Battery management system for converting high voltage battery back to low voltage output

Abstract

An apparatus may include a DC-DC converter that converts a high voltage level from a battery pack to a relatively low voltage level for various components of a vehicle. The DC-DC converter may also provide alternative power supply in addition to batteries separate from the battery pack. During a sleep mode of a vehicle, power may be supplied using a battery pack and a DC-DC converter instead of a battery. Further, the DC-DC converter may supply power to float charge the battery, thereby minimizing cycling of the battery. The DC-DC converter and the battery may provide redundant or standby power to the vehicle.

Description

Background Art

[0001] Batteries are commonly used as a source of electrical power, including as a source of electrical power for electric vehicles that include wheels driven by electric motors that receive power from the batteries. Batteries may include a plurality of battery cells carried within a module and / or carrier. Summary of the invention

[0002] The subject technology relates to a vehicle having a battery management system that integrates a converter (e.g., a direct current (DC)-DC converter) to convert a voltage from an energy storage system and provide the converted voltage to components of the vehicle. For example, a DC-DC converter can reduce a high voltage battery pack (of the energy storage system) from a high voltage to a low voltage, and the low voltage can be used to power one or more components in the vehicle. Therefore, in addition to a low voltage power supply in the vehicle (e.g., a battery separate from the battery pack), a DC-DC converter can also be used as an alternative power supply. In addition, the DC-DC converter can use the converted low voltage to float charge the battery.

[0003] Aspects of the subject technology can help reduce cycling (eg, charging and discharging) of low voltage batteries based in part on the float charge capability of a DC-DC converter, which can extend battery life and mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

[0004] In one or more aspects of the present disclosure, an apparatus is described. The apparatus may include a battery management system configured to provide a first voltage to a propulsion component using an energy storage system in a first mode, and to provide a second voltage to an electrical component using a voltage system separate from the energy storage system. The battery management system is further configured to provide a second voltage to the electrical component using the energy storage system and a direct current (DC)-DC converter in a second mode, wherein the second voltage is lower than the first voltage.

[0005] The DC-DC converter may be configured to reduce the first voltage to a second voltage in the second mode. The energy storage system may include a battery pack, and the voltage system may include a battery. The DC-DC converter may also be configured to float charge the battery in the second mode. The first mode may include a driving mode of the vehicle, and the second mode may include a sleep mode of the vehicle.

[0006] The apparatus may further include a bidirectional switch; and a controller configured to control the bidirectional switch in the first mode to allow the voltage system to provide a second voltage to the battery management system.

[0007] The apparatus may further include a switch separate from the bidirectional switch.The controller may be configured to close the switch in the second mode to allow the DC-DC converter to provide a second voltage to the battery management system.

[0008] In one or more aspects of the present disclosure, a vehicle is described. The vehicle may include an energy storage system configured to provide a first voltage. The vehicle may also include a direct current (DC)-DC converter. The vehicle may also include a battery management system configured to provide a first voltage to a propulsion component using the energy storage system. The battery management system may also be configured to provide a second voltage to the electrical component but not to the propulsion component using the energy storage system and the DC-DC converter.

[0009] The battery management system may be configured to provide a first voltage to the propulsion component in a driving mode and to provide a second voltage to the electric component in a sleep mode.

[0010] The vehicle may also include a voltage system. The battery management system may also be configured to provide a second voltage using the voltage system in the driving mode. The battery management system may also be configured to provide the second voltage using the energy storage system and the DC-DC converter in response to a loss of power from the voltage system.

[0011] The vehicle may also include a conductive path electrically coupled to the DC-DC converter, the battery management system, and the voltage system. In the driving mode, the voltage system provides a second voltage to the battery management system via the conductive path, and in the sleep mode, the DC-DC converter provides a floating charge to a battery of the voltage system via the conductive path. In the driving mode, the DC-DC converter may be active and may be configured to provide the first voltage and the second voltage, and in the sleep mode, the battery may be inactive.

[0012] The vehicle may further include a bidirectional switch; and a controller configured to control the bidirectional switch in the driving mode to allow the voltage system to provide a second voltage to the battery management system.

[0013] The vehicle may further include a switch, wherein in the sleep mode, the controller may be configured to close the switch to allow the DC-DC converter to provide a second voltage to the battery management system. The first voltage may include an unswitched voltage configured to provide the first voltage, and the DC-DC converter may be configured to reduce the unswitched voltage to the second voltage in the sleep mode.

[0014] In one or more aspects of the present disclosure, a method is described. The method may include: when the device is in a first mode, providing a first voltage from an energy storage system to a propulsion component of the device. The method may also include: when the device is in a second mode, providing a second voltage from the energy storage system to an electrical component of the device, wherein the second voltage is lower than the first voltage. Providing the second voltage may include providing the second voltage from a direct current (DC)-DC converter.

[0015] The method may further include providing a second voltage from a battery that is separate from the energy storage system in the first mode. The method may further include float charging the battery using a DC-DC converter in the second mode. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Certain features of the subject technology are set forth in the appended claims. However, for purposes of explanation, several embodiments of the subject technology are set forth in the following figures.

[0017] Figure 1A and Figure 1B A schematic perspective side view of an exemplary implementation of a vehicle having a battery pack according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure is shown.

[0018] Figure 1C A schematic perspective view of a building having a battery pack according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure is shown.

[0019] Figure 2A A schematic perspective view of a battery pack according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure is shown.

[0020] Figure 2B Schematic perspective views of various battery modules that may be included in a battery pack according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure are shown.

[0021] Figure 2C A cross-sectional end view of a battery cell according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure is shown.

[0022] Figure 2D A cutaway perspective view of a cylindrical battery cell is shown according to one or more implementations.

[0023] Figure 2E A cut-away perspective view of a prismatic battery cell according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure is shown.

[0024] Figure 2F A cut-away perspective view of a pouch-shaped battery cell according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure is shown.

[0025] Figure 3 A block diagram of an apparatus according to one or more specific implementations of the present disclosure is shown.

[0026] Figure 4 A block diagram of an apparatus in one mode of a vehicle is shown according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 5A block diagram of an apparatus in an alternate mode of a vehicle according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure is shown.

[0028] Figure 6 A block diagram of an apparatus in another alternative mode of a vehicle according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0029] Figure 7 A flow chart is shown that illustrates one example of a process that may be performed for providing power from different power sources to different components in accordance with an implementation of the subject technology. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] The specific embodiments set forth below are intended to be descriptions of various configurations of the subject technology, and are not intended to represent the only configuration in which the subject technology can be practiced. The accompanying drawings are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the specific embodiments. The specific embodiments include specific details in order to provide a thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, it will be clear and understood by those skilled in the art that the subject technology is not limited to the specific details set forth herein and can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid confusion with the concepts of the subject technology.

