High-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pears

Abstract

The invention discloses a high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pears, which comprises the following steps of: selecting flower buds with balanced space distribution by cutting in winter and thinning the flower buds, and pinching twigs, pulling the twigs, thinning the twigs and cultivating the flower buds in the growth season of pear trees; in the full-bloom stage, pollination is performed according to different climate conditions and the difference of young fruits after fruit setting of different flowers, so that the fruit setting amount of the Cuiguan pears is guaranteed; in the young fruit growth process, according to the difference of different fruits and the continuous differentiation of large and small fruits in the fruit growth process, three-time fruit thinning is carried out, young fruits are optimized, fruits which are poor in fruit shape, small in fruit shape, unhealthy and excessive are removed in batches, and healthy fruits which are good in fruit shape and large in fruit shape are reserved. The method is suitable for the Cuiguan pear orchard in the full bearing period, under the condition that various management measures such as fertilizer and water, disease and pest control and bird damage control are in place, the suitable fruit quantity per mu is about 5000 when the Cuiguan pear orchard is mature, the overcast and rainy days are too many in the mildew and rain season, part of small fruits can be thinned according to weather forecast, fruit dropping is reduced, and the fruit quality and economic benefits are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of Cuiguan pear planting and management, and more specifically to a high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear. Background Art

[0002] Cuiguan Pear (scientific name: Pyrus pyrifolia'Cuiguan') is an excellent variety of early-maturing pears mainly planted in southern my country. It was bred by the Horticulture Research Institute of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences through hybridization of Xingshui×(New Century×Hangqing). Cuiguan Pear is widely planted in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu and other places. Cuiguan Pear inflorescence basically has 5 flowers, white corolla, 5 petals, and rose-red anthers; the fruit is oblong, the peel is green, the skin is thin, the flesh is crisp and juicy. Cuiguan Pear matures in mid-to-late July, tastes sweet, is rich in nutrition, and is widely loved by consumers.

[0003] After years of cultivation and management, the production technology of Cuiguan Pear has been increasingly improved, but there are still areas that need to be improved and clarified in the management methods of flower and fruit selection. In the actual production process, there are still problems such as insufficient control of the climate, insufficient high-quality flower buds during the flowering period due to climate reasons, and insufficient fruit setting, which affects the yield; or too many flower buds and too many fruit setting, which affects the branching and leafing, the growth of young fruits, and the time-consuming and labor-intensive fruit thinning, and the decline of fruit quality. In particular, too many fruits are left, which is easy to lead to improper pest control and fertilizer and water management measures, affecting production efficiency, and then causing autumn flowering to affect the flowering and fruit setting in the next year, which are urgent problems that need to be solved. At the same time, the fruit quality of Cuiguan Pear directly affects the economic benefits. Generally, the unit price of large fruits is high, and the unit price of small fruits is low. The size difference of fruits when mature seriously affects the production efficiency, and the yield is too high, and the yield is not a good harvest; doing a good job in flower and fruit management is an important link in achieving efficient production of Cuiguan Pear. Through good production management of Cuiguan Pear (pest control, fertilizer and water management and other technologies), the losses caused by pests and diseases, natural disasters, etc. during the growth of Cuiguan Pear can be minimized. Summary of the invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan Pear, so as to solve the problems of improper management of flower buds and fruits of Cuiguan Pear during the planting and production process, and propose key technologies for appropriate and reasonable management of flower buds and fruits.

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solutions adopted by the present invention are as follows.

[0006] A high-quality cultivation method for Cuiguan pear comprises the following steps:

[0007] S1. By winter pruning and thinning flower buds, flower buds with balanced spatial distribution are preferred, and during the pear growing season, flower buds are cultivated by topping shoots, pulling branches, and thinning branches;

[0008] S2. During the flowering period, pollination is carried out according to different climatic conditions and the differences in young fruits after fruiting in different flower positions to ensure the fruiting amount of Cuiguan Pear;

[0009] S3. During the growth of young fruits, according to the differences in fruits in different positions and the continuous differentiation of large and small fruits during fruit growth, fruit thinning is carried out three times, with young fruits being preferred. Fruits with poor shape, small shape, unhealthy shape, and excessive fruit are removed in batches, while healthy fruits with good shape and large fruit shape are retained.

[0010] To further optimize the technical solution, in step S1, the method for cultivating flower buds is to timely update the fruiting branches of four years or more during winter pruning, to retain the number of high-quality buds, to thin out excessive branches of all levels, to shorten the prepared branches and then pull them at a 45-degree branching angle, and to pinch the tender branches of the current year, to leave 7-10 tender branches of the current year per square meter in the inner chamber of the crown, to thin out the remaining tender branches in the inner chamber, and to pull the tender branches intended to be fruiting branches next year at a 45-degree branching angle and at a reasonable direction angle in mid-June.

