Self-powered fault monitoring device

Abstract

The application provides a self-powered fault monitoring device, and belongs to the technical field of power system monitoring, which comprises a device main body integrated with a self-powered module, a monitoring unit, a communication module and a synchronization module, the self-powered module obtains power through electromagnetic induction for use by the device main body, the monitoring unit collects current signals and voltage signals of a line, the communication module supports MESH ad hoc network transmission of monitoring signals, and the synchronization module realizes synchronous recording of waves among multiple device main bodies. The technical scheme of the application can effectively solve the problems in the prior art that power system fault monitoring devices rely on external power sources, signal transmission is limited, and high-precision synchronous recording of waves among multiple devices is difficult to realize.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of power system monitoring technology, and more specifically to a self-powered fault monitoring device. Background Technology

[0002] 90% of faults in overhead lines at wind farms occur on the branch lines where the wind turbines are located. Common fault diagnosis problems include: traditional fault location methods (such as impedance methods and traveling wave methods) rely on line parameters or high-precision traveling wave measurements, making it difficult to accurately locate branch lines in complex distribution networks. Furthermore, impedance methods require complex equation sets, making implementation difficult; traveling wave methods are susceptible to reflected wave interference in T-shaped lines, reducing location accuracy. Fault indicator devices widely used in power grids suffer from the problem of receiving current data from all three phases (A, B, and C) simultaneously, then using zero-sequence current for fault diagnosis. If one device malfunctions, data from all three phases cannot be obtained simultaneously, making fault analysis impossible. Therefore, this method requires high equipment reliability. Poor data synchronization leads to waveform analysis errors between multiple devices, affecting the accuracy of fault section identification. Moreover, monitoring equipment requires an external power supply, which is difficult to obtain in outdoor environments. Traditional solar power is greatly affected by sunlight, while laser power is costly and has limited application.

[0003] Another issue is the difficulty of communication in the field at current wind farms and solar power stations. These stations are often located in remote areas with little or no 4G signal, making 4G transmission problematic. If fiber optic cables are used for splicing, the quality is often poor due to dust in the field, and the fiber optic cables are brittle and prone to breakage under strong winds, raising reliability concerns. Therefore, a fault monitoring device is needed to reliably diagnose and resolve long-distance communication issues in wind farms.

[0004] Therefore, in the existing field of power system fault monitoring, existing fault monitoring equipment often relies on external power supply. This not only increases the complexity and cost of equipment installation, but also makes it difficult to guarantee the stability of external power supply in remote or harsh environments, thus directly affecting the reliability and continuity of the monitoring equipment. Utility Model Content

[0005] To address the issue that existing fault monitoring devices often rely on external power supplies, this application proposes an innovative self-powered fault monitoring device. This device aims to overcome the limitations of existing technologies and improve the capability and reliability of power system fault monitoring by utilizing its own energy harvesting mechanism, advanced communication technology, and synchronization technology.

[0006] One aspect of this application provides a self-powered fault monitoring device, comprising a device body, wherein the device body integrates: The self-powered module obtains electrical energy through electromagnetic induction to supply the main body of the equipment; A monitoring unit, which is used to collect the current signal and voltage signal of the line; The communication module supports MESH self-organizing network to transmit the current and voltage signals collected by the monitoring unit to the data analysis center; A synchronization module is used to achieve synchronized waveform recording among multiple device entities.

[0007] In one embodiment of this application, the self-powered module includes a magnetic core, a rectifier bridge, a protection circuit, a boost circuit, and an energy storage battery; the magnetic core, rectifier bridge, protection circuit, boost circuit, and energy storage battery are electrically connected in sequence. The magnetic core consists of two semi-circular ring-shaped blocks made of permalloy, which are attached to the overhead line by a snap-fit ​​structure. The rectifier bridge consists of diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4, and is used to convert AC to DC to provide power to the subsequent Boost circuit. The protection circuit is used to monitor the input voltage of the Boost circuit and control the switching state of MOSFET V1; Boost circuits are used to increase voltage; The energy storage battery is used to continuously power the equipment after a power outage.

