Systems and methods for carbon sequestration using enhanced weathering

Abstract

The present disclosure relates, in part, to enhanced weathering systems and / or devices, and methods of use thereof. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for at least partially sequestering CO2 from an influent aqueous solution containing aqueous and / or gaseous CO2. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for at least partially sequestering CO2 from a gaseous CO2 source. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a system and / or device suitable for use in the methods described herein. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for optimizing the design and operation of a system for at least partially sequestrating CO2 from a water source. TIFF2024532419000014.tif71170

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 239,044, filed August 31, 2021, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] background The natural chemical weathering of rocks produces approximately 1.1 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO) annually. 2 By crushing minerals and / or rocks (e.g., silicates and / or carbonates) into fine particles and applying them to land or aquatic systems, atmospheric CO is sequestered during mineral dissolution with the release of mineral dissolution products (e.g., alkalinity, Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Ni, among others). 2 This natural process can be dramatically enhanced to promote consumption of

[0003] Research on enhanced weathering (EW) has focused primarily on applying crushed minerals and / or rocks to tropical agricultural conditions, with optimistic cost estimates ranging from CO 2 The cost ranges from $80 to $180 per tonne captured. However, fundamental questions remain regarding the effectiveness, cost, safety, and validation strategies for applying EW in a variety of conditions.

[0004] Thus, there is a need in the art for systems and / or devices for enhanced weathering, and methods of use thereof. The present disclosure addresses this need. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Quick Overview In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for the preparation of a soluble CO2 solution comprising: 2 from the influent aqueous solution containing CO 2 In certain embodiments, the method includes at least partially sequestering (a) dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO 2In the influent solution containing 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 In certain embodiments, the method includes (b) feeding the influent aqueous solution through at least one vessel containing a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides. In certain embodiments, the method includes (c) contacting the influent aqueous solution with the mineral feedstock to provide an effluent aqueous solution having one or more metal ions and / or carbonate ions dissolved therein. In certain embodiments, the method includes (d) measuring in the effluent aqueous solution pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO2, and / or phosphate ions. 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (e) dissolved CO 2 The method includes comparing at least two measured parameters of the influent aqueous solution with at least two measured parameters of the effluent aqueous solution to calculate a change in concentration. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (f) determining whether or not the dissolved CO2 concentration in the culture medium is changed by less than about 95%, less than about 90%, less than about 85%, less than about 80%, less than about 75%, less than about 70%, less than about 65%, less than about 60%, less than about 55%, less than about 50%, less than about 45%, less than about 40%, less than about 35%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.9%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.7%, less than about 0.6%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.4%, less than about 0.3%, less than about 0.2%, or less than about 0.1%. 2 In cases where a decrease in concentration is involved, the step of modifying at least one parameter of the influent aqueous solution and / or the step of contacting is included.

[0006] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an aqueous solution treatment system. In certain embodiments, the treatment system includes (a) an inflow aqueous solution inlet connected to the vessel by an optionally sealable joint. In certain embodiments, the vessel includes at least one optionally sealable inlet suitable for adding at least one acidifying agent to the aqueous solution contained therein. In certain embodiments, the vessel is suitable for containing a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides. In certain embodiments, the treatment system includes (b) an outflow aqueous solution outlet connected to the vessel by an optionally sealable joint. In certain embodiments, the treatment system includes at least one optionally sealable inlet suitable for adding at least one acidifying agent to the aqueous solution contained therein. 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 Each vessel is equipped with at least two sensors suitable for measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of (gaseous) oxygen and, optionally, further suitable for measuring at least one parameter of the aqueous solution contained therein selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration. In certain embodiments, the dissolved metal is optionally at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium. In certain embodiments, the dissolved non-metal is optionally at least one non-metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of phosphorus and silica. In certain embodiments, each of the at least two sensors is located within the vessel at a different distance from the inlet junction and / or the outlet junction. In certain embodiments, the treatment system is further adapted to measure (c) dissolved CO 2 The vessel includes a means for comparing at least two measured parameters at two of the at least two sensors in the vessel to calculate a change in concentration. In certain embodiments, the means for comparing measures pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO2, and / or argon in the influent and effluent. 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2and comparing the two results. In certain embodiments, the comparing is performed using computer software.

[0007] In certain embodiments, the treatment system comprises a dissolved CO 2 In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes adding an acidifying agent. In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes aeration. In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes stirring. In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes CO 2 This includes increasing the partial pressure of

[0008] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for producing a gaseous CO 2 CO from the source 2 In certain embodiments, the method includes: (a) at least partially sequestering CO 2 In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the step of: (b) providing a gas stream, optionally compressed, comprising CO 2 In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (c) providing a compressed gas stream into the influent aqueous solution to provide a second influent aqueous solution comprising: 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 In certain embodiments, the method includes (d) providing a second aqueous influent solution in at least one vessel containing a mineral feedstock selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the method includes (e) contacting the second aqueous influent solution with the mineral feedstock in the vessel to form an aqueous effluent solution. In certain embodiments, the method includes (f) measuring pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO2, and the like in the aqueous effluent solution. 2concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (g) dissolved CO 2 The method includes comparing at least two measured parameters of the second influent aqueous solution with at least two measured parameters of the effluent aqueous solution to calculate a change in concentration. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (h) determining whether or not the dissolved CO2 concentration in the culture medium is changed by less than about 95%, less than about 90%, less than about 85%, less than about 80%, less than about 75%, less than about 70%, less than about 65%, less than about 60%, less than about 55%, less than about 50%, less than about 45%, less than about 40%, less than about 35%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.9%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.7%, less than about 0.6%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.4%, less than about 0.3%, less than about 0.2%, or less than about 0.1%. 2 In cases where a decrease in concentration is involved, the step of modifying at least one parameter of the influent aqueous solution and / or the step of contacting is included.

[0009] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for extracting CO from a water source. 2The present invention provides a method for optimizing the design and operation of a system for at least partial sequestration of CO from a water source. In certain embodiments, the method includes (a) determining values ​​of at least two parameters of a water source. In certain embodiments, the method includes (b) determining at least one parameter associated with selecting, transporting, and procuring at least one mineral feedstock comprising metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the method includes (c) performing a geospatial information system (GIS) transportation network analysis of the at least one parameter associated with selecting, transporting, and procuring the at least one mineral feedstock. In certain embodiments, the method includes (d) calculating a weathering model (also referred to as a reactive transport model) from the at least two parameters of the water source and results of the GIS transportation network analysis. In certain embodiments, the method includes (e) calculating a weathering model (also referred to as a reactive transport model) from the at least two parameters of the water source and results of the GIS transportation network analysis. 2 and designing and operating an aqueous solution treatment system including at least one vessel for at least partially isolating the aqueous solution according to the output of the weathering model. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various aspects of the present application.

[0011] [Figure 1]A schematic diagram of an exemplary weathering enhancement system of the present disclosure is shown. The schematic diagram provides a conceptual overview of the arrangement of a container-housed weathering enhancement unit. The container-housed unit is fed with an influent aqueous solution and further includes a mineral feedstock slurry. Within the treatment vessel are one or more reactors that mix the water and the feedstock, thereby causing the weathering reaction to occur. During this process, the feedstock dissolves, increasing the pH and alkalinity, which results in the production of bicarbonate ions from CO2. An array of sensors, which may be located at the front and rear ends of the unit, measures various parameters of the aqueous solution contained therein as it enters and leaves, thereby providing a high level of confidence in the CO2 removal, while also monitoring the release of major or trace elements during the weathering enhancement. The treated water can be discharged once it reaches a pH of 7-8. [Diagram 2] Speciation calculations are provided showing that HCO3 is the predominant aqueous form of dissolved inorganic carbon at a pH of approximately 7 under standard conditions of temperature and pressure. [Diagram 3] 1 provides a bar graph illustrating modeling results of the present disclosure at a municipal wastewater treatment plant using an embodiment of the disclosed enhanced weathering system where a type of olivine (i.e., forsterite) is used as the mineral feedstock in particle sizes of 100 μm, 30 μm, and 10 μm. Recovery using municipal mainstream and / or incineration facility streams is shown. [Figure 4] Carbon capture capacity of US municipal wastewater systems optimized with CO2-spiked water (EW-CO2) and US urban systems is shown. Capture capacity is compared to estimates for a range of other negative emission technologies in the US. Boxes indicate a range of carbon capture capacity estimates, while solid circles indicate high confidence estimates. For EW, the lower estimate reflects conservative wastewater and feedstock composition, while the upper estimate assumes an increase in the total amount of low pH wastewater and a more reactive particle size. For EW-CO2, the lower estimate reflects CO2-fluid optimization and conservative use of feedstock composition, while the upper estimate assumes a three-fold increase in CO2-fluid optimization and a more reactive particle size. [Diagram 5]1 provides a graph of the modeling results of the present disclosure showing the results of a particle size distribution model. θ=1 is the time required to dissolve a particle with D*=1. D*=1 is the characteristic value of the initial log-normal distribution of particles dissolving in the suspension. Over time, larger particles dissolve into smaller particles, and some small particles dissolve completely. [Figure 6] 1 provides a graph of modeling results of the present disclosure showing the relationship between scaled surface area and scaled time, where the triangle and associated line indicate minimum curvature and the circle and associated line indicate maximum surface area per unit mass. At the inflection point (i.e., the triangle) of the scaled surface area curve, the generation of surface area per unit mass begins to slow (i.e., reaction-dissolution efficiency slows). [Figure 7] FIG. 8 provides a graph of modeling results of the present disclosure showing the total surface area available for reaction in the theoretical model results presented herein (i.e., FIGS. 8A-8B). In this graph, the solid curve is the same as that shown in FIGS. 8A-8B. The dashed line corresponds to the unreacted surface area available for dissolution. This graph shows the balance between surface area creation and the total mass available for dissolution of reactive feedstocks. This model can be useful in designing system operation. [Figure 8] 8A-8B provide modeling results of the present disclosure providing an illustration to compare the Stokes settling velocity of a sphere with radius r against the Stokes settling time scale, calculated using olivine (FIG. 8A) and limestone (FIG. 8B). Combinations of large water velocities and small particle radii were shown to be flushed out of the reactor. Such combinations are plotted above and to the left of any given curve in any plot. As the reactor diameter increases, any given water volumetric flow rate encourages a decrease in the flow rate. Thus, a larger reaction column allows for a higher water flow rate without flushing the mineral feedstock. [Figure 9]9A-9B show the influent / effluent pH (FIG. 9A) and influent total alkalinity (FIG. 9B) measured during a 24-hour actual accelerated weathering experiment of the present disclosure. The feedstock used was forsterite and the flow rate was set at 1.5 L / min. Samples showing total alkalinity were taken at the beginning, middle, and end of the experiment. Note that the temporary increase in influent pH is a result of refilling the influent tank. The change in pH between the influent and effluent is a result of olivine dissolution under pH conditions relevant to wastewater. The pH difference appears to decrease near the 24-hour reaction, indicating a decrease in dissolution rate. Without wishing to be bound by theory, this may be due to a decrease in surface area as the finest grains dissolve completely. FIG. 9C shows the influent / effluent pH measured during an actual accelerated weathering experiment of the present disclosure. The feedstock used was coarse calcitic limestone with an average grain size of about 1 mm and the flow rate was set at 0.4 L / min. In this experiment, the acidic influent had a pH of about 3.5, but the pH and influent rate can be adjusted by the operator. The acidic aqueous solution percolate through a granular bed of calcitic limestone as it enters the vessel. After exiting the bed, the pH of the aqueous solution is measured again (i.e., the effluent). The difference between the influent pH and the effluent pH indicates the dissolution of the feedstock. The free protons in the solution convert solid calcium carbonate to dissolved bicarbonate ions and calcium cations. This process increases the pH throughout the vessel. This diagram shows that carbonic acid resulting from the dissolution of CO2 in an aqueous solution can be converted to bicarbonate ions by use of the disclosed systems, apparatus, and / or methods. [Figure 10] 10A-10B show the change in dissolved CO2 concentration over time measured using an embodiment of the weathering enhancement system of the present disclosure for different olivine grain sizes (i.e., about 100 μm in FIG. 10A; less than 63 μm in FIG. 10B). In these experiments, CO2 was bubbled into the influent tank and used as an acid source for olivine dissolution. The decrease in dissolved CO2 indicates that CO2 can be removed through the dissolution of the mineral feedstock. [Figure 11A]11A-11C provide images from actual experiments of the present disclosure showing the increase in surface roughness or etch pits of olivine particles with (FIGS. 11A-11B) or without (FIG. 11C) etching with 1M HCl. Since reaction rates are partially correlated with specific surface area (SSA), contacting the mineral feedstock with an acidifying agent (e.g., HCl) can increase reaction rates by etching or removing weathered coatings with HCl. [Figure 11B] See legend to Figure 11A. [Figure 11C] See legend to Figure 11A. [Figure 12] 1 shows concentrations of Fe, Co, and Ni from olivine feedstock before and after addition of 1N hydrochloric acid, as obtained from actual experiments of the present disclosure. The metal release rate increases with increasing olivine dissolution caused by decreasing pH. Therefore, efficient metal recovery depends on maintaining high dissolution rates in a containerized EW system. [Figure 13] Figure 1 shows the evolution of Ni concentration during olivine dissolution experiments in low pH aqueous solutions obtained from actual experiments of the present disclosure. Ni rises substantially at the beginning of dissolution and is removed by sorption on Fe oxides during oxygenation. These Fe oxides can be collected and the sorbed Ni can be released, recovered and sold commercially. [Figure 14] The concentrations of Co and Ni relative to the weight percent of Mg in selected olivines are shown (data taken from the GEOROC database). Based on these concentrations, and assuming complete dissolution of the mineral feedstock and recovery of the metals, a cost of $70 per tonne of CO2 captured was calculated. [Figure 15]1 shows an exemplary weathering device of the present disclosure according to some embodiments. Influent aqueous solution enters the reaction vessel and is mixed with mineral feedstock, which may be provided in various particle sizes. A series of agitators or specific flow designs can be used to maintain laminar or turbulent flow regimes through the reactor. In some embodiments, the reaction vessel can include one or more diffusers or aeration devices, for example aligned along part or all of one or more walls of the reaction vessel, and configured to vary the flow into or within the reaction vessel. In some embodiments, one or more point flow sources, for example point flow sources with varying velocities to vary the flow within the reaction vessel, can be located in the reaction vessel. In some embodiments, a series of filtration and purification mechanisms can be used to remove particulate matter. The flow can be recirculated to ensure completion of weathering and CO2 capture. Sampling and monitoring ports allow tracking of changes in the physiochemical conditions of the water and mineral feedstock. In certain embodiments, the effluent can be discharged to a wastewater treatment facility for further processing. [Figure 16] 1 shows another exemplary weathering device of the present disclosure according to some embodiments. The influent aqueous solution enters the reaction vessel and is mixed with the mineral feedstock, which may be provided in various particle sizes. A series of agitators or specific flow designs can be used to maintain laminar or turbulent flow regimes through the reactor, and a series of filtration and purification mechanisms can be used to remove particulate matter generated during the weathering process. The flow can be recirculated to ensure completion of the mineral reaction and CO2 capture. The system can be combined with a calcination loop, where metal oxides (e.g., MgO) are contacted with the aqueous solution to form carbonates, such as magnesite (MgCO3), which can then be recovered and calcined to form a CO2 stream, and the regenerated mineral feedstock can be reintroduced into the reaction vessel. Sampling and monitoring ports can allow tracking of changes in the physiochemical conditions of the water and mineral feedstock. In certain embodiments, the effluent aqueous solution can be discharged to a wastewater treatment facility for further treatment. [Figure 17]1 shows another exemplary weathering device of the present disclosure according to some embodiments. The influent aqueous solution enters the reaction vessel and is mixed with the mineral feedstock, which may be provided in various particle sizes. A series of agitators or specific flow designs can be used to maintain laminar or turbulent flow regimes through the reactor, and a series of filtration and purification mechanisms can be used to remove particulate matter. The flow can be recirculated to ensure completion of the mineral reaction and CO2 capture. A concentrated CO2 stream can be introduced into the reaction vessel for further weathering. Unreacted CO2 can be recirculated back into the reactor to ensure complete capture. Sampling and monitoring ports can allow tracking of changes in the physiochemical conditions of the water and mineral feedstock. In certain embodiments, the effluent aqueous solution can be discharged to a wastewater treatment facility for further treatment. [Figure 18] 1 illustrates an exemplary portable weathering enhancement system of the present disclosure according to some embodiments. [Figure 19] 1 provides a schematic of a prototype enhanced weathering system including a fluidized bed column design for a vessel-contained reactor. [Figure 20] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram (top view) of an exemplary weathering-enhanced system of the present disclosure, where the system is housed in a standard shipping container. [Figure 21A] 21A-21B show a schematic side view (FIG. 21A) and a schematic front view (FIG. 21B) of an exemplary weathering-promoting system of the present disclosure. [Figure 21B] See legend to Figure 21A. [Figure 22] 1 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary weathering enhancement system of the present disclosure. The schematic diagram provides a conceptual overview of one embodiment of a weathering enhancement system that includes one or more vessels commonly used in chemical processing. [Diagram 23] FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the geochemical and geospatial model of the present disclosure configured to identify, design, and improve site specific CO2 removal and costs while providing a realistic estimate of how much CO2 can be removed across potential clients in the market. [Figure 24]Figure 24A: shows a graph of measured data from an actual experiment of the present disclosure illustrating the neutralization of an acidic wastewater stream obtained from an organic sludge incineration quench stream from a municipal wastewater treatment plant using fine olivine with various water:rock ratios as the mineral feedstock in a batch reactor. Figure 24B: provides a graph of measured data from an actual experiment of the present disclosure illustrating the change in pH over time for dolomitic limestone with various water:rock ratios in a batch reactor. [Diagram 25] 25A-B provide graphs of measurement data from actual experiments of the present disclosure showing alkalinity versus dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the effluent. This relationship reflects the conversion of dissolved inorganic carbon species to alkalinity (HCO3-) during the enhanced weathering process. The data in this plot was collected from a prototype unit as a fluidized bed. FIG. 25A represents measurement data from an experiment of the present disclosure conducted with medium-grained dolomitic limestone having an average grain size of 200 μm. FIG. 25B represents an experiment conducted with fine-grained olivine having an average grain size of less than 63 μm. [Figure 26] 1 provides a graph of measured data from actual experiments of the present disclosure showing effluent alkalinity versus dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), reflecting the conversion of dissolved inorganic carbon species to alkalinity (HCO3-), during an enhanced weathering process in a batch reactor using medium-grained dolomitic limestone with an average grain size of 200 μm and fine-grained olivine (<63 μm; asterisks) with various water:rock ratios (i.e., 10:1 circle; 50:1 X; 100:1 triangle). [Figure 27A] 27A-D provide graphs of measured data from an actual experiment of the present disclosure showing the release of Fe (FIG. 27A), Ni (FIG. 27B), Co (FIG. 27C), and Cr (FIG. 27D) during olivine dissolution over time in a batch reactor containing olivine and deionized water acidified with HCl. The starting pH for this experiment after acidification was 3.3. As olivine dissolves, Fe, Ni, Co, and Cr are released. As Fe is oxidized and removed from solution in the form of Fe oxide, Ni, Co, and Cr are also removed through adsorption onto the oxide surface. [Figure 27B]See legend to Figure 27A. [Figure 27C] See legend to Figure 27A. [Figure 27D] See legend to Figure 27A. [Figure 28A] 28A-28B provide flow diagrams describing certain aspects of the site selection methodology described herein. These figures show a flow schematic of the geochemical and reactive transport model of the present disclosure utilized to identify and design site-specific CO2 removal given on-site physical and geochemical measurements. The geochemical and reactive transport model is comprised of a set of equations used to mathematically reproduce the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of weathering reactions and their physical transport. The model, when run using empirical data from aqueous sources (e.g., particularly municipal and industrial wastewaters, and organic sludge incineration plant quench streams, and / or other influent aqueous solutions equilibrated with added CO2 gas), predicts the rate of significant CO2 removal using the vessel-contained enhanced weathering systems, apparatus, and / or methods of the present disclosure. [Figure 28B] See legend to Figure 28A. [Figure 29] A flow diagram is provided that describes certain control parameters of certain aspects of the use of an exemplary weathering enhancement system of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0012] Detailed Description Surprisingly and unexpectedly, when silicate and / or carbonate minerals and / or metal oxides of particular types, particle sizes, and surface areas are contained in a vessel in a particular inventive process configuration, the CO 2It has been discovered that they can be used to efficiently recover large amounts of carbon dioxide from aqueous solutions by reacting with metal oxides to form bicarbonate ions. Specifically, the inventive systems and / or devices described herein, and methods of use thereof, that utilize certain container-contained metal silicate and / or metal carbonate minerals and / or metal oxides to sequester carbon dioxide from aqueous solutions, can effectively recover dissolved CO between an aqueous influent entering the container and an aqueous effluent exiting the container. 2 It has been discovered that an unexpected and surprising reduction in CO 2 The present invention provides a system and / or device, and methods of use thereof, for sequestering atmospheric CO. 2 There has been a long felt need for these inventive systems and / or devices disclosed herein, and methods of use thereof, that utilize these natural compositions to help combat global warming due to their increasing concentrations.

