Automatic thread rolling machine for external threads of bolt body

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of bolt thread rolling, and discloses a bolt external thread automatic thread rolling machine which comprises an operation table, a fixing support is fixedly installed on the top of the operation table, a box body is fixedly installed on the top of the fixing support, a connecting pipe is fixedly installed on the top of the box body, and a water tank is fixedly installed on the top of the connecting pipe. A one-way valve is fixedly installed in the water tank, a movable pipe is movably installed in the box body, and a telescopic rod is fixedly installed between the movable pipe and the box body. Compared with a traditional thread rolling machine, the thread rolling machine has the advantages that the movable pipe is matched with the cam and the third motor, so that the spray head can indirectly spray water to the outer surface of the thread rolling wheel, the water is indirectly sprayed to the outer surface of the thread rolling wheel through the spray head, the temperature of the thread rolling wheel can be effectively reduced, and overheating deformation or damage is prevented; and the precision and stability of thread rolling machining are ensured, and meanwhile, the water has the dual functions of cleaning and lubricating.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The utility model relates to bolt thread rolling technology field, more specifically, the utility model relates to bolt body outer thread automatic thread rolling machine. BACKGROUND

[0002] The bolt body outer thread automatic thread rolling machine is a machine tool for realizing full-automatic thread rolling machining of workpieces on the basis of an ordinary thread rolling machine by adding an automatic feeding mechanism (such as a vibrating disc, a hopper, an automatic feeder, etc.) and an automatic control system (such as a PLC, etc.). It can process the outer surface of a bolt body through rolling in a cold state, and is an advanced non-cutting machining process. In order to ensure the stability during use, the thread rolling machine in the prior art is usually provided with two thread rolling wheels with a fixed distance, which limits the thread rolling machine to only process bolts with a fixed diameter, and cannot meet the thread rolling requirements of bolts with different diameters. In addition, when bolts with different diameters need to be processed, the process of replacing the thread rolling wheels is complicated and time-consuming, which greatly reduces the flexibility and production efficiency of the thread rolling machine. SUMMARY

[0003] In order to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, the utility model provides a bolt body outer thread automatic thread rolling machine, which has the advantages of facilitating indirect water spraying on the thread rolling wheel.

[0004] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the utility model provides the following technical scheme: a bolt body outer thread automatic thread rolling machine, comprising an operation table, a fixed support is fixedly installed on the top of the operation table, a box body is fixedly installed on the top of the fixed support, a connecting pipe is fixedly installed on the top of the box body, a water tank is fixedly installed on the top of the connecting pipe, a one-way valve is fixedly installed in the water tank, a movable pipe is movably installed in the box body, an extension rod is fixedly installed between the movable pipe and the box body, a cam is movably installed in the box body, a third motor is fixedly installed on the front of the box body, and the output end of the third motor is fixedly connected with the cam, a water inlet is fixedly installed on the top of the water tank, a spring is fixedly installed between the box body and the movable pipe, and a spray head is fixedly installed in the fixed support.

[0005] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, a sliding groove is formed in the inside of the operation table, a sleeve block is movably installed in the inside of the sliding groove, a bidirectional screw rod is threadedly sleeved in the inside of the two sleeve blocks, and the two ends of the bidirectional screw rod penetrate into the inside of the operation table, a frame is fixedly installed on the top of the sleeve block, and a thread rolling wheel is movably installed in the inside of the frame.

[0006] One end of the bidirectional screw rod is fixedly installed with a second gear, the operating table front surface is fixedly installed with a first motor, and the output end of the first motor is fixedly installed with a first gear, and the first gear is in gear meshing with the second gear, the right side is fixedly installed with a second motor, and the output end of the second motor is fixedly connected with a thread rolling wheel, and the top of the operating table is fixedly installed with a supporting block.

[0007] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, the inside of the operating table is provided with a fixed groove, the inside of the fixed groove is movably installed with a fixed block, and the back surface of the fixed block is fixedly installed with a tool box.