[0031] Aspects of the subject technology described herein relate to a device that can be integrated into a vehicle to provide additional or redundant power supply. The device may include a DC-DC converter designed to convert a high voltage from a battery pack (in an energy storage system) into a low voltage. As a non-limiting example, the low voltage may be applicable to supply power (in the form of voltage level and current) to various components of the vehicle (such as electric seats and electric lights). The DC-DC converter can be used as an alternative low-voltage power supply. For example, the vehicle may include a battery (e.g., a low-voltage battery) for powering components when the vehicle is in a specific mode (e.g., driving mode). However, when the vehicle is switched to a different mode (e.g., sleep mode), the DC-DC converter can power the vehicle components instead of being powered by a low-voltage battery. In addition, the DC-DC converter can float charge the low-voltage battery to reduce battery cycles and extend the life of the battery. At this point, the energy storage system and the DC-DC converter can be designed to be "always on" for use, so that no matter how the mode of the vehicle, the energy storage system (including the battery pack) and the DC-DC converter are available for use.

[0032] Figure 1A An exemplary implementation of a mobile device as described herein is shown. Figure 1AIn the example of FIG. 1 , the mobile device is implemented as a vehicle 100. As shown, the vehicle 100 may include one or more battery packs, such as a battery pack 110. The battery pack 110 may be coupled to one or more power systems of the vehicle 100 to provide power to the power systems.

[0033] In one or more implementations, the vehicle 100 may be an electric vehicle having one or more electric motors that use electricity from the battery pack 110 to drive the wheels 102 of the vehicle 100. In one or more implementations, the vehicle 100 may also or alternatively include one or more propulsion components that include a chemical power engine, such as a gas-powered engine or a fuel cell-powered motor. For example, in one or more implementations, the vehicle 100 may include one or more propulsion components that take the form of a fully electric or partially electric (e.g., hybrid or plug-in hybrid) vehicle.

[0034] exist Figure 1A In the example of FIG. 1 , the vehicle 100 is implemented as a truck (e.g., a pickup truck) having a battery pack 110. As shown, the battery pack 110 may include one or more battery modules 115, which may include one or more battery cells 120. Figure 1A As shown, the battery pack 110 may also or alternatively include one or more battery cells 120 directly mounted in the battery pack 110 (e.g., in a battery cell-battery pack configuration). In one or more specific implementations, the provided battery pack 110 may not have a battery module 115, but instead have battery cells 120 directly mounted in the battery pack 110 (e.g., in a battery cell-battery pack configuration) and / or other battery devices disposed in the battery pack 110. The battery pack 110 may include a plurality of energy storage devices that may be arranged such as battery modules or battery devices. The battery device or module may include a battery assembly that can be combined with other elements (e.g., a structural frame, a thermal management device) that can protect the battery assembly from heat, shock, and / or vibration.

[0035] Each of the battery cells 120 may include a battery, a battery device, a battery module, and / or a battery pack to power components of the vehicle 100. For example, a battery cell housing of the battery cell 120 may be disposed in a battery module 115, a battery pack 110, a battery array, or other battery devices disposed in the vehicle 100.

[0036] As discussed in further detail below, the battery cell 120 may have a battery cell housing that may have any of a variety of external shapes. In some embodiments (e.g., for cylindrical or prismatic battery cells), the battery cell housing may be a rigid housing. In some embodiments, the battery cell housing may also or alternatively be formed as a bag or other flexible or extensible housing for the battery cell. In various other embodiments, the battery cell housing may have any other suitable external shape, such as a triangular external shape, a square external shape, a rectangular external shape, a pentagonal external shape, a hexagonal external shape, or any other suitable external shape. In some embodiments, the battery pack 110 may not include a module (e.g., the battery pack may be module-free). For example, the battery pack 110 may have a module-free or battery cell-battery pack configuration, in which the battery cells 120 are directly arranged into the battery pack 110 without being assembled into a battery module 115. In one or more implementations, the vehicle 100 may include one or more busbars, electrical connectors, or other charge collection, current collection, and / or coupling components to provide power from the battery pack 110 to various systems or components of the vehicle 100. In one or more implementations, the vehicle 100 may include control circuitry such as a power stage circuit that may be used to convert DC power from the battery pack 110 to AC power for one or more components and / or systems of the vehicle (e.g., including one or more power outlets of the vehicle). The power stage circuitry may be provided as part of the battery pack 110 or may be disposed within the vehicle 100 separately from the battery pack 110.

[0037] Figure 1B Another implementation is shown in which the vehicle 100 is implemented as a sport utility vehicle (SUV), such as an electric sport utility vehicle. Figure 1B In the example of FIG. 1 , the vehicle 100 may include a cargo storage area enclosed within the vehicle 100 (e.g., behind a row of seats within the cabin of the vehicle 100). In other specific implementations, the vehicle 100 may be implemented as another type of electric truck, electric van, electric car, electric car, electric motorcycle, electric scooter, electric bicycle, electric passenger vehicle, electric passenger or commercial truck, hybrid vehicle, aircraft, watercraft, and / or any other mobile device having a battery pack 110 (e.g., a battery pack or other battery device that powers a propulsion or drive component of the mobile device).

[0038] In one or more specific implementations, the battery pack 110, battery module 115, battery cell 120, and / or any other battery device as described herein may also or alternatively be implemented as a power supply and / or energy storage system in a building, such as a residential or commercial building. For example, Figure 1CAn example of a battery pack 110a implemented in a building 180 is shown. The building 180 may be a residential building, a commercial building, or any other building. As shown, in one or more implementations, the battery pack 110a may be mounted to a wall of the building 180.

[0039] As shown, a battery pack 110a housed in a building 180 may be coupled (e.g., electrically coupled) to a battery pack 110b in a vehicle 100, such as via a cable / connector 106, an electric vehicle supply equipment 170 (EVSE), a power stage circuit 172, and / or a cable / connector 174 that may be connected to a charging port 130 of the vehicle 100. For example, the cable / connector 106 may be coupled to the EVSE 170, which may be coupled to the battery pack 110a via the power stage circuit 172, and / or may be coupled to an external power source 190. In this way, in some use cases, the external power source 190 or the battery pack 110a may be used as an external power source to charge the battery pack 110b. In one or more specific implementations, the battery pack 110a may also or alternatively be coupled (e.g., via the cable / connector 174, the power stage circuit 172, and the EVSE 170) to the external power source 190. The external power source 190 may take the form of a solar power source, a wind power source, and / or an electrical grid in a city, town, or other geographic area (e.g., a grid powered by a remote power plant). For example, in the case where the battery pack 110b is not coupled to the battery pack 110a, the battery pack 110a may be coupled (e.g., using the power stage circuit 172) to the external power source 190 to charge and store electrical energy. In some use cases, this stored electrical energy in the battery pack 110a may be used later to charge the battery pack 110b (e.g., during times when solar or wind power is unavailable, in the event of a regional or local power outage in the building 180, and / or during high-rate time periods for accessing the grid).