[0008] In one embodiment of this application, the protection circuit includes a bidirectional thyristor D0 and a MOSFET V1; The bidirectional thyristor diode D is disposed between the magnetic core and the rectifier bridge to suppress transient overvoltage at the magnetic core output caused by fluctuations in the primary side current. The protection circuit controls the switching state of the MOSFET V by monitoring the input voltage of the Boost circuit in order to discharge excess energy in the circuit.

[0009] In one embodiment of this application, the monitoring unit includes: Two sets of Rogowski coils are installed in phases on the main line and branch line of the line; A displacement current sensor that measures the voltage of a circuit via the Rogowski coil and parasitic capacitance; The microcontroller integrates an ADC module for acquiring the voltage signal from the displacement current sensor.

[0010] In one embodiment of this application, the microcontroller is connected to a waveform recording and storage unit, which stores waveform data.

[0011] In one embodiment of this application, the communication module is a LORA module, which supports multi-level routing and has a self-healing structure; the self-healing structure is used to automatically switch to a backup path within a 2km range when a node fails.

[0012] In one embodiment of this application, the synchronization module is a BeiDou / GPS dual-mode receiver module, used to calibrate the sampling clock via a phase-locked loop.

[0013] In one embodiment of this application, the synchronization module further includes a timestamp embedding structure for embedding a timestamp at each sampling point to ensure waveform alignment across devices.

[0014] In one embodiment of this application, a Bluetooth module is also included, which is used to connect three-phase devices on the same tower and aggregate the data of the three-phase devices to one of the phase devices.

[0015] In one embodiment of this application, the main body of the device consists of an upper box and a lower box. The self-powered module, monitoring unit, communication module, and synchronization module are respectively integrated into the upper box or the lower box. The upper box and the lower box are hinged on the same side edge, and a through-hole is formed inside the upper box and the lower box for overhead lines to pass through.

[0016] The advantages of this solution are that, through the self-powered module, the equipment can independently and continuously obtain the required power from the power line, eliminating the need for external power supply and reducing maintenance costs. The monitoring unit and communication module work together to collect and transmit line status information in real time and accurately, improving the efficiency and accuracy of fault location. The synchronization module and timestamp embedding structure ensure high-precision synchronization between multiple devices, which is crucial for waveform analysis across devices. The self-healing structure of the communication module increases the system's reliability, ensuring continuous data transmission even if some devices fail, guaranteeing the smooth operation of monitoring. In summary, this solution significantly improves the automation level, accuracy, and reliability of power line fault monitoring, and has significant application value for the safe operation and maintenance of power systems.

[0017] Furthermore, the introduction of the Bluetooth module makes it possible to aggregate data and perform zero-sequence calculation and analysis among three-phase devices, thereby further improving the overall efficiency of the monitoring system. Attached Figure Description

[0018] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of this application and form part of this application, illustrate exemplary embodiments of this application and are used to explain this application, but do not constitute an undue limitation of this application. In the drawings: Figure 1This is a schematic diagram of the self-powered fault monitoring device of this application; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the self-powered module circuit of this application.

[0019] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the self-powered fault monitoring device of this application; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the self-powered fault monitoring device of this application; In the diagram, 100 is the self-powered module; 200 is the monitoring unit; 300 is the communication module; 400 is the synchronization module; 500 is the main body of the device; 101 is the magnetic core; 102 is the rectifier bridge; 103 is the protection circuit; 104 is the Boost circuit; 105 is the energy storage battery; 106 is the charging module; 201 is the first Rogowski coil; 202 is the second Rogowski coil; 203 is the measuring coil hole; 501 is the upper housing; and 502 is the lower housing. Detailed Implementation

[0020] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present application, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0021] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this application are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of this application described herein can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.

[0022] like Figure 1As shown, one aspect of this application provides a self-powered fault monitoring device, including a device body 500, which integrates a self-powered module 100. The self-powered module 100 obtains electrical energy through electromagnetic induction to supply the device body 500; a monitoring unit 200, which is used to collect current and voltage signals of the line; a communication module 300, which supports MESH self-organizing network to transmit signals collected by the monitoring unit 200; and a synchronization module 400, which is used to realize synchronous waveform recording among multiple device bodies 500. Technically, the self-powered module 100 obtains energy from the environment around the overhead line using the principle of electromagnetic induction, without the need for an external power source, thus improving the independence and reliability of the device. In principle, electrical energy is generated by inducing changes in the magnetic field around the overhead line, a process based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. In terms of functionality, the self-powered module 100 in this embodiment can continuously supply power to the equipment, ensuring its normal operation even in remote areas or harsh environments. Simultaneously, the monitoring unit 200 can collect current and voltage signals in real time, providing basic data for fault detection. In other embodiments, solar panels or wind turbines can be used as alternative self-powered solutions to address the issue of unstable power supply due to electromagnetic induction in certain environments.