[0008] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, the bottom of the operating table is fixedly installed with a supporting plate, and the two supporting plates are fixedly installed with a connecting plate.

[0009] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, the supporting plate and the connecting plate are fixedly installed with reinforcing ribs, and the reinforcing ribs are triangular in shape.

[0010] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, the water tank and the fixed support are fixedly installed with a supporting frame, and the supporting frame is in two identical shapes.

[0011] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, the telescopic rods and the springs are in pairs, and there are four pairs between the box body and the moving pipe.

[0012] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, the inner diameter of the fixed groove is equal to the outer diameter of the fixed block, and the fixed groove has a light surface design.

[0013] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, the front surface of the operating table is fixedly installed with a supporting seat, and the inside of the supporting seat is in U shape.

[0014] As a preferred technical scheme of the utility model, the thread rolling wheel and the frame are in pairs, and there are two pairs of activities on the top of the operating table.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the beneficial effects as follows:

[0016] 1. Compared with the traditional thread rolling machine, the thread rolling machine indirectly sprays water on the outer surface of the thread rolling wheel through the cooperation between the moving pipe, the cam and the third motor, indirectly sprays water on the outer surface of the thread rolling wheel through the spray head, can effectively reduce the temperature, prevent overheating deformation or damage, ensure the precision and stability of thread rolling processing, at the same time, water also plays a dual role of cleaning and lubrication: on the one hand, water can wash away the metal scraps, oil stains and other impurities on the surface of the thread rolling wheel, avoid scratching the surface of the bolt or affecting the thread quality; on the other hand, water forms a lubricating film between the thread rolling wheel and the bolt, reduces the friction coefficient and friction resistance, thereby improving the thread rolling efficiency and optimizing the thread quality.

[0017] 2. Compared with the traditional thread rolling machine, the thread rolling machine is convenient for adjusting the distance between the two thread rolling wheels through the cooperation between the bidirectional screw rod and the sleeve block, can significantly improve the flexibility of bolt external thread processing, can adapt to the processing needs of bolts of various specifications and sizes with the same thread rolling machine, and can enhance the versatility of the equipment. The adjustment ensures the uniformity of the pitch, thereby improving the wear resistance, anti-slip ability and carrying capacity of the product, optimizing the plastic deformation process, enhancing the thread strength, in addition, the feature of adjusting the distance between the thread rolling wheels greatly shortens the debugging time when replacing the bolt specifications, reduces the waste rate caused by uneven pitch or insufficient thread strength, thereby effectively improving the production efficiency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 It is a front perspective view of the structure of the utility model;

[0019] Figure 2 It is a side perspective view of the structure of the utility model;

[0020] Figure 3 It is a bidirectional screw rod sectional structure schematic view of the utility model;

[0021] Figure 4 It is a bidirectional screw rod sectional structure schematic view of the utility model; Figure 3 It is an enlarged structure schematic view of A in the utility model;

[0022] Figure 5 It is a fixed support sectional structure schematic view of the utility model;

[0023] Figure 6 It is an enlarged structure schematic view of B in the utility model; Figure 5 It is an enlarged structure schematic view of B in the utility model;

[0024] Figure 7 It is a water tank sectional structure schematic view of the utility model.

[0025] In the figure: 1, operation platform; 2, fixed support; 3, support plate; 4, connecting plate; 5, reinforcing rib; 6, first motor; 7, thread rolling wheel; 8, second motor; 9, water tank; 10, support frame; 11, box; 12, water inlet; 13, fixed groove; 14, fixed block; 15, tool box; 16, frame; 17, bidirectional screw rod; 18, sleeve block; 19, first gear; 20, second gear; 21, sliding groove; 22, spray head; 23, spring; 24, third motor; 25, moving pipe; 26, connecting pipe; 27, check valve; 28, cam; 29, telescopic rod; 30, support seat; 31, support block. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the utility model. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the utility model, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor fall within the protection scope of the utility model.

