Feed formula for improving growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle and fattening method

Abstract

The invention provides a feed formula for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle and a fattening method, and belongs to the technical field of beef cattle breeding. The feed formula capable of improving the growth performance and the meat quality of the beef cattle comprises the following raw materials: a coarse material, a concentrated material, rumen protected amino acid and mineral nutrition lick bricks. According to the feed formula provided by the invention, rumen-protected amino acids are added into the concentrated feed and the coarse feed, and mineral elements are supplemented in a lick brick form, so that the growth performance and beef quality of beef cattle can be remarkably improved. According to the fattening method, a staged gradual fattening scheme is adopted, the concentrate-coarse ratio is adjusted in different stages, the nutritional requirements of cattle in different growth stages can be met, the risk of rumen acidosis of beef cattle is reduced, the growth performance can be improved, the beef quality can be improved, and the overall economic benefits are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of beef cattle breeding, and in particular relates to a feed formula and a fattening method for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle. Background Art

[0002] Ruminants rely on their large and complex rumen microbial system to convert dietary plant fiber and non-protein nitrogen into edible meat and milk products, contributing about 45% of global animal protein production. Beef is a high-quality protein source, rich in functional ingredients such as conjugated linoleic acid, carnitine, sarcosine, and biohydrogenation intermediates that are incomparable to pork and poultry meat. It has a positive effect on human health in reducing fat intake and preventing diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Although beef production has been on the rise in the past five years, the supply of high-quality beef still cannot meet market demand.

[0003] The fattening period is a critical window period for the rapid accumulation of muscle and fat, and is an important stage that affects beef production and quality. In modern intensive farming, in order to improve the production performance and efficiency of ruminants, producers often adopt a high-concentrate diet feeding mode. Compared with a diet based on roughage, a high-concentrate diet is rapidly fermented by rumen microorganisms in the rumen, resulting in the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids and a decrease in pH in the rumen, causing rumen microbial flora imbalance and metabolic disorders, causing a series of animal health problems such as rumen acidosis, which in turn affects growth performance and beef quality, and brings huge economic losses to beef cattle production. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a practical fattening plan to avoid the occurrence of diseases such as rumen acidosis, while ensuring the maximization of production benefits.

[0004] In addition, the cost of concentrate raw materials used in traditional high-concentrate fattening methods is high, and the digestibility and meat quality improvement effect of ordinary corn stalks are poor, which affects the growth performance and economic benefits of beef cattle. Although there are reports on the addition of rumen-passing amino acids or mineral nutrition lick bricks in this field, the existing rumen-passing amino acid technology and lick brick technology have not been fully combined in specific beef cattle feeding applications, and their ratio has not been optimized, so the technical effect of comprehensively improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle has not yet been achieved. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of this, one of the objects of the present invention is to provide a feed formula for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle.

[0006] A second object of the present invention is to provide a fattening method for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle.

[0007] In order to achieve the above-mentioned object of the invention, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0008] The present invention provides a feed that does not reduce the growth and production performance of beef cattle, and the feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0009] 50-75 parts of fine feed, 50-25 parts of coarse feed;

[0010] The concentrate includes corn, sprayed corn husk, corn gluten meal, corn DDGS, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, stone powder, and premix in a weight ratio of 50:25:1.5:2.5:4:12.5:1.5:1:2;

[0011] The coarse material is shredded corn stalks, and the length of the shredded corn stalks is 3 to 5 cm.

[0012] The invention also provides a feed formula for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, comprising the above feed, rumen bypass amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks.

[0013] Preferably, the rumen bypass amino acids include rumen bypass lysine and rumen bypass methionine, and the mass ratio of rumen bypass lysine to rumen bypass methionine is 1:2.

[0014] Preferably, the mineral nutrition lick brick is composed of: 10% molasses, 66% salt, 10% bentonite, 6% quicklime and 8% trace element premix.

[0015] Preferably, the guaranteed values ​​of trace elements per 1 kg of mineral nutrition lick brick are: 2800 mg of iron, 2000 mg of manganese, 1200 mg of zinc, 800 mg of copper, 300 mg of iodine, 80 mg of cobalt and 20 mg of selenium.