[0011] To further optimize the technical solution, when pinching the tender branches of the current year, the tender branches of the current year are pinched to leave 30 cm and 60 cm respectively in late April and late June.

[0012] To further optimize the technical solution, in step S1, the method for selecting flower buds is to mainly use flower buds on mother branches of three years or less, and other high-quality flower buds as auxiliary; during winter pruning, 20,000 high-quality flower buds are retained per acre, and the remaining flower buds are removed by pruning and thinning, and the spatial distribution of the flower buds is kept balanced.

[0013] To further optimize the technical solution, in step S2, artificial pollination is used for the pollination of Cuiguan Pear. When the minimum temperature during the peak flowering period is above 10 degrees and the maximum is below 25 degrees for 3 days, one two- or three-position flower of 11,000 inflorescences per mu is pollinated; when the maximum temperature during the peak flowering period is always above 15 degrees and below 20 degrees, one two- or three-position flower of 16,500 inflorescences per mu is pollinated; when the maximum temperature during the peak flowering period is always below 15 degrees, or reaches above 30 degrees, or it is continuously cloudy and rainy, one two- and three-position flower of 16,500 inflorescences per mu is pollinated, and the spatial distribution of pollinated inflorescences is balanced.

[0014] To further optimize the technical solution, in step S2, the pollinated tree varieties are Qingxiang pear, Yuanhuang pear and Huanghua pear.

[0015] To further optimize the technical solution, in step S3, when performing the optimization of young fruits, thinning the fruits is performed according to the differences in fruits in different positions. On the premise of retaining healthy large fruits with long longitudinal diameters and good fruit shapes, more second- and third-position fruits are retained, and single fruits are retained; when the fruit setting amount cannot meet the requirements of high yield and high efficiency, high-quality double fruits are retained at the top. The specific method is: the inflorescence produces single and double fruits, and healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes are retained; the inflorescence produces three fruits, and the healthy fruit in the middle with good and large fruit shapes is retained; the inflorescence produces four fruits, and a healthy fruit with good and large fruit shapes is retained among the two middle fruits; the inflorescence produces five fruits, and a healthy fruit with good and large fruit shapes is retained among the second and third-position fruits.

[0016] To further optimize the technical solution, in step S3, a three-time fruit thinning method is used during the fruit growth process to remove small fruits in batches and retain large fruits. The specific method is: the first fruit thinning is on April 20, retaining 11,000 fruits per acre; the second fruit thinning is on May 20, retaining 7,700 healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes per acre; the third fruit thinning is on June 20, retaining 5,500 healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes per acre.

[0017] To further optimize the technical solution, in step S3, the young fruits are not bagged when the young fruits are selected.

[0018] Due to the adoption of the above technical scheme, the technical progress achieved by the present invention is as follows.

[0019] The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear provided by the present invention is suitable for Cuiguan pear orchards in the peak fruit-bearing period. When various management measures such as fertilizer and water, disease and insect control, and bird pest control are in place, the suitable fruit yield per mu is about 5,000 when mature. If there are too many rainy days in the rainy season, some small fruits can be thinned out according to the weather forecast to reduce fruit drop and improve fruit quality and economic benefits. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0021] A high-quality cultivation method for Cuiguan pear comprises the following steps:

[0022] S1. Through winter pruning and thinning of flower buds, select flower buds with a reasonable number and balanced spatial distribution. During the growing season of pear trees, cultivate flower buds by pinching, pulling and thinning young branches.

[0023] The quality of the flower buds of Cuiguan Pear decreases with the age of the mother branches. The flower buds used for fruiting are best on mother branches that are less than three years old. Small flower buds are of lower quality than large flower buds. The fruits produced by good quality flower buds are larger, while those produced by poor quality flower buds are smaller. After winter pruning, pulling the one-year-old branches can promote the formation of flower buds on those branches, and pinching the young branches of the current year can promote the differentiation of flower buds on the previous year's branches and the formation of flower buds on the young branches of the current year.

[0024] The method of flower bud cultivation is to timely update the fruiting branches of four years or more during winter pruning. In order to retain the number of high-quality buds, excessive branches of all levels should be thinned out, and the prepared branches should be shortened and pulled at a 45-degree branching angle. In late April and late June, the tender branches of the current year should be pinched at 30 cm and 60 cm respectively. 7-10 tender branches of the current year per square meter in the inner chamber of the crown should be left, and the remaining tender branches in the inner chamber should be thinned out. For the tender branches intended to be fruiting branches next year, the branches should be pulled at a 45-degree branching angle and in a reasonable direction in mid-June.