[0023] Furthermore, such as Figure 2 As shown, the self-powered module 100 includes an open-type toroidal permalloy core 101, a rectifier bridge 102, a protection circuit 103, a boost circuit 104, and an energy storage battery 105. The open-type toroidal permalloy core 101 consists of two semi-circular ring structures, which are snap-fitted onto a 10-35kV overhead line. The energy storage battery 105 is used to continuously power the equipment for 24 hours after a power outage. Technically, the permalloy core 101, due to its high permeability and low loss characteristics, can effectively capture changes in the magnetic field around the overhead line and convert them into electrical energy. The rectifier bridge 102 converts the induced alternating current into direct current, while the boost circuit 104 is used to increase the voltage to meet the equipment's operating requirements. In principle, the permeability of the permalloy core 101 is much higher than that of air, which can significantly enhance the electromagnetic induction effect and improve energy conversion efficiency. In terms of functionality, the self-powered module 100 in this embodiment not only supplies power to the device during normal operation, but also ensures continued operation for at least 24 hours in the event of a sudden power outage, relying on the energy storage battery 105, thus enhancing the device's emergency response capability. In other embodiments, ferrite core 101 or other types of high-efficiency magnetic materials can be used as alternatives, as long as they meet the requirements of high permeability and low loss.

[0024] The energy storage battery 105 is charged through the charging module 106, and the first Rogowski coil 201 and the second Rogowski coil 202 pass through the measuring coil hole 203 and exit the main body of the device 500.

[0025] Among them, the Boost circuit 104 is a typical topology of DC-DC power conversion circuit. Its core function is to convert the input low-voltage DC power into higher-voltage DC power while maintaining efficient energy transfer.

[0026] Furthermore, the monitoring unit 200 includes a first Rogowski coil 201 and a second Rogowski coil 202. The first Rogowski coil 201 and the second Rogowski coil 202 are installed separately on the main line and branch line of the line, with a measurement range of 0-1000A, a measurement error of less than 2%, and an accuracy class of 2.5. The displacement current sensor measures the line voltage through parasitic capacitance, achieving a linearity of 0.62%. The microcontroller uses an STM32 microcontroller, which integrates an ADC module, supports a 4kHz sampling frequency, and has a buffer depth ≥1s. Technically, the Rogowski coil is a non-contact current sensor suitable for current measurement in high-voltage lines, exhibiting good linearity and a wide dynamic range. The displacement current sensor measures voltage using the principle of parasitic capacitance, avoiding the risks of direct contact with high-voltage lines. In principle, the Rogowski coil utilizes the principle of electromagnetic induction; when current flows through it, a changing magnetic field is generated around the coil, thereby inducing an electromotive force (EMF). By measuring this EMF, the magnitude of the current can be determined. The displacement current sensor is based on the principle of capacitive voltage division, indirectly measuring the line voltage by measuring the voltage difference across the parasitic capacitance. In terms of effectiveness, the monitoring unit 200 in this embodiment can accurately and safely acquire current and voltage signals, providing high-quality data support for subsequent fault analysis. In other embodiments, Hall effect sensors or fiber optic current sensors can be used as alternatives, achieving the same high-precision current measurement and overcoming the measurement range limitations or cost issues that Rogowski coils may encounter.