[0016] The present invention also provides a fattening method for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, and the fattening process is divided into an initial stage, a middle stage and a late stage; in the initial stage, the feed formula with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 50:50 is fed; in the middle stage, the feed formula with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 60:40 is fed; in the late stage, the feed formula with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 75:25 is fed; during the entire fattening process, the amount of rumen-passing amino acids added remains unchanged, and mineral nutrition lick bricks are freely consumed.

[0017] Preferably, the initial stage is the 1st and 2nd month of the fattening period of beef cattle; the middle stage is the 3rd, 4th and 5th month of the fattening period of beef cattle; and the late stage is the 6th and 7th month of the fattening period of beef cattle.

[0018] Preferably, the amount of rumen bypass lysine and rumen bypass methionine added to each beef cattle is 10 g / day and 20 g / day respectively.

[0019] Preferably, the amount of mineral nutrition lick bricks per cattle is 100-200 g / day.

[0020] Preferably, the beef cattle include Angus cattle.

[0021] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0022] The feed provided by the invention uses an inexpensive concentrate formula and is combined with kneaded corn stalks, which can reduce feed costs while not reducing the growth performance and production performance of beef cattle, thereby improving economic benefits.

[0023] The feed formula provided by the present invention adds rumen-passing amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks to the refined and roughage, which can significantly improve the quality of beef and the growth performance of beef cattle. The feed formula of the present invention is optimized in terms of components and dosage, and by adding rumen-passing methionine and rumen-passing lysine to balance the amino acid composition of the small intestine, the amino acid requirement of beef cattle during the fattening period is met, thereby improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle.

[0024] The present invention supplements mineral elements and trace elements through mineral nutrition lick bricks, thereby ensuring the demand of beef cattle for minerals during the fattening process, improving the disease resistance of beef cattle, reducing the risk of disease occurrence, and thus improving growth performance.

[0025] The fattening method provided by the present invention adopts a scheme of gradual fattening in stages, adjusts the ratio of concentrate and roughage in stages, and provides a suitable concentrate-roughage ratio at different fattening stages. Through a scientific feeding method, the nutritional needs of beef cattle at different fattening stages can be met, so that beef cattle can grow healthier and faster, significantly improve the growth performance of beef cattle, reduce feed costs, and improve overall economic benefits. The fattening method provided by the present invention can also improve the quality of beef, improve meat color, and increase the amino acid content and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in muscle. The low-cost, efficient, and green fattening method provided by the present invention is of great significance for improving the economic benefits of beef cattle breeding, and has important application value and promotion prospects for the beef cattle breeding industry. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 This is the PCA diagram of beef with different fattening methods;

[0027] Figure 2 This is the pathway diagram of different metabolites of beef produced by different fattening methods. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The present invention provides a feed that does not reduce the growth and production performance of beef cattle, and the feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0029] 50 to 75 parts of concentrate and 50 to 25 parts of coarse feed; the concentrate includes corn, sprayed corn husk, corn gluten meal, corn DDGS, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, stone powder and premix, and the weight ratio is 50:25:1.5:2.5:4:12.5:1.5:1:2; the coarse feed is kneaded corn stalks, and the length of the kneaded corn stalks is 3 to 5 cm.

[0030] The present invention does not specifically limit the specific sources of the above-mentioned raw materials. In the feed of the present invention, the length of the kneaded corn stalks is preferably 3.5 to 4.5 cm. The present invention uses kneaded corn stalks, which improve the digestibility of crude fiber, enhance the nutritional utilization efficiency of feed, and further promote the growth of beef cattle and the improvement of meat quality. In the feed of the present invention, the nutritional components of the concentrate are: crude protein 17.8%, neutral detergent fiber 28.6%, and total energy 17.26 MJ / kg; the nutritional components of the coarse material are (based on dry matter): crude protein 4.8%, neutral detergent fiber 61.2%, and total energy 15.66 MJ / kg. In the present invention, the premix in the concentrate is purchased from COFCO 4% beef cattle compound premix.