[0013] Reference will now be made in detail to certain aspects of the disclosed subject matter, some examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the disclosed subject matter will be described in the context of numbered claims, it will be understood that such illustrated subject matter is not intended to limit the scope of the claims to the disclosed subject matter.

[0014] Throughout this document, values ​​expressed in the form of ranges should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values ​​expressly set forth as the limits of the range, but also all individual numerical values ​​or subranges subsumed within the range, as if each numerical value and subrange were expressly set forth. For example, the range "about 0.1% to about 5%" or "about 0.1% to 5%" should be interpreted to include not only about 0.1% to about 5%, but also the individual values ​​(e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and subranges (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range. Unless otherwise indicated, the description "about X to Y" has the same meaning as "about X to about Y". Similarly, unless otherwise indicated, the description "about X, Y, or about Z" has the same meaning as "about X, about Y, or about Z".

[0015] In this document, the terms "a," "an," or "the" are used to include one or more, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term "or" is used to mean a non-exclusive "or," unless otherwise indicated. The statements "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" have the same meaning as "A, B, or A and B." Furthermore, any words or terms used herein and not defined elsewhere should be understood to be for descriptive purposes only and not for limiting purposes. Any use of section headings is intended to aid in the reading of this document and should not be construed as limiting. Information associated with a section heading may occur within or outside that particular section. All publications, patents, and patent documents mentioned in this document are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, as if each was incorporated by reference individually.

[0016] In the methods described herein, acts may be performed in any order unless a chronological or operational order is explicitly recited. Moreover, certain acts may be performed simultaneously unless the express language of the claim requires that they must be performed separately. For example, a claimed act of performing X and a claimed act of performing Y may be performed simultaneously in one operation, and the resulting process is within the literal scope of the claimed process.

[0017] explanation To prevent average global warming from exceeding 2°C, or even 1.5°C, greenhouse gas (GHG) removal is seen as essential given the continuing rise in global emissions (59.1±5.9 Gt of CO2e in 2019, including land use change), and the reliance on fossil fuels, which accounts for 65% of total emissions. Dangerous consequences are predicted if warming exceeds this 2°C threshold, including threats to food and water security, destruction of ecosystems, and many other environmental and socio-economic impacts. This has motivated research into a range of negative emission technologies (NETs).

[0018] One of the major pathways for carbon cycling and removal on Earth is the weathering of silicate rocks - which produces permanent carbon capture on geological timescales - and carbonate rocks - which produces carbon capture on timescales of about 10,000 years. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, or from alternative sources such as organic matter decomposition, is naturally equilibrated with water on Earth. CO 2 is rapidly equilibrated with water in a ratio according to Henry's law. TIFF2024532419000002.tif4128

[0019] CO dissolved in water 2 The amount of CO added to the system is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the system. 2 The more carbon dioxide there is, the more it will dissolve and form carbonic acid, a weak acid, which will decrease the pH of the water. TIFF2024532419000003.tif5128

[0020] Depending on the water chemistry, the carbon species are distributed as carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions, and carbonate ions. TIFF2024532419000004.tif5128

[0021] These carbon species can then be related by four equations: TIFF2024532419000005.tif26128These equations allow for the determination of the dissociation constant (K 1 and K. 2 ), can be solved based on assumptions about temperature, salinity, and pressure.

[0022] Carbonic acid reacts with natural rocks according to Equations 8-9: TIFF2024532419000006.tif13132In the formula, X is a divalent cation (e.g., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ ) represents the rate of dissolution or weathering of the feedstock (R), and hence CO 2 The recovery can be quantified as follows: TIFF2024532419000007.tif4128 where R is the dissolution rate and k is mol / cm 2 is the rate constant in units per second, and SSA is the specific surface area (cm 2 / g), m is the mass of the feedstock (g), Ω is the saturation threshold, and a is the number of promoting or inhibiting species in the fluid (e.g., H + where p is the activity of the ions (i.e., pH) and n and p are the reaction orders. Most weathering rates are highly dependent on pH. For example, the dissolution rate of olivine is several orders of magnitude greater at low pH than at high pH.

[0023] During this weathering process, rocks dissolve and carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 -), where the carbon is captured or stored and can no longer be readily equilibrated with the atmosphere. These dissolved ions eventually reach the oceans via river waters or groundwater, where the carbon in the bicarbonate ions is trapped for over 10,000 years as it cycles through the oceans. This pathway of weathering-enhanced carbon dioxide removal (CDR) represents a method of carbon sequestration.

[0024] The natural chemical weathering of rocks produces approximately 1.1 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO) annually. 2 ) is recovered. Minerals and / or rocks (e.g., silicates and / or carbonates) are crushed into fine particles and applied to land or aquatic systems to recover atmospheric CO during mineral dissolution with the release of mineral dissolution products (e.g., alkalinity, Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Ni, among others). 2 This natural process can be dramatically enhanced to promote consumption of

[0025] To achieve significant CDR as described herein, an enhanced weathering strategy is used to develop specially designed, vessel-housed reactors. In this modular framework, mineral feedstocks are dissolved in one or more reactors (e.g., fluidized bed reactors, batch reactors, fixed bed reactors, etc.) to produce dissolved CO2. 2 and / or other sources of acidity are consumed (FIG. 1). Thus, in one aspect, the present disclosure describes an accelerated weathering system and a method of using the same.

[0026] Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) CO dissolved in water 2 takes the form of carbonic acid (Equations 1-7). CO dissolved in water 2 As the amount of CO increases, the acidity increases. Upon interaction with the acidic water, the feedstock contained in the reaction column begins to dissolve (Equations 8-9). The dissolution of the feedstock releases positively charged ions and distributes carbonic acid to the negatively charged dissolved bicarbonate ions (Figure 2). Thus, the dissolution of the feedstock releases dissolved CO 2 is stoichiometrically converted to bicarbonate ions, thereby storing the carbon in dissolved mineral phases that are stable for approximately 10,000 years or more.

[0027] Placement strategy – Municipal and / or industrial wastewater Weathering reactions occur only in aqueous solutions, so terrestrial weathering is limited by the availability of both dissolved minerals and water. Thus, in one aspect, large volumes of wastewater are desirable targets for the disclosed enhanced weathering method. Approximately 95 trillion gallons of wastewater are generated annually on Earth, with the United States accounting for approximately 20% of that. Wastewater infrastructure in the United States directs and concentrates large volumes of water to individual locations for treatment, and this treatment can be enhanced to promote rapid carbon capture through enhanced weathering.

[0028] The wastewater was periodically treated with low water pH (i.e. CO 2 high CO 2 The low concentrations of other chemical constituents that may release CO2 may be considered ideal for enhanced weathering. 2 is released, which is summarized in the following equation: TIFF2024532419000008.tif5128

[0029] In addition, most wastewater treatment plants aerate the wastewater by pumping large volumes of air from the atmosphere, which introduces additional atmospheric CO into the wastewater. 2 In addition, municipal wastewater systems are subject to high levels of acidic CO2 emissions, primarily from sludge incineration. 2 When organic sludge is incinerated, a portion of the influent is CO 2 Used to quench rich emissions, which results in large amounts of CO 2 dissolves in water and produces large amounts of highly acidic effluent.

[0030] For example, a wastewater treatment plant may generate over 1.5 million gallons per day at a pH of 3-3.5 through its incineration quench process. In the United States, about 15% of all sludge is incinerated, while in Europe the proportion of sludge incinerated is much higher, with over 70% of all sludge in Germany. As summarized in Equations 1 and 2, these CO 2 The source can be recovered by conversion to bicarbonate ions through the enhanced weathering apparatus and methods described herein (Figure 3).

[0031] In certain embodiments relating to carbon capture from ambient air and concentration from organic matter decomposition in wastewater, the disclosed systems and / or devices could potentially reduce CO2 emissions by over 1 gigaton per year in the United States alone if every wastewater site adopted the system. 2 In certain embodiments, the present systems and / or devices may be used to reduce the nutrient load of municipal and industrial wastewater for the benefit of downstream aquatic ecosystems.

[0032] Placement Strategy - External CO 2 Carbon capture at source Mineral reaction rates (and therefore CO 2 The recovery rate is several orders of magnitude faster at low pH, so additional CO 2 Equilibration of CO with influent aqueous solutions can be a means of generating water currents that can help enhance weathering as a form of carbon dioxide removal. 2 The pH of the equilibrated aqueous solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: TIFF2024532419000009.tif4128

[0033] In certain embodiments, application of Equation 12 determines the amount of CO in water having a particular alkalinity to achieve a desired pH. 2 Therefore, it is possible to estimate the amount of CO 2 (e.g., CO captured from traditional point sources, direct air capture technologies, and / or organic matter incineration) 2) into an aqueous solution and feeding it into one or more of the devices and / or systems described herein, 2 Recovery capacity can be dramatically increased (Figure 4).

[0034] Aqueous solution source (i.e. influent source) In certain embodiments, the devices and / or systems described herein for enhanced weathering, and methods of use thereof, include those for enhancing dissolved CO 2 In certain embodiments, the method includes using an aqueous solution containing dissolved CO 2 is introduced into the aqueous solution from an external source. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution contains dissolved CO 2 In certain embodiments, the dissolved CO 2 The aqueous solution comprising is derived from at least one selected from the group consisting of urban wastewater, industrial wastewater, stormwater, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater. Non-limiting example properties and / or characteristics of the aqueous solution are provided herein (Table 1).

[0035] Table 1. Selected properties of various aqueous solutions TIFF2024532419000010.tif122157Incineration fluid, primary municipal influent, and primary municipal effluent were obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Incinerator fluid was obtained from an organic sludge incinerator quench stream. Milli-Q is deionized water prepared through filtration of tap water. HCl is 5% HCl (aqueous), where HCl is added to water to pH 3.5. Below detection limit (BDL).

[0036] Wastewater Treatment In certain embodiments, the disclosed apparatus and / or method may be utilized in wastewater treatment. In such embodiments, the enhanced weathering reaction is performed in an existing wastewater infrastructure. In such embodiments, the wastewater is diverted from the wastewater stream and diverted into a buffer tank. In certain embodiments, the buffer tank can reduce the velocity of the fast pressurized flow. In certain embodiments, the buffer tank allows large particulate matter that is initially suspended in the wastewater stream to settle before being introduced into the main part of the enhanced weathering device and / or system. In certain embodiments, the wastewater is withdrawn from the buffer tank and pumped into a pressurized membrane tank. In certain embodiments, an in-line flow meter is used to digitally control an electronic gate valve, allowing control of the rate at which the wastewater is withdrawn from the membrane tank.