[0025] The method for selecting flower buds is to focus on flower buds on mother branches less than three years old, and use other high-quality flower buds as a supplement; during winter pruning, 20,000 high-quality flower buds are retained per acre, and the remaining flower buds are removed by pruning and thinning, while maintaining a balanced spatial distribution of flower buds.

[0026] During the growing season of pear trees, flower buds are cultivated by pinching, pulling and thinning young branches.

[0027] S2. During the flowering period, the flower buds of Cuiguan Pear are pollinated according to different climatic conditions and differences in fruit positions to ensure the fruit set of Cuiguan Pear.

[0028] The flower buds of Cuiguan Pear are artificially pollinated, and the pollinated tree varieties are Qingxiang Pear, Yuanhuang Pear and Huanghua Pear. The number of pollinated inflorescences and flowers is determined according to climatic conditions. When the minimum temperature during the peak flowering period is above 10 degrees and the maximum is below 25 degrees for 3 days, one second or third flower of 11,000 inflorescences per acre is pollinated; when the maximum temperature during the peak flowering period is always above 15 degrees and below 20 degrees, one second or third flower of 16,500 inflorescences per acre is pollinated; when the maximum temperature during the peak flowering period is always below 15 degrees, or reaches above 30 degrees, or it is continuously cloudy and rainy, one second and third flowers of 16,500 inflorescences per acre are pollinated, and the spatial distribution of pollinated inflorescences is balanced.

[0029] S3. During the growth of young fruits, young fruits are selected based on the differences in fruits in different positions and the continuous differentiation of large and small fruits during fruit growth, and healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes are retained.

[0030] When selecting young fruits, they are not bagged, and they are thinned out according to the differences in fruits in different positions. On the premise of retaining healthy large fruits with long longitudinal diameter and good fruit shape, more fruits in the second and third positions are retained, and single fruits are retained. When the fruit set cannot meet the high-yield and high-efficiency requirements, high-quality double fruits are retained on the top. The specific method is: the inflorescence produces single or double fruits, and the healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes are retained; the inflorescence produces three fruits, and the healthy fruit in the middle with good and large fruit shapes is retained; the inflorescence produces four fruits, and a healthy fruit with good and large fruit shape is retained among the two middle fruits; the inflorescence produces five fruits, and a healthy fruit with good and large fruit shape is retained among the second and third positions.

[0031] In order to achieve an appropriate number of fruits, more large fruits and convenient management, the fruits are not bagged. During the growth process of the fruits, the three-time fruit thinning method is adopted to remove small fruits in batches and retain large fruits. The specific method is: the first fruit thinning is on April 20, retaining 11,000 fruits per acre; the second fruit thinning is on May 20, retaining 7,700 healthy fruits with good and large shapes per acre; the third fruit thinning is on June 20, retaining 5,500 healthy fruits with good and large shapes per acre.

[0032] Normally, the suitable fruit yield per mu is about 5,000 when the year is ripe. In years with too many rainy days during the rainy season, some small fruits must be thinned out.

[0033] Below is an example of the Ganlu Wangyu River Ecological Orchard in Xishan District of Wuxi City. The orchard was built in 2000 with a plant spacing of 3 meters * 4 meters and covers an area of ​​more than 100 acres. It uses pure Cuiguan pear planting, large grid cultivation, and artificial pollination. The pear orchard has considerable production benefits and is a high-yield and high-efficiency pear orchard.

[0034] (1) Study on the quality of flower buds on fruiting mother branches of different ages

[0035] In 2011, 10 ten-year-old Cuiguan pear trees with similar growth after normal pruning were selected. The fruiting part was controlled within 1-1.9 meters from the ground. During the peak flowering period, flowers with inflorescences 20 cm apart were selected on each branch, and pollinated artificially with Qingxiang pear pollen. One flower of each inflorescence of 200 plants was pollinated. On May 10, all kinds of unhealthy fruits such as small fruits, diseased and insect-infested fruits, and deformed fruits were thinned out, leaving one fruit per inflorescence. 100-120 fruits were set per tree, and the fruit size was kept basically uniform when setting the fruits. In late July, the average weight of pear fruits on backbone branches, main branches, branches over three years old (including three years), two years old branches, and one year old branches was counted. Taking backbone branches, main branches, branches over three years old (including three years), two years old branches, and one year old branches as units, 10 fruits were randomly selected from each unit, and the average weight and average soluble solid content of single fruit, the extreme difference of single fruit weight, and the extreme difference of soluble solid content were measured and counted.

