Smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of alloy grounding material production, and discloses smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production, which comprises an equipment frame, a smelting mechanism is arranged at the right end in the equipment frame, the smelting mechanism is used for smelting raw materials, and a raw material delivery mechanism is arranged at the left end in the equipment frame. The raw material feeding mechanism is used for conveniently feeding raw materials to the melting mechanism from a lower position, a connecting assembly is arranged between the melting mechanism and the raw material feeding mechanism, and the melting mechanism comprises a graphite crucible melting furnace. The graphite crucible smelting furnace is heated through the induction heating coil, the stirring motor drives the positive and negative blades to stir raw materials, the stainless steel shell protects and insulates heat, the pneumatic gate valve controls the discharging pipe to be opened and closed during discharging, alloy raw materials are fully mixed and evenly heated, and the smelting efficiency and quality are improved; the method is suitable for large-scale production of alloy grounding materials.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The utility model relates to alloy grounding material production technical field especially relates to a kind of smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production. BACKGROUND

[0002] Alloy grounding material is as the component in power system, communication base station and building lightning protection engineering, and through low resistance characteristic, current is guided into ground, and equipment and personnel safety are guaranteed, and in its production process, smelting link is the core process of determining material performance, and multiple metal raw materials need to be fused according to specific proportion, to ensure that composition is uniform, and physical property is stable.

[0003] With the expansion of infrastructure construction scale, the demand for alloy grounding material is increasing year by year, and traditional manual or small equipment smelting has been difficult to meet the needs of industrial production, modern smelting equipment needs to have high degree of automation, high production efficiency, low energy consumption and other characteristics, while accurately controlling smelting temperature, raw material ratio and stirring mixing effect, to realize high quality, large-scale production of alloy material, so research and development of smelting equipment suitable for alloy grounding material industrial production has become the key direction to improve industrial efficiency.

[0004] At present, most of alloy grounding material smelting equipment has the problems of low production efficiency and insufficient automation, which is difficult to meet the needs of large-scale production, and the existing equipment adopts single crucible heating mode, which is directly heated by resistance wire or gas, although it can realize the preliminary melting of raw materials, but the heating efficiency is low and the temperature distribution is uneven, and it needs to be heated and adjusted for many times, which prolongs the smelting period and leads to unstable product quality, limits the production capacity and production continuity of the equipment, and is difficult to meet the requirements of large-scale and standardized production of alloy grounding material, and needs to be improved and optimized. UTILITY MODEL CONTENTS

[0005] In order to make up for the above shortcomings, the utility model provides a kind of smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production, to improve the problems of low production efficiency and insufficient automation in large-scale production of prior art.

[0006] In order to achieve the above purpose, the utility model adopts the following technical scheme: a kind of smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production, including equipment frame, the inside right end of the equipment frame is provided with melting mechanism, the melting mechanism is used to smelt raw material, the inside left end of the equipment frame is provided with raw material delivery mechanism, the raw material delivery mechanism is used to conveniently supply raw material to melting mechanism from lower place, connection assembly is arranged between melting mechanism and raw material delivery mechanism;

[0007] The melting mechanism includes a graphite crucible furnace, the top right side of the graphite crucible furnace is fixedly connected with a semicircular cover plate, the top of the semicircular cover plate is fixedly connected with a heat insulation pad, the top of the heat insulation pad is fixedly connected with a stirring motor, the output end of the stirring motor is fixedly connected with a stirring shaft, the rear side of the stirring shaft is fixedly connected with a plurality of forward blades at equal intervals, the front side of the stirring shaft is fixedly connected with a plurality of reverse blades at equal intervals, the outer bottom of the graphite crucible furnace is fixedly connected with an induction heating coil, the outside of the graphite crucible furnace is fixedly connected with a stainless steel shell, and the bottom of the graphite crucible furnace is provided with a discharging assembly.

[0008] As a further description of the above technical scheme:

[0009] The raw material feeding mechanism includes a mounting plate, the mounting plate is fixedly connected to the inner left end of the equipment frame, the top of the mounting plate is fixedly connected with a driving motor, the right end of the driving motor is fixedly connected with a conveying auger, the outside of the conveying auger is provided with a feeding shell, the bottom right end of the feeding shell is provided with a feeding slot, and the front left end of the feeding shell is communicated with a discharging port.