[0027] Furthermore, the communication module 300 is a LoRa module. The LoRa module supports 10 levels of routing, with a single-level communication distance of ≥1.5km, and possesses a self-healing structure. This self-healing structure automatically switches to a backup path within a 2km range in the event of a node failure, ensuring a data retransmission rate of <0.1%. Technically, LoRa is a long-range wireless transmission technology characterized by long distance and low power consumption, making it ideal for data transmission in the field or remote areas. In principle, LoRa achieves long-range communication with low power through modulation and coding techniques. Simultaneously, the self-healing structure, based on dynamic adjustments to the network topology, automatically bypasses faulty nodes, maintaining network connectivity. In terms of effectiveness, the communication module 300 in this embodiment not only covers a wide area but also automatically restores network connectivity in the event of partial node failure, ensuring the continuity and stability of data transmission. In other embodiments, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, or other wireless communication technologies can also be used, as long as they meet the requirements for long-range communication and a self-healing network.

[0028] Furthermore, the synchronization module 400 is a BeiDou-GPS dual-mode receiver module with a pulse-per-second (PPS) accuracy of ±100ns. It uses a phase-locked loop (PLL) to calibrate the sampling clock, ensuring a synchronization error of <10μs between multiple devices. Technically, the BeiDou-GPS dual-mode receiver module combines the BeiDou satellite system and the Global Positioning System (GPS), providing high-precision time synchronization globally. In principle, it receives time signals transmitted by satellites, uses pulse-per-second (PPS) for time synchronization, and then uses PLL technology to calibrate the sampling clock within the device, ensuring accurate time synchronization between multiple devices. In terms of effectiveness, the synchronization module 400 in this embodiment achieves microsecond-level synchronization accuracy, which is crucial for fault recording and waveform comparison, helping to accurately determine the location and nature of faults. In other embodiments, the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) or the NTP network time protocol can be used as alternatives to achieve high-precision time synchronization between devices, addressing the problem of potential satellite signal interference in certain environments.

[0029] Furthermore, it also includes a Bluetooth module, which connects the three-phase devices on the same tower and aggregates the data from the three-phase devices to one of the phase devices for zero-sequence calculation and analysis. Technically, Bluetooth, as a short-range wireless communication technology, enables convenient and quick data exchange between the three-phase devices. In principle, a stable wireless connection can be established through the Bluetooth protocol stack, transmitting the data collected by each phase device to the designated device for processing. In terms of effectiveness, the Bluetooth module in this embodiment simplifies the data aggregation process, improves data processing efficiency, and helps to quickly identify zero-sequence current anomalies and promptly detect potential grounding faults. In other embodiments, wired connections or other short-range wireless communication technologies such as ZigBee or RFID can also be used, as long as the requirements for data aggregation and zero-sequence calculation are met.

[0030] Furthermore, the protection circuit 103 includes a bidirectional thyristor D0 and a MOSFET V1; the bidirectional thyristor D0 is a TISP4005L1BJ, used to suppress transient overvoltage at the output of the magnetic core 101 caused by primary-side current fluctuations; the input voltage range of the Boost circuit 104 is 2.3~6V, with a limit of 7V; the protection circuit 103 controls the switching state of the MOSFET V1 by monitoring the input voltage of the Boost circuit 104 to discharge excess energy in the circuit. Technically, the bidirectional thyristor and the MOSFET together constitute the protection circuit 103, which can effectively prevent overvoltage damage to the equipment caused by sudden current changes. In principle, when the primary-side current fluctuation causes the output voltage of the magnetic core 101 to exceed the normal range, the bidirectional thyristor will be triggered to conduct, releasing the excess voltage. At the same time, the MOSFET is controlled by the voltage monitoring circuit; when the input voltage is too high, the MOSFET turns on, further discharging energy and protecting the protection circuit 103 from damage. In terms of effectiveness, the protection circuit 103 in this embodiment can ensure the stable operation of the self-powered module 100 under various operating conditions, extend the service life of the equipment, and improve the overall safety of the system. In other embodiments, TVS transient voltage suppression diodes or other types of voltage protection devices can also be used, as long as they can effectively suppress overvoltage and ensure the safety of the protection circuit 103.