[0037] In certain embodiments, the influent stream exits the membrane chamber and enters the main line of the system where extensive monitoring is performed to monitor, among other things, pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved CO 2 The system allows for in-line measurements of alkalinity, alkalinity, and metals. In certain embodiments, after one or more measurements have been performed, the influent is directed to a reactor (e.g., a fluidized bed reactor) containing finely divided mineral feedstock. The primary reaction taking place in the device is by dissolution of the feedstock in the reactor. In certain embodiments, the system includes a fluidized bed reactor. In certain embodiments, as the water traverses a column containing a fluidized bed, the relatively heavy mineral feedstock settles and clean water is withdrawn as effluent from the top of the reactor.

[0038] Dissolved metals (e.g., Fe) may be initially present in the effluent stream due to impurities in the candidate mineral feedstock. Thus, in certain embodiments, the effluent from the reactor (e.g., a fluidized bed reactor) is then directed to an aeration chamber. In certain embodiments, the effluent solution is oxidized in the aeration chamber, causing metal oxides (e.g., iron oxides) to rapidly precipitate and settle. In certain embodiments, the aeration chamber is equipped with baffles and / or collection arms to remove the settling material. In certain embodiments, after aeration and / or at least partial precipitation of the dissolved metals, the treatment stream is optionally filtered and reintroduced into the wastewater treatment mainstream.

[0039] Add CO to the aqueous solution 2 Process by Additional CO in the influent solution 2 (gaseous) can enable and / or facilitate carbon capture. Thus, the carbon capture methods described herein can be used with CO 2 By enhancing the CO2 concentration, the CO2 concentration can be increased beyond that found in typical wastewater streams. 2 can be stored by the methods described herein and / or facilitate the use of aqueous solutions derived from alternative sources, including, but not limited to, freshwater, marine water, and river water, among others. 2 CO 2 The gas flow can be added as a means of CDR using the methods and / or apparatus of the present disclosure.

[0040] In such embodiments, the influent aqueous solution is diverted to a carbonation vessel and / or carbonator, where CO is added while the influent is being introduced, optionally continuously. 2 is added (e.g., CO 2 (gas)). In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution and CO 2 The two flow together and cross an inner device (e.g., a pall ring) that promotes an increase in the contact surface area, thereby increasing the CO 2 The devices described herein can be used to deliver CO at various purity levels from any of a number of sources and / or suppliers. 2 (gaseous) can be accepted.

[0041] In such an embodiment, CO 2 The addition of CO (in gaseous form) serves to increase mineral dissolution in one or more reaction chambers by acidifying the aqueous solution (FIG. 1). Thus, in certain embodiments, CO 2 (gaseous) addition may decrease the amount of time required for significant CDR.

[0042] Direct Air Capture Technology (DAC) Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology captures carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) directly captured and either geologically sequestrated (e.g., injected and stored in geological formations) or CO 2 Concentrated CO for use (e.g., in the production of synthetic fuels) 2 DAC is a process that converts CO from air into 2 Utilizing liquids to capture CO (i.e., liquid-based DAC systems) or CO from the air 2 Liquid-based DAC systems can be based on the use of solids to capture CO by passing air through a chemical solution (e.g., a hydroxide solution such as sodium hydroxide), resulting in the precipitation of carbonates (e.g., sodium carbonate). 2 The system produces high-purity gaseous CO by applying high temperature to the carbonate salts to revert chemicals (e.g. hydroxide solutions) back into the process. 2 A flow of CO 2 The depleted air is returned to the environment. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020 / 0129916, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for converting CO2 into carbon dioxide by utilizing an aqueous recovery liquid such as aqueous ammonia to produce an aqueous carbonate liquid. 2 A method for isolating is disclosed.

[0043] In solid-state DACs, CO is absorbed by chemisorption. 2 A solid sorption filter is used that chemically binds concentrated CO when heated and placed under reduced pressure. 2 In U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017 / 0106330, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference, a method for converting CO from air is disclosed. 2 A direct air capture technology apparatus is disclosed that includes a vacuum chamber surrounding an adsorption structure for capturing CO from the atmosphere. 2Apparatus and methods for direct air capture technology are disclosed that utilize a membrane unit to capture CO from air. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0176310, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method for the capture of CO from air utilizing at least one gas adsorbing structure. 2 A high throughput DAC apparatus and method of use for separating

[0044] CO in the air 2 Because concentrations are fairly low (i.e., averaging about 415 ppm in 2021), there is no evidence that highly concentrated CO2 can be used for sequestration or utilization. 2 flow (i.e., more than 80% by volume CO 2 ), the DAC process is very energy intensive. This makes DAC unattractive from a cost perspective (CO2 depending on electricity prices and carbon emissions from the energy source). 2 ($200 to $1000 per ton). However, CO 2 Utilizing the systems and methods disclosed herein to capture and remove CO in gaseous form, the DAC process can achieve relatively low CO 2 Low-pressure CO with a concentration (10-90% by volume, or 15-80% by volume, or 20-75% by volume, or 25-70% by volume, or 20-65% by volume, or 25-60% by volume, or 30-55% by volume, or 35-50% by volume, or 40-45% by volume) 2 It can be much more economical to operate and provide a containing stream. Therefore, the relatively low CO 2 and a DAC system operated to generate a gaseous stream having a concentration of CO using an aqueous solution. 2 In combination with the systems disclosed herein for capturing and removing CO in gaseous form, CO can be extracted from air for sequestration or utilization. 2 This provides a more economically viable approach for direct capture of CO2 than a DAC system alone.

[0045] Feedstock Addition System As the processing and dissolution of minerals in the vessel progresses, replenishment of mineral feedstock is required to maintain efficiency. In certain embodiments, a slurry pump system is provided to charge the apparatus with feedstock, adding the feedstock directly to one or more reactors without opening and / or draining the reactors. In certain embodiments, the mineral feedstock is placed in a vessel and / or container where it is vigorously mixed with water to create a water-rock suspension or slurry. In certain embodiments, the slurry is then diverted directly into the reaction chamber using a system of submersible pumps.

[0046] In certain embodiments, the feedstock is added as a solid to the reactor or reactors by a conveyor, hi certain embodiments, the conveyor is a screw conveyor.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the mineral feedstock is not completely homogeneous. In certain embodiments, the mineral feedstock contains compositional, textural, and grain size heterogeneities. The grain size of the mineral feedstock determines the characteristic dissolution time scale of the feedstock and, therefore, the CO 2 The time scale of recovery is related to the time scale of recovery. One important consideration is the variation in particle size of the mineral feedstock particles desired to be dissolved in the reactor (e.g., a fluidized bed reactor). Thus, a description of the schedule of feedstock addition is provided herein, whereby the addition of mineral feedstock can be performed to optimize the reaction-dissolution kinetics.

[0048] Provided herein is a concise description of the schedule of feedstock addition to a fluidized bed system that can be optimized for the most favorable reaction-dissolution kinetics. The model described herein seeks to capture the effect of particle size distribution on the dissolution of solid particles suspended in a slurry using population balance techniques.

[0049] Based on a simple constitutive model for the dissolution of spheres, and population balance techniques, we derive partial differential equations that describe the dissolution of feedstock in a constantly changing distribution of suspended particles. Parameterizations are included that allow for the investigation of cases where secondary minerals form on the surface of particles and / or passive halos form reactively around particles, thereby limiting surface reactions.

[0050] Importantly, larger particles dissolve more slowly than smaller particles because they have a lower surface area to volume ratio (Figure 5). Available surface area is an important factor in carrying out weathering reactions. Because the surface area in contact with the solution is an important factor in determining the rate of dissolution of the feedstock in a reactor (e.g., a fluidized bed), a simple criterion for dissolution efficiency is defined herein.

[0051] Reactions that result in an increase in surface area per unit mass are efficient, and reactions that result in a decrease in surface area per unit mass are inefficient. Dissolution of a monodisperse population of particles necessarily results in an increase in surface area per mass. Given an initial distribution of particle sizes, it is possible to theoretically predict the point at which dissolution begins to slow down.

[0052] At the inflection point of the scaled area curve, the generation of surface area per unit mass begins to slow (Figure 6); i.e., reaction-dissolution efficiency begins to slow. Contrary to reasonable intuition, this point in the system is not efficient for driving reaction progress by injection of additional mineral feedstock. The ideal addition point involves maintaining maximum surface area per unit mass (i.e., max(dS / dt)). However, it is possible that increasing the amount of available unconverted (i.e., unreacted) surface area may be important for increasing recovery rates (Figure 7).

[0053] Practical limitations regarding water flow rate and vessel geometry In certain embodiments, the weathering enhancement device and / or method of use thereof includes a fluidized bed reactor. In such embodiments, a consistent balance between the velocity of the aqueous solution in the fluidized bed reactor and the settling time of the mineral feedstock is critical. If the water velocity exceeds the Stokes settling velocity of the particles, the likelihood of the particles being washed out of the fluidized bed reactor increases considerably. Although this is a very simplified model, it is highly predictive since the smallest particles in the particle size distribution are sorted to the top of the fluidized bed by elutriation. Furthermore, small particles are much more likely to be drawn to the top of the column, where the water-to-rock ratio is higher and therefore the particle concentration is smaller. Once small particles reach the top of the column, they are more likely to be washed out of the fluidized bed reactor due to their slower settling on the time scale (Figures 8A-8B).

[0054] CO 2 Recovery, sensor array design, and validation The present disclosure demonstrates the neutralization of acidic wastewater from a wastewater treatment facility using one embodiment of the disclosed enhanced weathering system in which olivine is used as the mineral feedstock at various water:mineral ratios. 2 of bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 - With a starting pH of about 3.2, the acidic wastewater stream is adjusted by 1.5 to 6 pH units within 20 minutes using rapid conversion to 1.5-6 pH units.

[0055] The initial parameter (i.e., pH) is the time when all carbon is converted to dissolved CO in untreated water. 2 As the weathering reaction progresses, CO 2 The acidic components derived from CO are consumed. 2 The concentration of HCO 3 - This form of carbon is trapped and can no longer readily equilibrate with the atmosphere. Under typical wastewater operations, this dissolved HCO 3 - returns to the mainstream wastewater and is discharged therefrom.

[0056] The present disclosure further provides data relating to the relationship between alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon, i.e., influent / effluent pH and / or alkalinity (FIGS. 9A-9B), and dissolved CO, as a function of time and use of the enhanced weathering systems and / or devices described herein. 2 Concentrations (Figures 10A-B) are provided.

[0057] Selected Properties of Weathered Minerals The present disclosure describes certain physical properties of minerals (e.g., forsterite) affected by the weathering methods described herein, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy and / or energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (FIGS. 11A-11C). In certain embodiments, weathering results in changes in roughness and / or topography, and secondary minerals are formed.

[0058] Sensors, Measurement, and Verification In certain embodiments, the devices, systems, and / or methods of the present disclosure include the use of one or more sensors or sensor arrays. In certain embodiments, the sensors and / or sensor arrays measure one or more properties and / or parameters of an aqueous solution contained in or passing through the systems and / or devices described herein. In certain embodiments, the one or more properties and / or parameters measured in the aqueous solution include pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, CO 2 These include, but are not limited to, (gaseous) partial pressure, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, dissolved non-metal concentration, and dissolved metalloid concentration. Specific non-limiting parameters and / or properties of aqueous solutions that are measured by the sensors and / or sensor arrays, and the measurement characteristics, are provided herein.

[0059] Further non-limiting applications and / or usefulness of selected measurements are presented herein. To algebraically solve the carbonate system (Equations 4-7), dissolved CO 2 Concentration, pH, CO2 Any two parameters selected from the partial pressure of CO, total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, dissolved bicarbonate ion concentration, and dissolved carbonate ion concentration may be used. In certain embodiments, to algebraically solve the carbonate system (Equations 4-7), dissolved CO 2 and pH are used, and therefore dissolved CO 2 Measurement of concentration and pH allows for calculation of bicarbonate ion concentration. In certain embodiments, temperature may be used to evaluate and / or manipulate the kinetics and efficiency of mineral dissolution. In certain embodiments, acidification, aeration, and / or agitation may be used to facilitate degassing of the aqueous solution. Additionally, CO 2 A neutral pH of the effluent is required to avoid the degassing process.

[0060] Turbidity measurements can be used to assess feedstock washout from one or more reactors in the systems and / or apparatus described herein. Fluid turbidity changes as a result of suspended particulate matter, and turbidity measurements can facilitate detection of feedstock washout. Additionally, conductivity and / or turbidity can be used to determine if a change in flow rate is required.

[0061] In certain embodiments, the systems and / or devices described herein for enhanced weathering include an aeration tank and / or an aeration process. In such embodiments, measurements of dissolved oxygen are useful and / or necessary to monitor the oxygen levels required for oxidation of dissolved metals, nonmetals, and / or metalloids (e.g., Fe).

[0062] In certain embodiments, aliquots of aqueous solutions processed by the methods described herein and / or contained in the systems and / or devices described herein may be subjected to analyses not performed by one or more sensors and / or sensor arrays. Non-limiting examples of such analyses include spectrophotometry, colorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Brunauer Emmett-Teller (BET).

[0063] Effluent impurity reduction and metals recovery In certain embodiments, metals (e.g., Fe, Co, Cr, and Ni, among others) may be introduced into the effluent stream by dissolution of minerals (e.g., silicate minerals such as olivine) (FIG. 12). Thus, in certain embodiments, dissolved metal impurities are removed during the processes and / or methods described herein (FIG. 13). In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution (e.g., effluent and / or influent) is subjected to aeration by one or more methods. In certain embodiments, the dissolved metals are oxidized by exposure to dissolved oxygen to provide metal oxides (e.g., iron oxides). In certain embodiments, the metal oxides are recovered. In certain embodiments, the dissolved metals are contacted with one or more agents suitable for producing metal oxides (e.g., iron oxides). In certain embodiments, the one or more agents include biochar. In certain embodiments, the metal oxides are recovered. In certain embodiments, the recovered metals (e.g., Ni and / or Co) are commercially valuable (FIG. 14).

[0064] definition The term "about" as used herein allows for a variability of a value or range, for example, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or a stated range limit, and includes the exact value or range stated.

[0065] As used herein, the term "atmosphere" refers to the pressure in the atmosphere under standard conditions. Thus, for example, 1 atmosphere is a pressure of 101 kPa and 2 atmospheres is a pressure of 202 kPa.

[0066] As used herein, the terms "vessel," "chamber," and / or "reactor" are used interchangeably to describe an at least partially enclosed vessel.

[0067] As used herein, the term "independently selected from" means that the groups referenced are the same, different, or mixtures thereof, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, based on this definition, "X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are independently selected from the noble gases" is intended to include, for example, 1 , X 2 , and X 3 The scenario where all are the same, X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 In the scenario where all are different, X 1 and X 2 is the same but X 3 This would include scenarios where the sigma ...

[0068] As used herein, the terms "room temperature", "standard temperature", and / or "ambient temperature" refer to a temperature between about 15°C and 28°C, preferably between about 20°C and about 22°C.

[0069] As used herein, the term "sequestration" refers to the removal, capture, and / or storage of carbon and refers to a process whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere, aqueous solutions, or alternative sources and retained in solid or liquid form (e.g., bicarbonate ions). In certain cases, carbon may be sequestered as carbonates. As used herein, the terms carbon capture, carbon sequestration, carbon storage, and carbon removal are used interchangeably.