[0031] The invention also provides a feed formula for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, comprising the above feed, rumen bypass amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks.

[0032] In the feed formula of the present invention, the rumen-passing amino acids preferably include rumen-passing lysine and rumen-passing methionine, and the mass ratio of rumen-passing lysine to rumen-passing methionine is preferably 1:2. The lysine content of the rumen-passing lysine is preferably ≥70%, and the methionine content of the rumen-passing methionine is preferably ≥75%. The demand for amino acids and mineral elements in the fattening period of beef cattle is relatively high. It is difficult to fully meet the specific nutritional needs of beef cattle during growth and production by conventional feed formulas alone. The present invention can maximize economic benefits by exogenously adding rumen-passing amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks. The rumen-passing amino acids added by the present invention can ensure that amino acids pass through the rumen and enter the small intestine to be absorbed, improve the digestibility of nutrients, and then increase the content of amino acids in muscle. Mineral nutrition lick bricks can meet the demand for trace elements in the growth process of beef cattle, help to improve meat color and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and make the meat quality better. The combined application of rumen-passing amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks not only helps to fully supplement the nutritional needs of cattle, but also enhances cattle's disease resistance and optimizes production performance.

[0033] In the feed formula of the present invention, the composition of the mineral nutrition lick brick is preferably: 10% molasses, 66% salt, 10% bentonite, 6% quicklime and 8% trace element premix. The guaranteed trace element value of each 1kg mineral nutrition lick brick is preferably: 2800mg iron, 2000mg manganese, 1200mg zinc, 800mg copper, 300mg iodine, 80mg cobalt and 20mg selenium. In the present invention, the preparation method of the mineral nutrition lick brick is to use a pressing device to press it into blocks.

[0034] The feed formula of the present invention is preferably prepared by adding rumen-pass amino acids to concentrate, and then mixing the concentrate and roughage to obtain a complete mixed diet. Mineral nutrition lick bricks are placed in the feeding trough of the beef cattle pen in the form of lick brick trays for the beef cattle to lick freely.

[0035] The present invention also provides a fattening method for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, and the fattening process is divided into an initial stage, a middle stage and a late stage; in the initial stage, the feed with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 50:50 is fed; in the middle stage, the feed with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 60:40 is fed; in the late stage, the feed with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 75:25 is fed; during the entire fattening process, the amount of rumen amino acids added remains unchanged, and mineral nutrition lick bricks are freely consumed.

[0036] In the fattening method described in the present invention, the initial stage is preferably the first and second months of the fattening period of beef cattle; the mid-term stage is preferably the third, fourth, and fifth months of the fattening period of beef cattle; and the late stage is preferably the sixth and seventh months of the fattening period of beef cattle. The present invention feeds with a higher proportion of coarse feed and a lower proportion of concentrate feed in the initial stage, which can adapt to the digestive system of cattle; gradually increases the proportion of concentrate feed and reduces the proportion of coarse feed in the mid-term stage to promote rapid growth and muscle development of cattle; further increases the proportion of concentrate feed in the late stage to increase the supply of energy and protein to promote fat deposition and improve meat quality. In the fattening method described in the present invention, the addition amount of rumen-passing lysine and rumen-passing methionine to each beef cattle is preferably 10g / day and 20g / day respectively; the amount of mineral nutrition lick bricks for each beef cattle is preferably 100-200g / day.

[0037] In the present invention, the breed of beef cattle is preferably Angus cattle.

[0038] The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below in conjunction with the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the protection scope of the present invention.

[0039] In the following embodiments, unless otherwise specified, all of them are conventional methods.

[0040] Unless otherwise specified, the materials and reagents used in the following examples can be obtained from commercial sources.