[0036] The above experiment was repeated in 2012.

[0037] The test in 2011 showed that as the age of the fruiting mother branches increased, the average weight of the fruit decreased, the weight range became larger, and the size difference of the young fruit became larger before thinning, and the differentiation became larger after thinning. The average content of soluble fruit shape matter decreased with the increase of the mother branch age, and its range became larger. The fruiting mother branches with younger age had a smaller range of average weight of single fruit and a smaller range of average soluble solids. The younger the fruiting mother branches, the higher the probability that the flower buds will develop into high-quality fruits. The test results in 2012 were similar to those in 2011, as shown in Table 1.

[0038] Table 1 Effect of flower buds on fruit quality of mother branches at different ages (unit: g; %; m)

[0039]

[0040] (2) Effects of pinching and pulling branches on flower bud differentiation

[0041] In 2013, 10 pear trees with similar growth were selected. On the basis of winter pruning, the 30 cm long one-year-old branches with similar thickness were pulled, and two treatments were set. Treatment 1: The one-year-old branches were set up in six groups according to the branching angle (the angle between the branch and the vertical line of the ground) of 900, 750, 600, 450, 300, and 00, with 10 branches in each group, and the branches were pulled. The new shoots were not pinched. In November of the same year, the percentage of buds that developed into flower buds on the two-year-old branches except for the branch buds was counted; Treatment 2: The one-year-old branches were set up in six groups according to the branching angle of 900, 750, 600, 450, 300, and 00, with 10 branches in each group. In late April and mid-June, the tender branches on them were pinched twice at 30 cm and 60 cm. In November of the same year, the percentage of buds that developed into flower buds on the two-year-old branches except for the branch buds was counted, and the differentiation of flower buds on the branches of the same year was observed.

[0042] The above experiment was repeated in 2015.

[0043] The experiment in 2013 showed that for one-year-old branches, pulling branches can promote flower bud differentiation. When counting in November, as the pulling angle increases, the number of flower buds differentiated in two-year-old branches increases. The larger the pulling angle, the closer the flower buds are to the base. Pinching the tender branches of the current year can promote the differentiation of flower buds in the previous year's branches, and also promote the differentiation of flower buds in the tender branches of the current year. Further experiments confirmed that the closer the pinching position is to the base, the closer the flower buds on the current year's branches are to the base. The tender branches of the current year can produce more flower buds without pinching, but the flower buds are far from the base, and the proportion that can be used for fruiting is not high. Flower buds on two-year-old branches can generally be used for fruiting, and flower buds on current year branches are leaf flower buds. Some flower buds with good positions can be used for fruiting. In general, flower buds can still be produced on perennial branches of Cuiguan Pear, but the quality of flower buds decreases year by year with the increase of branch age. The experiment in 2015 is similar to the experiment in 2013, as shown in Table 2.

[0044] Table 2 Effects of pinching and pulling branches on flower bud differentiation (unit: %)

[0045]

[0046] (3) Effects of different pollinating tree varieties on fruit setting of Cuiguan pear

[0047] In 2014, 30 13-year-old Cuiguan pear trees were selected, with 5 trees in each group, and artificial pollination was carried out using homemade Qingxiang pear, Huanghua pear, Yuanhuang pear, Fengshui pear and Xingshui pear pollen. A non-pollination control group was set up. For all treatments, 200 inflorescences of each tree were pollinated with 1 flower. The pollen dots were on the style, and the base of the inflorescence was marked. A non-pollination control group was also set up. The treatment groups were more than 30 meters apart. Before fruit setting around May 20, the number of fruiting inflorescences of pollinated inflorescences and the number of fruiting inflorescences of unpollinated inflorescences of each tree were counted and rounded to the nearest integer for the experimental result. At the same time, the average number of fruiting in each inflorescence was counted.

[0048] In 2015, the above experiment was repeated using 13-year-old Cuiguan pear trees.

[0049] After pollination with Qingxiang Pear, Huanghua Pear and Yuanhuang Pear in 2014 and 2015, a large number of unpollinated inflorescences set fruit. The reason is that the pollen was naturally spread. After pollination in 2014 and 2015, the number of pollinated inflorescences set fruit, pollinated inflorescences set fruit, unpollinated inflorescences set fruit, and unpollinated inflorescences set fruit were significantly lower in 2014 than in 2015. The reason is that it rained for two consecutive days after pollination in 2014, while it was sunny for two days after pollination in 2015. After pollination with pollen from Fengshui Pear and Xingshui Pear, the number of fruit set in 2014 and 2015 was very small, and similar to that of the control group. It can be seen that Fengshui Pear and Xingshui Pear are not suitable for use as pollination varieties for Cuiguan Pear. The results of the control group show that Cuiguan Pear is self-fruitful. See Table 3 for details.