[0070] As used herein, the term "substantially" means "a majority of" or "mostly," similarly meaning at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more, or 100%. The term "substantially free" as used herein can mean completely free or insignificant, such that the amount of material present does not affect the material properties of the composition including the material, such that the material is about 0% to about 5%, or about 0% to about 1%, or less than about 5%, or less than about 4.5%, equal to or greater than about 4.5%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001% or less by weight of the composition. The term "substantially free" can mean having an insignificant amount, such that a material is between about 0% and about 5% by weight of the composition, or between about 0% and about 1% by weight, or less than about 5% by weight, or equal to or greater than about 4.5% by weight, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001% or less by weight, or about 0% by weight. As used herein, the term "substantially less than" refers to a difference between the compared terms of a non-insignificant amount, for example, a difference of about 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001% or more.

[0071] Methods of promoting weathering In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for the preparation of a soluble CO2 solution comprising: 2 from the influent aqueous solution containing CO 2 The present invention provides a method for at least partially isolating

[0072] In certain embodiments, the method comprises: (a) detecting dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO 2 In the influent solution containing 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 The method includes measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure.

[0073] In certain embodiments, the method includes (b) feeding the influent aqueous solution through at least one vessel containing a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides.

[0074] In certain embodiments, the method includes (c) contacting the influent aqueous solution with a mineral feedstock to provide an effluent aqueous solution having one or more metal ions and / or carbonate ions dissolved therein.

[0075] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (d) measuring pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO in the effluent aqueous solution. 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 The method includes measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure.

[0076] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises: (e) determining dissolved CO 2 The method includes comparing at least two measured parameters of the influent aqueous solution with at least two measured parameters of the effluent aqueous solution to calculate a change in concentration.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (f) determining whether or not the dissolved CO2 concentration in the culture medium is changed by less than about 95%, less than about 90%, less than about 85%, less than about 80%, less than about 75%, less than about 70%, less than about 65%, less than about 60%, less than about 55%, less than about 50%, less than about 45%, less than about 40%, less than about 35%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.9%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.7%, less than about 0.6%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.4%, less than about 0.3%, less than about 0.2%, or less than about 0.1%. 2 In cases where a decrease in concentration is involved, the step of modifying at least one parameter of the influent aqueous solution and / or the step of contacting is included.

[0078] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring at least one parameter in the influent and effluent selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration; The dissolved metal is optionally at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, sodium, aluminum, nickel, iron, cobalt, and chromium; and The dissolved non-metal is optionally at least one non-metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, silica, and oxygen.

[0079] In certain embodiments, the at least one parameter measured in the effluent is pH. In certain embodiments, the at least one parameter measured in the effluent is alkalinity.

[0080] In certain embodiments, if the pH of the effluent is less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0, the method is repeated from step (b) with recirculation of the effluent to provide a recycled effluent. In certain embodiments, the change in dissolved CO is less than about 95%, less than about 90%, less than about 85%, less than about 80%, less than about 75%, less than about 70%, less than about 65%, less than about 60%, less than about 55%, less than about 50%, less than about 45%, less than about 40%, less than about 35%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.9%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.7%, less than about 0.6%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.4%, less than about 0.3%, less than about 0.2%, or less than about 0.1%. 2 If the concentration of the aqueous effluent is reduced, the process is repeated from step (b) with recirculation of the effluent to provide a recycled effluent. In certain embodiments, if the alkalinity of the aqueous effluent differs from the alkalinity in the aqueous influent by less than 5%, the process is repeated from step (b) with recirculation of the effluent to provide a recycled effluent.

[0081] In certain embodiments, when the pH of the influent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the influent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0. In certain embodiments, when the pH of the effluent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the recirculated effluent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0.

[0082] In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is CO 2 (gaseous). In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is CO 2(aqueous). In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is an organic acid. In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is an inorganic acid.

[0083] In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is H 2 CO 3 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is H 2 CO 4 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HNO 3 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HCl (aqueous). In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HCl (gaseous).

[0084] In certain embodiments, the dissolved CO 2 Concentration is dissolved CO in the influent 2 If the concentration is greater than 100%, the effluent is subjected to gas stripping. 2 The partial pressure of CO 2 When the atmospheric pressure is greater than 1000 psi, the effluent is subjected to gas stripping.

[0085] In certain embodiments, step (a) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the influent. In certain embodiments, step (d) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the effluent.

[0086] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises treating the effluent to provide a second effluent, the second effluent having at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration that is less than the concentration of the influent and / or the effluent.

[0087] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the step of treating further comprising aerating the effluent.

[0088] In certain embodiments, the aeration results in the formation of at least one selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, non-metal oxides, metal hydroxides, non-metal hydroxides, metal oxyhydroxides, and non-metal oxyhydroxides.

[0089] In certain embodiments, the metal is Fe. In certain embodiments, the metal is Ni. In certain embodiments, the metal is Cr. In certain embodiments, the metal is Co. In certain embodiments, the non-metal is P.

[0090] In certain embodiments, the treating step comprises contacting the effluent with at least one sorbent, hi certain embodiments, the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

[0091] In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs P. In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs Fe. In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs Ni. In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs Cr. In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs Co.

[0092] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO in the second effluent. 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, CO 2 The method further comprises measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of (gaseous) oxygen, and optionally at least one selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration.

[0093] In certain embodiments, the at least one container comprises at least two containers. In certain embodiments, the at least two containers are arranged in series, in parallel, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the at least two containers are arranged in series.

[0094] In certain embodiments, the metal silicates, metal carbonates, and / or metal oxides have decreasing particle sizes in each vessel arranged in series, hi certain embodiments, the particle size in an upstream vessel may be at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, or 100 times larger than the particle size in a downstream vessel.

[0095] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises feeding the effluent or the second effluent through at least one filter.

[0096] In certain embodiments, the filter is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm.

[0097] In certain embodiments, dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises municipal wastewater. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises industrial wastewater. 2 Influent aqueous solutions containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO include storm water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises river water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises lake water. 2The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises fresh water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises tap water. 2 Influent aqueous solutions containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO include runoff water. 2 Influent aqueous solutions containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO include storm water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises groundwater. 2 The influent aqueous solution includes seawater.

[0098] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0099] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L1 ) p During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; o is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; p is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; and m, n, and o are selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge.

[0100] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0101] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; q is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 4; r is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; s is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; t is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; and q, r, and s are selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge.

[0102] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w During the ceremony, M 3comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements, each occurrence; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0103] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; u is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; v is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; w is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; if v is 0, then w is at least 2; and u, v, and w are selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge.

[0104] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a nesosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a sorosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a cyclosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is an inosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a phyllosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a tectosilicate.

[0105] In certain embodiments, the nesosilicates are phenacites (e.g., phenacite and sphaerlite), olivine (e.g., forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), feldspar, and tephroite), garnets (e.g., malonite, ferromagnet, spessartine, cobaltite, sieboldite, cobaltite, cobalt chrome garnet, and hydrous cobalt garnet), Al 2 SiO 5 (e.g. andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite, dumortierite, topaz, staurolite), humite (e.g. norbergite, chondroite, humite, monoclinic humite), datoite, titanite, anhydrite, and mullite.

[0106] In certain embodiments, the sorosilicate is selected from the group consisting of hemimorphite, lawsonite, azothiolite, schizopyrite, epidote, cobaltite, tanzanite, clinopyroxene, allanite, draisite, and vesuvianite.

[0107] In certain embodiments, the cyclosilicate is selected from the group consisting of benitoite, papagoite, beryl, badgesite, suginite, tourmaline, pezzottaite, osumilite, cordierite, secaninaite, eudialyte, and millerite.

[0108] In certain embodiments, the inosilicate is selected from the group consisting of pyroxenes (e.g., enstatite, ferroxene, pigeonite, diopside, spodumene, augite, jadeite, aegirine, spodumene, and pyroxferrite), pyroxenes (e.g., wollastonite, rhodonite, and amphibole), (e.g., anthophyllite, cumingtonite, siderophore, tremolite, hornblende, glaucophane, riebeckite (i.e., asbestos), and arfvedsonite).

[0109] In certain embodiments, the phyllosilicates are selected from the group consisting of serpentines (e.g., antigorite, chrysotile, lisardite), clay minerals (e.g., halloysite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, talc, illite, montmorillonite (i.e., smectite), chlorite, vermiculite, sepiolite, and palygorskite), micas (e.g., biotite, chromite, muscovite, phlogopite, lepidolite, nacre, and glauconite).

[0110] In certain embodiments, the tectosilicates are selected from the group consisting of 3D silicates (e.g., quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, moganite, and chalcedony), feldspars (e.g., microcline, orthoclase, anorthoclase, albite, oligoclase, andesine, albite, anorthite, and anorthite), feldspars (e.g., sargassum, nepheline, leucite, nepheline, sodalite, hauyne, and lazurite), beryls (e.g., sodalite and beryl); and zeolites (e.g., natrolite, eronite, chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, geolite, mordenite, and analcime).

[0111] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is calcite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is aragonite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is dolomite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is a halocarbonate or a hydroxycarbonate. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is a hydrated carbonate.

[0112] In certain embodiments, the calcite is selected from the group consisting of calcite, rhododendronite, magnesite, rhodochrosite, siderite, smithsonite, and rhodocobaltite.

[0113] In certain embodiments, the aragonite is selected from the group consisting of aragonite, cerussite, strontianite, witherite, rutherfordian, and natrite.

[0114] In certain embodiments, the dolomite is selected from the group consisting of ankerite, dolomite, huntite, millencordite, and berylcalcite.

[0115] In certain embodiments, the halocarbonate or hydroxycarbonate is selected from the group consisting of azurite, hydrocercosite, malachite, zinc malachite, amphibachite, hydrozincite, and hydrozincite.

[0116] In certain embodiments, the hydrated carbonate is selected from the group consisting of hydromagnesium, icalite, lansfordite, monohydrocalcite, natron, and zellerite.

[0117] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is magnesium oxide. In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is sodium oxide. In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is calcium oxide.

[0118] In certain embodiments, at least one vessel is agitated. In certain embodiments, the agitation is performed using an agitator. In certain embodiments, the agitation is performed using a baffle. In certain embodiments, the agitation is performed using a flow pulsator. In certain embodiments, the agitation is performed using an aeration device. In certain embodiments, the agitation is performed using an impeller.

[0119] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises increasing the influent flow rate. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises decreasing the influent flow rate. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises increasing the effluent flow rate. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises decreasing the effluent flow rate. In certain embodiments, the influent flow rate is increased by a factor of at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, or 100. In certain embodiments, the influent flow rate is decreased by a factor of at least 0.99, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, or 0.01.

[0120] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 4, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 108, 109, 8, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 mm.

[0121] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 4, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 108, 109, 8, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 mm.

[0122] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 4, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 108, 109, 8, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 mm.

[0123] In certain embodiments, the measuring steps (a) and (d) are carried out in separate vessels.

[0124] In certain embodiments, at least one selected from the group consisting of effluent turbidity and total suspended solids is measured at a first time point and a second time point, the first time point preceding the second time point. In certain embodiments, the measurement of effluent turbidity and / or total suspended solids is performed in a vessel in which contact of the influent with the mineral feedstock occurs. In certain embodiments, the measurement of effluent turbidity and / or total suspended solids is performed in a vessel other than the vessel in which contact of the influent with the mineral feedstock occurs.

[0125] In certain embodiments, when the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the second time point is substantially less than the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the first time point, a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides is added to the at least one vessel.

[0126] In certain embodiments, the mineral feedstock is added to the at least one vessel manually as a solid or as a slurry. In certain embodiments, the addition is by conveyor as a solid. In certain embodiments, the addition is by pump as a slurry.

[0127] In certain embodiments, the feedstock slurry is made by mixing the feedstock with at least one aqueous fluid selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, storm water, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater, and the mineral feedstock comprises at least 1% (w / w) of the slurry.

[0128] In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a river. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a lake. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into an ocean. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into an sea. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a bay. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into groundwater. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a pond. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a stream. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a wastewater impoundment.

[0129] In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a fluidized bed reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a continuous stirred tank reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a batch reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a semi-batch reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a pulsed bed reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a plug flow reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a fixed bed reactor.

[0130] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for producing a gaseous CO 2 CO from the source 2 The present invention provides a method for at least partially isolating

[0131] In certain embodiments, the method includes: (a) administering CO 2 About 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 to about 100% (v / v), optionally comprising a compressed gas stream.

[0132] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises: (b) administering CO 2 providing a compressed gas stream into the influent aqueous solution to provide a second influent aqueous solution comprising:

[0133] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises: (c) measuring in the second influent aqueous solution pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2The method includes measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure.

[0134] In certain embodiments, the method includes (d) providing the second influent aqueous solution into at least one vessel containing a mineral feedstock selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides, and combinations thereof.

[0135] In certain embodiments, the method includes the step of (e) contacting the second aqueous influent solution with the mineral feedstock in a vessel to form the aqueous effluent solution.

[0136] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises: (f) measuring pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO in the effluent aqueous solution; 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 The method includes measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure.

[0137] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises: (g) determining dissolved CO 2 The method includes comparing at least two measured parameters of the second influent aqueous solution with at least two measured parameters of the effluent aqueous solution to calculate a change in concentration.

[0138] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (h) determining whether or not the dissolved CO2 concentration in the culture medium is changed by less than about 95%, less than about 90%, less than about 85%, less than about 80%, less than about 75%, less than about 70%, less than about 65%, less than about 60%, less than about 55%, less than about 50%, less than about 45%, less than about 40%, less than about 35%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.9%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.7%, less than about 0.6%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.4%, less than about 0.3%, less than about 0.2%, or less than about 0.1%. 2In cases where a decrease in concentration is involved, the step of modifying at least one parameter of the influent aqueous solution and / or the step of contacting is included.

[0139] In certain embodiments, CO 2 The optionally compressed gas stream containing CO is obtained from a Direct Air Capture Technology (DAC) unit. 2 The optionally compressed gas stream may include CO from the combustion of organic components. 2 In certain embodiments, the compound is obtained from CO 2 Any compressed gas stream containing CO 2 In certain embodiments, CO 2 The optionally compressed gas stream may be a gas stream that is compressed with CO from an industrial source. 2 In certain embodiments, the compound is obtained from CO 2 The optionally compressed gas stream containing CO is subjected to a high purity oxygen activated sludge process. 2 In certain embodiments, the compound is obtained from CO 2 The optionally compressed gas stream may include CO from hydrogen production. 2 In certain embodiments, the compound is obtained from CO 2 The optionally compressed gas stream may include CO from synthesis gas production. 2 In certain embodiments, the compound is obtained from CO 2 The optionally compressed gas stream containing CO from biogas production 2 is obtained from

[0140] In certain embodiments, the direct air capture technology (DAC) unit is a liquid-based DAC system or a solid-based DAC system.

[0141] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the second influent aqueous solution and / or the effluent aqueous solution.

[0142] In certain embodiments, the at least one parameter measured in the effluent is pH. In certain embodiments, the at least one parameter measured in the effluent is alkalinity.

[0143] In certain embodiments, when the pH of the influent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the influent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0. In certain embodiments, when the pH of the effluent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the recirculated effluent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0.

[0144] In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is CO 2 (gaseous). In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is CO 2 (aqueous). In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is an organic acid. In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is an inorganic acid.

[0145] In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is H 2 CO 3 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is H 2 CO 4 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HNO 3 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HCl (aqueous). In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HCl (gaseous).

[0146] In certain embodiments, the dissolved CO 2 Concentration is dissolved CO in the influent 2 If the concentration is greater than 100%, the effluent is subjected to gas stripping. 2 The partial pressure of CO 2When the atmospheric pressure is greater than 1000 psi, the effluent is subjected to gas stripping.