[0041] Example 1

[0042] A low-cost feed that does not reduce the growth and production performance of beef cattle, comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0043] 50kg of fine feed, 50kg of coarse feed;

[0044] The concentrate consists of corn, sprayed corn husk, corn gluten meal, corn DDGS, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, rock powder and premix, and the weight ratio of each raw material is corn 50: sprayed corn husk 25: corn gluten meal 1.5: corn DDGS 2.5: soybean meal 4: rapeseed meal 12.5: palm kernel meal 1.5: rock powder 1: premix 2. The premix is ​​purchased from COFCO 4% beef cattle composite premix.

[0045] The coarse material is shredded corn stalks, and the length of the shredded corn stalks is 4 cm.

[0046] The preparation method comprises the following steps: kneading corn stalks into silk to make the length of the corn stalks 4 cm; and mixing the kneaded corn stalks with concentrated feed to form low-cost feed.

[0047] Comparative Example 1

[0048] The difference from Example 1 is the difference between the concentrate and the coarse feed. The concentrate is a commercial concentrate mainly composed of corn and soybean meal, and the coarse feed is ordinary corn stalks.

[0049] Comparative Example 2

[0050] The difference from Example 1 is the concentrate, which is a commercial concentrate mainly composed of corn and soybean meal, and the coarse feed is the same as Example 1.

[0051] Comparative Example 3

[0052] The difference from Example 1 is that the coarse material is ordinary corn stalks, and the fine material is the same as Example 1.

[0053] Example 2

[0054] 40 healthy Angus cattle of 7.5 months old with similar initial weight were randomly divided into Example 1, Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2 and Comparative Example 3, with 10 in each group. A 7-month feeding trial of beef cattle was conducted to evaluate the effect, and the growth performance (daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, carcass rate) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility of Angus cattle in different groups were measured.

[0055] The cost of the four feed combinations of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2 and Comparative Example 3 was calculated (see Table 1). The results show that the low-cost feed of Example 1 is only 25 yuan / ton higher than that of Comparative Example 3, which is much lower than that of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.

[0056] The results of the beef cattle feeding test (Table 2) show that there is no significant difference in daily weight gain and carcass rate between the low-cost feed of Example 1 and the feeds of the other three groups (P>0.05), while the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 is significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 3. It can be inferred that the low-cost feed of Example 1 has no significant effect on the growth performance and production performance of beef cattle, and the treatment of kneaded corn stalks significantly increases the degradation rate of fiber. In summary, the feed in Example 1 greatly reduces the feed cost while ensuring that the growth performance and production performance of beef cattle are not reduced, can significantly improve the economic benefits of beef cattle breeding, and has important application value.

[0057] Table 1. Cost calculation of low-cost feed in Example 1 and three feeds in Comparative Examples 1 to 3

[0058] Group Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 2 Comparative Example 3 Example 1 Concentrated feed cost (yuan / ton) 3000 3000 2200 2200 Cost of raw materials (yuan / ton) 450 500 450 500 Total cost (yuan / ton) 1725 1750 1325 1350

[0059] Table 2. Evaluation of the feeding effect of low-cost feed and the three feeds in comparative examples 1 to 3 on beef cattle

[0060] Group Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 2 Comparative Example 3 Example 1 P-value Daily weight gain (kg) 0.77 0.78 0.74 0.76 0.608 Carcass rate (%) 51.6 51.8 51.2 51.4 0.545 NDF digestibility (%) 62.5 66.4 63.2 68.6 0.032

[0061] Example 3

[0062] A feed formula for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, comprising the low-cost feed of Example 1, rumen-passing amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks;

[0063] The rumen-bypass amino acids are composed of rumen-bypass lysine (lysine content ≥ 70%) and rumen-bypass methionine (methionine content ≥ 75%), and the addition amounts of rumen-bypass lysine and rumen-bypass methionine for each beef cattle during the fattening period are 10 g / day and 20 g / day respectively;

[0064] The mineral nutrition lick brick is composed of the following raw materials in weight ratio: 10% molasses, 66% salt, 10% bentonite, 6% quicklime and 8% trace element premix; the guaranteed value of trace elements in the mineral nutrition lick brick is: 2800 mg of iron, 2000 mg of manganese, 1200 mg of zinc, 800 mg of copper, 300 mg of iodine, 80 mg of cobalt and 20 mg of selenium per 1 kg of lick brick.