[0031] Furthermore, the synchronization module 400 also includes a timestamp embedding structure, which embeds a μs-level timestamp at each sampling point to ensure waveform alignment across devices. Technically, the timestamp embedding structure is part of the synchronization module 400, adding precise timestamps during data sampling. In principle, by embedding microsecond-level precise timestamps into the sampled data, it ensures that waveform data acquired by different devices are aligned on the time axis, facilitating subsequent waveform comparison and analysis. In terms of effectiveness, the timestamp embedding structure in this embodiment improves the accuracy of fault waveform recording, making cross-device waveform comparison and analysis more reliable and helping to quickly locate fault points. In other embodiments, timestamps can also be added during the data post-processing stage using software algorithms, or higher-precision timestamp generation can be achieved using hardware circuits, as long as the waveform alignment requirements are met.

[0032] Furthermore, the self-healing structure of the communication module 300 is also used to ensure that data transmission of the remaining devices is not affected when any phase of the three-phase equipment on the overhead line fails. Technically, the self-healing structure is designed to account for the possibility of equipment failure, ensuring network robustness through preset backup paths and intelligent routing algorithms. In principle, when a communication node failure is detected in a phase device, the self-healing structure automatically finds and switches to an unaffected path, maintaining the continuity of data transmission. In terms of effectiveness, the self-healing structure in this embodiment greatly enhances the stability of communication between devices. Even in the face of localized failures, the data transmission of the entire system can remain normal, improving the real-time performance and effectiveness of fault monitoring. In other embodiments, the self-healing capability and fault tolerance of the network can be further improved by adding redundant communication nodes or adopting a more complex network topology, addressing the risks that a single path may pose under extreme conditions.

[0033] Furthermore, the STM32 microcontroller is connected to a waveform recording and storage unit, which stores waveform data for 10 cycles at the same moment of the fault. Technically, the waveform recording and storage unit is tightly integrated with the STM32 microcontroller, enabling real-time recording and storage of critical waveform data. In principle, when the monitoring unit 200 detects an abnormal current or voltage signal, the STM32 microcontroller triggers the waveform recording and storage unit to begin recording until 10 cycles of data have been recorded. In terms of effectiveness, the waveform recording and storage unit in this embodiment can preserve waveform information at the moment of the fault, providing detailed data for subsequent fault analysis and aiding in a deeper understanding of the fault's mechanism. In other embodiments, larger storage capacity or faster storage speeds can be used to accommodate more complex or higher-frequency fault recording needs, solving the problem of data loss under high-load or high-frequency fault conditions.

[0034] The working process of this self-powered fault monitoring device is as follows: First, the main body of the device 500 obtains electrical energy from the changes in the magnetic field around the overhead line through the integrated self-powered module 100. This process is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and requires no external power supply, achieving self-sufficiency. Subsequently, the Rogowski coil and displacement current sensor in the monitoring unit 200 collect the current and voltage signals of the line, respectively. These signals are processed and stored by the STM32 microcontroller, which also controls the waveform recording and storage unit to record the waveform data at the moment of the fault. The communication module 300 adopts LoRa technology, supports MESH self-organizing networking, and transmits the collected data to the central control station. It also has a self-healing structure, which can automatically switch paths when a node fails, ensuring the continuity of data transmission. The synchronization module 400 achieves time synchronization between multiple devices through a BeiDou / GPS dual-mode receiver. Combined with a timestamp embedding structure, it ensures the alignment of waveform data, which is beneficial for accurate fault location. Furthermore, the protection circuit 103 effectively suppresses overvoltage caused by current fluctuations through a combination of bidirectional thyristors and MOSFETs, protecting the circuit 103 from damage. The Bluetooth module is used for data aggregation between three-phase devices on the same tower, simplifying the data processing flow. The entire equipment operates with a high degree of automation and intelligence, enabling real-time monitoring of power line operation status without human intervention, timely detection and fault location, and providing strong technical support for the safe and stable operation of the power system.

[0035] Example 1 This embodiment relates to the basic architecture of a self-powered fault monitoring device, which aims to solve the power supply problem and data synchronization problem of fault monitoring of power lines in the field.

[0036] The main body of the equipment 500 integrates a self-powered module 100, which uses an open-type toroidal permalloy magnetic core 101 installed on a 10-35kV overhead line to obtain electrical energy through the principle of electromagnetic induction. The permalloy magnetic core 101 consists of two semi-circular blocks, which are fixed to the conductor by clips, ensuring power extraction efficiency while facilitating installation and maintenance. The design of the magnetic core 101 takes into account the normal operation and transient fluctuations of the power line, ensuring stable power supply under any conditions. In addition, the energy storage battery 105 ensures that the equipment can continue to operate for at least 24 hours in the event of a sudden power outage, providing a sufficient time window for fault detection.