[0050] Table 3 Effects of different varieties of pollinated pear trees on fruit setting of Cuiguan pear (unit: bunch / plant, piece / bunch)

[0051]

[0052] (4) Effects of different climatic conditions on fruit setting

[0053] In late March 2014, after 1 flower of each of the 200 inflorescences of Cuiguan Pear trees was evenly pollinated, it rained for two consecutive days with a rainfall of more than 50 mm and a daily average temperature drop of 5 degrees. With the amount of fruit thinning less than 20% of the normal year, the yield was less than half of that in normal years. From early to mid-March 2022, the temperature was higher than in previous years. Artificial pollination was carried out in mid-March, and the temperature began to drop in the afternoon of the same day. The lowest temperature around March 20 was only 3 degrees, the highest temperature was 15 degrees, and it was accompanied by rainy weather. The average temperature for three days was less than 8 degrees. With the amount of fruit thinning less than 10% of normal years, the yield of Cuiguan Pear that year was less than half of that in normal years. In 2024, the peak flowering period encountered dry weather with a maximum temperature of 31 degrees. The flowering period was very short. After 1 flower of each of the 200 inflorescences was evenly pollinated, the number of fruiting inflorescences was less than 80 per plant on average, and the yield that year was less than 60% of that in normal years.

[0054] To overcome the impact of adverse climatic conditions on the number of fruits, in the experimental site, according to the forecast of low temperature and rainy weather during the peak flowering period in 2022 and the forecast of high temperature and dry weather during the peak flowering period in 2024, pollen from fragrant pear trees was used for pollination at a rate of 1 flower per inflorescence of 200 inflorescences, 2 flowers per inflorescence of 200 inflorescences, and 2 flowers per inflorescence of 300 inflorescences. The pollinated inflorescences were evenly distributed in space. After pollination in mid-April, the average number of fruit-setting inflorescences per tree was rounded off and the average number of fruits set per fruit-setting inflorescence was also counted. See Table 4 for details.

[0055] Years of practice have shown that the minimum temperature during the flowering period of Cuiguan Pear is above 10 degrees and the maximum temperature is below 25 degrees. If this temperature is maintained for three days and artificial pollination is performed, a relatively ideal fruit setting effect can be achieved. When the maximum temperature during the flowering period is always below 15 degrees, or reaches above 30 degrees, or when it is continuously cloudy and rainy, the number of fruits set will drop significantly. At this time, in order to ensure that there are enough inflorescences to set fruits, the number of inflorescences and flowers pollinated must be increased. Under the climatic conditions of 2022 and 2024, when the pollination amount is 300 inflorescences and 2 flowers per plant, there will be enough room for selection of young fruits during fruit thinning, as shown in Table 4 for details.

[0056] Table 4 Effect of increasing pollination amount on fruit setting (unit: sequence / plant; number / sequence)

[0057]

[0058] (5) Effects of different fruit retention quantities on pear orchard benefits

[0059] In 2017, 25 16-year-old Cuiguan pear trees with similar growth were selected and divided into 5 groups, with 5 trees in each group. One flower of each of the 200 inflorescences of each tree was pollinated, and the pollinated inflorescences were evenly distributed in space. In mid-May, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 150 fruits were set per tree, and the set fruits were evenly distributed in space. The fruits were picked around July 25, and the picked healthy fruits were graded according to more than 500g, 400-500g, 350-400g, 300-350g, 250g-300g, and less than 250g. The average number of fruits harvested per plant at each level, the average number of fruits above 300g, and the average weight of fruits below 300g at each level (the number and weight after retaining the integer fruits) were counted. The average benefit per plant was calculated according to the number and price after grading, and converted into benefits per mu. See Table 5 for details.

[0060] After the Cuiguan pear fruit is set, there will be a certain degree of loss when it is harvested due to damage from wind, rain, pests, birds, etc., so the number of healthy fruits is less than the number of set fruits when picking. Table 5 shows the relationship between the number of fruits and the per-acre benefit, as well as the relationship between the number of different grades of fruits and the number of set fruits. As can be seen from Table 5, when the set fruit is 100 / plant, the per-acre benefit is the highest, followed by 120 / plant. Too little or too much fruit will cause a decrease in benefits. The number of harvested fruits and the proportion of large fruits are the two main factors affecting benefits. When the number of set fruits is small, the proportion of large fruits is high, and as the number of set fruits increases, the proportion of large fruits gradually decreases. Because the price of large fruits is high and the price of small fruits is low, when the number of set fruits is small, the per-acre benefit gradually increases with the increase in the number of set fruits. When the number of set fruits exceeds 120 / plant, the per-acre benefit decreases due to the small number of large fruits and the large number of small fruits. The per-acre benefit of Cuiguan pear is about 5,000 per mu, and it should not exceed 6,000, and the per-acre benefit is the highest.