[0065] The preparation method of the feed formula is as follows: adding rumen bypass amino acids to the concentrate of the low-cost feed of Example 1 and mixing, and then mixing the concentrate and the coarse feed to obtain a complete mixed diet; mineral nutrition lick bricks are placed in the feeding trough of the beef cattle pen in the form of lick brick trays for the beef cattle to lick freely.

[0066] Comparative Example 4

[0067] The difference from Example 3 is that the rumen-free amino acids are not contained, and the rest are the same as Example 3.

[0068] Comparative Example 5

[0069] The difference from Example 3 is that the mineral nutrition lick brick is not contained, and the rest is the same as Example 3.

[0070] Comparative Example 6

[0071] The difference from Example 3 is that the rumen bypassed amino acid is only rumen bypassed lysine, and the rest is the same as Example 3.

[0072] Example 4

[0073] 50 healthy Angus cattle aged 7.5 months were randomly divided into Example 3, Example 1, Comparative Example 4, Comparative Example 5, and Comparative Example 6, with 10 in each group. The initial carcass weight and meat quality of Angus cattle in each group were similar, with no significant difference. A 7-month feeding trial of beef cattle was conducted to evaluate the effect, and the growth performance (daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, carcass rate, and rumen pH) of Angus cattle in different groups, the meat quality of the longissimus dorsi (pH, shear force, meat color brightness (meat color-L), meat color redness (meat color-a), meat color yellowness (meat color-b), and drip loss) and muscle nutrients (water, crude protein, and intramuscular fat) of Angus cattle in different groups were measured.

[0074] As shown in Table 3, the feed intake of the five groups of beef cattle was basically the same, while the daily weight gain and carcass rate of Example 3 were significantly higher than those of Example 1, Comparative Example 4, Comparative Example 5 and Comparative Example 6 (P<0.05), indicating that the growth performance and growth performance of Example 3 were better than those of the other four groups.

[0075] As shown in Table 4, the muscle pH values ​​of the five groups were stable between 6.45 and 6.54, the muscle shear force of Example 1 was significantly higher than that of Example 3 and Comparative Example 6, and the drip loss of Example 3 and Comparative Example 5 was significantly lower than that of Example 1. The change in meat color mainly depends on the content and state of myoglobin: myoglobin combines with oxygen to produce bright red oxymyoglobin; and both myoglobin and oxymyoglobin can be oxidized into metmyoglobin to make the muscle appear brown. From the perspective of meat color L value, redness a value and yellowness b value, the muscle in Example 3 has the best gloss, the reddest meat color and the lowest yellowness among the five groups. From the perspective of nutritional components, the crude protein content in the muscle of Example 3 is 23.7%, which is significantly higher than that of the other four groups (P<0.05). Comprehensively judging, the muscle meat quality in Example 3 is the best, indicating that the simultaneous addition of rumen-passing amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks significantly improves the meat quality of fattening Angus cattle.

[0076] Table 3. Growth performance and rumen health of Angus cattle under different feed formulas

[0077] project Example 3 Example 1 Comparative Example 4 Comparative Example 5 Comparative Example 6 P-value Daily weight gain (kg) 0.96 0.77 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.026 Average daily feed intake (kg) 9.56 9.46 9.45 9.49 9.61 0.852 Carcass rate (%) 55.2 51.1 51.0 50.6 52.1 0.041 Rumen pH 6.58 6.50 6.50 6.42 6.52 0.024

[0078] Table 4. Meat quality and nutritional components of Angus cattle under different feed formulas

[0079] project Example 3 Example 1 Comparative Example 4 Comparative Example 5 Comparative Example 6 P-value pH 6.54 6.52 6.50 6.45 6.48 0.564 Shear force 9.1 11.2 10.6 10.4 9.5 0.021 Drip loss 0.52 0.85 0.75 0.56 0.65 0.009 Flesh-L 44.5 38.2 39.2 38.6 39.0 0.024 Flesh-a 24.4 19.8 21.6 22.4 21.5 0.031 Flesh-b 6.2 7.6 8.2 7.5 7.6 0.018 Moisture (%) 74.8 73.6 72.8 73.8 73.8 0.254 Crude protein (%) 23.7 20.6 21.2 20.8 20.7 0.046 Intramuscular fat (%) 2.35 2.28 2.30 2.31 2.30 0.566

[0080] Note: The data of muscle nutritional components are calculated based on the fresh weight of muscle tissue.