[0040] In one or more implementations, the power stage circuit 172 may electrically couple the battery pack 110a to the power system of the building 180. For example, the power stage circuit 172 may convert DC power from the battery pack 110a to AC power for one or more loads in the building 180. Exemplary loads coupled to the battery pack 110a via one or more electrical outlets may include one or more lights, lamps, appliances, fans, heaters, air conditioners, and / or any other electrical components or loads. The power stage circuit 172 may include control circuitry that is operable to switchably couple the battery pack 110a between the external power source 190 and one or more electrical outlets and / or other electrical loads in the power system of the building 180. In one or more implementations, the vehicle 100 may include the power stage circuit ( Figure 1C), the power stage circuitry may be used to convert power received from the EVSE 170 into DC power for powering / charging the battery pack 110 b, and / or to convert DC power from the battery pack 110 into AC power for one or more electrical systems, components, and / or loads of the vehicle 100.

[0041] In one or more use cases, battery pack 110a may be used as a source of power for building 180, such as during times when solar or wind power is unavailable, in the event of a regional or local power outage to building 180, and / or during a high-rate time period for accessing the grid (as non-limiting examples). In one or more other use cases, battery pack 110b may be used to charge battery pack 110a and / or power the power system of building 180 (e.g., in use cases where the stored energy of battery pack 110a is insufficient or depleted and solar or wind power is unavailable, a regional or local power outage occurs to building 180, and / or a high-rate time period for accessing the grid occurs (as non-limiting examples)).

[0042] Figure 2A An example of a battery pack 110 is shown. As shown, the battery pack 110 may include a battery pack frame 203 (e.g., a battery pack housing or pack frame). The battery pack frame 203 may house or enclose one or more battery modules and / or one or more battery cells and / or other battery pack components of the battery pack 110. In one or more specific implementations, the battery pack frame 203 may include or form a shielding structure on its outer surface (e.g., its bottom and / or under one or more battery modules, battery devices, batteries and / or battery cells) to protect the battery modules, battery devices, batteries and / or battery cells from external conditions (e.g., if the battery pack 110 is placed in a vehicle and the vehicle is driven on rough terrain such as off-road terrain, ditches, rocks, rivers, streams, etc.).

[0043] The battery pack 110 may include battery cells (e.g., disposed directly within the battery pack 110, or disposed within a battery, battery device, and / or battery module, as described herein) and / or battery modules, as well as a device for coupling the voltage generated by the battery cells to a device such as the vehicle 100 ( Figure 1A , Figure 1B and Figure 1C ) and / or the electrical system of the building 180 ( Figure 1C100 ). For example, the conductive coupling elements may include internal connectors and / or contactors that couple multiple battery cells, battery devices, batteries, and / or multiple battery modules within the battery pack frame 203 to generate a desired output voltage for the battery pack 110. The battery pack 110 may also include one or more external connection ports, such as electrical contacts 205 (e.g., high voltage terminals or connectors). As shown, the battery pack 110 may include electrical contacts 205 that can electrically couple an external load (e.g., a power system of a vehicle or building) to the battery modules and / or battery cells in the battery pack 110. At this point, a power cable (e.g., cable / connector 106) may be connected between the electrical contacts 205 and the power system of the vehicle or building to provide power to the vehicle or building.

[0044] In one or more implementations, the battery pack 110 may include one or more thermal control structures 207 (e.g., cooling lines and / or plates and / or heating lines and / or plates). For example, the thermal control structure 207 may couple the thermal control structure and / or fluid to the battery modules, battery devices, batteries, and / or battery cells within the battery pack frame 203, such as by distributing the fluid through the battery pack 110. The thermal control structure 207 may form part of a thermal / temperature control or heat exchange system that includes one or more thermal components 209 that may include plates or bladders disposed in thermal contact with one or more battery modules and / or battery cells disposed within the battery pack frame 203. The one or more thermal components 209 may be positioned in contact with the one or more battery modules, battery devices, batteries, and / or battery cells within the battery pack frame 203. One or more thermal control structures 207 may be provided for each of the plurality of top and bottom battery module pairs.

[0045] Figure 2B Depicted may be provided in a battery pack (e.g., Figure 2A 10) within the battery pack frame 203 of the battery pack 110. Figure 2BIn one example, a battery module 115a is shown, which includes a battery module housing 211 having a rectangular cube shape with a length roughly similar to the width. In this example, the battery module 115a includes a battery cell 120 implemented as a cylindrical battery cell. The battery module 115a also includes rows and columns of cylindrical battery cells coupled together by an interconnect structure 213 (e.g., a current connector assembly or CCA). For example, the interconnect structure 213 can couple the positive terminals of the battery cells 120 together, and / or couple the negative battery terminals of the battery cells 120 together. As shown, the battery module 115a may also include a busbar 215 used as a charge collector. For example, the busbar 215 may be electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213 to collect the charge generated by the battery cell 120, thereby providing a high voltage output from the battery module 115a.

[0046] Figure 2B Also shown is a battery module 115b having an elongated shape. The battery module 115b may include a battery module housing 211, wherein the length of the battery module housing 211 (e.g., extending in a direction from the front end to the rear end) is substantially greater than the width of the battery module housing 211 (e.g., in a lateral direction from the front end to the rear end). At this point, the battery module 115b (representing one or more similar battery modules) may span the entire front-to-back length of the battery pack within the battery pack frame. As shown, the battery module 115a may also include an interconnect structure 213 electrically coupled to the bus bar 215, allowing the bus bar 215 to be electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213 to collect the charge generated by the battery cells 120 of the battery module 115b, thereby providing a high voltage output from the battery module 115b.

[0047] In the implementation of battery module 115a and battery module 115a, battery cell 120 is implemented as a cylindrical battery cell. However, in other implementations, the battery module may include battery cells having other form factors, such as battery cells having a right prism outer shape (e.g., a prismatic cell), or a pouch cell implementation of the battery cell. As an example, Figure 2BAlso shown is a battery module 115c having a battery module housing 211 having a rectangular cube shape having a length that is approximately similar to the width and including battery cells 120 implemented as prismatic battery cells. In this example, the battery module 115c includes rows and columns of battery cells 120 coupled together by an interconnect structure 213 (e.g., a collector assembly or CCA). For example, the interconnect structure 213 may couple the positive terminals of the battery cells 120 together, and / or couple the negative battery terminals of the battery cells 120 together. As shown, the battery module 115c may include a busbar 215 used as a charge collector. For example, the busbar 215 may be electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213 to collect the charge generated by the battery cells 120, thereby providing a high voltage output from the battery module 115c.

[0048] Figure 2B Also shown is a battery module 115d that includes prismatic battery cells and has an elongated shape. For example, the battery module 115d includes a battery module housing 211, wherein the length of the battery module housing 211 is substantially greater than the width of the battery module housing 211. In this regard, the battery module 115d (representing one or more similar battery modules) may span the entire front-to-back length of the battery pack within the battery pack frame. As shown, the battery module 115d may also include an interconnect structure 213 and a bus bar 215 electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213. For example, the bus bar 215 may be electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213 to collect the charge generated by the battery cell 120, thereby providing a high voltage output from the battery module 115d.

