Method for the bidirectional transmission of optical carrier signals from a first transmitting / receiving unit to a second transmitting / receiving unit for time transfer and ranging

Abstract

The method for the bidirectional transmission of optical carrier signals involves the transmission of a data stream comprising payload frames and time data frames, with several sequential payload frames followed by a time data frame, which in turn is followed by several sequential payload frames. Each time data frame has a header with a PRN sequence comprising several chips, known to the receiver, and with a timestamp containing the respective transmitter-side transmission time of the time data frame and the time difference between the receiver-side transmission time and the transmitter-side reception time of the last previously received time data frame. The PRN sequence is present in the receiver as a digital binary PRN sequence.At the receiver end, the data stream is converted into a bit stream with binary data, and the bit stream is correlated with the digital binary PRN sequence to identify the PRN sequence of the header of the next time data frame within the received data stream. Finally, at the receiver end, the reception time of the time data frame is determined as the time at which the PRN sequence is identified in the received time data frame, with subchip precision. The time data frame is read and / or evaluated to align the local time references of the two transmit / receive units.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a method for the bidirectional transmission of optical carrier signals for time transfer and ranging from a first transmitting / receiving unit to a second transmitting / receiving unit, each having a local time reference unit which is not synchronous, via an optical transmission channel, wherein signals representing data of a data stream are modulated onto the optical carrier signal.

[0002] The synchronization of the local time bases or local time reference units of two transmitting / receiving units, such as two satellites, is achieved using so-called time transfers. Communication between satellites, in particular, is typically carried out via an optical communication channel due to the data rates required today.

[0003] Time transfer via an optical free-space link is carried out according to the state of the art in one of the following ways: 1. Laser pulses

[0004] Transmission of laser pulses, which can then be uniquely assigned to a reference. Accuracy is specified at 50-100 ps. The required timestamps are transmitted via a radio frequency (RF) link. This system can be operated as a single channel in a DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system.

[0005] The use and application of this technology may be limited in the following aspects: a) The achieved accuracy of 50-100 ps is not sufficient to reach cm or mm levels for future GNSS applications. b) An additional link, in particular an RF link or (second) optical link, is required so that the timestamps can be transmitted. c) Can be used in a special channel, but specific hardware is required. 2. Frequency comb pulses

[0006] Transmission of output pulses from a frequency comb, each with a separate time stamp. A parallel (optical) channel allows the pulses to be transmitted with a time stamp. Accuracy is estimated at 10-100 femtoseconds.

[0007] The use and application of this technology may be limited in the following aspects: a) A frequency comb is required on both sides, which is a very complex and expensive component. The size, weight, and required power are too high for the intended use (Galileo satellites, LEO-PNT satellites, communications satellites in constellations). Furthermore, no frequency comb qualified for space use is currently available (qualification is currently being carried out in the COMPASSO project). b) The additional data channel requires additional components. c) Not compatible with dense wave length division multiplexing (DWDM) channels because the frequency combs are very broadband. 3. High-rate PRN sequences with optical correlation

[0008] Transmission of high-rate pseudorandom noise (PRN) sequences, which are correlated at the receive end with a reference sequence in the optical domain. The reference sequence is locked to the input signal using a control loop. A slower data signal can be encoded onto the high-rate PRN code. This is used to transmit the necessary timestamps. This system can be operated as a single channel in a DWDM system.

[0009] The use and application of this technology may be limited in the following aspects: a) Can be used in a dedicated channel, but specific hardware is required. b) An analog control loop is required to implement the time transfer. This consists of the generation of a reference sequence with a digital phase discriminator, a digital loop filter, and a controlled delay element for sub-chip shifts. Furthermore, it is possible that a brief signal loss could cause the control loop to open, requiring the loop to be actively closed. c) Coherent optical transmission is necessary for the system. 4. Time transmission with synchronization bits

[0010] Clock recovery is used to determine the time at which the synchronization bits are received. Precision is limited by the sampling rate.

[0011] The use and application of this technology may be limited in the following respects: a) The achieved accuracy of 3 ns is not sufficient to reach cm or mm levels for future GNSS applications.

[0012] Data transmission methods using optical free-space links for overhead data transmission with and without time transfer are known, for example, from DE 10 2019 120 700 A1, DE 10 2020 115 460 B3, WO 2019 / 011919 A1 and EP 3 751 308 B1.

[0013] The object of the invention is to provide a method with which the bidirectional transmission of optical carrier signals from a first transmitting / receiving unit to a second transmitting / receiving unit with payload data to be transmitted as well as the data for the time transfer can be improved.

