface 302 and a cavity side wall 304. In detail, the cavity 110 (which is Figure 3A The injector 101 is formed as an integral part of the cylinder head 120 in the cylinder head 120 and extends from the cylinder head surface 122 along the cavity sidewall 304, the inner cavity surface 302. In addition, an opening 306 is arranged in the inner cavity surface 302. The opening 306 is arranged to receive the above-mentioned injector 101. In other words, the injector 101 is configured to be attached to the cylinder head 120 at the opening 306.

[0051] Furthermore, the cavity sidewall 304 includes a surface discontinuity 310. The surface discontinuity 310 is a portion of the cavity sidewall 304 that interrupts the continuity of the cavity sidewall 304. Figure 3A The illustrated surface discontinuity 310 in FIG. 1 is a protrusion 312 that protrudes toward the central axis 320 of the cavity 110. The protrusion is arranged at a non-zero distance from the cylinder head surface. Figure 3A , the protrusion 312 thus interrupts the straight portion 322 of the chamber side wall 304. Figure 2 When the fuel flow is injected into the surface discontinuity 310 (i.e. Figure 3A The protrusion 312 in the combustion chamber will guide the fuel flow to the desired location in the combustion chamber. In the specific example, the fuel will be guided in the direction toward the central axis 320.

[0052] Now go to Figure 3B , which shows a cavity 110 according to another example. Figure 3B In the embodiment, the cylinder head 120 also includes the cylinder head surface 122 defined above. The cylinder head surface 122 faces the combustion chamber ( Figure 2 15 in ). Figure 3A Similarly, cavity 110 also includes an inner cavity surface 302 and a cavity sidewall 304. Cavity 110 (which is also Figure 3B The inner cavity surface 302 extends from the cylinder head surface 122 along the cavity side wall 304 and the inner cavity surface 302. The opening 306 arranged to receive the above-mentioned injector 101 is also arranged in the inner cavity surface 302.

[0053] and Figure 3A Similar to the example depicted in , the cavity sidewall 304 also includes a surface discontinuity 310. Again, the surface discontinuity 310 is a portion of the cavity sidewall 304 that interrupts the continuity of the cavity sidewall 304. Figure 3A Contrary to the example depicted, Figure 3B The illustrated surface discontinuity 310 in FIG. 1 is a recess 313 in the side wall of the cavity. The recess 313 extends away from the central axis 320 of the cavity 110. The recess 313 is arranged at a non-zero distance from the surface of the cylinder head. Figure 3B , the recess 313 thus interrupts the straight portion 322 of the chamber side wall 304. Figure 2 When the fuel flow is injected by the 101 in the combustion chamber, the fuel will flow into the recess 313 and be guided to the desired position in the combustion chamber. Specifically, the fuel will flow along the surface of the recess 313 and be guided in the direction towards the central axis 320.

[0054] The surface discontinuity 310 can be designed in different shapes, and reference is now made to two different examples. Figure 4Aand Figure 4B . Figure 4A and 4 are cross-sectional views from below / above. In detail, Figure 4A and Figure 4B The cross-sectional views in are from the injector looking toward the cylinder head surface, or vice versa. Figure 4A As can be seen in FIG. 3 , the surface discontinuity 310 extends circumferentially around the entire cavity sidewall 304, that is, extends 360 degrees in the circumferential direction. Therefore, the surface discontinuity 310 is continuous in the circumferential direction. Figure 4B In the embodiment, the surface discontinuity 310 is arranged as a discontinuous portion, ie, a discontinuous surface discontinuity 310 . Figure 4B Four individually arranged surface discontinuities 310 are shown around the cavity sidewall 304, but a greater or lesser number of individually arranged surface discontinuities 310 are contemplated. Figure 4B The surface discontinuity portion 310 in the circumferential direction is discontinuous. It should be easy to understand that Figure 4A and Figure 4B The examples depicted in this article apply to Figure 3A The examples depicted in Figure 3B In other words, Figure 4A and Figure 4B The extension of the discontinuity 310 depicted in FIG. 1 applies to both discontinuities in the form of protrusions 312 and discontinuities in the form of recesses 313 .