[0049] As another example, Figure 2B Also shown is a battery module 115e having a battery module housing 211 having a rectangular cube shape with a length roughly similar to the width. The battery module housing 211 can carry battery cells 120, each of which is implemented as a pouch-shaped battery cell. In this example, the battery module 115e includes rows and columns of pouch-shaped battery cells coupled together by an interconnect structure 213 (e.g., a collector assembly or CCA). For example, the interconnect structure 213 can couple the positive terminals of the battery cells 120 together and couple the negative battery terminals of the battery cells 120 together. As shown, the battery module 115e may also include a busbar 215 electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213. For example, the busbar 215 may be electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213 to collect the charge generated by the battery cells 120, thereby providing a high voltage output from the battery module 115e.

[0050] Figure 2BAlso shown is a battery module 115f, which includes a pouch-shaped battery cell and has an elongated shape. For example, the battery module 115d includes a battery module housing 211, wherein the length of the battery module housing 211 is substantially greater than the width of the battery module housing 211. At this point, the battery module 115d (representing one or more similar battery modules) may span the entire front-to-back length of the battery pack within the battery pack frame. At this point, the battery module 115f (representing one or more similar battery modules) may span the entire front-to-back length of the battery pack within the battery pack frame. As shown, the battery module 115f may also include an interconnect structure 213 and a busbar 215 electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213. For example, the busbar 215 may be electrically coupled to the interconnect structure 213 to collect the charge generated by the battery cell 120, thereby providing a high voltage output from the battery module 115f.

[0051] In various implementations, a battery pack (e.g., Figure 2A The battery pack 110 shown in FIG. 1 may have any one or more of the battery modules 115a, 115b, 115c, 115d, 115e, and 115f. In one or more other implementations, the battery pack may not have any of the battery modules 115a, 115b, 115c, 115d, 115e, and 115f (e.g., in a battery cell-battery pack implementation).

[0052] In one or more specific implementations, Figure 2B The battery modules in any of the embodiments of the present invention may be coupled (e.g., in series) to the current collectors of the battery pack. In one or more embodiments, the current collectors may be coupled to one or more external connectors (e.g., Figure 2A 110). In one or more implementations, the battery pack may not have any battery modules 115. For example, in a battery cell-pack configuration, the battery cells 120 are directly arranged into a battery pack without being assembled into battery modules (e.g., without including a battery module housing 211). For example, a battery pack frame (e.g., Figure 2A The battery pack frame 203 of the battery pack 110 shown in FIG. 1 may include or define a plurality of structures for positioning the battery cells 120 directly within the battery pack frame.

[0053] Figure 2CA cross-sectional end view of a portion of a battery cell 120 is shown. As shown, the battery cell 120 may include an anode 208, an electrolyte 210, and a cathode 212. As shown, the anode 208 may include or be electrically coupled to a first current collector 206 (e.g., a metal layer, such as a layer of copper foil or other metal foil). In addition, the cathode 212 may include or be electrically coupled to a second current collector 214 (e.g., a metal layer, such as a layer of aluminum foil or other metal foil). The battery cell 120 may also include a terminal 216 (e.g., a negative terminal) coupled to the anode 208 (e.g., via the first current collector 206) and a terminal 218 (e.g., a positive terminal) coupled to the cathode (e.g., via the second current collector 214). In various specific implementations, the electrolyte 210 may take the form of a liquid electrolyte layer or a solid electrolyte layer. In one or more specific implementations (wherein the electrolyte 210 is a liquid electrolyte layer), the battery cell 120 may include a separator 220 that separates the anode 208 from the cathode 212. In one or more implementations in which the electrolyte 210 is a solid electrolyte layer, the electrolyte 210 can function as both a separator layer and an electrolyte layer.

[0054] In one or more specific implementations, the battery cell 120 may be implemented as a lithium-ion battery cell, wherein the anode 208 is formed of a carbonaceous material (e.g., graphite or silicon carbon). In these specific implementations, lithium ions may move from the anode 208 to the cathode 212 through the electrolyte 210 during the discharge of the battery cell 120 (e.g., and move from the cathode 212 to the anode 208 through the electrolyte 210 during the charging of the battery cell 120). For example, the anode 208 may be formed of a graphite material coated on a copper foil corresponding to the first current collector 206. In these lithium-ion specific implementations, the cathode 212 may be formed of one or more metal oxides (e.g., lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), etc.) and / or lithium iron phosphate. In specific implementations in which the battery cell 120 is implemented as a lithium-ion battery cell, the electrolyte 210 may include a lithium salt in an organic solvent.

[0055] The separator 220 may be formed of one or more insulating materials (e.g., polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefins, and / or polyamides, or other insulating materials such as rubber, glass, cellulose, etc.). The separator 220 may prevent contact between the anode 208 and the cathode 212, and may be permeable to the electrolyte 210 and / or ions within the electrolyte 210. In one or more specific implementations, the battery cell 120 may be implemented as a lithium polymer battery cell having a dry solid polymer electrolyte and / or a gel polymer electrolyte.

[0056] Although some examples are described herein in which the battery cell 120 is implemented as a lithium-ion battery cell, the battery cell 120 can be implemented using other battery cell technologies such as a nickel-metal hydride battery cell, a lead-acid battery cell, and / or a supercapacitor cell. For example, in a nickel-metal hydride battery cell, the anode 208 can be formed of a hydrogen storage alloy and the cathode 212 can be formed of nickel oxide-hydroxide. In the example of a nickel-metal hydride battery cell, in one or more examples, the electrolyte 210 can be formed of an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution.

[0057] In one or more other implementations, the battery cell 120 may be implemented as a lithium-sulfur battery cell. For example, in a lithium-sulfur battery cell, the anode 208 may be at least partially formed of lithium, the cathode 212 may be at least partially formed of sulfur, and the electrolyte 210 may be formed of a cyclic ether, a short-chain ether, a glycol ether, an ionic liquid, a supersaturated salt solvent mixture, a polymer gel organic medium, a solid polymer, a solid inorganic glass, and / or other suitable electrolyte materials. In various implementations, the anode 208, the electrolyte 210, and the cathode 212 may be packaged into a battery cell housing having any of a variety of shapes and / or sizes and / or formed of any of a variety of suitable materials. For example, the battery cell 120 may include a cylindrical, rectangular, square, cubic, flat, pouch-shaped, elongated, or prismatic outer shape.