[0010] As a further description of the above technical scheme:

[0011] The connecting assembly includes a connecting block, the top right side of the connecting block is provided with a material guiding groove, the bottom left side of the connecting block is provided with an arc-shaped clamping groove, the arc-shaped clamping groove is clamped to the top left end of the graphite crucible furnace, the top left end of the connecting block is provided with a fitting groove, and the bottom right side of the feeding shell is fitted in the fitting groove.

[0012] As a further description of the above technical scheme:

[0013] The discharging assembly includes a discharging pipe, the discharging pipe is communicated to the bottom of the graphite crucible furnace, and a pneumatic gate valve is fixedly installed in the middle of the discharging pipe.

[0014] As a further description of the above technical scheme:

[0015] The raw material feeding mechanism further includes two supporting legs, the top ends of the two supporting legs are fixedly connected to the bottom front side left and right ends of the discharging port respectively, and the bottom ends of the two supporting legs are fixedly connected to the inner front side left end of the equipment frame.

[0016] As a further description of the above technical scheme:

[0017] The inner front side of the equipment frame is fixedly connected with a mounting bracket, and the top of the mounting bracket is fixedly connected with a controller.

[0018] As a further description of the above technical scheme:

[0019] The front side of the mounting frame is fixedly connected with a thermometer, which is electrically connected with the induction heating coil.

[0020] Further description of the above technical solution:

[0021] The bottom of each of the plurality of damping pads is designed to be anti-skid.

[0022] The utility model has the advantages of the following:

[0023] 1. In the utility model, the graphite crucible furnace is heated by the induction heating coil, the raw materials are stirred by the forward and reverse blades driven by the stirring motor, the stainless steel shell is protected and heat-insulated, the discharge pipe is opened and closed by the pneumatic gate valve during discharging, the alloy raw materials are fully mixed and uniformly heated, the smelting efficiency and quality are improved, and the utility model is suitable for large-scale production of alloy grounding materials.

[0024] 2. In the utility model, the conveying auger is rotated in the feeding shell by the driving motor, the raw materials enter from the feeding groove, are pushed to the discharge port by the spiral blades, and are transferred to the graphite crucible furnace by the connecting assembly, the driving motor speed is adjusted to control the raw material conveying amount, the alloy raw materials are stably and accurately fed, the raw materials are continuously conveyed from low position to high position by the spiral conveying principle, the feeding amount is accurately controlled by speed adjustment, the smelting process is stable, the alloy component accuracy is improved, and reliable raw material supply is provided for large-scale production of alloy grounding materials. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 A perspective view of a smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production is provided for the utility model;

[0026] Figure 2 A front view of a smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production is provided for the utility model;

[0027] Figure 3 A structure exploded view of a melting mechanism in a smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production is provided for the utility model;

[0028] Figure 4 A sectional view of a feeding shell in a smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production is provided for the utility model;

[0029] Figure 5 A structure schematic view of a connecting assembly in a smelting equipment for alloy grounding material production is provided for the utility model.

[0030] LEGEND:

[0031] 1, equipment rack; 2, thermometer; 3, damping pad; 4, melting mechanism; 401, graphite crucible furnace; 402, semicircular cover plate; 403, heat insulation pad; 404, stirring motor; 405, stirring shaft; 406, forward blade; 407, reverse blade; 408, induction heating coil; 409, stainless steel shell; 410, discharge pipe; 411, pneumatic gate valve; 5, raw material feeding mechanism; 501, mounting plate; 502, drive motor; 503, conveying auger; 504, feeding shell; 505, feeding slot; 506, discharge port; 507, leg; 6, connecting assembly; 601, connecting block; 602, material guide groove; 603, arc clamping groove; 604, fitting groove; 7, mounting frame; 8, controller. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor fall within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0033] Referring to Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 , the present application provides an embodiment: a melting equipment for alloy grounding material production, comprising an equipment rack 1, a melting mechanism 4 is arranged at the inner right end of the equipment rack 1, the melting mechanism 4 is used for melting raw materials, a raw material feeding mechanism 5 is arranged at the inner left end of the equipment rack 1, the raw material feeding mechanism 5 is used for conveniently supplying raw materials to the melting mechanism 4 from a lower place, and a connecting assembly 6 is arranged between the melting mechanism 4 and the raw material feeding mechanism 5.

