The invention discloses an electrical-information-acquisition-system-based theoretical line loss estimation method for a distribution network, and aims to overcome the shortcomings of great errors of the conventional theoretical line loss estimation method for the distribution network, difficulty in accurate analysis on the characteristics of load fluctuation, unbalance, harmonic distortion, parameter variation and the like of the distribution network, and the like. By the method, each loss influencing factor of a medium and low voltage distribution network can be scientifically, perfectly and comprehensively reflected; and compared with a 'root-mean-square current method', an 'average current method', a 'maximum current method', an 'equivalent resistance method' and the like for estimating line loss only according to the single line diagram of the distribution network, typical day 24 hours, asynchronous current recording data and the like in DL686-1999 guide of calculation of grid energy loss, the invention has more accurate algorithms, parameters, load data and the like for the theoretical line loss, and provides a novel concept and a novel method for the loss analysis and energy efficiency evaluation of the distribution network.