[0058] like Figure 2D As depicted, for example, the battery cell 120 may be implemented as a cylindrical cell. Thus, the battery cell 120 includes a dimension 222a (e.g., a cylinder diameter, a cell diameter) and a dimension 222b (e.g., a cylinder length). The battery cell 120 and other battery cells described herein may include size information derived from a 4-digit code. For example, in some embodiments, the battery cell 120 includes an XXYY battery cell, where "XX" refers to a dimension 222a in millimeters (mm) and "YY" refers to a dimension in mm. Thus, when the battery cell 120 includes a "2170" battery cell, the dimension 222a is 21mm and the dimension 222b is 70mm. Alternatively, when the battery cell 120 includes a "4680" battery cell, the dimension 222a is 46mm and the dimension 222b is 80mm. The foregoing examples of the dimensional characteristics of the battery cell 120 should not be construed as limiting, and the battery cell 120 and other battery cells described herein having a cylindrical form factor may include various sizes. For example, dimension 222a and dimension 222b may be greater than 46 mm and 80 mm, respectively.

[0059] Figure 2DThe battery cell 120 is shown, which includes a cell housing 224 having a cylindrical outer shape. As shown in the enlarged view, the anode 208, the electrolyte 210, and the cathode 212 can be wound into one or more windings 221. As a non-limiting example, the one or more windings 221 can include one or more generally cylindrical windings. As shown, the one or more windings 221 of the anode 208, the electrolyte 210, and the cathode 212 (e.g., and / or one or more separator layers, such as Figure 2C The separator layer 220 shown in the figure may be disposed in the unit housing 224. For example, the separator layer may be disposed between adjacent windings in one or more windings 221. In addition, Figure 2D The battery cell 120 in the cylindrical unit embodiment includes a terminal 216 and a terminal 218. Terminal 218 may include a first polarity terminal coupled to cathode 212, such as a positive terminal. Terminal 216 may include a second polarity terminal coupled to anode 208, such as a negative terminal. Terminals 216 and 218 may be made of conductive materials to carry current from the battery cell 120 directly or indirectly (e.g., via a current carrier assembly, busbar, and / or other electrical coupling structure) to an electrical load, such as a component or system of a vehicle or building shown and / or described herein. However, Figure 2D The cylindrical cell implementation of is merely exemplary, and other implementations of the battery cell 120 are contemplated.

[0060] Figure 2E An example in which the battery cell 120 is implemented as a prismatic cell is shown. As shown, the battery cell 120 may include a cell housing 224 having a right prismatic outer shape. In addition, one or more layers of the anode 208, cathode 212, and electrolyte 210 disposed therebetween may be disposed (e.g., with a separator material between each layer) within the cell housing 224. As an example, multiple layers of the anode 208, electrolyte 210, and cathode 212 may be stacked (e.g., with a separator material between each layer), or a single layer of the anode 208, electrolyte 210, and cathode 212 may be formed into a flat spiral shape and provided in the cell housing 224. The cell housing 224 may include a relatively thick cross-sectional width 217 formed of a rigid material. For example, the cell housing 224 may be formed of a welded, stamped, deep drawn, and / or impact extruded sheet metal such as a welded, stamped, deep drawn, and / or impact extruded sheet aluminum. The cross-sectional width 217 of the cell housing 224 may be up to or greater than 1 millimeter (mm) to provide a rigid housing for the prismatic battery cell. In one or more embodiments, Figure 2E The terminals 216 and 218 in the prismatic unit implementation may be formed by a feed-through conductor that passes through the conductor to the unit housing 224 to expose the terminals 216 and 218 outside the unit housing 224 for contact with an interconnect structure (e.g., Figure 2B 213) and is insulated from the unit housing 224 (e.g., glass to metal feedthrough). Figure 2E This implementation of is also exemplary, and yet other implementations of the battery cell 120 are contemplated.

[0061] Figure 2F An example is shown in which the battery cell 120 is implemented as a pouch cell. As shown, the battery cell 120 may include a cell housing 224 that forms a flexible or stretchable pouch housing. The anode 208, cathode 212, and one or more layers of electrolyte 210 disposed therebetween may be disposed (e.g., with separator material between the layers) within the cell housing 224. Figure 2F In a specific implementation, the unit housing 224 may include a relatively thin cross-sectional width 219. For example, Figure 2F The cell housing 224 in one embodiment can be formed of a flexible or ductile material (e.g., a foil, such as a metal foil, or a film, such as an aluminum-coated plastic film). The cross-sectional width 219 of the cell housing 224 can be as low as or less than 0.1 mm, 0.05 mm, 0.02 mm, or 0.01 mm to provide a flexible or ductile housing for the pouch-shaped battery cell. In one or more embodiments, Figure 2F Terminals 216 and 218 in the pouch cell embodiments of the present invention may be formed by conductive tabs (e.g., foil tabs) that are coupled (e.g., welded) to anode 208 and cathode 212, respectively, and sealed to a pouch that forms cell housing 224 in these embodiments. Figure 2C , Figure 2E and Figure 2F In the example of FIG. 1 , the terminal 216 and the terminal 218 are formed on the same side (e.g., the top side) of the battery cell 120. However, this is merely illustrative, and in other specific implementations, the terminal 216 and the terminal 218 may be formed on two different sides (e.g., opposite sides, such as the top side and the bottom side) of the battery cell 120. In various specific implementations, the terminal 216 and the terminal 218 may be formed on Figure 2D on the same side or different sides of the cylindrical unit.

[0062] In one or more specific implementations, a battery module, battery pack, battery device, or any other battery may include some battery cells implemented as solid-state battery cells and other battery cells implemented with liquid electrolytes for lithium ions or other battery cells with liquid electrolytes. In one or more specific implementations, one or more of the battery cells may be included in a battery module or battery pack, such as to provide power supply for components of a vehicle and / or the previously described building or any other electric component or device. The cell housing of the battery cell may be disposed in a battery module, in a battery pack, or disposed in any of a vehicle, a building, or any other electric component or device.

[0063] Figure 3 1 shows a block diagram of an apparatus 300 according to one or more specific implementations of the present disclosure. The apparatus 300 may be implemented in a vehicle, such as the vehicle 100 ( Figure 1A and Figure 1B ). The respective blocks of the components of the apparatus 300 may include one or more circuits (eg, processing circuits, microcontrollers, micro-electromechanical systems, application specific integrated circuits, or combinations thereof) designed to perform one or more specific functions.

[0064] As shown, the device 300 may include an energy storage system 302 (ESS). The energy storage system 302 may include a battery pack 304. In one or more specific implementations, the battery pack 304 stores energy (e.g., electrical energy) for one or more components of the vehicle and provides a voltage output in the range of approximately 400 volts (V) to 900 volts. In this regard, the battery pack 304 may be referred to as a high voltage source. The battery pack 304 may include a battery pack (e.g., Figure 1A 1 ) or any features shown and / or described herein of other battery assemblies or subassemblies shown and / or described herein. The battery pack 304 may include a plurality of battery cells for supplying power to one or more propulsion components 306. The one or more propulsion components 306 may take the form of one or more electric motors that are used to provide torque to move one or more wheels of the vehicle (e.g., wheels 102 of the vehicle 100 shown in FIG. 1 ). In order to allow the one or more propulsion components 306 to receive power from the battery pack 304, the energy storage system 302 may also include a switch 307a and a switch 307b. As non-limiting examples, switches 307a and 307b may include mechanical switches or solid-state switches. The energy storage system 302 may also include a fuse 308 that is designed to disconnect the circuit between the battery pack 304 and the one or more propulsion components 306 in response to certain events (e.g., a vehicle accident). In one or more specific implementations, the fuse 308 may take the form of a high-temperature fuse.