[0014] To achieve this object, the invention proposes a method for the bidirectional transmission of optical carrier signals from a first transmitting / receiving unit to a second transmitting / receiving unit, each of which has a local time reference unit which is not synchronous, via an optical transmission channel, wherein signals representing data of a data stream are modulated onto the optical carrier signal, and wherein in the method - the data stream comprises user data frames and time data frames, with several sequential user data frames followed by a time data frame, which in turn is followed by several sequential user data frames, - each time data frame has a header with a PRN sequence comprising several chips, which is known at the receiver end, and with a time stamp which indicates the respective time of transmission of the time data frame at the transmitter end and the time difference between the time of transmission at the receiver end and the time of reception at the transmitter end of the last time data frame previously received at the transmitter end, - the PRN sequence is present on the receiver side as a digital binary PRN sequence, - on the receiver side, the data stream is converted into a bit stream with binary data, - on the receiver side, the bit stream is correlated with the digital binary PRN sequence, - on the receiver side, the PRN sequence of the header of the next time data frame within the received data stream is recognized, - on the receiver side, the reception time of the time data frame is determined as the time at which the PRN sequence is detected in the received time data frame, with subchip accuracy, and - on the receiver side, the time data frame is read out and / or evaluated to compare the local time references of the two transmit / receive units.

[0015] In the method according to the invention, the modulated optical carrier signals represent data of a data stream, which according to the invention has payload frames and time data frames (time transfer frames) arranged between payload frames or groups of payload frames, so that one or more sequential payload frames are followed by a time data frame, which in turn is followed by one or more payload frames. According to the invention, each time data frame has a header with a PRN sequence comprising several chips, known to the receiver, and with a timestamp. The timestamp represents the respective transmitter-side transmission time of the time data frame and the time difference between the receiver-side transmission time and the transmitter-side reception time of the last previously received time data frame.For the time transfer and synchronization of the local time reference units of the bidirectionally communicating transmit / receive units, especially satellites, multiple bidirectional communication is required. In addition to the asynchronous local time reference units, this also takes into account the changing distances between the communicating satellites or transmit / receive units in general. Examples of the various time transfer methods are given in DE 10 2020 115 460 B3.

[0016] In each transmit / receive unit, the PRN sequence that the respective unit expects is stored as a digital binary PRN sequence. On the receiver side, the data stream is converted into a binary data bit stream, which is correlated with the digital binary PRN sequence in order to be able to recognize the header of the next received time data frame within the received data stream. On the receiver side, the reception time of the time data frame is then determined with subchip precision as the time at which the PRN sequence was recognized in the received time data frame. The time data frame is then read or evaluated to compare the local time references of both transmit / receive units.

[0017] In an expedient embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that the time data frame further contains status data about the respective transmitter-side transmitting / receiving unit from which the optical carrier signal is transmitted, and / or calibration data for calibrating the respective receiver-side transmitting / receiving unit to which the optical carrier signal is transmitted.

[0018] Finally, it can advantageously be further provided that the transmission speed of the optical carrier signal in the optical transmission channel is known and that the distance between the two transmitting / receiving units is determined on the basis of the transmission speed and the respective reception time of a time data frame and the transmitter-side transmission time of said time data frame as well as the information of said time data frame about the time difference.

[0019] The advantages and essential properties of the method according to the invention can be briefly summarized as follows: 1. Sequence correlation is performed in the digital domain. The reference sequence is generated only in the digital domain and correlated with the received signal. High-speed ADCs are required to sample the sequence. However, these ADCs are also required for high-speed data transmission. 2. Correlation and integration allows sub-chip resolution. 3. The system does not require a control loop at the receiver. This reduces the required hardware and eliminates the need for a delay element, RF amplifier, and optical modulator. 4. The system is independent of the modulation method. On-off keying, phase and / or amplitude modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation, and the use of other multiplexing methods (e.g., dense wavelength division multiplexing, dual polarization, multi-mode, etc.) allow time transfer. 5. The required hardware is identical to that required for a communication channel. Only the controller firmware needs to be adapted. The system can be easily integrated into a multi-channel communication system. 6. Time transfer can be integrated into a communication channel using time division multiplexing (TDMA). 7. The PRN sequence and header of the data channel can be combined into a split data and time transfer channel, thus saving overhead. Furthermore, processing power can be saved on the receiver side, as header detection can be used for time and data transfer. 8. The system is very robust against high Doppler effect and Doppler rates. 9. The system does not require any acquisition time (unlike, for example, optical correlation, where the PRN sequence must be scanned).