[0081] Considering that the flavor of meat is closely related to flavor substances such as amino acids and fatty acids, the differences in the amino acid and fatty acid compositions of Example 3 and Example 1 were compared in detail to clarify the mechanism by which the rumen-pass amino acids and mineral nutrient lick bricks improve meat quality. As shown in Table 5, compared with Example 1, the lysine content in the muscle of Example 3 remained stable, while the methionine content increased by 54% (P<0.05). It is worth noting that Example 3 significantly increased the content of umami amino acids Glu, sweet amino acids Ser, Gly and Ala, and branched-chain amino acids Val, Ile and Leu in the muscle by supplementing rumen-pass amino acids and mineral nutrient lick bricks (P<0.05). These all indicate that the addition of rumen-pass amino acids and mineral nutrient lick bricks improves muscle quality by improving the amino acid composition of muscle.

[0082] Table 5. Effects of rumen-pass amino acids and mineral lick block supplementation on muscle amino acid profiles in Angus cattle

[0083] Amino Acid (ug / g) Example 1 Example 3 Standard error P-value MetMethionine 23.94 36.93 2.49 0.002 Lysine 44.49 39.18 3.86 0.531 Aspartic acid 1.76 1.56 0.24 0.705 Glu 150.74 186.65 6.08 0.046 ThrThreonine 778.81 741.80 27.33 0.782 Ser 45.25 65.37 4.46 0.014 Proline 176.83 163.20 18.97 0.742 Glycine 65.89 108.05 10.03 0.027 Ala Alanine 330.42 482.52 29.31 0.044 Valine 57.54 73.77 2.40 0.038 IleIsoleucine 45.53 68.98 4.72 0.030 LeuLeucine 109.20 144.38 8.54 0.043 Tyr 42.51 47.01 4.78 0.137 Phe Phenylalanine 65.09 74.63 5.75 0.206 His 18.67 22.31 1.64 0.294 ArgArginine 51.52 48.99 6.72 0.862

[0084] At the same time, the composition of medium- and long-chain fatty acids in muscle was determined. As shown in Table 6, compared with Example 1, Example 3 significantly reduced the content of saturated fatty acids C17:0, C18:0 and C20:0 (P<0.05) by supplementing rumen-passing amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks, and significantly increased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids C18:2n6c, C18:3n3 and C20:4n6 (P<0.05), indicating that the addition of rumen-passing amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks improved the muscle fatty acid profile and improved the meat quality.

[0085] Table 6. Effects of rumen-pass amino acids and mineral lick block supplementation on muscle amino acid profiles in Angus cattle

[0086]

[0087] Example 5

[0088] A feed formula capable of improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, which differs from Example 3 in that the feed in Example 1 consists of 60 kg of concentrated feed and 40 kg of coarse feed, and the rest is the same as Example 3.

[0089] Example 6

[0090] A feed formula capable of improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, which differs from Example 3 in that the feed in Example 1 consists of 75 kg of concentrated feed and 25 kg of coarse feed, and the rest is the same as Example 3.