[0027] As Figures 1 to 7 shown, the utility model provides bolt body external thread automatic thread rolling machine, including operation platform 1, the top fixed mounting of operation platform 1 has fixed support 2, the top fixed mounting of fixed support 2 has box 11, the top fixed mounting of box 11 has connecting pipe 26, the top fixed mounting of connecting pipe 26 has water tank 9, the inside fixed mounting of water tank 9 has check valve 27, the inside movable mounting of box 11 has moving pipe 25, and the fixed mounting of moving pipe 25 and box 11 has telescopic rod 29, the inside movable mounting of box 11 has cam 28, the front fixed mounting of box 11 has third motor 24, and the output end of third motor 24 is fixedly connected with cam 28, the top fixed mounting of water tank 9 has water inlet 12, and the fixed mounting between box 11 and moving pipe 25 has spring 23, the inside fixed mounting of fixed support 2 has spray head 22.

[0028] The worker needs to cool the long-time thread rolling wheel 7, first add water into the box 11 through the water inlet 12, and simultaneously open the one-way valve 27, so that the water flows into the connecting pipe 26 through the inside of the water tank 9, now open the third motor 24, drive the cam 28 to extrude the moving pipe 25 in the box 11, extrude the spring 23 and the telescopic rod 29 through the moving pipe 25, when the cam 28 extrudes the moving pipe 25, the moving pipe 25 cannot be completely coincident with the connecting pipe 26 and the nozzle 22, so the water cannot flow into the inside of the moving pipe 25 through the connecting pipe 26, when the cam 28 does not extrude the moving pipe 25, the moving pipe 25 is completely coincident with the nozzle 22 and the connecting pipe 26, at this time the water flows into the inside of the moving pipe 25 through the connecting pipe 26, and then flows into the inside of the nozzle 22 through the moving pipe 25, and is uniformly sprayed on the outer surface of the thread rolling wheel 7, so as to indirectly spray water on the thread rolling wheel 7.

[0029] In order to ensure that the long-time thread rolling wheel 7 is effectively cooled, first add water into the box 11 through the water inlet 12, and simultaneously start the one-way valve 27, so that the water flows into the connecting pipe 26 through the water tank 9, then open the third motor 24, drive the piston cam 28 to intermittently extrude the partition moving pipe 25 in the water tank 11, when the thread rolling wheel 7 extrudes the moving pipe 25, the moving pipe 25 is not completely coincident with the connecting pipe 26 and the nozzle 22, so that the water flow is prevented, and when the cam 28 does not extrude the moving pipe 25, the moving pipe 25 is completely coincident with the two, so that the water flows into the moving pipe 25 through the connecting pipe 26, and then enters the nozzle 22 through the tool box 15, and is ultimately uniformly sprayed on the outer surface of the thread rolling wheel 7, so as to achieve the purpose of cooling. Compared with the traditional thread rolling machine, the thread rolling machine cooperates between the moving pipe 25, the cam 28 and the third motor 24, so that the nozzle 22 can indirectly spray water on the outer surface of the thread rolling wheel 7. The water is indirectly sprayed on the outer surface of the thread rolling wheel 7 through the nozzle 22, which can effectively reduce the temperature of the thread rolling wheel 7, prevent overheating deformation or damage, and ensure the precision and stability of the thread rolling process. At the same time, the water also plays a dual role of cleaning and lubrication: on the one hand, the water can wash away the metal debris, oil stains and other impurities on the surface of the thread rolling wheel, so as to avoid scratching the surface of the bolt or affecting the quality of the thread; on the other hand, the water forms a lubricating film between the thread rolling wheel and the bolt, reduces the friction coefficient, and reduces the friction resistance, so as to improve the thread rolling efficiency and optimize the thread quality.