[0055] To describe additional examples of surface discontinuities 310, refer to Figure 5A and Figure 5B , which shows the surface discontinuity 310 from different views. Specifically, Figure 5A is a cross-sectional view of the cavity, and Figure 5B is a perspective view and a view from below showing the cavity as seen from the combustion chamber. Figure 5A and Figure 5B In the depicted example, the surface discontinuity 310 is formed by a plurality of recesses 502 arranged in the cavity sidewall 304. In detail, the recesses 502 are arranged at the interface between the cylinder head surface 122 and the cavity sidewall 304, that is, the recesses are arranged in a portion of the cylinder head surface 122 and the cavity sidewall 304. Preferably, each recess extends from the cylinder head surface 122 in a direction toward the inner cavity surface 302. Figure 5A and Figure 5B It can be seen in the figure that the plurality of recesses are evenly distributed along the circumferential direction of the cavity side wall, wherein each recess interrupts the circumferential surface distribution of the cavity side wall 304 .

[0056] exist Figure 5A and Figure 5BIn the example depicted in , by opening valve 560, a portion 540 of hydrogen gas 51b injected from fuel injector 101 will be guided toward the combustion chamber via the plurality of recesses 502, while the remaining portion 550 of hydrogen gas 51b will flow along the chamber sidewall 304. In more detail, FIG. 5A to FIG. 5B A cross section AA including one of the plurality of recesses 502 and a cross section BB without the recess are shown. Figure 5A These two cross sections are shown in the same figure. Thus, the hydrogen flow can be directed into the combustion chamber in a desired manner. In a specific example, the portion 540 of hydrogen 51b directed via the plurality of recesses 502 can be directed to a wider area than when a chamber without recesses is used. In addition, although FIG. 5A to FIG. 5B The recess 502 in FIG. 5 is shown to extend only in the axial direction and the radial direction, but it should be readily understood that the recess 502 may also include a circumferential direction component such that the recess extends in the axial direction, the radial direction, and the circumferential direction.

[0057] To describe additional examples of surface discontinuities 310, refer to Fig. 6A and Figure 6B , which shows the surface discontinuity 310 from different views. Specifically, Fig. 6A is a cross-sectional view of the cavity, and Figure 6B is a perspective view and a view from below showing the cavity as seen from the combustion chamber. Fig. 6A and Figure 6B In the example depicted in FIG. 3 , the surface discontinuity 310 is formed by a plurality of protrusions 602 arranged in the cavity sidewall 304. In detail, the protrusions 602 are arranged at the interface between the cylinder head surface 122 and the cavity sidewall 304, that is, the protrusions are arranged in a portion of the cylinder head surface 122 and the cavity sidewall 304. Preferably, each protrusion extends from the cylinder head surface 122 in a direction toward the inner cavity surface 302. Fig. 6A and Figure 6B It can be seen that the plurality of protrusions are evenly distributed along the circumferential direction of the cavity side wall, wherein each protrusion interrupts the circumferential surface distribution of the cavity side wall 304 .

[0058] In the picture Fig. 6A and Figure 6B In the example depicted in , by opening valve 560, a portion 640 of hydrogen gas 51b injected from fuel injector 101 will be guided toward the combustion chamber via the plurality of protrusions 602, while the remaining portion 650 of hydrogen gas 51b will flow along the chamber sidewall 304. In more detail, FIG. 6A to FIG. 6B A cross section AA including one of the plurality of protrusions 602 and a cross section BB without a recess are shown. Fig. 6AThese two cross sections are shown in the same figure. Thus, the hydrogen flow can be directed into the combustion chamber in a desired manner. In a specific example, the portion 640 of hydrogen 51b directed via the plurality of protrusions 602 can be directed to a smaller area than when using a chamber without recesses. In addition, although FIG. 6A to FIG. 6B The protrusion 602 in FIG. 5 is shown to extend only in the axial direction and the radial direction, but it should be readily understood that the protrusion 602 may also include a circumferential direction component such that the protrusion extends in the axial direction, the radial direction, and the circumferential direction.

[0059] To describe the cavity 110 according to yet another example, refer to Figure 7 As can be seen, the cavity sidewall 304 includes a surface discontinuity 310 . Figure 7 The surface discontinuity 310 in FIG. 1 is exemplified as a protrusion 702 extending 360 degrees at the cavity side wall, that is, extending around the entire circumferential direction of the cavity side wall 304. In detail, the protrusion 702 is arranged at the interface between the cylinder head surface 122 and the inner cavity surface 304 and extends toward the central portion of the cavity 110, that is, toward the central axis 320. In addition, in order not to interfere with the reciprocating motion of the piston in the combustion cylinder, the protrusion is flush with the cylinder head surface 122.