[0091] Example 7

[0092] A fattening method capable of improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, wherein the fattening process is divided into an initial stage, a middle stage and a late stage, wherein the initial stage is the first and second months of the beef cattle fattening period, the middle stage is the third, fourth and fifth months of the beef cattle fattening period, and the late stage is the sixth and seventh months of the beef cattle fattening period;

[0093] In the initial stage, the feed formula of Example 3 was fed for 2 months (the ratio of fine feed to roughage in the feed formula of Example 3 was 50:50);

[0094] In the middle stage, the feed formula of Example 5 was fed for 3 months (the ratio of fine feed to roughage in the feed of Example 5 was 60:40);

[0095] In the later stage, the feed of Example 6 was fed for 2 months (the ratio of fine feed to roughage in the feed of Example 6 was 75:25);

[0096] During the entire fattening method, the amount of rumen-pass lysine and rumen-pass methionine added to each beef cattle is 10g / day and 20g / day respectively; the amount of mineral nutrient lick blocks for each beef cattle is 100-200g / day, and the mineral nutrient lick blocks are free for beef cattle to eat.

[0097] Comparative Example 7

[0098] The difference from Example 7 is that in the initial stage, the feed of Example 1 in the feed formula of Example 3 is composed of 60 kg of concentrated feed and 40 kg of coarse feed, and the rest is the same as Example 7.

[0099] Comparative Example 8

[0100] The difference from Example 7 is that in the middle stage, the feed of Example 1 in the feed formula of Example 3 is composed of 75 kg of concentrated feed and 25 kg of roughage, and the rest is the same as Example 7.

[0101] Comparative Example 9

[0102] The difference from Example 7 is that in the later stage, the low-cost feed in the feed formula of Example 3 is composed of 90 kg of concentrated feed and 10 kg of roughage, and the rest is the same as Example 7.

[0103] Example 8

[0104] 70 healthy Angus cattle of 7.5 months old were selected and randomly divided into Example 7 groups, Example 3 groups, Example 5 groups, Example 6 groups, Comparative Examples 7 groups, Comparative Examples 8 groups and Comparative Examples 9 groups, 10 heads in each group, and the initial weight of each group of Angus cattle was similar, with no significant difference. The feeding method of Example 3 groups, Example 5 groups and Example 6 groups was to feed the feed formula of the corresponding groups all the time, and the remaining groups were fed according to the corresponding fattening method of the group, and a 7-month beef cattle feeding experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect. The growth performance (daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed-to-weight ratio and carcass rate) of Angus cattle of different groups, health status (rumen pH value) and meat quality (pH, shear force, meat color brightness (meat color-L), meat color redness (meat color-a), meat color yellowness (meat color-b) and drip loss) and nutrients of the longissimus dorsi muscle were measured.

[0105] As shown in Table 7, the daily weight gain of the staged feeding method of Example 7 is 1.24 kg, which is significantly higher than that of Example 3, Example 5 and Example 6 (P<0.05), and Example 7 presents the lowest feed-to-weight ratio (P<0.05), indicating that it has the best production performance. It is worth noting that the rumen pH values ​​of Example 6 and Comparative Example 8 are both lower than 5.6, significantly lower than the other 5 groups, indicating that rumen acidosis occurred under these two fattening conditions, seriously affecting the health of the animals. At the same time, the feed input, beef income and net income under different fattening methods were calculated, and the results showed that the net income under the stage fattening of Example 7 was the highest, reaching 3,567 yuan. In summary, the fattening method of Example 7 presents the best production performance, growth performance and health status, while having the highest economic benefits and having broad promotion value.

[0106] Table 7. Growth performance, production performance, health status and economic benefits of Angus cattle under different fattening methods

[0107]

[0108] Note: Concentrated feed is 2,200 yuan / ton, coarse feed is 500 yuan / ton, and the fattening period is 7 months; the price of beef is calculated at 45 yuan / kg.

[0109] Table 8. Meat quality and nutritional components of Angus cattle under different fattening methods

[0110]

[0111] As shown in Table 8, the muscle pH of Example 7, Example 3 and Example 5 groups was significantly higher than that of Example 6, Comparative Example 7, Comparative Example 8 and Comparative Example 9 (P<0.05), and the muscle shear force and drip loss of Example 7 group were significantly lower than those of Example 6, Comparative Example 7, Comparative Example 8 and Comparative Example 9 (P<0.05). Regarding meat color, the L value and a value of Example 7 and Example 3 were significantly higher than those of Example 6, Comparative Example 7, Comparative Example 8 and Comparative Example 9 (P<0.05), and the meat color yellowness in Example 7 was the lowest. The analysis results of the nutritional components showed that the crude protein and intramuscular fat content of Example 7 were significantly higher than those of the other 6 groups (P<0.05). It can be judged from this that the fattening method of Example 7 can significantly improve the quality of beef while improving production performance.