[0065] The device 300 may also include a battery management system 310 (BMS). In one or more specific implementations, the battery management system 310 monitors the battery pack 304 to determine one or more characteristics of the battery pack 304. The battery management system 310 may include a battery management system controller 312 (BMS controller) that communicates with a communication circuit ( Figure 3 In this regard, the battery management system 310 may monitor the output voltage, output current, and / or temperature of the battery pack 304. In addition, the battery management system 310 may control or adjust the output voltage and / or output current, which may control the temperature of the battery pack 304. Thus, the battery management system 310 may be used to optimize the performance of the battery pack 304 and manage the battery pack 304 based on the operating mode of the vehicle in which the device 300 is integrated.

[0066] The battery management system 310 system may also include a DC-DC converter 314 (DC / DC). The DC-DC converter 314 is designed to convert the voltage level output from the battery pack 304 to another voltage level. For example, in one or more specific implementations, the DC-DC converter 314 converts (e.g., reduces) the high voltage level from the battery pack 304 and outputs a relatively low voltage level. For example, the lower voltage level may be approximately in the range of 9V-18V. In one or more specific implementations, the voltage is 12V. As a non-limiting example, the DC-DC converter 314 includes a reduction converter such as a buck converter, a buck-boost converter, a flyback converter, etc. In addition, in one or more specific implementations, the device 300 includes multiple sensors (e.g., temperature sensors, current sensors, voltage sensors) connected to the battery management system controller 312 and the DC-DC converter 314, which allows the battery management system controller 312 to detect the temperature, current and / or voltage of the DC-DC converter 314.

[0067] The battery management system 310 may also include a charging port 316. The charging port 316 may receive an alternating current (AC) power supply and convert the AC power supply to a DC power supply for charging the battery pack 304. Although not explicitly shown, in one or more implementations, the device 300 also includes an EVSE (e.g., similar to a EVSE) for delivering a DC power supply including a fast DC charge to the battery pack 304. Figure 1C EVSE 170 shown in FIG. 1 ). When integrated with device 300, EVSE may also be implemented in a vehicle. Alternatively or in combination, in one or more implementations, device 300 further includes an on-board charger (OBC) including circuitry for converting an AC power supply to a DC power supply to charge battery pack 304.

[0068] The device 300 may also include a voltage system 320. In one or more specific implementations, the voltage system 320 is used as a power distribution system for various components of the vehicle. At this point, the voltage system 320 may include a controller 322, which provides instructions and / or commands for power distribution. The voltage system 320 may include a battery 324. In one or more specific implementations, the battery 324 is a 12V battery (e.g., outputting a voltage of approximately 12V). As shown, the battery 324 represents a voltage source separated from the voltage source of the battery pack 304, and therefore represents a voltage source separated from the energy storage system 302. Using the voltage system 320 (particularly the battery 324), the controller 322 can supply power (e.g., DC power) to one or more electrical components 326 of the vehicle via the battery management system controller 312. As a non-limiting example, one or more electrical components 326 may include electric seats, electric lights, heating units, air conditioning units, one or more sensors (e.g., ultrasonic sensors, cameras), vehicle safety systems (e.g., anti-theft systems), display monitors, power steering, power brakes, and electric doors. Generally, the one or more electrical components 326 may include any electrical component of the vehicle whose rated voltage and power are provided by the battery 324. Although not shown, the voltage system may include an additional DC-DC converter. The DC-DC converter may be used to convert a DC voltage for another additional controller of the device 300.

[0069] In one or more implementations, the DC-DC converter 314 is designed to convert the voltage level of the battery pack 304 to the voltage level of the battery 324. Therefore, the DC-DC converter 314 can be designed to convert the voltage level of the battery pack 304 to 12V (or approximately 12V). In addition, in one or more implementations, the DC-DC converter 314 can supply power to one or more electrical components 326. This will be discussed further below.

[0070] The voltage system 320 may also include a switch 328. In one or more specific implementations, the switch 328 takes the form of a bidirectional switch. In this regard, the switch 328 may support current flow (e.g., current flow) in two directions. As a non-limiting example, the switch 328 may include a plurality of transistor switches and a diode to conduct current in two different directions. The device 300 may also include a conductive path 330 that couples (e.g., electrically couples) the energy storage system 302 with the voltage system 320. As a non-limiting example, the conductive path 330 may include one or more wires or buses. As a bidirectional switch, the switch 328 may allow current to flow from the energy storage system 302 to the voltage system 320. For example, using the switch 328 and the conductive path 330, the battery 324 may supply power to one or more electrical components 326 (via the battery management system controller 312) and the battery management system 310 (including one or more components of the battery management system 310). Furthermore, using the switch 328 and the conductive path 330, the DC-DC converter 314 can supply power to the voltage system 320 (including one or more components of the voltage system 320). In this regard, the battery management system 310 can also include a switch 307c. When the switch 307c is in the closed position ( Figure 3 ), the DC-DC converter 314 can supply power (including current) to a voltage system 320 including a battery 324.

[0071] Although not shown, the device 300 may include additional controllers designed to control various designated areas of the vehicle. The additional controls may be electrically coupled to the energy storage system 302 (including the battery management system 310 ) and / or the voltage system 320 .

[0072] Figure 4 A block diagram of a device 300 in one mode of a vehicle according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. In one or more embodiments, the mode of the device 300 is configured as a driving mode for a vehicle. In the driving mode, when integrated in a vehicle, the device 300 can be configured to drive and propel the vehicle in a desired direction. As shown, switches 307a and 307b are in a closed position and allow the battery pack 304 to supply power (e.g., high voltage) to one or more propulsion components 306. The one or more propulsion components 306 can generate torque to one or more wheels of the vehicle to move the vehicle.

[0073] exist Figure 4In the mode shown in FIG. 3 , multiple dashed arrows are shown to indicate the direction of current (generating the supplied power). For example, arrow 332a and arrow 322b represent the direction of current flowing from voltage system 320 to one or more electrical components 326 via battery management system controller 312, wherein arrow 332b shows the direction of current flowing from voltage system 320 to battery management system 310 via conductive path 330. In particular, battery 324 can provide current to one or more electrical components 326 and battery management system 310.