[0061] Table 5 Relationship between different fruit numbers and per-acre benefits (unit: 300g and above per plant; 300g and below per plant; yuan)

[0062]

[0063] Note: According to the sales price at that time, a rough calculation shows that the cost of fruit above 500g excluding packaging is 18.4 yuan each, the cost of fruit between 400-500g excluding packaging is 13.8 yuan each, the cost of fruit between 350-400g excluding packaging is 11 yuan each, the cost of fruit between 300-350g excluding packaging is 7.2 yuan each, the cost of fruit between 250-300g is 5 yuan per catty, the cost of fruit less than 250g is 2 yuan per catty, and the total expenditure per mu excluding packaging is about 6,000 yuan.

[0064] (6) Fruit differences at different positions of the Cuiguan pear inflorescence

[0065] The inflorescence of Cuiguan pear is basically composed of five flowers, which are called the first-place flower, the second-place flower, the third-place flower, the fourth-place flower and the fifth-place flower from the base to the tip, and the fruits are called the first-place fruit, the second-place fruit, the third-place fruit, the fourth-place fruit and the fifth-place fruit respectively. In order to clarify the fruiting of each flower, this experiment was conducted. The experiment was carried out in 2017 and 2018. The specific method was: 10 sixteen-year-old and seventeen-year-old Cuiguan pear trees with similar growth were selected respectively. During pollination, 300 inflorescences were selected from each plant for pollination with Qingxiang pear pollen. One flower was randomly pollinated on each inflorescence, and the spatial distribution of pollinated inflorescences was uniform. In early April, each plant was strictly set to 20 fruits each for the first-place fruit, the second-place fruit, the third-place fruit, the fourth-place fruit and the fifth-place fruit. All fruits were set with one fruit per inflorescence, and each fruit inflorescence was set at 20. Different marks were made on the branches at the base. After the fruit was set, 10 first-place fruits, 10 second-place fruits, 10 third-place fruits, 10 fourth-place fruits, and 10 fifth-place fruits were randomly selected from each tree and picked in late July 2017 and late July 2018 respectively (please ensure that the two picking times are basically the same). When picking, the average weight of each fruit per plant was counted according to the weight of more than 500g, 400-500g, 350-400g, 300-350g, and less than 300g. See Table 6 for details, and observe the differences in the appearance of each fruit.

[0066] Fruit setting by position must be done as soon as possible after it can be confirmed that the fruit has been set. Time delay will cause the pedicel shedding marks to gradually disappear, and the exact position of the young fruit on the inflorescence will be difficult to confirm. As can be seen from Table 6, when retaining the second and third fruits, the number of large fruits is relatively large, followed by the fourth fruit, and the number of large fruits retained in the first and fifth fruits is relatively small. After further detailed observation, the second and third fruits are relatively round and neat, with good fruit shape. There are a certain number of flat fruits with short longitudinal diameters in the first fruit, and the fruit shape is not good. There are a certain number of fruits with long longitudinal diameters in the fourth and fifth fruits, and the number is more in the fifth fruit. It can be seen that retaining the first and fifth fruits will reduce the efficiency of the orchard, while retaining the second, third and fourth fruits can improve the efficiency of the orchard, especially retaining the second and third fruits.

[0067] Table 6 Differences in fruits at different positions of the inflorescence of Cuiguan pear (unit: piece)

[0068]

[0069] (7) Differentiation of large and small fruits during pear fruit growth

[0070] In 2018 and 2019, 10 17-year-old and 18-year-old trees with similar growth were randomly selected as standard plants. The two or three flowers of 300 inflorescences of each plant were pollinated, and only one flower was pollinated in each inflorescence. The fruits were set on April 20, and the spatial distribution of the set fruits was balanced. Ten fruits were randomly selected from each tree for marking. The longitudinal diameter (the distance from the fruit stalk to the navel), transverse diameter 1 and transverse diameter 2 (two distances perpendicular to the widest part of the longitudinal diameter) of the young fruits were measured in late April, mid-May, and mid-June. The value of longitudinal diameter * transverse diameter 1 * transverse diameter 2 (the size of this value represents the size relationship of the fruit) was calculated, and the minimum and maximum values ​​were obtained. The difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​was divided into four sections, and the minimum / maximum value and the percentage of young fruits in each period were calculated. In late July, the marked fruits were weighed one by one to obtain the minimum and maximum values, and the minimum / maximum value and the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​were divided into four sections, and the percentage of fruits in each section was counted.