[0037] The synchronization module 400 employs a BeiDou / GPS dual-mode receiving system with an accuracy of ±100ns, ensuring high synchronization of the sampling clock. Phase-locked loop (PLL) technology further calibrates the sampling clock, reducing synchronization errors between multiple devices and improving the accuracy of fault analysis. Each sampling point is accompanied by a microsecond-level timestamp, effectively promoting waveform alignment across devices and laying the foundation for accurate fault segment identification.

[0038] The self-powered module 100 uses an open-type permalloy magnetic core 101 fitted onto the transmission line, drawing power through electromagnetic induction to provide strong support for equipment operation in scenarios without a stable power supply on overhead lines in the field. The communication module 300 uses a LoRa module, supporting Mesh self-organizing networks and multi-level relay transmission, solving the problem of difficult data transmission due to the lack of signal in the field. Single-phase fault diagnosis allows a single device to roughly determine the type of line fault without interference from other phase line devices. Multi-protection diagnosis allows for synchronous analysis of three-phase data to determine the zero-sequence fault status of the line.

[0039] Among them, Mesh self-organizing network communication: the oLORA+Mesh architecture solves the communication problems in the field, improving transmission stability by 90% and adapting to scenarios such as mountainous areas and deserts without 4G coverage. Line self-powering: the power module requires no external power supply, achieving continuous power supply reliability of 99.9% and reducing maintenance costs by more than 70%. Synchronous waveform recording enables synchronous data acquisition from devices, improving waveform alignment accuracy to the sampling point level. Three-phase data aggregation allows for zero-sequence judgment, enabling quick and convenient fault diagnosis of lines. For single-device failures, a single-phase fault diagnosis mode can be switched without affecting the overall judgment, improving fault tolerance and avoiding the "one-for-all" defect of traditional three-phase shared network modes.

[0040] Example 2 Detailed implementation instructions: This embodiment makes detailed technical improvements to the self-powered module 100 in Embodiment 1, especially in the protection circuit 103 and energy conversion design, to ensure that the device can still safely draw power under extreme conditions.

[0041] The self-powered module 100 in the device includes a bidirectional thyristor D0 (TISP4005L1BJ) to suppress transient overvoltages at the output of the magnetic core 101 caused by primary-side current fluctuations, protecting the rectifier bridge 102 and the Boost circuit 104 from damage. The rectifier bridge 102, composed of four diodes D1-D4, is responsible for converting AC to DC, providing a stable input to the Boost circuit 104. The input voltage range of the Boost circuit 104 is set to 2.3~6V. When the voltage exceeds 6V, the protection circuit 103 controls the MOSFET V1 to conduct, safely discharging excess energy and ensuring the safety and reliability of the entire energy conversion process.

[0042] Example 3 This device is powered by a self-powered module 100, acquires line information through a measurement module, and uses a GPS module to enable synchronous waveform recording across all devices. A Bluetooth module entrusts other two-phase devices with single-point data aggregation, and finally, a LoRa module facilitates data transmission. The measurement module includes a simple data analysis center that performs real-time single-phase analysis of the collected line data to achieve real-time monitoring of line faults.

[0043] The self-powered module 100 consists of an open-type toroidal permalloy core 101 with an inner diameter suitable for 10-35kV overhead lines, which is snap-fitted onto the conductor. It supports continuous operation for 24 hours after a power outage. It comprises the core 101, a rectifier bridge 102, a protection circuit 103, a boost circuit 104, and an energy storage battery 105. The core 101 consists of two semi-circular ring-shaped blocks made of permalloy, used to fit onto the transmission line to obtain induced energy. Diode D0 is a bidirectional thyristor TISP4005L1BJ, which can suppress transient overvoltages at the core 101 output caused by primary current fluctuations, protecting subsequent circuits. In this design, the input voltage range of the boost circuit 104 is 2.3~6V, with a limit of 7V. Selecting a thyristor with a breakdown voltage below its limit of 7V achieves the purpose of suppressing transient overvoltages. The rectifier bridge 102, composed of diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4, converts AC to DC to power the subsequent Boost circuit 104. The protection circuit 103 monitors the input voltage of the Boost circuit 104 and controls the switching state of the MOSFET V1 to prevent overvoltage saturation of the magnetic core 101 and to discharge excess energy in the circuit during overcurrent.