[0034] The melting mechanism 4 comprises a graphite crucible furnace 401, a semicircular cover plate 402 is fixedly connected to the top right side of the graphite crucible furnace 401, a heat insulation pad 403 is fixedly connected to the top of the semicircular cover plate 402, a stirring motor 404 is fixedly connected to the top of the heat insulation pad 403, a stirring shaft 405 is fixedly connected to the output end of the stirring motor 404, a plurality of forward blades 406 are equidistantly fixedly connected to the rear side of the stirring shaft 405, a plurality of reverse blades 407 are equidistantly fixedly connected to the front side of the stirring shaft 405, an induction heating coil 408 is fixedly connected to the outer bottom of the graphite crucible furnace 401, a stainless steel shell 409 is fixedly connected to the outside of the graphite crucible furnace 401, and a discharge assembly is arranged at the bottom of the graphite crucible furnace 401, the discharge assembly comprises a discharge pipe 410, the discharge pipe 410 is communicated at the bottom of the graphite crucible furnace 401, and a pneumatic gate valve 411 is fixedly installed at the middle of the discharge pipe 410.

[0035] Specifically, the raw material feeding mechanism 5 delivers alloy raw materials from a lower position to the connecting assembly 6, which is then transferred to the melting mechanism 4. The graphite crucible furnace 401 in the melting mechanism 4 is located at the top right side of the equipment rack 1. The graphite crucible furnace 401 serves as a container for raw material smelting. The induction heating coil 408 fixed on the outside bottom of the graphite crucible furnace 401 generates eddy currents through electromagnetic induction, rapidly heating the graphite crucible and the internal raw materials to the required smelting temperature. The stirring motor 404 is fixed on the top of the heat insulation pad 403, which can block the heat transfer of the graphite crucible furnace 401 and protect the stirring motor 404. Starting the stirring motor 404 drives the stirring shaft 405 to rotate. The forward blades 406 on the rear side of the stirring shaft 405 rotate synchronously with the reverse blades 407 on the front side. The rotation direction of the forward blades 406 is opposite to that of the reverse blades 407. During rotation, the forward blades 406 push the raw materials in one direction, while the reverse blades 407 make the raw materials flow back in the other direction, achieving sufficient mixing and uniform heating of the raw materials, improving smelting efficiency and alloy composition uniformity. The stainless steel shell 409 is wrapped around the outside of the graphite crucible furnace 401, providing protection and heat insulation. It reduces heat loss and prevents accidental contact with high-temperature components. After the raw materials are smelted, the control discharge assembly operates to discharge the materials. The discharge pipe 410 is connected to the bottom of the graphite crucible furnace 401 and serves as a discharge channel for the alloy liquid after smelting. The pneumatic gate valve 411 is installed in the middle of the discharge pipe 410 and is driven by a pneumatic control system to open and close the gate. When discharging is needed, the pneumatic gate valve 411 is driven to open, and the alloy liquid after smelting is discharged through the discharge pipe 410 under the action of gravity to the subsequent processing process. After discharging is completed, the pneumatic gate valve 411 is closed to cut off the discharge channel, preventing alloy liquid leakage and external impurities from entering the graphite crucible furnace 401. This realizes efficient smelting of alloy raw materials. Compared with traditional smelting methods, this device improves smelting efficiency and quality, ensures operation safety, and is suitable for large-scale production of alloy grounding materials.

[0036] Referring to Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 4 , the raw material feeding mechanism 5 includes a mounting plate 501 fixedly connected to the inner left end of the equipment rack 1. The top of the mounting plate 501 is fixedly connected with a drive motor 502. The right end of the drive motor 502 is fixedly connected with a conveying auger 503. The outside of the conveying auger 503 is provided with a feeding shell 504. The bottom right end of the feeding shell 504 is provided with a feeding slot 505. The front left end of the feeding shell 504 is communicated with a discharge port 506.