[0074] In addition, arrow 332c indicates the direction of current flow from battery pack 304 to DC-DC converter 314. DC-DC converter 314 can convert the voltage level from battery pack 304 to a different (e.g., lower) voltage level. When switch 307c is closed, DC-DC converter 314 can supply power to voltage system 320 via conductive path 330, as indicated by the direction of arrow 332d. Based on bidirectional capability, switch 328 can allow or facilitate the flow of current in two different directions (e.g., based on the directions of arrows 332b and 332d). The power supplied to voltage system 320 by DC-DC converter 314 can charge battery 324. In addition, in one or more specific implementations, DC-DC converter 314 is configured to float charge battery 324. At this point, the charge level of battery 324 can be maintained at a relatively high level (90% or more of the maximum or 100% charge level). Therefore, battery 324 experiences fewer cycle events, which can extend the life of battery 324.

[0075] Figure 5 A block diagram of a device 300 in an alternative mode of a vehicle according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure is shown. In one or more implementations, the mode of the device 300 is configured as a sleep mode for a vehicle. In the sleep mode, when integrated in a vehicle, the device 300 can be configured for non-driving, such as a parked vehicle or other non-moving or stationary vehicle. At this point, switches 307a and 307b are transitioned to the disconnected position, and the battery pack 304 no longer supplies power to the one or more propulsion components 306.

[0076] exist Figure 5In the mode shown in , multiple dashed arrows are shown to indicate the direction of current. For example, arrow 334a indicates the direction of current flowing from battery pack 304 to DC-DC converter 314. In addition, arrow 334b ​​indicates the direction of current flowing from DC-DC converter 314 to one or more electrical components 326 via battery management system controller 312. In addition, when switch 307c is closed, DC-DC converter 314 can supply current to voltage system 320 via conductive path 330, as indicated by the direction of arrow 334c.

[0077] The controller 322 may indicate to the battery management system 310 (e.g., by providing a control signal or other instruction) that the device 300 is entering sleep mode. The controller 322 may provide instructions to stop supplying power to various loads (e.g., one or more electrical components 326), thereby reducing the current output. This may include placing the battery 324 in an inactive state, thereby preventing the load from receiving power from the battery 324. However, the controller 322 may instruct the DC-DC converter 314 to supply current to one or more electrical components 326, as indicated by arrow 334b. In addition, the DC-DC converter 314 can be used to power the battery management system 310. In addition, the DC-DC converter 314 can still be configured to float charge the battery 324. At this point, the battery management system 310 can control the battery pack 304 to output a high voltage (e.g., for one or more propulsion components 306) in driving mode ( Figure 4 ), and in sleep mode, the DC-DC converter 314 can be used to convert the voltage received from the battery pack 304 into a low voltage to supply power to one or more electrical components 326.

[0078] Thus, in sleep mode, both the battery pack 304 and the DC-DC converter 314 can remain active to supply current to various components of the device 300 and components of the vehicle in which the device 300 is integrated. The battery pack 304 and the DC-DC converter 314 can each be a wired pre-contactor, thereby providing a non-switching voltage source for the power supply. In addition, in multiple modes, the DC-DC converter 314 is capable of reducing the voltage level of the non-switching voltage source from the battery pack 304. In addition, the DC-DC converter 314 can provide a redundant backup power supply because the DC-DC converter 314 effectively provides the same or at least substantially similar power supply function as the battery 324. Beneficially, the battery pack 304 and the DC-DC converter 314 are both "always on" and available in at least two different modes. In addition, in addition to the sleep mode, in the case where the component becomes inoperable or inactive, the DC-DC converter 314 can supply power to one or more electrical components 326 and / or the battery management system controller 312 in response to the loss of power from the voltage system 320 or its components.

[0079] Figure 6 1 is a block diagram of a device 300 in an alternative mode of a vehicle according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. In one or more implementations, the mode of the device 300 is associated with the battery pack 304 being unavailable to supply power. Figure 6 In the modes described in , when integrated in a vehicle, the device 300 is configured for non-driving use.

[0080] exist Figure 6 In the mode shown in FIG. 3 , multiple dashed arrows are shown to indicate the direction of current. For example, arrow 336a and arrow 336b indicate the direction of current flowing from voltage system 320 to one or more electrical components 326 via battery management system controller 312, wherein arrow 336b shows the direction of current flowing from voltage system 320 to battery management system 310 via conductive path 330. In particular, battery 324 can provide current to one or more electrical components 326 and battery management system 310.

[0081] exist Figure 6, the controller 322 may indicate to the battery management system 310 (e.g., by providing a control signal or other instruction) that the DC-DC converter 314 is not available to provide current (e.g., by converting the voltage level from the battery pack 304). This may be due to, for example, the inoperability or unavailability of the battery pack 304 and / or the DC-DC converter 314. In addition, the switches 307a and 307b may be in the disconnected position, and the battery pack 304 cannot supply power to one or more propulsion components 306. Alternatively or in combination, the fuse 308 may be triggered, thereby disconnecting the circuit between the battery pack 304 and the DC-DC converter 314. Alternatively, the vehicle of the integrated device 300 may be undergoing an update (e.g., an over-the-air software update) to the battery pack 304 (including components of the battery pack 304), thereby making the battery pack 304 unavailable during the update. However, the controller 322 and / or the battery management system controller 312 may instruct the battery 324 to supply power to one or more electrical components 326, as indicated by arrow 336a. In addition, the battery 324 can be used to power the battery management system 310 again. Therefore, the battery 324 can also provide a redundant backup power supply. Due to the smaller capacity, the battery 324 can provide power for a shorter duration than the battery pack 304. However, the battery 324 can still power at least some components of the vehicle. For example, when an emergency occurs and the battery pack 304 and / or the DC-DC converter 314 are unavailable, the battery 324 can power components such as power steering and / or braking, thereby allowing the vehicle to be maneuvered to a safe position. In addition, in one or more specific implementations, in the event of a power loss from the battery 324 of the voltage system 320 to the battery management system controller 312, the DC-DC converter 314 provides a redundant power supply to the battery management system 310 (including the battery management system controller 312).

[0082] Figure 7 A flow chart is shown that illustrates one example of a process 400 that may be performed to provide power from different power sources to different components according to a specific implementation of the subject technology. A battery management system including a DC-DC converter may be used in part to perform one or more steps of process 400. For purposes of explanation, this document primarily refers to Figures 3 to 6300 is used to describe process 400. However, process 400 is not limited to device 300, and one or more blocks (or operations) of process 400 may be performed by one or more other components of other suitable mobile devices, equipment or systems. Further for the purpose of explanation, some blocks of process 400 are described herein as occurring continuously or linearly. However, multiple blocks of process 400 may occur in parallel. In addition, the blocks of process 400 do not need to be performed in the order shown, and / or one or more blocks of process 400 do not need to be performed and / or may be replaced by other operations.

[0083] At block 402, a first voltage is provided from an energy storage system to a propulsion component of the device when the device is in a first mode. In one or more specific implementations, the first mode takes the form of a driving mode of a vehicle in which the device is integrated. A battery management system may provide the first voltage to the propulsion component. In addition, the first voltage may be a relatively high voltage, such as a voltage level exceeding one hundred volts or several hundred volts.