[0030] The inside of the operation table 1 is provided with a sliding groove 21, the inside of the sliding groove 21 is movably provided with a sleeve block 18, the inside of the two sleeve blocks 18 is threadedly sleeved with a bidirectional screw rod 17, the two ends of the bidirectional screw rod 17 penetrate into the inside of the operation table 1, the top of the sleeve block 18 is fixedly provided with a frame 16, and the inside of the frame 16 is movably provided with a thread rolling wheel 7.

[0031] One end of the bidirectional screw rod 17 is fixedly installed with a second gear 20, the front of the operating table 1 is fixedly installed with a first motor 6, the output end of the first motor 6 is fixedly installed with a first gear 19, the teeth of the first gear 19 and the second gear 20 are engaged, the right side is fixedly installed with a second motor 8, the output end of the second motor 8 is fixedly connected with a rolling thread roller 7, and the top of the operating table 1 is fixedly installed with a supporting block 31.

[0032] The worker needs to adjust the two rolling thread rollers 7 according to the diameter of the bolt to be rolled, the worker places the bolt at the bottom of the supporting block 31, then starts the first motor 6, drives the first gear 19 to rotate through the first motor 6, drives the second gear 20 to rotate through the engagement of the teeth of the first gear 19 and the second gear 20, drives the bidirectional screw rod 17 to move in the sleeve block 18 through the second gear 20, so that the sleeve block 18 slowly approaches the outer surface of the bolt, drives the frame 16 to move through the sleeve block 18, and drives the rolling thread roller 7 to move synchronously to the appropriate distance.

[0033] According to the diameter of the bolt to be rolled, the two rolling thread rollers 7 need to be adjusted, the bolt is placed on the base supporting block 31, then the motor is started, the motor drives the first gear 19 to rotate, drives the second gear 20 to rotate through the engagement of the teeth, further drives the screw rod bidirectional screw rod 17 to move in the sleeve block 18 through the second gear 20, so that the sleeve block 18 slowly approaches the outer surface of the bolt, in this process, the sleeve block 18 drives the connecting frame frame 16 to move, and then drives the rolling thread roller 7 to move synchronously to the appropriate distance, at the same time, the adjusting device second motor 8 is started at the right side of the frame 16, the position of the rolling thread roller is adjusted accurately, and finally the rolling thread processing of the bolt is realized. Compared with the traditional rolling thread machine, the rolling thread machine can conveniently adjust the distance between the two rolling thread rollers 7 through the bidirectional screw rod 17 and the sleeve block 18, can significantly improve the flexibility of the bolt body external thread processing, can make the same rolling thread machine adapt to the processing needs of bolts of various specifications and sizes, can enhance the universality of the equipment, the adjustment can ensure the uniformity of the pitch, and then can improve the wear resistance, anti-slippage ability and carrying capacity of the product, can optimize the plastic deformation process, and can enhance the thread strength. In addition, the characteristics of conveniently adjusting the distance between the rolling thread rollers 7 can greatly shorten the debugging time when replacing the bolt specifications, can reduce the waste rate caused by uneven pitch or insufficient thread strength, and can effectively improve the production efficiency.

[0034] The inside of the operating table 1 is provided with a fixed groove 13, the inside of the fixed groove 13 is movably installed with a fixed block 14, and the back surface of the fixed block 14 is fixedly installed with a tool box 15.

[0035] The worker holds the tool box 15, slowly puts the fixing block 14 into the inside of the fixing groove 13 through the tool box 15, limits and fixes the fixing block 14 through the fixing groove 13, increases the tool box 15, facilitates the worker to take and place tools in the inside of the tool box 15, and facilitates the worker to take tools for use.

[0036] The bottom of the operation table 1 is fixedly installed with support plates 3, and the two support plates 3 are fixedly installed with a connecting plate 4.

[0037] The support plates 3 and the connecting plate 4 are matched, the operation table 1 is supported, the thread rolling wheel 7 is supported through the operation table 1, the stability of the thread rolling wheel 7 in the bolt thread rolling process is guaranteed, and the bolt thread rolling efficiency is guaranteed.

[0038] The support plates 3 and the connecting plate 4 are fixedly installed with reinforcing ribs 5, and the reinforcing ribs 5 are triangular in shape.