[0071] The above test was repeated in 2019. See Table 7.1 and Table 7.2 for details.

[0072] As can be seen from Table 7.1, the difference between the smallest fruit and the largest fruit is constantly expanding during the growth of pear fruit. As can be seen from Table 7.2, this differentiation is common in the growth of pear fruit. Specifically, as the fruit grows, the proportion of large fruits in the front section gradually decreases, the proportion of small fruits in the back section increases, and the volume ratio (weight ratio) of the smallest fruit to the largest fruit becomes smaller and smaller.

[0073] Table 7.1 Comparison of minimum / maximum values ​​of size differentiation during pear fruit growth

[0074]

[0075] Note: Except for the weight ratio in late July, the rest are approximate volume ratios.

[0076] Table 7.2 Size differentiation of pear fruit during growth (unit: %)

[0077]

[0078] Note: The fruit size decreases in sequence from stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, and stage 4.

[0079] (8) Three fruit thinning experiments

[0080] Years of practice and experiments have confirmed that in a Cui Guan pear orchard planted with a row spacing of 3m*4m, under the premise of good fertilizer and water management, pest and disease control, pruning and other management work, it is best to have two or three fruits, and the number of fruits per plant is about 100. However, during the growth of Cui Guan pears, wind, rain, pests and diseases, and bird damage will cause some pear fruit loss, and the size of pear fruits is differentiated. Generally, it is difficult for large fruits weighing more than 300g to exceed 2,500 per mu. In order to increase the number of large fruits, the following fruit thinning experiments were conducted for two consecutive years in 2023 and 2024. The specific methods are as follows: 10 standard plants of 22 years old and 23 years old were selected in 2023 and 2024 respectively, and the second and third flowers of about 300 inflorescences of each plant were pollinated. The fruits were thinned around April 20 after pollination, and single fruits were retained in each inflorescence. After thinning, 200 young fruits were retained on each plant. When thinning, the bouquets were single and double fruits, and healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes were retained; the bouquets were three fruits, and the middle healthy fruit with good and large fruit shapes was retained; the bouquets were four fruits, and one healthy fruit with good and large fruit shapes was retained among the two middle fruits; the bouquets were five fruits, and one healthy fruit with good and large fruit shapes was retained among the second and third fruits. After thinning out small fruits and diseased and insect-infested fruits on May 20, 140 healthy fruits per plant were retained. After thinning out small fruits and diseased and insect-infested fruits again on June 20, 100 healthy fruits were retained on each plant. The fruits were harvested in late July, and the fruits were classified and counted according to the weight of more than 500g, 400-500g, 350-400g, and 300-350g, and the average number of fruits of each level per plant was obtained; the fruits of 250-300g and less than 250g were classified and weighed, and the average weight of fruits of each level per plant was obtained. Then, according to the unit price of each level of fruit, the average benefit per mu was calculated. At the same time, a control group was set up in 2023 and 2024. The pollination of the control group was random pollination of the flowers in the inflorescence. The number of pollinated inflorescences and flowers was the same as that of the experimental group. The fruit thinning was 110 fruits / plant in late April. When thinning the fruit, the point was not distinguished, and only healthy large fruits with good fruit shape and no diseases and insect pests were retained. The benefit of the control group was calculated according to the method of calculating the benefit of the experimental group. See Table 8 for details.

[0081] The test results show that the total number of fruits harvested increased due to the three fruit thinnings, but the increase was not very obvious. It can be seen that the fruit loss occurred mainly after the third fruit thinning on June 20. Further investigation found that the main causes of the loss were bird damage, pear borer damage and fruit drop caused by wind and rain. At the same time, the test confirmed that after positioning pollination and positioning fruit thinning as much as possible on April 20, the two fruit thinnings on May 20 and June 20 reduced the proportion of small fruits harvested, thereby improving efficiency. The test also found that the average fruit size in 2024 was lower than that in 2023. The main reason may be that the climate in 2023 was suitable for the growth of Cuiguan Pear, and there were many rainy days in the rainy season in 2024. There was continuous high temperature weather before and after the rainy season, which was not conducive to the growth of Cuiguan Pear.