[0060] A portion of the hydrogen gas 51b injected from the fuel injector 101 will be interrupted by the protrusion 702. Thus, the hydrogen gas injected from the fuel injector 101 will be directed to a smaller area within the combustion chamber compared to a chamber without the protrusion 702.

[0061] The cavity 110 and the fuel injector 101 may be arranged at different angular positions relative to, for example, the cylinder head surface 122, and now with reference to Figure 8 , which shows an example. Figure 8 As can be seen in FIG. 1 , the fuel injector 101 is arranged at an angle α relative to the cylinder head surface 122 , and the cavity 110 extends at an angle β relative to the cylinder head surface 122 .

[0062] exist Figure 8 In the depicted example, angle α and angle β are different from each other and are both less than 90 degrees. The hydrogen 51b injected from the fuel injector 101 can be directed in a particular manner, which may be ideal for certain types of internal combustion processes. However, and according to another example, angle α may be equal to 90 degrees, while angle β is less than 90 degrees. In this case, only the cavity is at an angle relative to the cylinder head surface 122. According to yet another example, angles α and β may be less than 90 degrees and are the same angle. Thus, the fuel injector 101 and the cavity are at an angle relative to the cylinder head surface 122 and are aligned with each other.

[0063] Example List

[0064] Example 1: A cylinder head configured to be mounted to a combustion cylinder of an internal combustion engine (ICE), the cylinder head comprising: a cylinder head surface configured to face an internal combustion chamber of the combustion cylinder; a cavity comprising an inner cavity surface and a cavity side wall, the cavity extending from the cylinder head surface along the cavity side wall in a direction away from the cylinder head surface to the inner cavity surface; and an opening arranged in the inner cavity surface, the opening being configured to be provided with a fuel injector for supplying gaseous fuel into the combustion chamber, wherein the cavity side wall comprises a surface discontinuity, and the surface discontinuity is arranged at a certain distance from the inner cavity surface.

[0065] Example 2: The cylinder head of Example 1, wherein the envelope surface of the cavity sidewall extends 360 degrees in the circumferential direction.

[0066] Example 3: The cylinder head according to any one of Examples 1 or 2, wherein the surface discontinuity is integrated with the cavity side wall.

[0067] Example 4. A cylinder head according to any of the preceding examples, wherein the surface discontinuity comprises a protrusion.

[0068] Example 5. The cylinder head of Example 4, wherein the protrusion is arranged at an interface between the cylinder head surface and the inner cavity surface, the protrusion extending toward a central portion of the cavity.

[0069] Example 6. The cylinder head of any one of Examples 4 to 5, wherein the protrusion extends 360 degrees at the cavity sidewall.

[0070] Example 7. The cylinder head of any one of Examples 4 to 6, wherein the protrusion is flush with the cylinder head surface.

[0071] Example 8. A cylinder head according to any one of Examples 4 to 6, wherein the protrusion is arranged at a non-zero distance from the cylinder head surface.

[0072] Example 9. The cylinder head of any of Examples 1 to 3, wherein the surface discontinuity comprises at least one recess arranged in the cavity sidewall.

[0073] Example 10. The cylinder head of Example 9, wherein the at least one recess comprises a plurality of recesses.

[0074] Example 11. The cylinder head of Example 10, wherein recesses of the plurality of recesses are evenly distributed along the circumferential direction of the cavity sidewall.

[0075] Example 12. The cylinder head of any one of Examples 9 to 11, wherein the recess extends from the cylinder head surface in a direction toward the inner cavity surface.

[0076] Example 13. A cylinder head according to any of the preceding examples, wherein the cavity is arranged at the center of the cylinder head surface.

[0077] Example 14. A cylinder head according to any of the preceding examples, wherein the cavity comprises a circular cross-section.

[0078] Example 15. A cylinder head according to any of the preceding examples, wherein the cylinder head is a hydrogen internal combustion engine cylinder head.