[0020] The invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment and with reference to the drawings. In detail: Fig. 1 an example of a satellite constellation in which the invention can be used, Fig. 2 a block diagram of the main components of a system for implementing the method according to the invention, Fig. 3 a schematic representation of the transmission channel with the data stream consisting of user data frames and time data frames as well as the structure of a time data frame, Fig. 4 a diagram of a received bit sequence, where the desired PRN sequence is received at sampling point 0, Fig. 5a and Fig. 5b shows the graph of the correlation function between the received signal and the detected PRN sequence with a peak at sampling point 0, where Fig. 5b an enlargement of the graph of the Fig. 5a around the sampling point 0, and Fig. 6 a diagram of the subchip determination with time error estimation when evaluating the graph according to Fig. 5a and Fig. 5b using the formula for determining a parabola from three points to determine the center.

[0021] In Fig. Figure 1 shows a satellite constellation in which several satellites 10, representing individual transmit / receive units 12, orbit in an MEO orbit. Neighboring MEO satellites 10 are connected to each other via optical data communication. In a near-Earth LEO orbit, there are additional (LEO) satellites 14 serving as transmit / receive units 16, which are also connected to each other and to the MEO satellite 10 via optical data communication, for example, and also communicate with ground stations 18 on Earth via downlinks and uplinks.

[0022] For high-precision applications in geodesy, for example, in addition to the time synchronization of the satellites' local time references, it is also crucial to know the exact distances, for example, between neighboring MEO satellites 10 or the distance of an MEO satellite 10 from a LEO satellite 12, as well as to track their changes. For this purpose, the "optical ranging" method can be used, for example. As mentioned above, time synchronization is also a key component of this method.

[0023] For this purpose, the method according to the invention is used, in which, in addition to user data frames 20, time data frames 22 (see Fig. 3) are integrated into the transmitted data stream.

[0024] A conceivable system structure for the implementation of the method according to the invention is shown in Fig. 2. The functional blocks in solid lines are relevant for time transfer (and possibly ranging). The dashed blocks indicate the possibility for additional data transfer and multiplexing.

[0025] In Fig. 2 shows two transmitting / receiving units 12, which in this embodiment are two MEO satellites, as in Fig. 1. The essential functional blocks of each transmit / receive unit are shown in Fig. 2 for the transmit / receive unit 12 shown on the left. The two transmit / receive units 12 communicate via an optical transmission channel 24. If data transmission is operated via multiplexing, a channel demultiplexer 26 and a channel multiplexer 28 are provided.

[0026] The signal, possibly received via the channel demultiplexer 26, is received at the transmitter end by an optical receiver 30 and converted into the digital domain as a binary bit stream using an ADC 32 (a sampling rate should meet the Nyqvist criterion so that the neighboring values ​​of the correlation can be used meaningfully). Subsequently, the PRN correlation takes place in the controller 34 using a corresponding correlator 36. With the reception time as the result of the correlation, the time data frame 22 yields the time stamp (the transmission time of the received data stream by the transmit / receive unit 12 acting as the transmitter) and the time difference between the transmission time and the reception time, last determined during the time alignment and time synchronization.

[0027] The data determined for this purpose in block 37 are then available for the time transfer (since the result of the correlation is the reception time, with which the time difference can be calculated based on the time stamp) and the ranging (see reference numeral 38 in Fig. 2).

[0028] Controlled by block 37, the sequence generation for sending back the data required for the time transfer to the Fig. 2 transmitting / receiving unit 12 shown on the right. The sequence generation takes place at 40, takes place in the digital domain and is converted by means of a DAC 42 and an optical modulator 44 into an optical signal, which is then sent via the channel multiplexer 28 (if multiplexing is provided) via the transmission channel 24.

[0029] The clock rate at which the controller 34 operates is determined by a counter 46, which in turn is controlled by the local time reference 48 of the transmit / receive unit 12. The local time reference 48, typically a 10 MHz signal from an oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a maser or similar device, thus references the switching frequency of the controller 34, which in turn has the counter 46 as an internal time reference.

[0030] As shown by Fig. As shown in Figure 2 for the controller 34, in addition to the data for the time transfer, user data can also be integrated. Such user data comes, for example, from external data sources 50, which are processed in the controller 34 (see block 52) and then fed to the sequence generator 40 together with the data from the time difference and ranging calculation in block 37.

[0031] The received data typically also includes payload data which, after PRN correlation, is output by the PRN correlator 36, for example to a unit 54 receiving this data (such as a data processing unit).

[0032] One of the essential features of the invention is that the time data and the user data transfer are transmitted as a "mixture" on one and the same channel. This is shown schematically in Fig. 3 shown.