[0039] The reinforcing ribs 5 are triangular in shape at the included angle of the support plates 3 and the connecting plate 4, and the triangle has the characteristic of stability, so that the support plates 3 and the connecting plate 4 are prevented from shaking during use.

[0040] The water tank 9 and the fixed support 2 are fixedly installed with support frames 10, and the support frames 10 are two identical shapes.

[0041] The support frames 10 are two identical shapes at the water tank 9 and the fixed support 2, the water tank 9 is stably supported through the support frames 10, the stability of the water tank 9 during use is guaranteed, and the use efficiency of the water tank 9 is improved.

[0042] The telescopic rods 29 and the springs 23 are in pairs, and there are four groups between the box body 11 and the moving pipe 25.

[0043] The telescopic rods 29 and the springs 23 are in pairs, and there are four groups between the box body 11 and the moving pipe 25, the moving pipe 25 is stably supported through the cooperation between the telescopic rods 29 and the springs 23, and the stability of the moving pipe 25 during use is guaranteed.

[0044] The inner diameter of the fixing groove 13 is equal to the outer diameter of the fixing block 14, and the fixing groove 13 has a smooth surface design.

[0045] The inner diameter of the fixing groove 13 is equal to the outer diameter of the fixing block 14, and the inside of the fixing groove 13 has a smooth surface design, the fixing block 14 is slowly put into the inside of the fixing groove 13 by holding the tool box 15, and the installation efficiency of the tool box 15 is guaranteed.

[0046] The front of the operation table 1 is fixedly provided with a support base 30, and the inside of the support base 30 is in a U-shaped form.

[0047] The inside of the support base 30 is in a U-shaped form on the front of the operation table 1, and the first motor 6 is stably supported by the support base 30, so that the first motor 6 is prevented from shaking during use, and the stability of the first motor 6 during use is improved.

[0048] The rolling thread wheel 7 and the frame 16 are in pairs, and there are two groups of the rolling thread wheel 7 and the frame 16 moving on the top of the operation table 1.

[0049] The rolling thread wheel 7 and the frame 16 are in pairs, and there are two groups of the rolling thread wheel 7 and the frame 16 moving on the top of the operation table 1, and the cooperation between the frame 16 and the rolling thread wheel 7 facilitates the rolling of the bolt, and the efficiency of the rolling of the bolt is improved.

[0050] The working principle and use process of the utility model are as follows:

[0051] When the staff needs to cool the rolling thread wheel 7 for a long time, water is added into the inside of the box body 11 through the water inlet 12, and the one-way valve 27 is opened, so that the water enters the inside of the connecting pipe 26 through the inside of the water tank 9, the third motor 24 is opened, the cam 28 is driven by the third motor 24 to extrude the moving pipe 25 in the box body 11, the spring 23 and the telescopic rod 29 are extruded through the moving pipe 25, when the cam 28 extrudes the moving pipe 25, the moving pipe 25 cannot be completely coincident with the connecting pipe 26 and the spray head 22, so the water cannot enter the inside of the moving pipe 25 through the connecting pipe 26, when the cam 28 does not extrude the moving pipe 25, the moving pipe 25 is completely coincident with the spray head 22 and the connecting pipe 26, at this time, the water enters the inside of the moving pipe 25 through the connecting pipe 26, enters the inside of the spray head 22 through the moving pipe 25 and is uniformly sprayed on the outer surface of the rolling thread wheel 7, so that the rolling thread wheel 7 is indirectly sprayed with water.