[0079] Example 16. An internal combustion engine ICE comprising: a combustion cylinder accommodating a reciprocating piston; a cylinder head according to any one of the preceding examples, mounted to the combustion cylinder; and a fuel injector arranged at an inner cavity surface of the cavity.

[0080] Example 17. The vehicle of Example 16, wherein the internal combustion engine is a hydrogen internal combustion engine.

[0081] Example 18. A vehicle comprising an internal combustion engine according to any one of Examples 16 or 17.

[0082] Example 19. The vehicle of Example 18, further comprising a gas tank configured to contain hydrogen gas, wherein the gas tank is arranged in fluid communication with the fuel injector.

[0083] The terms used herein are only for the purpose of describing specific aspects and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms "one", "a kind of" and "the" are intended to also include plural forms. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It should also be understood that the terms "include" and / or "comprising" when used herein indicate the presence of stated features, integers, actions, steps, operations, elements and / or parts, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, actions, steps, operations, elements, parts and / or their groups.

[0084] It should be understood that although the terms first, second, etc. can be used to describe various elements in this article, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, the first element can be referred to as the second element, and similarly, the second element can be referred to as the first element.

[0085] Relative terms such as "below" or "above" or "upper" or "lower" or "horizontal" or "vertical" may be used herein to describe the relationship of one element to another element, as shown in the figures. It should be understood that these terms and those discussed above are intended to cover different device orientations in addition to the orientations depicted in the figures. It should be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, the element may be directly connected or directly coupled to the other element, or there may be intermediate elements. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected to" or "directly coupled to" another element, there are no intermediate elements.

[0086] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure belongs. It should also be understood that, unless otherwise clearly defined herein, the terms used herein should be interpreted as meanings consistent with their meanings in the context of this specification and the relevant art, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense.

[0087] It should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the aspects described above and shown in the accompanying drawings; rather, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the present disclosure and the appended claims. In the drawings and description, various aspects have been disclosed for illustrative purposes only and not for limiting purposes, and the scope of the present disclosure is set forth in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A cylinder head, the cylinder head being configured to be mounted to a combustion cylinder of an internal combustion engine (ICE), the cylinder head comprising: - a cylinder head surface, the cylinder head surface being configured to face an internal combustion chamber of the combustion cylinder; - a cavity, the cavity comprising an inner cavity surface and a cavity sidewall, the cavity extending from the cylinder head surface along the cavity sidewall to the inner cavity surface in a direction away from the cylinder head surface; as well as - an opening arranged in the inner cavity surface, the opening being configured to be provided with a fuel injector for supplying gaseous fuel into the combustion chamber, The cavity side wall includes a surface discontinuity portion, and the surface discontinuity portion is arranged at a distance from the inner cavity surface. 2 . The cylinder head according to claim 1 , wherein the envelope surface of the cavity side wall extends 360 degrees in the circumferential direction.

3. The cylinder head according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the surface discontinuity is integrated with the cavity side wall.

4. A cylinder head according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the surface discontinuity comprises a protrusion. 5 . The cylinder head of claim 4 , wherein the protrusion is disposed at an interface between the cylinder head surface and the inner cavity surface, the protrusion extending toward a central portion of the cavity.

6. The cylinder head according to any one of claims 4 to 5, wherein the protrusion extends 360 degrees at the cavity side wall.

7. The cylinder head according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the protrusion is flush with the cylinder head surface.

8. A cylinder head according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the protrusion is arranged at a non-zero distance from the cylinder head surface.

9. The cylinder head according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the surface discontinuity comprises at least one recess arranged in the cavity side wall.

10. The cylinder head of claim 9, wherein the at least one recess comprises a plurality of recesses. 11 . The cylinder head of claim 10 , wherein recesses in the plurality of recesses are evenly distributed along the circumferential direction of the cavity sidewall.

12. The cylinder head according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the recess extends from the cylinder head surface in a direction toward the inner cavity surface.

13. An internal combustion engine ICE, comprising: a combustion cylinder housing a reciprocating piston; A cylinder head according to any one of the preceding claims, mounted to the combustion cylinder; and a fuel injector disposed at an inner cavity surface of the cavity.

14. The internal combustion engine of claim 13, wherein the internal combustion engine is a hydrogen internal combustion engine.

15. A vehicle comprising an internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 13 or 14.

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