[0033] Over the transmission channel 24, user data frames 20 are transmitted, with individual time data frames 22 repeatedly transmitted between them. A time data frame follows a number of n (n = natural number) user data frames 20.

[0034] Each time data frame 22 has the Fig. 3. This time frame structure includes the PRN sequence as well as the time transfer and ranging information. After correlation with the reference PRN sequence, the reception time is estimated with subchip accuracy, resulting in the time transfer calculation, which also incorporates the time transfer and ranging information of the time frame structure.

[0035] The length of the frames is determined by optimizing the performance of the time transfer, the data overhead, the Doppler effect, and the transmission rate. A time data frame (time transfer frame) consists of a PRN sequence and the appended timestamps and any other required status data, for example, about the transmit / receive unit from which the data stream is received. In the controller 34 (see Fig. 2) A frame is detected by correlating it with the reference PRN sequence, and the reception time is measured / calculated. Combined with the transmitted time transfer information, the time transfer and the distance (ranging) between the two transmit / receive units can be calculated in a known manner.

[0036] Based on the diagrams of the Fig. 4, Fig. 5a and Fig. 5b now shows the examination of a received bit sequence which, as in Fig. 4, which contains the reference PRN sequence. This PRN sequence is received at sampling time 0. It matches the received bit sequence. The graph in Fig. Figure 5a shows the correlation function between the signal and the receive sequence with a peak at sampling time 0. The Fig. Figure 5b shows the area around the peak in an enlarged scale. Using the maximum (P max ) and the two neighbors (P early and P late), the optimal sampling point can be calculated in the decimal range. This result, combined with the internal counter 46, allows for precise time transfer calculations at the subchip level. The correlation result can also be used, among other things, for clock recovery of the payload data frames. Furthermore, it is possible to use alternative clock rate recovery algorithms for frame detection if the start of the PRN sequence can be determined with sufficient precision.

[0037] In Fig. Figure 6 shows a diagram with a graph illustrating the possibility of subchip determination of the reception time of the PRN sequence in the time data frame 22. As an example, the formula for determining a parabola from three points around the center (e Subchip ). This formula is: esub chip=Pearly−PlatePmax−Pearly−Plate

[0038] The nonlinearity of the function according to Fig.6 results from the difference between parabola and symbol form and can be optimized with a linearization (indicated by dashed lines) to reduce the error. LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS 10 MEO satellite 12 Transmitting / receiving unit 14 LEO satellites 16 transmit / receive units 18 Ground station 20 payload frames 22 time data frames 24 transmission channels 26 channel demultiplexer 28 channel multiplexer 30 optical receivers 32 ADC 34 controllers 36 PRN correlator 37 Time transfer and ranging calculation 38 Time transfer and ranging data 40 Sequence Generator 42 DAC 44 optical modulator 46 points 48 local time reference 50 external data source 52 external data 54 Data receiving unit

Claims

[1] Method for the bidirectional transmission of optical carrier signals from a first transmitting / receiving unit to a second transmitting / receiving unit, each having a local time reference unit which is not synchronous, via an optical transmission channel, wherein signals representing data of a data stream are modulated onto the optical carrier signal, and wherein in the method - the data stream comprises user data frames and time data frames, with several sequential user data frames followed by a time data frame, which in turn is followed by several sequential user data frames, - each time data frame has a header with a PRN sequence comprising several chips, which is known at the receiver end, and with a time stamp which indicates the respective time of transmission of the time data frame at the transmitter end and the time difference between the time of transmission at the receiver end and the time of reception at the transmitter end of the last time data frame previously received at the transmitter end, - the PRN sequence is present on the receiver side as a digital binary PRN sequence, - on the receiver side, the data stream is converted into a bit stream with binary data, - on the receiver side, the bit stream is correlated with the digital binary PRN sequence, - on the receiver side, the PRN sequence of the header of the next time data frame within the received data stream is recognized, - on the receiver side, the reception time of the time data frame is determined as the time at which the PRN sequence is detected in the received time data frame, with subchip accuracy, and - on the receiver side, the time data frame is read out and / or evaluated to compare the local time references of the two transmit / receive units. [2] Method according to claim 1, characterized by that the time data frame further contains status data about the respective transmitter-side transmitting / receiving unit from which the optical carrier signal is transmitted, and / or calibration data for calibrating the respective receiver-side transmitting / receiving unit to which the optical carrier signal is transmitted. [3] Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized bythat the transmission speed of the optical carrier signal in the optical transmission channel is known and that the distance between the two transmitting / receiving units is determined on the basis of the transmission speed and the respective reception time of a time data frame and the transmitter-side transmission time of said time data frame as well as the information of said time data frame about the time difference.

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