[0112] At the same time, metabolomics analysis was performed on muscle samples from Example 7 (treatment group) and Example 3 (control group) to analyze the mechanism by which segmented fattening improves meat quality. Figure 1 It can be seen that the PCA analysis of the peaks extracted from the test samples showed that there were significant differences in the metabolite composition and content between the test group and the control group. The first principal component (PC1) accounted for 27.4% of the total variables, and the second principal component (PC2) accounted for 11.9% of the total variables, with a total contribution rate of 39.3%. Figure 2 It can be seen that through the KEGG database, pathway enrichment of differential metabolites was performed, and 20 metabolic pathways significantly related to beef quality were excavated. Many metabolic pathways are related to lipid metabolism, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, glyceride metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin digestion and absorption, and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. These all suggest that the segmented fattening method mainly improves the quality of beef by improving muscle lipid metabolism.

[0113] It can be seen from the above embodiments that the present invention provides a feed formula and a fattening method for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle. The feed formula and the fattening method provided by the present invention can improve the growth performance and beef quality of beef cattle.

[0114] The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention. These improvements and modifications should also be regarded as the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A feed that does not reduce the growth and production performance of beef cattle, characterized in that: The feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50-75 parts of fine feed, 50-25 parts of coarse feed; The concentrate includes corn, sprayed corn husk, corn gluten meal, corn DDGS, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, rock powder and premix in a weight ratio of 50:25:1.5:2.5:4:12.5:1.5:1:2; The coarse material is shredded corn stalks, and the length of the shredded corn stalks is 3 to 5 cm.

2. A feed formula for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, characterized in that: It comprises the feed as claimed in claim 1, rumen bypass amino acids and mineral nutrition lick bricks.

3. The feed formula according to claim 2, characterized in that The rumen bypass amino acids include rumen bypass lysine and rumen bypass methionine, and the mass ratio of rumen bypass lysine to rumen bypass methionine is 1:

2.

4. The feed formula according to claim 2, characterized in that The mineral nutrition lick brick is composed of 10% molasses, 66% salt, 10% bentonite, 6% quicklime and 8% trace element premix.

5. The feed formula according to claim 4, characterized in that The guaranteed trace element values ​​of each 1kg of mineral nutrition lick brick are: iron 2800mg, manganese 2000mg, zinc 1200mg, copper 800mg, iodine 300mg, cobalt 80mg and selenium 20mg.

6. A fattening method for improving the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle, characterized in that: The fattening process is divided into an initial stage, a middle stage and a late stage; in the initial stage, the feed formula of claim 2 with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 50:50 is fed; in the middle stage, the feed formula of claim 2 with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 60:40 is fed; in the late stage, the feed formula of claim 2 with a concentrate to roughage weight ratio of 75:25 is fed; the amount of rumen-passing amino acids added remains unchanged throughout the fattening process, and mineral nutrition lick bricks are freely consumed.

7. The fattening method according to claim 6, characterized in that: The initial stage is the first and second months of the fattening period of beef cattle; the middle stage is the third, fourth and fifth months of the fattening period of beef cattle; and the late stage is the sixth and seventh months of the fattening period of beef cattle.

8. The fattening method according to claim 6, characterized in that: The amount of rumen bypass lysine and rumen bypass methionine added to each beef cattle was 10g / day and 20g / day respectively.

9. The fattening method according to claim 6, characterized in that: The amount of mineral nutrition bricks for each beef cattle is 100-200g / day.

10. The feed according to claim 1, the feed formula according to any one of claims 2 to 5, or the fattening method according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that: The beef cattle include Angus cattle.

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