[0037] Specifically, the mounting plate 501 is fixed to the inner left end of the equipment rack 1, providing a mounting base for the entire raw material feeding mechanism 5, and the drive motor 502 is mounted on the top of the mounting plate 501. When the drive motor 502 is started, its output shaft drives the transmission auger 503 fixedly connected thereto to rotate. The transmission auger 503 is located inside the feeding housing 504, which is fixedly connected to the top left side of the equipment rack 1, forming a closed conveying channel. When feeding raw materials, the alloy raw materials are placed into the feeding housing 504 from the feed slot 505, which is opened at the bottom right end of the feeding housing 504, allowing easy addition of raw materials from a lower position. As the transmission auger 503 rotates, its spiral blades push the raw materials along the inside of the feeding housing 504 towards the discharge port 506. The spiral structure of the transmission auger 503 allows the raw materials to be continuously lifted and pushed during the conveying process, overcoming gravity and friction, and achieving conveying from low to high. The discharge port 506 is connected to the front left end of the feeding housing 504. When the raw materials are conveyed to the discharge port 506, they are discharged from the discharge port 506. The discharged raw materials enter the graphite crucible furnace 401 in the melting mechanism 4 through the connecting assembly 6 for smelting. By adjusting the speed of the drive motor 502, the rotation speed of the transmission auger 503 can be controlled, and the conveying amount and speed of the raw materials can be adjusted, so that the supply amount of the raw materials can be accurately controlled according to the requirements of the smelting process, ensuring the stability of the smelting process and the accuracy of the alloy composition, and ensuring that the raw material feeding mechanism 5 can work stably to provide continuous raw material supply for the production of alloy grounding materials.

[0038] Referring to Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 5 , the connecting assembly 6 includes a connecting block 601, the top right side of the connecting block 601 is provided with a material guiding groove 602, the bottom left side of the connecting block 601 is provided with an arc-shaped clamping groove 603, the inside of the arc-shaped clamping groove 603 is clamped to the top left end of the graphite crucible furnace 401, the top left end of the connecting block 601 is provided with a fitting groove 604, and the bottom right side of the feeding housing 504 is fitted in the inside of the fitting groove 604; the raw material feeding mechanism 5 further includes two supporting legs 507, the top ends of the two supporting legs 507 are fixedly connected to the bottom front side left and right ends of the discharge port 506, and the bottom ends of the two supporting legs 507 are fixedly connected to the inner front left end of the equipment rack 1; the inner front side of the equipment rack 1 is fixedly connected with a mounting rack 7, and the top of the mounting rack 7 is fixedly connected with a controller 8; the front side of the mounting rack 7 is fixedly connected with a temperature meter 2, and the temperature meter 2 is electrically connected with the induction heating coil 408; a plurality of damping pads 3 are fixedly connected to the bottom front and back sides of the equipment rack 1, and the bottoms of the plurality of damping pads 3 are designed with anti-skid;