[0147] In certain embodiments, step (c) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the influent. In certain embodiments, step (f) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the effluent.

[0148] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises treating the effluent to provide a second effluent, the second effluent having at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration that is less than the concentrations of the influent and / or the effluent.

[0149] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the step of treating further comprising aerating the effluent.

[0150] In certain embodiments, the aeration results in the formation of at least one selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, non-metal oxides, metal hydroxides, non-metal hydroxides, metal oxyhydroxides, and non-metal oxyhydroxides.

[0151] In certain embodiments, the metal is Fe. In certain embodiments, the metal is Ni. In certain embodiments, the metal is Cr. In certain embodiments, the metal is Co. In certain embodiments, the non-metal is P.

[0152] In certain embodiments, the treating step comprises contacting the effluent with at least one sorbent, hi certain embodiments, the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

[0153] In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs P. In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs Fe. In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs Ni. In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs Cr. In certain embodiments, at least one sorbent adsorbs Co.

[0154] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO in the second effluent. 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, CO 2 The method further comprises measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of (gaseous) oxygen, and optionally at least one selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration.

[0155] In certain embodiments, the at least one container comprises at least two containers. In certain embodiments, the at least two containers are arranged in series, in parallel, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the at least two containers are arranged in series.

[0156] In certain embodiments, the metal silicates, metal carbonates, and / or metal oxides have decreasing particle sizes in each vessel arranged in series, hi certain embodiments, the particle size in an upstream vessel may be at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, or 100 times larger than the particle size in a downstream vessel.

[0157] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises feeding the effluent or the second effluent through at least one filter.

[0158] In certain embodiments, the filter is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm.

[0159] In certain embodiments, dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises municipal wastewater. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises industrial wastewater. 2 Influent aqueous solutions containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO include storm water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises river water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises lake water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises fresh water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises tap water. 2 Influent aqueous solutions containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO include runoff water. 2 Influent aqueous solutions containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO include storm water. 2 The influent aqueous solution containing dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO comprises groundwater. 2 The influent aqueous solution includes seawater.

[0160] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0161] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; o is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; p is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; and m, n, and o are selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge.

[0162] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0163] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t During the ceremony, M 2comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; q is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 4; r is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; s is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; t is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; and q, r, and s are selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge.

[0164] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements, each occurrence; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0165] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O)v (OH) w During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; u is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; v is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; w is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; if v is 0, then w is at least 2; and u, v, and w are selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge.

[0166] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a nesosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a sorosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a cyclosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is an inosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a phyllosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a tectosilicate.

[0167] In certain embodiments, the nesosilicates are phenacites (e.g., phenacite and sphaerlite), olivine (e.g., forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), feldspar, and tephroite), garnets (e.g., malonite, ferromagnet, spessartine, cobaltite, sieboldite, cobaltite, cobalt chrome garnet, and hydrous cobalt garnet), Al 2 SiO 5 (e.g. andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite, dumortierite, topaz, staurolite), humite (e.g. norbergite, chondroite, humite, monoclinic humite), datoite, titanite, anhydrite, and mullite.

[0168] In certain embodiments, the sorosilicate is selected from the group consisting of hemimorphite, lawsonite, azothiolite, schizopyrite, epidote, cobaltite, tanzanite, clinopyroxene, allanite, draisite, and vesuvianite.

[0169] In certain embodiments, the cyclosilicate is selected from the group consisting of benitoite, papagoite, beryl, badgesite, suginite, tourmaline, pezzottaite, osumilite, cordierite, secaninaite, eudialyte, and millerite.

[0170] In certain embodiments, the inosilicate is selected from the group consisting of pyroxenes (e.g., enstatite, ferroxene, pigeonite, diopside, spodumene, augite, jadeite, aegirine, spodumene, and pyroxferrite), pyroxenes (e.g., wollastonite, rhodonite, and amphibole), (e.g., anthophyllite, cumingtonite, siderophore, tremolite, hornblende, glaucophane, riebeckite (i.e., asbestos), and arfvedsonite).

[0171] In certain embodiments, the phyllosilicates are selected from the group consisting of serpentines (e.g., antigorite, chrysotile, lisardite), clay minerals (e.g., halloysite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, talc, illite, montmorillonite (i.e., smectite), chlorite, vermiculite, sepiolite, and palygorskite), micas (e.g., biotite, chromite, muscovite, phlogopite, lepidolite, nacre, and glauconite).

[0172] In certain embodiments, the tectosilicates are selected from the group consisting of 3D silicates (e.g., quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, moganite, and chalcedony), feldspars (e.g., microcline, orthoclase, anorthoclase, albite, oligoclase, andesine, albite, anorthite, and anorthite), feldspars (e.g., sargassum, nepheline, leucite, nepheline, sodalite, hauyne, and lazurite), beryls (e.g., sodalite and beryl); and zeolites (e.g., natrolite, eronite, chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, geolite, mordenite, and analcime).

[0173] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is calcite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is aragonite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is dolomite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is a halocarbonate or a hydroxycarbonate. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is a hydrated carbonate.

[0174] In certain embodiments, the calcite is selected from the group consisting of calcite, rhododendronite, magnesite, rhodochrosite, siderite, smithsonite, and rhodocobaltite.

[0175] In certain embodiments, the aragonite is selected from the group consisting of aragonite, cerussite, strontianite, witherite, rutherfordian, and natriite.

[0176] In certain embodiments, the dolomite is selected from the group consisting of ankerite, dolomite, huntite, millencordite, and berylcalcite.

[0177] In certain embodiments, the halocarbonate or hydroxycarbonate is selected from the group consisting of azurite, hydrocercosite, malachite, zinc malachite, amphibachite, hydrozincite, and hydrozincite.

[0178] In certain embodiments, the hydrated carbonate is selected from the group consisting of hydromagnesium, icalite, lansfordite, monohydrocalcite, natron, and zererite.

[0179] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is magnesium oxide. In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is sodium oxide. In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is calcium oxide.

[0180] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 4, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 108, 109, 8, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 mm.

[0181] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 4, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 108, 109, 8, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 mm.

[0182] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 4, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 108, 109, 8, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 mm.

[0183] In certain embodiments, the measuring steps (a) and (d) are carried out in separate vessels.

[0184] In certain embodiments, at least one selected from the group consisting of effluent turbidity and total suspended solids is measured at a first time point and a second time point, the first time point preceding the second time point. In certain embodiments, the measurement of effluent turbidity and / or total suspended solids is performed in a vessel in which contact of the influent with the mineral feedstock occurs. In certain embodiments, the measurement of effluent turbidity and / or total suspended solids is performed in a vessel other than the vessel in which contact of the influent with the mineral feedstock occurs.

[0185] In certain embodiments, when the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the second time point is substantially less than the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the first time point, a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides is added to the at least one vessel.

[0186] In certain embodiments, the mineral feedstock is added to the at least one vessel manually as a solid or as a slurry. In certain embodiments, the addition is by conveyor as a solid. In certain embodiments, the addition is by pump as a slurry.

[0187] In certain embodiments, the feedstock slurry is made by mixing the feedstock with at least one aqueous fluid selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, storm water, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater, and the mineral feedstock comprises at least 1% (w / w) of the slurry.

[0188] In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a river. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a lake. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into an ocean. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into an sea. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a bay. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into groundwater. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a pond. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a stream. In certain embodiments, the effluent is discharged into a wastewater impoundment.

[0189] In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a fluidized bed reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a continuous stirred tank reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a batch reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a semi-batch reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a pulsed bed reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a plug flow reactor. In certain embodiments, at least one vessel comprises a fixed bed reactor.

[0190] Accelerated weathering systems and / or devices In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an aqueous solution treatment system.

[0191] In certain embodiments, the treatment system includes: (a) an influent aqueous solution inlet connected to a vessel by an optionally sealable joint, the vessel including at least one optionally sealable inlet suitable for adding at least one acidifying agent to the aqueous solution contained therein, the vessel being suitable for containing a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides.

[0192] In certain embodiments, the treatment system comprises: (b) an aqueous effluent outlet connected to the vessel by an optionally sealable joint; pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 each vessel is equipped with at least two sensors suitable for measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure, and optionally further suitable for measuring at least one parameter of the aqueous solution contained therein selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration; The dissolved metal is optionally at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, nickel, iron, cobalt, and chromium; The dissolved non-metal is optionally at least one non-metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of phosphorus and silica; and Each of the at least two sensors includes an effluent aqueous solution outlet located within the vessel at a different distance from the inlet junction and / or the outlet junction.

[0193] In certain embodiments, the treatment system further comprises: (c) detecting dissolved CO 2 Means are included for comparing at least two measured parameters at two of the at least two sensors in the container to calculate a change in concentration.

[0194] In certain embodiments, the means for comparing includes measuring pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO in the influent and effluent. 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 and comparing the two results. In certain embodiments, the comparing is performed using computer software.

[0195] In certain embodiments, the treatment system further comprises: (d) controlling the dissolved CO concentration by a closed loop process controller; 2 In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes adding an acidifying agent by a closed loop process controller. In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes aeration by a closed loop process controller. In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes agitation by a closed loop process controller. In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes CO2 by a closed loop process controller. 2In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes recirculating the effluent stream by a closed loop process controller. In certain embodiments, the means for controlling includes modifying the flow rate to increase, decrease, or pulse the flow by a closed loop process controller.

[0196] In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is CO 2 (gaseous). In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is CO 2 (aqueous). In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is an organic acid. In certain embodiments, the acidifying agent is an inorganic acid.

[0197] In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is H 2 CO 3 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is H 2 CO 4 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HNO 3 In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HCl (aqueous). In certain embodiments, the inorganic acid is HCl (gaseous).

[0198] In certain embodiments, dissolved CO 2 The means for controlling the change in concentration includes a closed loop process controller that modifies at least one measured parameter at the inlet junction. In certain embodiments, the dissolved CO 2 The means for controlling the change in concentration includes a closed loop process controller that modifies at least one contact condition in the vessel selected from the group consisting of the flow rate of the influent aqueous solution, the agitation rate, the rate or schedule of fluid recirculation, the concentration (w / v %) of metal silicate, metal carbonate, and / or metal oxide in the mineral feedstock.

[0199] In certain embodiments, the system includes at least two example containers arranged in parallel, in series, or a combination thereof, with each additional example container connected to each additional container by an optionally sealable joint.

[0200] In certain embodiments, the inlet and outlet junctions of each instance vessel are located at opposite ends of the vessel.

[0201] In certain embodiments, the system further includes a recirculation line connecting a first point and a second point of the vessel, the first point and the second point being located within the vessel at different distances from the inlet junction and / or the outlet junction. In certain embodiments, the system further includes a recirculation line connecting two instance vessels in series and including two ends each connected to the vessel by a sealable junction.

[0202] In certain embodiments, the recirculation line allows for upstream movement of the aqueous solution.

[0203] In certain embodiments, the recirculation line facilitates recirculation of the aqueous solution contained therein upon detection of an aqueous solution having a pH of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0.

[0204] In certain embodiments, the vessel of each example includes a means for agitating at least one of the aqueous solution contained therein and the mineral feedstock contained therein.

[0205] In certain embodiments, the means for agitating is an agitator. In certain embodiments, the means for agitating is a baffle. In certain embodiments, the means for agitating is a flow pulsator. In certain embodiments, the means for agitating is an aerator. In certain embodiments, the means for agitating is an impeller.

[0206] In certain embodiments, the effluent outlet is optionally connected to an auxiliary pH adjustment system suitable for correcting the pH of the effluent to within a desired range upon detection of an aqueous liquid having a pH greater than 5 but less than 8.

[0207] In certain embodiments, each illustrative vessel is optionally connected to a mineral feedstock inlet by an optionally sealable joint.

[0208] In certain embodiments, the mineral feedstock inlet is connected to an aqueous mineral slurry vessel equipped with a pump suitable for transferring the aqueous mineral slurry contained therein to at least one illustrative vessel.

[0209] In certain embodiments, the system further comprises at least one gas stripper.

[0210] In certain embodiments, at least one illustrative container is equipped with a device suitable for aeration of the aqueous solution contained therein.

[0211] In certain embodiments, the system further comprises an aeration vessel connected to the at least one illustrative vessel by an optionally sealable joint.

[0212] In certain embodiments, the aeration vessel comprises an apparatus suitable for aeration of the aqueous solution contained therein.

[0213] In certain embodiments, the system further includes a dissolved metal treatment vessel connected to the at least one illustrative vessel by an optionally sealable joint.

[0214] In certain embodiments, the dissolved metal processing vessel comprises at least one sorbent.

[0215] In certain embodiments, the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

[0216] In certain embodiments, the at least one sorbent adsorbs at least one metal or nonmetal. In certain embodiments, the metal is Fe. In certain embodiments, the metal is Ni. In certain embodiments, the metal is Cr. In certain embodiments, the metal is Co. In certain embodiments, the nonmetal is P.

[0217] In certain embodiments, the aeration vessel has an inlet that includes a connection to at least one instance vessel, and an outlet that is optionally connected to at least one instance vessel.

[0218] In certain embodiments, the dissolved metal processing vessel has an inlet that includes a connection to at least one instance of the vessel, and an outlet that is optionally connected to at least one instance of the vessel.

[0219] In certain embodiments, the effluent outlet of each example is equipped with at least one filter. In certain embodiments, the filter is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 μm.

[0220] In certain embodiments, the influent aqueous solution inlet is connected to at least one water source. In certain embodiments, the water source is urban wastewater. In certain embodiments, the water source is industrial wastewater. In certain embodiments, the water source is storm water. In certain embodiments, the water source is river water. In certain embodiments, the water source is lake water. In certain embodiments, the water source is fresh water. In certain embodiments, the water source is tap water. In certain embodiments, the water source is runoff water. In certain embodiments, the water source is storm water. In certain embodiments, the water source is groundwater. In certain embodiments, the water source is sea water.

[0221] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p During the ceremony, M1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0222] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; o is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; p is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; and m, n, and o are selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge.

[0223] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0224] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; q is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 4; r is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; s is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; t is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; and q, r, and s are selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge.

[0225] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements, each occurrence; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

[0226] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; u is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4; v is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; w is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; if v is 0, then w is at least 2; and u, v, and w are selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge.

[0227] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a nesosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a sorosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a cyclosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is an inosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a phyllosilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a tectosilicate.

[0228] In certain embodiments, the nesosilicates are phenacites (e.g., phenacite and sphaerlite), olivine (e.g., forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), feldspar, and tephroite), garnets (e.g., malonite, ferromagnet, spessartine, cobaltite, sieboldite, cobaltite, cobalt chrome garnet, and hydrous cobalt garnet), Al 2 SiO 5 (e.g. andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite, dumortierite, topaz, staurolite), humite (e.g. norbergite, chondroite, humite, monoclinic humite), datoite, titanite, anhydrite, and mullite.

[0229] In certain embodiments, the sorosilicate is selected from the group consisting of hemimorphite, lawsonite, azothiolite, schizopyrite, epidote, cobaltite, tanzanite, clinopyroxene, allanite, draisite, and vesuvianite.

[0230] In certain embodiments, the cyclosilicate is selected from the group consisting of benitoite, papagoite, beryl, badgesite, suginite, tourmaline, pezzottaite, osumilite, cordierite, secaninaite, eudialyte, and millerite.

[0231] In certain embodiments, the inosilicate is selected from the group consisting of pyroxenes (e.g., enstatite, ferroxene, pigeonite, diopside, spodumene, augite, jadeite, aegirine, spodumene, and pyroxferrite), pyroxenes (e.g., wollastonite, rhodonite, and amphibole), (e.g., anthophyllite, cumingtonite, siderophore, tremolite, hornblende, glaucophane, riebeckite (i.e., asbestos), and arfvedsonite).