[0044] The monitoring unit 200 includes two sets of Rogowski coils, a displacement current sensor, and an STM32 microcontroller. The two Rogowski coils are installed in phases on the main line and branch lines, acquiring current signals in real time with a measurement range of 0-1000A, an error of less than 2%, and an accuracy class of 2.5. The displacement current sensor measures line voltage through parasitic capacitance, achieving a linearity of 0.62% and effectively reflecting voltage drop characteristics. The STM32 microcontroller integrates an A-diode DC module, supports a 4kHz sampling frequency, and has a buffer depth of ≥1s to ensure complete recording of fault waveforms.

[0045] The communication module 300 includes a LoRa module and a self-healing mechanism. The LoRa module supports mesh self-organizing networks, with a single-level communication distance of ≥1.5km, supports 10 levels of routing, and possesses self-healing capabilities, automatically avoiding faulty equipment nodes. The self-healing mechanism automatically switches to a backup path within 1km when a node fails, with a data retransmission rate of <0.1%. Even if one phase of a three-phase device installed on an overhead line fails, data transmission is not affected.

[0046] The synchronization module 400 includes BeiDou / GPS dual-mode reception, with a pulse-per-second (PPS) accuracy of ±100ns. The sampling clock is calibrated via a phase-locked loop (PLL), and the multi-device synchronization error is <10μs. Timestamp embedding: Each sampling point is accompanied by a μs-level timestamp to ensure waveform alignment across devices.

[0047] The Bluetooth module is used to connect to the three-phase data on the unified AC tower. On the same tower, the three-phase devices aggregate the data to a single phase device for zero-sequence calculation and analysis.

[0048] The fault diagnosis method using the self-powered fault monitoring equipment of this application includes: Fault Trigger: Single-phase grounding: Voltage drop >30%, initiate waveform recording; Phase-to-phase short circuit: RMS current > 850A; Recording range: Waveform data of 10 cycles at the same moment during the fault; Zero-sequence triggering: Collects three-phase current data to determine faults; In a specific embodiment, to cope with harsh natural environments, the magnetic core 101 of the self-harvesting module 100 is made of permalloy with high magnetic permeability to improve energy capture efficiency. Even in weak magnetic field environments, it can effectively collect electromagnetic induction energy. Meanwhile, the optimized design of the Boost circuit 104 ensures high power conversion efficiency over a wide input voltage range, thereby improving the overall battery life of the device and ensuring uninterrupted operation even at night or on cloudy days.

[0049] The monitoring unit 200 is equipped with a Rogowski coil, designed to ensure a measurement error of less than 2% within a current range of 0-1000A. The Rogowski coil is installed in phases on the main and branch lines of the overhead line to achieve real-time monitoring of the current signal. The displacement current sensor captures voltage changes through line parasitic capacitance; even if the voltage drops by more than 30%, it can quickly activate the fault recording mechanism to ensure complete recording of critical data. Furthermore, the STM32 microcontroller's ADC module supports a 4kHz sampling frequency and a buffer depth of at least 1 second, accurately capturing the instantaneous waveform of a fault and providing detailed data for subsequent analysis.

[0050] The main body 500 of this application is an integrated structure, consisting of an upper housing 501 and a lower housing 502. The self-powered module 100, monitoring unit 200, communication module 300, and synchronization module 400 are integrated into the upper housing 501 or the lower housing 502, respectively. The upper housing 501 and the lower housing 502 are hinged to the same edge, and a through-hole is formed inside the upper housing 501 and the lower housing 502 for overhead lines to pass through. In use, the main body 500 can be opened and installed on an overhead line for operation.

[0051] In environments where LORA modules are deployed on overhead power lines, their self-healing mechanism immediately activates when a device node fails. Within a 2km range, the system automatically searches for and switches to an undamaged backup path, ensuring the continuity of data transmission links. This mechanism significantly reduces the data retransmission rate to less than 0.1%, thereby significantly improving the stability and reliability of the communication network. Even under extreme weather conditions, communication between devices will not be interrupted by the failure of a single node, ensuring that fault monitoring data can be collected and transmitted in a timely and accurate manner.