[0082] Table 8 Statistics of benefits per mu after three fruit thinning (unit: 300g and above per plant; 300g and below per plant; yuan)

[0083]

[0084] Note: According to the sales price at that time, roughly calculated, the cost of 500g and above fruit excluding packaging is 18.4 yuan each, 400-500g fruit excluding packaging cost is 13.8 yuan each, 350-400g fruit excluding packaging cost is 11 yuan each, 300-350g fruit excluding packaging cost is 7.2 yuan each, 250-300g fruit excluding packaging cost is 5 yuan per catty, and less than 250g fruit excluding packaging cost is 2 yuan per catty. The total expenditure per mu excluding packaging is about 6,000 yuan.

[0085] In summary, the comprehensive use of flower bud cultivation and flower bud optimization management technology, pollination management technology based on different climatic conditions and differences in fruit positions, and three-stage young fruit optimization management technology based on differences in fruit positions and continuous differentiation of large and small fruits during fruit growth can lay the foundation for flower and fruit management for the Cuiguan Pear production to achieve high and continuous yields year after year. This experiment gave a full and detailed explanation of this.

Claims

1. A high-quality cultivation method for Cuiguan pear, characterized by: It includes the following steps: S1. By winter pruning and thinning flower buds, flower buds with balanced spatial distribution are preferred, and during the pear growing season, flower buds are cultivated by topping shoots, pulling branches, and thinning branches; S2. During the flowering period, pollination is carried out according to different climatic conditions and the differences in young fruits after fruiting in different flower positions to ensure the fruiting amount of Cuiguan Pear; S3. During the growth of young fruits, according to the differences in fruits in different positions and the continuous differentiation of large and small fruits during fruit growth, fruit thinning is carried out three times, with young fruits being preferred. Fruits with poor shape, small shape, unhealthy shape, and excessive fruit are removed in batches, while healthy fruits with good shape and large fruit shape are retained.

2. The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the method for cultivating flower buds is to timely update fruiting branches of four years or more during winter pruning, to retain the number of high-quality buds, to thin out excessive branches of all levels, to shorten the prepared branches and then pull them at a 45-degree branching angle, and to pinch the tender branches of the current year, to leave 7-10 tender branches of the current year per square meter in the inner chamber of the crown, to thin out the remaining tender branches in the inner chamber, and to pull the tender branches intended to be fruiting branches in the next year at a 45-degree branching angle and a reasonable direction angle in mid-June.

3. The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear according to claim 2, characterized in that: When pinching the young branches of the year, pinch off 30 cm and 60 cm of the branches respectively in late April and late June.

4. The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the method for optimizing flower buds is to mainly use flower buds on mother branches less than three years old, and other high-quality flower buds as auxiliary; during winter pruning, 20,000 high-quality flower buds are retained per mu, and the remaining flower buds are removed by pruning and thinning, and the spatial distribution of the flower buds is kept balanced.

5. The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S2, artificial pollination is used for the pollination of Cuiguan Pear. When the minimum temperature in the peak flowering period is above 10 degrees and the maximum is below 25 degrees for 3 days, one two- or three-digit flower of 11,000 inflorescences per mu is pollinated; when the maximum temperature in the peak flowering period is always above 15 degrees and below 20 degrees, one two- or three-digit flower of 16,500 inflorescences per mu is pollinated; when the maximum temperature in the peak flowering period is always below 15 degrees, or reaches above 30 degrees, or it is continuously cloudy and rainy, one two- and three-digit flower of 16,500 inflorescences per mu is pollinated, and the pollinated inflorescences are spatially distributed evenly.

6. The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the pollinated tree varieties are Qingxiang pear, Yuanhuang pear and Huanghua pear.

7. The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S3, when performing the optimization of young fruits, the fruits are thinned according to the differences in fruits in different positions. On the premise of retaining healthy large fruits with long longitudinal diameters and good fruit shapes, more second-position fruits and third-position fruits are retained, and single fruits are retained; when the fruit setting amount cannot meet the high-yield and high-efficiency requirements, high-quality double fruits are retained at the top. The specific method is: the inflorescence bears single fruits and double fruits, and healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes are retained; the inflorescence bears three fruits, and the middle healthy fruit with good and large fruit shapes is retained; the inflorescence bears four fruits, and a healthy fruit with good and large fruit shapes is retained among the two middle fruits; the inflorescence bears five fruits, and a healthy fruit with good and large fruit shapes is retained among the second-position fruits and third-position fruits.

8. The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, three fruit thinning methods are used during the fruit growth process to remove small fruits in batches and retain large fruits. The specific method is: the first fruit thinning is on April 20, retaining 11,000 fruits per mu; the second fruit thinning is on May 20, retaining 7,700 healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes per mu; the third fruit thinning is on June 20, retaining 5,500 healthy fruits with good and large fruit shapes per mu.

9. The high-quality cultivation method of Cuiguan pear according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, the young fruits are not bagged when the young fruits are selected.

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