[0232] In certain embodiments, the phyllosilicates are selected from the group consisting of serpentines (e.g., antigorite, chrysotile, lisardite), clay minerals (e.g., halloysite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, talc, illite, montmorillonite (i.e., smectite), chlorite, vermiculite, sepiolite, and palygorskite), micas (e.g., biotite, chromite, muscovite, phlogopite, lepidolite, nacre, and glauconite).

[0233] In certain embodiments, the tectosilicates are selected from the group consisting of 3D silicates (e.g., quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, moganite, and chalcedony), feldspars (e.g., microcline, orthoclase, anorthoclase, albite, oligoclase, andesine, albite, anorthite, and anorthite), feldspars (e.g., sargassum, nepheline, leucite, nepheline, sodalite, hauyne, and lazurite), beryls (e.g., sodalite and beryl); and zeolites (e.g., natrolite, eronite, chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, geolite, mordenite, and analcime).

[0234] In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is calcite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is aragonite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is dolomite. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is a halocarbonate or a hydroxycarbonate. In certain embodiments, the metal carbonate is a hydrated carbonate.

[0235] In certain embodiments, the calcite is selected from the group consisting of calcite, rhododendronite, magnesite, rhodochrosite, siderite, smithsonite, and rhodocobaltite.

[0236] In certain embodiments, the aragonite is selected from the group consisting of aragonite, cerussite, strontianite, witherite, rutherfordian, and natriite.

[0237] In certain embodiments, the dolomite is selected from the group consisting of ankerite, dolomite, huntite, millencordite, and berylcalcite.

[0238] In certain embodiments, the halocarbonate or hydroxycarbonate is selected from the group consisting of azurite, hydrocercosite, malachite, zymonoclastic, amphibole, hydrozincite, and hydrozincite.

[0239] In certain embodiments, the hydrated carbonate is selected from the group consisting of hydromagnesium, icalite, lansfordite, monohydrocalcite, natron, and zererite.

[0240] In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is magnesium oxide. In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is sodium oxide. In certain embodiments, the metal oxide is calcium oxide.

[0241] In certain embodiments, the system is a portable freestanding unit or is integrated into a non-mobile structure. In certain embodiments, the system is housed in a shipping container. In certain embodiments, the system is housed in a trailer. In certain embodiments, the system is housed in a ship with a steering wheel. In certain embodiments, the system is integrated on or in a barge. In certain embodiments, the system is integrated on or in a ship. In certain embodiments, non-portable aspects of the system are integrated into warehouses, industrial facilities, municipal facilities, factories, wastewater treatment plants, or dams, among others.

[0242] Non-limiting exemplary embodiments of the disclosed systems and / or devices are disclosed herein. Although such exemplary embodiments may be illustrated and / or described as independent embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that aspects of each embodiment can be modified by and / or combined with features not explicitly described in the description.

[0243] Exemplary embodiment 1 15-18, an exemplary chemical enhanced weathering system and / or apparatus 100 of the present disclosure is shown. The system and / or apparatus 100 includes a containment unit 101 having an inlet 103 with an optional sealable joint 116, an outlet 104 with an optional sealable joint 116, and at least one reaction vessel 105. In some embodiments, the system and / or apparatus 100 may further include any combination of the following: a mineral feedstock port 102 with an optional sealable joint 116, a sampling and monitoring port 106 with an optional sealable joint 116, a flocculation vessel 107, a coagulation vessel 108, a plurality of agitators 109, a calcination loop 110 with an optional sealable joint 116, and a CO2 extraction vessel 105 with an optional sealable joint. 2 Source port 111. In some embodiments, the system and / or device 100 may include a CO 2 A recirculating air system attached to the source and fluid CO 2 and a sparging system or air forcing system for concentration. 2The CO was collected under reduced pressure. 2 An air handling system can be used to reintroduce the mineral feedstock into the influent. The mineral feedstock can remain in suspension due to force from the influent and / or force from an embedded agitator. In some embodiments, the mineral feedstock may not be fluidized. In some embodiments, the agitator 109 includes a turbine.

[0244] In certain embodiments, the system and / or apparatus 100 may further include one or more agitators, aerators, flow pulsators, diffusers, and / or point flow sources to maintain or induce a laminar or turbulent flow regime through the reaction vessel 105. In certain embodiments, dissolved CO is preferably added to the reaction vessel 105 to maximize carbon capture and flow rates. 2 The aqueous solution containing is first passed through a reaction vessel 105 filled with mineral feedstock having a relatively large particle size (relatively high permeability) and then through another reaction vessel 105 filled with mineral feedstock having a relatively small particle size.

[0245] 15-18, the system and / or apparatus 100 may be a portable system and / or apparatus. The storage unit 101 may be mounted on a trailer 112 having wheels 113. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may be hitch-mounted for attachment to a truck. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may further include at least two stabilizing legs 114 configured to be deployed when the system and / or apparatus 100 is temporarily installed for operation. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may be optimized for transportation by existing trucks. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may be of any available standard size. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may include a shipping container. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may reside in or on a ship and / or barge. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may reside in a warehouse, an industrial facility, a water treatment facility, and / or may be a stand-alone facility.

[0246] 15-18, the containment unit 101 may have any shape known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including but not limited to rectangular, oval, and the like. In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may be made from any material known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including but not limited to steel, aluminum, plastic, fiberglass, or other suitable materials. In various embodiments, the containment unit 101 may have a length of 1-20 meters, 1-100 meters, or 1-1000 meters. In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may have a length of more than 1000 meters. In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may have a length of 14-16 meters. In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may have a length of 16-18 meters. In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may have a length of 18-20 meters. In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may have a length of more than 20 meters. In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may have a length less than 14 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a length of 12 to 14 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a length of 10 to 12 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a length of 8 to 10 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a length of 6 to 8 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a length of 4 to 6 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a length of 2 to 4 meters.

[0247] In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a height and width of at least 2.5 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a height and width of 2 to 4 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a height and width of 4 to 6 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a height and width of less than 2.5 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a height and width of 1 to 2.5 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a height and width of more than 2.5 meters. In certain embodiments, the storage unit 101 may have a height and width of 1 to 50,000 m 3 In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may have a total volume of 1 to 50,000 m3 , or 1 to 25,000 m 3 , or 1 to 1,000 m 3 , or 10 to 1,000 m 3 , or 10 to 5,000 m 3 , or 100-20,000m 3 , or 200 to 10,000 m 3 , or 1,000 to 20,000 m 3 , or 5,000~10,000m 3 , or 20,000~50,000m 3 , or 30,000~50,000m 3 , or 40,000~50,000m 3 In a particular embodiment, the containment unit 101 may have a total volume of 50,000 m 3 The total volume may be greater than 1000 cubic meters.

[0248] In certain embodiments, the inlet 103 is located in the aqueous solution stream of interest and is fluidly connected to the reaction vessel 105. In certain embodiments, the inlet 103 comprises a pipe. In certain embodiments, the inlet 103 may further comprise an inlet pump. The inlet pump may be any pump known to one of skill in the art configured to push water from the aqueous solution stream into the reaction vessel 105. In certain embodiments, the inlet 103 may have any applicable diameter in the range of about 10-1000 cm. In certain embodiments, the inlet 103 may have a diameter greater than 1000 cm. In certain embodiments, the inlet 103 may have a length in the range of about 1-100 meters. In certain embodiments, the inlets as contemplated and described herein may include one or more elements, including, but not limited to, pipes, hoses, sprinklers, and the like.

[0249] The reaction vessel 105 may have any size that is applicable and known to those skilled in the art. In certain embodiments, different sizes of reaction vessel 105 may be used and determined based on the flow rate and chemical properties of the aqueous solution contained therein or designated for use therein. In certain embodiments, the reaction vessel 105 may have any shape, including but not limited to rectangular, oval, circular, etc. The reaction vessel 105 may be filled with any suitable feedstock, such as a locally available feedstock. In some embodiments, multiple reaction vessels 105 are fluidly connected. In certain embodiments, the feedstock may be selected for a site of interest based on the results of geochemical and geospatial modeling. In certain embodiments, the feedstock may be suitable for capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide emissions through weathering-enhanced reactions.

[0250] In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may further include at least one chamber (107, 108) in fluid communication with the reaction vessel 105. In certain embodiments, the at least one chamber may be configured for purification and filtration of aqueous solutions. In certain embodiments, the at least one chamber may be any filtering means known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to a plurality of parallel and / or sequentially arranged membrane filters, activated carbon, and the like. In certain embodiments, the at least one chamber may be located anywhere in the containment unit 102. In some embodiments, the at least one chamber may be fluidly connected to an inlet tube 103. In some embodiments, the at least one chamber may be fluidly connected to an outlet 104. In certain embodiments, any number of chambers may be used in the system and / or device 100 to process and purify aqueous solutions.

[0251] The outlet 104 is configured to remove the treated aqueous solution from the containment unit 101. In certain embodiments, the outlet 104 comprises a tube. In certain embodiments, the outlet 104 can have any applicable diameter, for example, in the range of about 10 to 1000 cm. In certain embodiments, the outlet 104 can have a length in the range of about 1 to 100 meters.

[0252] In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 includes a temperature sensor, a pH sensor, a dissolved CO 2 Sensor, CO 2 The system may further include at least one sensor 115, including but not limited to a partial pressure sensor, an alkalinity sensor, a hardness sensor, a conductivity sensor, an overflow sensor, a high water level sensor, a dissolved oxygen sensor, or other measurement system and / or device. In certain embodiments, the at least one sensor 115 may be located anywhere on the containment unit 101. In certain embodiments, the at least one sensor 115 may be in contact with at least one chamber (105, 107, 108). In certain embodiments, the at least one sensor 115 may be located on or in the inlet 103. In certain embodiments, the at least one sensor 115 may be located on or in the outlet 104.

[0253] In certain embodiments, the containment unit 101 may further include at least one sampling port 106. In certain embodiments, the sampling port 106 may be located anywhere on the containment unit 101 known to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the sampling port 106 may be located on or in the inlet 103. In certain embodiments, the sampling port 106 may be located on or in the outlet 104. In certain embodiments, the sampling port 106 may be located in fluid communication with the reaction vessel 105. In certain embodiments, the sampling port 106 may be located in fluid communication with at least one chamber (105, 107, 108).

[0254] In certain embodiments, the system and / or device 100 may be used with aqueous solution sources having a low pH, including, by way of non-limiting example, industrial or municipal water sources. 2 In certain embodiments, the system and / or device 100 may be used to detect the reverse reaction (CO 2In certain embodiments, the system and / or apparatus 100 may be used for aqueous source solutions having low concentrations of chemical constituents that may promote precipitation of secondary mineral phases such as clays that slow the weathering process, or for added simple organic matter that inhibits precipitation of secondary mineral phases. In certain embodiments, antifouling agents may be added to the inlet 103, outlet 104, and / or reaction vessel 105.

[0255] In certain embodiments, the system and / or device 100 can be added to an existing wastewater treatment plant or other location where wastewater is generated and / or treated. This can include wastewater generated in the food and beverage industry (e.g., breweries, wineries, and dairies), pulp and paper manufacturing processes, and automotive and metal processing industries, as well as wastewater generated in mines (e.g., acid mine drainage). In certain embodiments, the system and / or device 100 can be located anywhere within the water treatment plant. In certain embodiments, water from a waste stream can be configured to enter the system and / or device 100 before entering the wastewater treatment plant. In certain embodiments, water from a wastewater treatment plant can be directed to enter the system and / or device 100 after purification / filtration within the plant. In certain embodiments, water from a wastewater treatment plant can be directed to enter the system and / or device 100 after biological treatment within the plant. In certain embodiments, water from a wastewater treatment plant may be directed to enter the system and / or apparatus 100 at any point before, during, or after primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment within the plant.

[0256] In certain embodiments, the reaction vessel 105 includes a plurality of agitators 109 for keeping the feedstock and aqueous solution contained therein in a well-mixed state. In certain embodiments, the reaction vessel 105 includes a specially designed flow regime for keeping the feedstock and aqueous solution contained therein in contact and / or well-mixed. In certain embodiments, the reaction vessel 105 includes a series of filters, clarifiers and flocculator tanks 107 for removing and collecting particulate matter. In some embodiments, the clarifiers and flocculator tanks 107 can be configured to collect metals such as nickel.

[0257] Exemplary embodiment 2 19, an exemplary enhanced weathering system and / or apparatus (200) of the present disclosure is shown. In certain embodiments, the influent aqueous solution (21) is in fluid communication with a holding vessel and / or barrier vessel (1) that allows the influent to enter the system and / or apparatus of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the holding vessel and / or barrier vessel (1) is in fluid communication with an external CO 2 In certain embodiments, the external CO 2 The source may carbonate the incoming aqueous solution (21) at least partially contained in the holding vessel and / or barrier vessel (1).

[0258] In certain embodiments, the influent (21) at least partially contained in the holding vessel and / or barrier vessel (1) can be transferred by pump (2) into a pressure vessel and / or pressure vessel (3) that is in fluid communication with the holding / barrier vessel (1). In certain embodiments, the influent (21) at least partially contained in the pressure vessel and / or pressure vessel (3) is in fluid communication with a first processing vessel (10). In certain embodiments, the first processing vessel (10) and the additional processing vessel (12) can include a fluidized bed reactor, a batch reactor, a pulsed bed reactor, a fixed bed reactor, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the influent (21) at least partially contained in the pressure vessel and / or pressure vessel (3) can be transferred to the first processing vessel (10). In certain embodiments, movement of the influent (21) at least partially contained in the pressure vessel and / or pressure vessel (3) includes contacting and / or passing through one or more components in fluid communication with the pressure vessel and / or pressure vessel (3) and the first processing vessel (10), including a pressure regulator (4), a flow meter (5), a valve gate (7), an influent sensor array (8), and an influent sampling port (9). In certain embodiments, the flow meter (5) is in fluid communication with and / or modified by a control system (6). In certain embodiments, the gate valve (7) is in fluid communication with and / or modified by the control system (6). In certain embodiments, the sensor array (8) is in fluid communication with and / or modified by the control system (6). In certain embodiments, the influent sampling port (9) can be used to obtain an aliquot of the influent aqueous solution (21) before the influent enters the first processing vessel (10).

[0259] In certain embodiments, the first processing vessel (10) containing the mineral feedstock (25) further comprises an agitation system (24). In certain embodiments, the agitation system (24) is in fluid communication with and / or regulated by the control system (6). In certain embodiments, the influent aqueous solution (21) contacts the mineral feedstock (25) in the first processing vessel (10). In certain embodiments, the first processing vessel (10) is in fluid communication with an additional processing vessel (12). In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution at least partially contained in the first processing vessel (10) is transferred to the additional processing vessel (12). In certain embodiments, an intermediate sampling port (11) can be used to obtain an aliquot of the aqueous solution before the aqueous solution enters the additional processing vessel (10).

[0260] In certain embodiments, the additional processing vessel (12) containing the mineral feedstock (25) further comprises an agitation system (24). In certain embodiments, the influent aqueous solution (21) contacts the mineral feedstock (25) in the additional processing vessel (12).

[0261] In certain embodiments, the additional processing vessel (12) is in fluid communication with the gas stripping vessel (16). In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution at least partially contained in the additional processing vessel (12) can be transferred to the gas stripping vessel (16). In certain embodiments, the transfer of the aqueous solution to the gas stripping vessel (16) includes contacting and / or passing through one or more components in fluid communication with the additional processing vessel (12) and the gas stripping vessel (16), including an effluent sampling port (13), an effluent sensor array (14), and an automated valve (15). In certain embodiments, an aliquot of the aqueous solution can be obtained using the effluent sampling port (13) before the effluent contacts the effluent sensor array (14).