[0039] Specifically, the guide chute 602 on the top right side of the connecting block 601 in the connecting assembly 6 receives the raw materials delivered by the raw material delivery mechanism 5, the bottom right side of the feeding shell 504 is attached to the attachment groove 604 on the top left end of the connecting block 601, so that the raw materials discharged from the discharge port 506 can be accurately dropped into the guide chute 602, the arc-shaped clamping groove 603 on the bottom left side of the connecting block 601 is clamped with the top left end of the graphite crucible furnace 401, the connecting block 601 is fixed, and the position of the guide chute 602 corresponds to the position of the graphite crucible furnace 401, so that the raw materials directly slide into the graphite crucible furnace 401 through the guide chute 602 for smelting, the two supporting legs 507 of the raw material delivery mechanism 5 are fixed at the top end of the discharge port 506 and at the bottom end of the inner front left side of the equipment rack 1, which provides support for the discharge port 506 and prevents the displacement of the discharge port 506 due to the gravity or vibration generated during the delivery of raw materials, ensuring the stable delivery of raw materials to the connecting assembly 6, the mounting rack 7 is fixed to the inner front side of the equipment rack 1, and the controller 8 installed thereon serves as the control center of the device, receiving and processing signals from each component, the temperature meter 2 is fixed to the front side of the mounting rack 7 and is electrically connected with the induction heating coil 408, which monitors the temperature of the graphite crucible furnace 401 in real time and feeds back the data to the controller 8, and the controller 8 adjusts the power of the induction heating coil 408 according to the set temperature parameters to control the heating speed and smelting temperature, the multiple damping pads 3 at the bottom of the equipment rack 1 are designed with anti-slip function, and the damping pads 3 are in contact with the ground during installation, during the operation of the device, the vibration generated by the operation of the induction heating coil 408, the stirring motor 404 and the delivery of raw materials is transmitted to the damping pads 3 through the equipment rack 1, the damping pads 3 absorb the vibration energy and reduce the transmission of vibration to the ground, and the anti-slip design prevents displacement during the operation of the device, ensuring the overall stability of the device and avoiding the influence of vibration on the delivery of raw materials, smelting and the connection accuracy of each component.

[0040] Working principle: graphite crucible furnace 401 through the top right side of the equipment frame 1, graphite crucible furnace 401 as raw material smelting container, its outside bottom fixed induction heating coil 408 through electromagnetic induction principle generates eddy current, make graphite crucible and internal raw materials quickly heated to smelting temperature, stirring motor 404 fixed on the top of the heat insulation pad 403, heat insulation pad 403 can block the heat transfer of graphite crucible furnace 401, protect the stirring motor 404, start the output end of stirring motor 404 drive stirring shaft 405 rotation, the forward blade 406 of the rear side of stirring shaft 405 and the reverse blade 407 of the front side rotate synchronously, the rotation direction of forward blade 406 and reverse blade 407 is opposite, in the process of rotation, form two-way stirring to the raw materials in graphite crucible furnace 401, forward blade 406 push raw materials to one direction movement, reverse blade 407 make the raw materials backflow to the other direction, so as to realize the full mixing and uniform heating of raw materials, improve the smelting efficiency and the uniformity of alloy composition, stainless steel shell 409 wrapped in the outside of graphite crucible furnace 401, play a protective and heat insulation effect, reduce the heat loss at the same time, prevent the operator accidentally contact high temperature parts, when the raw material smelting is completed, control the discharge assembly to discharge operation, discharge pipe 410 connected with the bottom of graphite crucible furnace 401, as the discharge channel of alloy liquid after smelting, pneumatic gate valve 411 is installed in the middle of discharge pipe 410, drive the opening and closing of gate through pneumatic control system, when need to discharge, drive pneumatic gate valve 411 open, the alloy liquid after smelting under the action of gravity, through the discharge pipe 410 discharge to subsequent processing process, after discharging, pneumatic gate valve 411 close, cut off the discharge channel, prevent alloy liquid leakage and foreign matter into graphite crucible furnace 401;

[0041] And, when starting the driving motor 502, its output shaft drives the transmission auger 503 fixedly connected with it to rotate, the transmission auger 503 is located inside the feeding shell 504, the feeding shell 504 is fixedly connected through the top left side of the equipment frame 1, forms a closed conveying channel, when feeding raw materials, the alloy raw materials are put into the feeding shell 504 from the feeding groove 505, the feeding groove 505 is opened at the bottom right end of the feeding shell 504, can conveniently add raw materials from a lower position, along with the rotation of the transmission auger 503, its spiral blade pushes the raw materials to move to the discharge port 506 direction inside the feeding shell 504, the spiral structure of the transmission auger 503 makes the raw materials be continuously lifted and pushed during the conveying process, overcomes the gravity and friction, realizes the conveying from low to high, the discharge port 506 is communicated at the left end of the front side of the feeding shell 504, when the raw materials are conveyed to the discharge port 506 position, they are discharged from the discharge port 506, the discharged raw materials enter the graphite crucible furnace 401 in the melting mechanism 4 through the connecting assembly 6 to carry out smelting, by adjusting the rotating speed of the driving motor 502, the rotating speed of the transmission auger 503 can be controlled, and then the conveying amount and conveying speed of the raw materials are adjusted, so that the supply amount of the raw materials can be accurately controlled according to the requirements of the smelting process.