[0084] At box 404, when the device is in the second mode, a second voltage is provided from the energy storage system to the electrical components of the device. In one or more specific implementations, the second mode takes the form of a sleep mode of a vehicle integrated with the device. In addition, in one or more specific implementations, the first voltage and the second voltage are both provided from the same power source (e.g., a high voltage battery pack, such as the battery pack 110 and / or the battery pack 304 shown and described herein). For example, the battery management system may include a DC-DC converter designed to convert a battery pack having a high voltage level to a lower voltage level (e.g., approximately 12V). Alternatively, the second voltage may be provided by a battery separated from the energy storage system (including the battery pack) (e.g., in the second mode and / or the third mode). The second voltage may be lower than the first voltage.

[0085] In one or more specific implementations, the DC-DC converter can convert a high voltage level to a lower voltage level to supply power to the electrical components. In addition, the DC-DC converter can supply power (eg, from a high voltage battery pack) to float charge the battery.

[0086] Aspects of the subject technology can help extend the life of batteries in vehicles. This can help promote the operation and / or popularity of batteries, which can have a positive impact on the climate by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

[0087] As used herein, the phrase "at least one" preceding a series of items, together with the terms "and" or "or" used to separate any items, modifies the entire list, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase "at least one" does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows for a meaning that includes at least one of any of these items, and / or at least one of any combination of these items, and / or at least one of each of these items. By way of example, the phrases "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and / or at least one of each of A, B, and C.

[0088] When an element is referred to herein as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it should be understood that the element may be directly connected to the other element, or there may be intervening elements between the elements. Conversely, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly coupled" to another element, it should be understood that there are no intervening elements in the "direct" connection between the elements. However, the presence of a direct connection does not exclude other connections that may have intervening elements.

[0089] The predicates "configured to," "operable to," and "programmed to" do not imply any specific tangible or intangible modification of the subject matter, but are intended to be used interchangeably. In one or more specific implementations, a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or component may also mean that the processor is programmed to monitor and control the operation or that the processor is operable to monitor and control the operation. Similarly, a processor configured to execute code may be interpreted as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code.

[0090] Phrases such as an aspect, this aspect, another aspect, some aspects, one or more aspects, a specific implementation, this specific implementation, another specific implementation, some specific implementations, one or more specific implementations, an embodiment, this embodiment, another embodiment, some embodiments, one or more embodiments, a configuration, this configuration, another configuration, some configurations, one or more configurations, subject technology, this disclosure, the present disclosure, other variations thereof, etc. are for convenience and do not imply that the disclosures associated with such phrases are necessary for the subject technology, or that such disclosures are applicable to all configurations of the subject technology. The disclosures associated with such phrases may be applicable to all configurations or one or more configurations. The disclosures associated with such phrases may provide one or more examples. Phrases such as an aspect or some aspects may refer to one or more aspects, and vice versa, and this is similarly applicable to other aforementioned phrases.

[0091] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any implementation described herein as "exemplary" or as an "example" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms "including," "having," and the like are used in the specification or claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising," as interpreted when "comprising" is used as a transitional word in a claim.

[0092] All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later become known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be covered by the claims. In addition, nothing disclosed herein is intended to serve the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly stated in the claims. No claim element should be interpreted under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is explicitly stated using the phrase "means for..." or, in the case of a method claim, the element is stated using the phrase "step for..."

[0093] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but to conform to the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein elements mentioned in the singular are not intended to represent "one and only one", unless specifically so stated, but "one or more". Unless otherwise specifically stated, the term "some" refers to one or more. Male pronouns (e.g., his) include female and neutral (e.g., her and its), and vice versa. Headings and subheadings (if any) are used only for convenience and do not limit the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A device comprising: A battery management system, the battery management system being configured as follows: In a first mode, a first voltage is provided to the propulsion components using an energy storage system and a second voltage is provided to the electrical components using a voltage system separate from the energy storage system, and In a second mode, the second voltage is provided to the electrical component using the energy storage system and a direct current (DC)-DC converter, wherein the second voltage is lower than the first voltage. 2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the DC-DC converter is configured to step down the first voltage to the second voltage in the second mode.

3. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The energy storage system includes a battery pack, and The voltage system includes a battery. 4 . The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the DC-DC converter is further configured to float charge the battery in the second mode.

5. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The first mode comprises a driving mode of a vehicle, and The second mode comprises a sleep mode of the vehicle.

6. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: Two-way switch; and A controller is configured to control the bidirectional switch in the first mode to allow the voltage system to provide the second voltage to the battery management system. 7 . The apparatus of claim 6 , further comprising a switch separate from the bidirectional switch, wherein the controller is configured to close the switch in the second mode to allow the DC-DC converter to provide the second voltage to the battery management system.

8. A means of transport, comprising: an energy storage system configured to provide a first voltage; Direct current (DC)-DC converter; and A battery management system, wherein the battery management system is configured to: The first voltage is provided to a propulsion component using the energy storage system, and a second voltage is provided to the electrical component but not to the propulsion component using the energy storage system and the DC-DC converter.

9. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the battery management system is configured to: In driving mode, providing the first voltage to the propulsion component, and In the sleep mode, the second voltage is provided to the electrical component. 10 . The vehicle of claim 9 , further comprising a voltage system, wherein the battery management system is further configured to provide the second voltage using the voltage system in the driving mode.

11. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein the battery management system is further configured to provide the second voltage using the energy storage system and the DC-DC converter in response to a loss of power from the voltage system.

12. The vehicle of claim 10, further comprising a conductive path electrically coupled to the DC-DC converter, the battery management system, and the voltage system, wherein: In the driving mode, the voltage system provides the second voltage to the battery management system via the conductive path, and In the sleep mode, the DC-DC converter provides a float charge to a battery of the voltage system via the conductive path.

13. A vehicle according to claim 12, wherein: In the driving mode, the DC-DC converter is active and configured to provide the first voltage and the second voltage, and In the sleep mode, the battery is inactive.

14. The vehicle according to claim 10, further comprising: Two-way switch; and A controller is configured to control the bidirectional switch in the driving mode to allow the voltage system to provide the second voltage to the battery management system. 15 . The vehicle of claim 14 , further comprising a switch, wherein in the sleep mode, the controller is configured to close the switch to allow the DC-DC converter to provide the second voltage to the battery management system.

16. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein: The first voltage includes an unswitched voltage configured to provide the first voltage, and The DC-DC converter is configured to reduce the non-switching voltage to the second voltage in the sleep mode.

17. A method comprising: providing a first voltage from the energy storage system to a propulsion component of the device when the device is in a first mode; as well as When the device is in a second mode, a second voltage is provided from the energy storage system to electrical components of the device, wherein the second voltage is lower than the first voltage.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein providing the second voltage comprises providing the second voltage from a direct current (DC)-DC converter.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising providing the second voltage from a battery separate from the energy storage system in the first mode.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising float charging the battery using the DC-DC converter in the second mode.

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