[0262] In certain embodiments, the effluent sensor array (14) is in fluid communication with the control system (6). In certain embodiments, the automatic valve (15) is in fluid communication with the control system (6). In certain embodiments, the automatic valve (15) is in fluid communication with each of the additional processing vessels (12), the gas stripping vessel (16), and the pressure vessel (3) through a recirculation system (23), and is in fluid communication with the holding vessel and / or the shutoff vessel (1) through the recirculation system (23). In certain embodiments, output data from the effluent sensor array (14) causes the control system (6) to modify the automatic valve (15).

[0263] In certain embodiments, the output from the effluent sensor array (14) effects the movement of the aqueous solution from the additional vessel (12) to the pressure vessel (3) through the recirculation system (23). In certain embodiments, the output from the effluent sensor array (14) effects the movement of the aqueous solution from the additional vessel to the holding vessel and / or barrier vessel (1) through the recirculation system (23). In certain embodiments, the output from the effluent sensor array (14) effects the movement of the aqueous solution from the additional vessel (12) to the gas stripping vessel (16).

[0264] In certain embodiments, the gas stripping vessel (16) is in fluid communication with an aeration vessel (17). In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution at least partially contained in the gas stripping vessel may be transferred to the aeration vessel (17).

[0265] In certain embodiments, the aeration vessel (17) includes an oxygen source and / or aspiration device (18). In certain embodiments, the aeration vessel (17) is in fluid communication with a filtration system (19). In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution at least partially contained in the aeration vessel (17) may be transferred to or through the filtration system (19).

[0266] In certain embodiments, the filtration system (19) is in fluid communication with the outlet. In certain embodiments, the effluent (22) is discharged through the outlet.

[0267] In certain embodiments, the effluent (22) may be discharged directly from the automatic valve (15). In certain embodiments, the automatic valve (15) is in fluid communication with an aeration tank (17) or a filtration system (19).

[0268] In certain embodiments, the effluent (22) may be discharged directly from the gas stripping vessel (16). In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution at least partially contained in the gas stripping vessel (16) may be transferred to a filtration system (19).

[0269] In certain embodiments, the effluent (22) may be discharged directly from the aeration basin (17).

[0270] Exemplary embodiment 3 With reference to Figures 20 and 21A-21B, an exemplary enhanced weathering system and / or apparatus 300 of the present disclosure is shown. The system and / or apparatus 300 is housed within a shipping container. In certain embodiments, the shipping container has a length of 20-100 feet or more (314). In certain embodiments, the shipping container has a height of 80-160 inches or more (312). In certain embodiments, the shipping container has a width of about 2-15 feet or more (316). In certain embodiments, the shipping container has an entrance (314) and an exit (315) located at opposing ends of the container. In certain embodiments, the shipping container has an entrance (314) and an exit (315) that are not located at opposing ends of the container.

[0271] In certain embodiments, the shipping container further comprises one or more reactor vessels. In certain embodiments, the one or more reactors occupy about 20-100 feet or more of the length of the interior compartment of the shipping container (311). In certain embodiments, the interior compartment of the shipping container has a width of about 2-15 feet or more (310). In certain embodiments, the one or more reactors occupy about 2-15 feet or more of the width of the interior compartment of the shipping container, and the available passage is about 0-10 feet (307). In certain embodiments, an influent enters the one or more vessels and a selected parameter is measured by the sensor array (301). In certain embodiments, an influent line (302) provides fluid communication between the influent source and the one or more reactors, each having a diameter of about 20-100 inches or more, by an inlet manifold (304). In certain embodiments, a feedstock inlet line is in fluid communication with each of the one or more vessels, allowing for the addition of mineral feedstock as needed (303). In certain embodiments, an effluent line (306) in fluid communication with the one or more reactors transports the effluent to a sensor array (308) located at an outlet (309) of the interior compartment of the shipping container.

[0272] In certain embodiments, each vessel allows access to auxiliary piping and / or electronics within the vessel. In certain embodiments, the use of standard shipping containers provides advantages, including protection and / or transportability of the electronics. In certain embodiments, each vessel has a volume of about 700 gallons or more. In certain embodiments, the system has a capacity of about 3,500 gallons per hour or more. In certain embodiments, the configuration of the vessels allows for the use of fluidized bed reactors, pulsed bed, and batch reactors, and any combination thereof.

[0273] In certain embodiments, the system includes one fluidized bed vessel (e.g., an epoxy-lined 40-foot shipping container designed to hold liquids and / or slurries) with an injection manifold built into a trailer tank. In such embodiments, each vessel includes 360 square feet or more and has a capacity of 21,000 gallons or more. Modeling suggests that each vessel can process 60,000 gallons or more per hour, allowing carbon to be captured on a multi-kiloton scale. In certain embodiments, the vessel configuration allows for the use of fluidized bed reactors, pulsed bed, and batch reactors, and any combination thereof.

[0274] Exemplary Embodiment 4 FIG. 22 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary weathering-enhancement system of the present disclosure. The schematic diagram provides a conceptual overview of one embodiment of a weathering-enhancement system (400) that includes one or more vessels (411) commonly used in chemical processing. In such an embodiment, external CO 2 A source (412) is in fluid communication with the inlet through an optionally sealable junction (413) and supplies CO to an incoming aqueous solution (e.g., fresh water) at the inlet (401). 2 (gaseous). After carbonation, bulk chemical properties can be measured at the sensor array (402). The aqueous stream then passes through an influent line (403) that is in fluid communication with one or more reactors (e.g., fluidized bed, batch reactors, and fixed bed reactors, among others) that can be housed in one or more vessels by an inlet manifold (404). The flow can pass through a fluidized bed, which can be arranged in parallel. Once the effluent has passed through the fluidized bed and through the effluent line (405 / 407), the parameters of the aqueous solution can again be measured at the sensor array (408), and depending on the results, it can be recirculated (406) or continue to flow to an aerobic chamber where one or more metals (e.g., iron) are precipitated. The aqueous solution can further pass through an in-line filter and / or residual CO before exiting the system (409). 2(gaseous) may be removed. In certain embodiments, each vessel has a volume of about 100 to about 1000 gallons or more. In certain embodiments, the system has a capacity of about 1000 to about 10,000 gallons or more per hour. In certain embodiments, the configuration of the vessels allows for the use of fluidized bed reactors, pulsed bed, and batch reactors, and any combination thereof.

[0275] Exemplary Embodiment 5 Figure 23 shows how much CO2 is generated across all potential clients in the market. 2 site-specific CO while providing a realistic estimate of how much CO can be removed 2 FIG. 1 shows a flow schematic of a geochemical and geospatial model (500) configured to identify, design, and improve remediation and costs. In certain embodiments, feedstock sources are selected and financial parameters are evaluated (e.g., cost per ton of mineral feedstock, and / or CO2 emissions per ton of mineral feedstock). 2 A geospatial information system (GIS) transportation network analysis is performed (501) of at least one parameter related to selecting, transporting, and procuring at least one mineral feedstock, including the type of mineral-based feedstock, the cost of the feedstock, the CO2 emissions of the feedstock, the amount of sequestration, and the amount of sequestration (502). In certain embodiments, transportation costs are evaluated considering the proximity of the apparatus and / or system of the present disclosure to a site for deployment (502). In certain embodiments, costs are evaluated for milling and / or preparation of the mineral feedstock (503). In certain embodiments, a geospatial information system (GIS) transportation network analysis is performed (504) of at least one parameter related to selecting, transporting, and procuring at least one mineral feedstock, including the type of mineral-based feedstock, the cost of the feedstock, the CO2 emissions of the feedstock, and the amount of sequestration (504). 2 and the distance between the feedstock source and the water source to be treated. In certain embodiments, parameters of the aqueous solution at the potential site are evaluated (505) to determine CO 2The removal capacity and / or cost are determined (506). In certain embodiments, the reactive transport modeling or mineral weathering modeling stage (507) may include a weathering model that develops a target average grinding particle size for at least one mineral feedstock. In certain embodiments, the weathering model (507) develops a flow design for the aqueous treatment system, including at least one of a recirculation rate for the effluent stream or an agitation rate for at least one vessel. In certain embodiments, the weathering model (507) develops a flow design for the aqueous treatment system, including at least one of a feedstock application rate, an acid addition rate to the aqueous treatment system, or a CO2 addition rate to the aqueous treatment system. 2 The additive and feedstock application model includes at least one of the addition rates:

[0276] Exemplary Embodiment 6 28A-B show flow diagrams illustrating certain mathematical and / or geochemical models (800) used in the evaluation of certain enhanced weathering systems of the present disclosure. These models correspond to the reactive transport modeling or mineral weathering stage (507) in FIG. 23. In certain embodiments, physiochemical properties of one or more influent sources at potential physical locations are determined using a methodology that includes modeling of pH, dissolved CO2, and / or other parameters. 2 concentration, CO 2 The concentration of water in the influent is determined by measuring one or more parameters of the influent selected from partial pressure of CO, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, dissolved bicarbonate ion concentration, dissolved carbonate ion concentration, and alkalinity (801). In certain embodiments, the concentrations of macro and trace elements, temperature, conductivity, and suspended solids of the influent are measured (802).

[0277] In certain embodiments, the measurements are used as inputs to calculate a reaction quotient (Q) by a geochemical model (i.e., Q = product concentration / reactant concentration) (803). In certain embodiments, a feed saturation threshold (Ω) for the influent aqueous source is calculated by a geochemical model (Ω = Q / Ksp) (804).

[0278] In certain embodiments, the saturation threshold (Ω) is greater than 1 and the gaseous CO 2 If the addition of land is not practicable, the site is considered impracticable (805).

[0279] In other embodiments where the saturation threshold (Ω) is less than 1, the CO per water flow rate at the site is 2 Recovery capacity and reaction kinetics are modeled using a geochemical reactive transport model (R = k SSA (1-Ω)) taking into account the influent properties. n ) (806).

[0280] In certain embodiments, CO 2 When the capture capacity and reaction kinetics provide for economically viable operation, the containerized enhanced weathering devices and / or systems of the present disclosure may be deployed to capture and store CO 2 No addition is necessary (807). 2 In cases where the recovery capacity and reaction kinetics do not permit economically viable operation, but water saturation conditions are favorable, the containerized enhanced weathering apparatus and / or system of the present disclosure may be deployed to provide an external CO2 source for treatment of the influent aqueous solution. 2 A source is provided (808).

[0281] Exemplary Embodiment 7 FIG. 29 shows a control flow diagram illustrating certain control features (900) used in the methods described herein for enhanced weathering. In certain embodiments, the influent enters the system through an inlet (901) with an optional sealable junction. In certain embodiments, the influent is monitored for pH, dissolved CO 2 concentration, CO 2 The water is contacted with one or more sensor arrays (902) that measure at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of CO, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, and alkalinity.

[0282] In certain embodiments, if the pH of the influent is greater than about 7.5, the influent is supplied with an acidifier (913) or gaseous CO through one or more optionally sealable junctions. 2 In certain embodiments, the dissolved CO 2 At low concentrations, the influent is gaseous CO 2 The wastewater is then processed by the flow (914).

[0283] In certain embodiments, the influent enters one or more reactors and / or vessels (903) that contain at least one mineral feedstock, and is subsequently analyzed for pH, dissolved CO 2 concentration, CO 2 The at least one mineral feedstock is contacted with one or more sensor arrays (904) that measure at least two selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of argon, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, and alkalinity. In certain embodiments, the sensor arrays (902) and (904) are located at opposite ends of one or more vessels, or the sensor arrays (902) and (904) are located at different distances from an inlet and / or outlet (905) of one or more reactors and / or vessels (903) that contain the at least one mineral feedstock.

[0284] In certain embodiments, if the pH is greater than 7.5 (906), the treated influent (i.e., first effluent) is transferred to an aerobic chamber (907) through an optionally sealable junction (908) in fluid communication with one or more vessels (903). In certain embodiments, the aerobic chamber (907) promotes precipitation of one or more metals dissolved in the first effluent, thereby providing a second effluent, which may be discharged through an outlet (909).

[0285] In certain embodiments, dissolved CO 2 If the concentration is high (910), the treated influent (i.e., the first effluent) is subjected to gas stripping in a gas stripping line and / or vessel (919) to remove gaseous CO 2 The system includes a gas stripping line and a degassed first effluent (911). In certain embodiments, the degassed first effluent is transferred to an aerobic chamber (907) through an optionally sealable junction in fluid communication with a gas stripping line and / or a vessel (919). In certain embodiments, the aerobic chamber (907) promotes precipitation of one or more metals dissolved in the degassed first effluent to provide a second effluent, which may be discharged through an outlet (909). In certain embodiments, gaseous CO 2An optionally sealable CO 2 gas stream in fluid communication with a gas stripping line and / or vessel (914). 2 CO via line (912) 2 (Gaseous) transferred to a storage container.

[0286] In certain embodiments, if the rate of pH change detected between the sensor arrays (902) and (904) is less than the rate predicted by geochemical modeling, then at least one of the following is true (915): agitation of the mineral feedstock in at least one vessel (903) is initiated and / or increased (916); and / or a change in the flow schedule is made (917). In certain embodiments, the change in the flow schedule (917) comprises a sequential batch mode. In certain embodiments, the change in the flow schedule (917) comprises a pulsed bed mode.

[0287] In certain embodiments, if the rate of pH change detected between the sensor arrays (902) and (904) is less than the rate predicted by geochemical modeling, and the turbidity and total suspended solids of the aqueous solution are detected to be low in the at least one vessel (903), then mineral feedstock is added (918) to the at least one vessel (903) as a solid, a slurry, or any combination thereof.

[0288] Site Selection Method In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for extracting CO from a water source. 2 The present invention provides a method for optimizing the design and operation of a system for at least partial isolation of a

[0289] In certain embodiments, the method includes the step of: (a) determining values ​​of at least two parameters of the water source.

[0290] In certain embodiments, the processing system includes (b) determining at least one parameter associated with selecting, transporting, and procuring at least one mineral feedstock comprising metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides, or any combination thereof.

[0291] In certain embodiments, the processing system includes (c) performing a geospatial information system (GIS) transportation network analysis of at least one parameter related to selecting, transporting, and procuring at least one mineral feedstock.

[0292] In certain embodiments, the treatment system includes (d) calculating a weathering model from at least two parameters of the water source and the results of the GIS transportation network analysis.

[0293] In certain embodiments, the treatment system comprises: (e) converting CO from a water source into 2 and designing and operating an aqueous solution treatment system, the aqueous solution treatment system including at least one vessel for at least partially isolating the aqueous solution according to the output of the weathering model.

[0294] In certain aspects, the aqueous solution treatment system further comprises a system of the present disclosure.

[0295] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (f) measuring at least two parameters of the effluent stream from the aqueous solution treatment system.

[0296] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (g) updating the reactive transport model with at least two parameters of the measured effluent flow.

[0297] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises (h) recalculating the weathering model based on the updated reactive transport model.

[0298] In certain embodiments, the at least two parameters of the water source are pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, temperature, and CO 2 (gaseous) partial pressures.

[0299] In certain embodiments, the at least two parameters of the effluent stream are pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, temperature, and CO 2 (gaseous) partial pressures.

[0300] In certain embodiments, the at least one parameter associated with sourcing the at least one mineral feedstock is the type of mineral-based feedstock. In certain embodiments, the at least one parameter associated with sourcing the at least one mineral feedstock is the cost of the feedstock. In certain embodiments, the at least one parameter associated with sourcing the at least one mineral feedstock is the CO2 content of the feedstock. 2 In certain embodiments, at least one parameter related to sourcing the at least one mineral feedstock is the distance between the source of the feedstock and the source of the water to be treated.

[0301] In certain embodiments, the weathering model develops a target average crushed particle size for at least one mineral feedstock.