[0052] In summary, this application proposes a self-powered fault monitoring device based on a mesh network. It not only solves the power supply problem in power line monitoring but also optimizes the synchronization and reliability of data acquisition and transmission. Through a carefully designed self-powered module 100, monitoring unit 200, communication module 300, and synchronization mechanism, real-time monitoring and precise location of line faults are achieved, greatly improving the operating efficiency and safety of the power system. This innovative solution significantly improves automation, accuracy, and reliability, and has important practical significance for fault detection and maintenance in the power industry.

[0053] Obviously, those skilled in the art should understand that the modules or steps of this application described above can be implemented using general-purpose computing devices. They can be centralized on a single computing device or distributed across a network of multiple computing devices. They can be implemented using computer-executable program code, and thus can be stored in a storage device for execution by a computing device. In some cases, the steps shown or described can be performed in a different order than those presented here, or they can be fabricated as separate integrated circuit modules, or multiple modules or steps can be fabricated as a single integrated circuit module. Thus, this application is not limited to any particular combination of hardware and software.

[0054] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this application and is not intended to limit this application. Various modifications and variations can be made to this application by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the principles of this application should be included within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A self-powered fault monitoring device, characterized in that, The device includes a main body, which integrates: The self-powered module obtains electrical energy through electromagnetic induction to supply the main body of the equipment; A monitoring unit, which is used to collect the current signal and voltage signal of the line; The communication module supports MESH self-organizing network to transmit the current and voltage signals collected by the monitoring unit to the data analysis center; A synchronization module is used to achieve synchronized waveform recording among multiple device entities.

2. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The self-powered module includes a magnetic core, a rectifier bridge, a protection circuit, a boost circuit, and an energy storage battery; the magnetic core, rectifier bridge, protection circuit, boost circuit, and energy storage battery are electrically connected in sequence. The magnetic core consists of two semi-circular ring-shaped blocks made of permalloy, which are attached to the overhead line by a snap-fit ​​structure. The rectifier bridge consists of diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4, and is used to convert AC to DC to provide power to the subsequent Boost circuit. The protection circuit is used to monitor the input voltage of the Boost circuit; Boost circuits are used to increase voltage; The energy storage battery is used to continuously power the equipment after a power outage.

3. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The protection circuit includes a bidirectional thyristor D0 and a MOSFET V1; The bidirectional thyristor D0 is positioned between the magnetic core and the rectifier bridge to suppress transient overvoltage at the magnetic core output caused by fluctuations in the primary side current. The protection circuit controls the switching state of MOSFET V1 by monitoring the input voltage of the Boost circuit in order to discharge excess energy in the circuit.

4. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The monitoring unit includes: Two sets of Rogowski coils are installed in phases on the main line and branch line of the line; A displacement current sensor that measures the voltage of a circuit via the Rogowski coil and parasitic capacitance; The microcontroller integrates an ADC module for acquiring the voltage signal from the displacement current sensor.

5. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to claim 4, characterized in that, The microcontroller is connected to a waveform recording and storage unit, which stores waveform data.

6. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The communication module is a LORA module, which supports multi-level routing and has a self-healing structure; the self-healing structure is used to automatically switch to a backup path when a node fails.

7. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The synchronization module is a BeiDou / GPS dual-mode receiver module, used to calibrate the sampling clock via a phase-locked loop.

8. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to claim 7, characterized in that, The synchronization module also includes a timestamp embedding structure, which is used to embed a timestamp at each sampling point to ensure waveform alignment across devices.

9. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a Bluetooth module, which is used to connect three-phase devices on the same tower and aggregate the data of the three-phase devices into one of the phase devices.

10. The self-powered fault monitoring device according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, The main body of the device consists of an upper box and a lower box. The self-powered module, monitoring unit, communication module, and synchronization module are respectively integrated into the upper box or the lower box. The upper box and the lower box are hinged on the same side edge, and a through hole is formed inside the upper box and the lower box for overhead lines to pass through.

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