[0042] Finally, it should be noted that: the above only for the preferred embodiments of the present application, and not for limiting the present application, although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, for those skilled in the art, it still can modify the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments, or make equivalent replacement to part of the technical features, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present application, should be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A smelting apparatus for producing an alloy grounding material, comprising an apparatus frame (1), characterized in that: The right end of the equipment frame (1) is provided with a melting mechanism (4) for smelting raw materials, and the left end of the equipment frame (1) is provided with a raw material feeding mechanism (5) for conveniently feeding raw materials to the melting mechanism (4) from a lower position, and a connecting assembly (6) is arranged between the melting mechanism (4) and the raw material feeding mechanism (5); The melting mechanism (4) comprises a graphite crucible smelting furnace (401), the top right side of the graphite crucible smelting furnace (401) is fixedly connected with a semicircular cover plate (402), the top of the semicircular cover plate (402) is fixedly connected with a heat insulation pad (403), the top of the heat insulation pad (403) is fixedly connected with a stirring motor (404), the output end of the stirring motor (404) is fixedly connected with a stirring shaft (405), the rear side of the stirring shaft (405) is fixedly connected with a plurality of forward blades (406) at equal intervals, the front side of the stirring shaft (405) is fixedly connected with a plurality of reverse blades (407) at equal intervals, the outer bottom of the graphite crucible smelting furnace (401) is fixedly connected with an induction heating coil (408), the outside of the graphite crucible smelting furnace (401) is fixedly connected with a stainless steel shell (409), and the bottom of the graphite crucible smelting furnace (401) is provided with a discharging assembly.

2. The melting apparatus for producing an alloy grounding material according to claim 1, characterized by: The raw material feeding mechanism (5) comprises a mounting plate (501) fixedly connected to the left end of the equipment frame (1), a driving motor (502) fixedly connected to the top of the mounting plate (501), a conveying auger (503) fixedly connected to the right end of the driving motor (502), a feeding shell (504) provided outside the conveying auger (503), and an inlet slot (505) formed in the bottom right end of the feeding shell (504).

3. The melting apparatus for producing an alloy grounding material according to claim 2, characterized by: The connecting assembly (6) comprises a connecting block (601), a material guiding groove (602) formed in the top right side of the connecting block (601), an arc-shaped clamping groove (603) formed in the bottom left side of the connecting block (601) and clamped on the top left end of the graphite crucible smelting furnace (401), a fitting groove (604) formed in the top left end of the connecting block (601), and the bottom right side of the feeding shell (504) fitted in the fitting groove (604).

4. The melting apparatus for producing an alloy grounding material according to claim 1, characterized by: The discharging assembly comprises a discharging pipe (410) communicated with the bottom of the graphite crucible smelting furnace (401), and a pneumatic gate valve (411) fixedly installed in the middle of the discharging pipe (410).

5. The melting apparatus for producing an alloy grounding material according to claim 2, characterized by: The raw material feeding mechanism (5) further comprises two supporting legs (507), the top ends of the two supporting legs (507) are fixedly connected to the bottom front side left and right ends of the discharging port (506), and the bottom ends of the two supporting legs (507) are fixedly connected to the front side left end of the equipment frame (1).

6. The melting apparatus for producing an alloy grounding material according to claim 1, characterized by: The inside front side of the equipment rack (1) is fixedly connected with a mounting rack (7), and the top of the mounting rack (7) is fixedly connected with a controller (8).

7. The melting apparatus for producing an alloy grounding material according to claim 6, characterized by: The front side of the mounting rack (7) is fixedly connected with a thermometer (2), and the thermometer (2) is electrically connected with the induction heating coil (408).

8. The melting apparatus for producing an alloy grounding material according to claim 1, characterized by: The bottom front and back sides of the equipment rack (1) are fixedly connected with a plurality of damping pads (3), and the bottom of each of the plurality of damping pads (3) is designed to be anti-skid.

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