[0052] When the staff needs to adjust the distance between the two rolling thread wheels 7 according to the diameter of the bolt to be rolled, the staff puts the bolt on the bottom of the supporting block 31, then opens the first motor 6, the first gear 19 is driven to rotate by the first motor 6, the first gear 19 and the second gear 20 are meshed, the second gear 20 is driven to rotate by the first gear 19, the double-way screw rod 17 is driven to move in the sleeve block 18 by the second gear 20, the sleeve block 18 slowly approaches the outer surface of the bolt in the sliding groove 21, the frame 16 is driven to move by the sleeve block 18, the rolling thread wheel 7 is driven to move synchronously by the frame 16, until the rolling thread wheel 7 moves to the appropriate distance, at the same time, the second motor 8 is opened at the right side of the frame 16, the rolling thread wheel 7 is driven to roll the bolt by the second motor 8, so that the distance between the two rolling thread wheels 7 is adjusted.

[0053] It is to be noted that, in the present text, relational terms such as first and second and the like can be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but can also include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0054] While the embodiments of the present application have been illustrated and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and alterations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application, which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0055] The above merely provides preferred embodiments of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A bolt external thread automatic thread rolling machine, comprising an operation table (1), characterized in that: The top of the operating platform (1) is fixedly installed with a fixed support (2), the top of the fixed support (2) is fixedly installed with a box body (11), the top of the box body (11) is fixedly installed with a connecting pipe (26), the top of the connecting pipe (26) is fixedly installed with a water tank (9), the inside of the water tank (9) is fixedly installed with a check valve (27), the inside of the box body (11) is movably installed with a moving pipe (25), the moving pipe (25) and the box body (11) are fixedly installed with an extension rod (29), the inside of the box body (11) is movably installed with a cam (28), the front of the box body (11) is fixedly installed with a third motor (24), and the output end of the third motor (24) is fixedly connected with the cam (28), the top of the water tank (9) is fixedly installed with a water inlet (12), the box body (11) and the moving pipe (25) are fixedly installed with a spring (23), and the inside of the fixed support (2) is fixedly installed with a spray head (22).

2. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inside of the operating platform (1) is provided with a sliding groove (21), the inside of the sliding groove (21) is movably installed with a sleeve block (18), the inside of the two sleeve blocks (18) is threadedly sleeved with a bidirectional screw rod (17), and the two ends of the bidirectional screw rod (17) penetrate into the inside of the operating platform (1), the top of the sleeve block (18) is fixedly installed with a frame (16), and the inside of the frame (16) is movably installed with a rolling thread wheel (7). One end of the bidirectional screw rod (17) is fixedly installed with a second gear (20), the front of the operating platform (1) is fixedly installed with a first motor (6), the output end of the first motor (6) is fixedly installed with a first gear (19), the teeth of the first gear (19) and the second gear (20) are meshed, the right side of the frame (16) is fixedly installed with a second motor (8), the output end of the second motor (8) is fixedly connected with the rolling thread wheel (7), and the top of the operating platform (1) is fixedly installed with a supporting block (31).

3. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inside of the operating platform (1) is provided with a fixed groove (13), the inside of the fixed groove (13) is movably installed with a fixed block (14), and the back of the fixed block (14) is fixedly installed with a tool box (15).

4. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom of the operating platform (1) is fixedly installed with a supporting plate (3), and the two supporting plates (3) are fixedly installed with a connecting plate (4).

5. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 4, characterized in that: The supporting plate (3) and the connecting plate (4) are fixedly installed with a reinforcing rib (5), and the reinforcing rib (5) is triangular in shape.

6. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The water tank (9) and the fixed support (2) are fixedly installed with a support frame (10), and the support frame (10) is in two identical shapes.

7. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The extension rod (29) and the spring (23) are in pairs, and there are four groups between the box body (11) and the moving pipe (25).

8. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 3, characterized in that: The inner diameter of the fixed groove (13) is equal to the outer diameter of the fixed block (14), and the fixed groove (13) has a smooth surface design.

9. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The front of the operating platform (1) is fixedly installed with a supporting seat (30), and the inside of the supporting seat (30) is in a U-shaped shape.

10. The bolt external thread automatic thread-rolling machine according to claim 2, characterized in that: The thread rolling wheel (7) and the frame (16) are two groups, and there are two groups of activities on the top of the operating table (1).

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