[0302] In certain embodiments, the weathering model develops a flow design for the aqueous treatment system, including at least one of a recirculation rate of the effluent stream or an agitation rate of at least one vessel.

[0303] In certain embodiments, the weathering model is based on the feedstock application rate, the rate of acid addition to the aqueous treatment system, or the rate of CO addition to the aqueous treatment system. 2 The additive and feedstock application model includes at least one of the addition rates:

[0304] In certain embodiments, the water source is urban wastewater. In certain embodiments, the water source is industrial wastewater. In certain embodiments, the water source is storm water. In certain embodiments, the water source is river water. In certain embodiments, the water source is lake water. In certain embodiments, the water source is fresh water. In certain embodiments, the water source is tap water. In certain embodiments, the water source is runoff water. In certain embodiments, the water source is storm water. In certain embodiments, the water source is groundwater. In certain embodiments, the water source is sea water.

[0305] To inform the project design for each site that is selected, a series of initial guiding analyses will be conducted, followed by testing through field trials, including geospatial analysis, geochemical modeling, initial theoretical life cycle assessments, confirmation of compliance with local, state and federal regulations, and identification of potential environmental risks as well as health and safety risks.

[0306] After pilot deployment, the results will be used to compare the accuracy of initial geochemical models, cost estimates, life cycle assessments, and environmental impact analyses. These results will be used to more precisely combine geochemical modeling with geospatial analysis to identify optimally situated wastewater treatment plants and explore supporting business models for field testing and application around the world.

[0307] This disclosure provides a workflow schematic of the geochemical and geospatial model (Figure 23). The geochemical and geospatial model determines how much CO2 is being extracted across potential clients in the market. 2 site-specific CO while providing a realistic estimate of how much CO can be removed 2The geochemical model is configured to help identify, design, and improve the removal and costs of the unit. Using chemical and physical data collected by the unit, the geochemical model can be used to prescribe, modify, and / or identify various parameters of the unit. Depending on the local wastewater physiochemical parameters, the model can determine the comminution regime in which the weathering rate is maximized. Depending on the local wastewater physiochemical parameters, the model can additionally or alternatively determine the frequency of recirculation and / or agitation of the wastewater stream to enhance or promote the weathering capacity of the system. Depending on the local wastewater physiochemical parameters, the model can be configured to identify when and / or how much of the feedstock and / or other additives (including but not limited to hydrochloric acid to break up the coagulation of the feedstock) are delivered to the unit. Depending on the local wastewater physiochemical parameters, the model can determine the CO 2 A source may be configured to identify when and / or how much is added to the unit.

[0308] In some embodiments, the model shown in FIG. 23 may further include one or more geospatial modeling elements included in a GIS transportation network analysis. The geospatial modeling analysis contemplated herein further refines the overall model implementation of FIG. 23 by including the cost of the feedstock (e.g., per ton of rock), the carbon capture capacity (e.g., per ton of rock), and the cost of transporting the feedstock from one or more sources to the treatment site. The transportation costs may include distance, available transportation, and associated costs. The result of the combination of the reactive transport model and the transportation network model may include one or more selected sources of one or more mineral feedstocks, cost-effective mining methods and transportation routes from the source to the water treatment site, a target particle size for grinding the delivered feedstock, a flow design including recirculation rates and / or agitation rates, and optionally a method for determining the amount of additives, feedstocks, and CO2 to be added to the system. 2A holistic model of carbon capture using weathering, including application rates of . The model may be calculated based on a constructed system used to treat water at a site through which the water flows. In some embodiments, one or more parameters of the water flowing out of the constructed system based on the calculated model may be measured and fed back into the modeling calculations to refine and improve the model for the current and / or future reruns. EXAMPLES

[0309] Various aspects of the present application can be better understood with reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application.

[0310] Example 1: Carbon capture using accelerated weathering systems (tap water and / or acidified deionized water) The present disclosure provides exemplary embodiments of the disclosed enhanced weathering system and / or apparatus for carbon dioxide capture. In certain embodiments, the exemplary system of the present disclosure comprises a fluidized bed reactor. In other embodiments, the exemplary system of the present disclosure comprises a batch reactor.

[0311] In the experiments provided herein, the pCO2 concentration over the course of the weathering process in a system and / or device corresponding to exemplary embodiment 2 (FIG. 19) was 2 Total changes and removal of CO 2The total ratio of was observed and / or measured. The mineral feedstocks used in this example included olivine (i.e., as representative of exemplary metal silicates) and dolomite and calcite (i.e., as representative of exemplary metal carbonates). More specifically, the mineral feedstocks used in this example included coarse olivine having an average grain size of 117 μm, fine olivine having an average grain size of less than 63 μm, medium dolomitic limestone having an average grain size of about 200 μm, coarse calcitic limestone having an average grain size of about 1,000 μm, and fine calcitic limestone having an average grain size of less than 63 μm. The present system, apparatus, and / or method are not limited to the metal silicates and / or metal carbonates exemplified herein, and it is envisioned that other metal silicates and / or metal carbonates may be successfully used in the present disclosure. In the fluidized bed experiments, gaseous CO 2 is injected into the inflow water (tap water) to measure the dissolved CO 2 These CO 2 The loading fluid was pumped through the fluidized bed reactor and contacted with the mineral feedstock at a flow rate of 1 L / min. 2 The change in pCO 2 This is the difference.

[0312] In these experiments, the feedstock was pumped into the prototype unit (i.e., Exemplary Embodiment 2; FIG. 19) by a slurry pump. In the fluidized bed experiments, the results show that dissolved CO 2 The results show that 20–81% of CO was removed from the inflowing fluid. 2was the most effective in removing olivine, followed by calcitic limestone, fine olivine, and coarse olivine. When comparing the results for the metal silicates, it was unexpectedly observed that the fine olivine feedstock outperformed the coarse olivine feedstock by a factor of about 2.4. However, this factor can vary depending on the feedstock particle size, reactor type, and flow rate. These removal efficiencies can therefore be controlled by varying certain system and equipment parameters, such as flow rate, reactor type, feedstock type, and feedstock particle size, among others. For example, varying the water:rock contact time and water:rock ratio can increase the recovery efficiency as shown in the table (see fluidized bed and batch reactor results in Tables 2A-2B).

[0313] In the batch reactor experiments, dolomitic limestone (average particle size 200 um) was mixed with (a) Milli-Q water acidified to pH 3.5 with HCl, and (b) Milli-Q water equilibrated with 0.01 mol / kg dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and acidified to pH 3.5. The acidification of these streams was intended to mimic the pH conditions of an incineration facility wastewater stream. These experiments were carried out in a sealed, constantly stirred batch reactor. 2 Water:rock ratios ranging from 5:1 to 100:1 were used to investigate the effect of feed mass on removal efficiency. Surprisingly, in batch reactor experiments, these results were consistent with the results for dissolved CO 2 Between 80 and 97% of CO was removed from the influent fluid in the experiment with the highest water:rock ratio (10:1). 2 This indicates that the removal rate of CO in the influent was the highest. 2 These results show that by controlling the water:rock contact time (i.e., comparing results from a fluidized bed reactor and a batch reactor), CO 2 It was shown that the removal could be optimized.

[0314] Table 2A. pCO with accelerated weathering 2 and CO 2 Removal Changes TIFF2024532419000011.tif53158 Aqueous solution A - Tap water + CO 2 ; Aqueous solution B ― Milli-Q + HCl + NaHCO 3

[0315] (Table 2B) pCO with accelerated weathering 2 and CO 2 Removal Changes TIFF2024532419000012.tif48157

[0316] Example 2: Carbon capture using an accelerated weathering system (wastewater from an organic sludge incineration plant quench stream) The present disclosure provides exemplary embodiments of the disclosed enhanced weathering systems and / or apparatus for carbon dioxide capture. In certain embodiments, the exemplary systems of the present disclosure include a fluidized bed reactor. In other embodiments, the exemplary systems of the present disclosure include a batch reactor. In this example, an embodiment of the disclosed system including a batch reactor (FIGS. 24A-24B) was utilized.

[0317] In certain embodiments, the enhanced weathering system and / or apparatus, and methods of use thereof, are suitable for carbon capture using an acidic wastewater stream obtained from an organic sludge incineration quench stream from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. In certain embodiments of the system of this example, fine olivine having an average particle size of 12 μm was used as the mineral feedstock in a batch reactor at various water:rock ratios. The water stream was mixed with 10-20% CO 2 With a starting pH of about 3.2, the acidic wastewater stream is adjusted by 1.5 to 6 pH units within 20 minutes. This is due to the fact that the dissolved CO 2 Bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 -) (Figure 2). The rate of pH change was unexpectedly rapid and suggests optimization of the feedstock particle size, which can be controlled by micronizing the feedstock to finer particle sizes, thereby increasing the surface area and water:rock contact time. The carbon species distribution is a function of pH, and the starting pH of 3.2 indicates that all of the carbon is converted to dissolved CO in the raw water. 2 It is suggested that the morphology is as follows (Figure 2).

[0318] This example further illustrates the change in pH over time for dolomitic limestone with various water:rock ratios in a batch reactor. In all experiments, the starting pH was 3.5. The starting fluid was deionized water equilibrated with 0.01 mol / L of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), sealed to prevent outgassing of the solution, and acidified to pH 3.5 with 5% HCl to remove dissolved bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 - ) to dissolved CO 2 As mentioned above, in acidic CO 2 The rich fluid was quickly neutralized, with a pH increase of 2.9 to 3.9 pH units occurring within 1 minute of reaction, with all experiments showing a pH of 7 reached within 1 hour of reaction. The rate of pH change was unexpectedly rapid and suggests optimization of the feedstock type. This pH increase was due to the incorporation of dissolved CO 2 to bicarbonate ions (Figure 2), which can be considered as recovered carbon.

[0319] Example 3: Alkalinity versus dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in effluent from an enhanced weathering system. The present disclosure provides an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed enhanced weathering system and / or apparatus for carbon dioxide capture (FIG. 19), corresponding to exemplary embodiment 2. In certain embodiments, the exemplary system of the present disclosure includes a fluidized bed reactor. In other embodiments, the exemplary system of the present disclosure includes a batch reactor. In this example, effluent alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were observed and / or compared in both the fluidized bed reactor (FIGS. 25A-25B) and the batch reactor (FIG. 26).

[0320] Fluidized Bed Reactor This example describes data collected from an exemplary embodiment of a system and / or apparatus of the present disclosure that includes a fluidized bed reactor. This exemplary experiment was conducted using medium-grained dolomitic limestone having an average grain size of about 200 μm (FIG. 25A) and fine-grained olivine having an average grain size of less than 63 μm (FIG. 25B). Gaseous CO 2 is injected into the inflow water (tap water) to measure the dissolved CO 2 concentration, and therefore DIC. These CO 2 The additive fluid was contacted with the mineral feedstock at a flow rate of 1 L / min. The data shows that CO as an alkalinity 2 It is shown that the time evolution of recovery is likely driven by controllable factors such as reactor surface area, water:rock contact time, and flow rate.

[0321] Batch Reactor This example describes data collected from an exemplary embodiment of a system and / or apparatus of the disclosure including a batch reactor (FIG. 26). In this example, medium grained dolomitic limestone with an average grain size of 200 μm and fine grained olivine (<63 μm) were used with various water:rock ratios. The starting aqueous solution for the dolomitic limestone experiments was deionized water equilibrated with 0.01 mol / L of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), sealed to prevent outgassing of the solution, and acidified to pH 3.5 with 5% HCl (aq) to remove dissolved bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 - ) to dissolved CO 2 The starting aqueous solution for the olivine experiments was wastewater collected from the incineration stream of a local municipal wastewater treatment plant. These CO 2 The spiked fluid was contacted with a mineral feedstock. Surprisingly, in the olivine experiment, CO was extracted from an aqueous solution collected from the incineration stream of a local municipal wastewater treatment plant. 2 It was found that approximately 50% to 100% of the alkali was recovered.

[0322] Example 4: Release of metals during mineral dissolution using accelerated weathering systems and / or equipment As described elsewhere herein, upon contact with an acidic aqueous solution, metal impurities contained in the mineral feedstock may be released into the effluent. In this example, the release of metals (i.e., Fe, Ni, Co, and Cr) over time during olivine dissolution in a batch reactor containing olivine and deionized water acidified with HCl is described (FIGS. 27A-27D). As olivine dissolves, Fe, Ni, Co, and Cr are released. Fe is oxidized and removed from the aqueous solution in the form of iron oxides. In addition, Ni, Co, and Cr are also removed from the aqueous solution through adsorption onto oxide surfaces, allowing for efficient removal of metals released after feedstock dissolution during the enhanced weathering process. This allows for the use of the enhanced weathering system, apparatus, and / or method of the present disclosure in conditions (e.g., agricultural and / or marine conditions) that may otherwise be considered unsafe for the enhanced weathering process as a result of high heavy metal concentrations (e.g., Ni, Co, and / or Cr). Surprisingly, this increases the utility of minerals with high heavy metal concentrations (e.g., ultramafic rocks) as these minerals can be used in enhanced weathering methods and can also be used as potential sources of metals relevant to battery manufacturing.

[0323] Example 5: Increase in pH and alkalinity during aqueous solution recirculation using enhanced weathering systems and / or devices. The present disclosure provides an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed enhanced weathering system and / or apparatus for carbon dioxide capture (FIG. 19), corresponding to exemplary embodiment 2. In certain embodiments, the exemplary system of the present disclosure comprises a fluidized bed reactor. In other embodiments, the exemplary system of the present disclosure comprises a batch reactor. In other embodiments, the exemplary system of the present disclosure comprises a pulsed bed reactor. In other embodiments, the exemplary system of the present disclosure comprises a fixed bed reactor.

[0324] In the experiments provided herein, in a system and / or apparatus corresponding to exemplary embodiment 2 (FIG. 19), the increase in pH and alkalinity due to flow recirculation over the course of the weathering process was observed and / or measured. These experiments demonstrate the effect of CO2 reduction due to weathering-enhanced reactions. 2 The effect of fluidized recirculation on pH adjustment and alkalinity increase (FIG. 2) corresponding to the recovery of CO2. The mineral feedstock used in this example included calcite (i.e., as representative of an exemplary metal carbonate). More specifically, the mineral feedstock used in this example included coarse calcitic limestone having an average particle size of about 1,000 μm and fine calcitic limestone having an average particle size of less than 63 μm. The present systems, apparatus, and / or methods are not limited to the metal silicates and / or metal carbonates exemplified herein, and it is envisioned that other metal silicates and / or metal carbonates will find good use in the present disclosure. In the fluidized bed experiments, gaseous CO2 was used as the feedstock. 2 is injected into the inflow water (tap water) to measure the dissolved CO 2 These CO 2 The added fluid was pumped through a fluidized bed treatment vessel and contacted with the mineral feedstock at a flow rate of 1 L / min. The first treated effluent was then collected, recycled and contacted with fresh mineral feedstock to promote further enhanced weathering reactions.

[0325] In a treatment vessel containing calcitic limestone with an average particle size of about 1,000 μm, the influent is initially adjusted by about 1.1 to 1.3 pH units after initial contact, with a starting pH of about 4.4 (Table 3). In experiment 1, the effluent was recycled to a feedstock of similarly sized calcitic limestone with an average particle size of about 1,000 μm (Table 3). Even with a surprisingly short treatment period (i.e., 300 minutes), the pH increased by an additional 0.14 pH units. This suggested that acidity had been significantly consumed, given that pH is on a logarithmic scale. In experiment 2, the effluent was recycled to a feedstock of fine-grained calcitic limestone with an average particle size of less than 63 μm (Table 3). As in experiment 1, even with a surprisingly short treatment period (i.e., 120 minutes), the pH increased by an additional 0.34 pH units. These results suggest that the dissolved CO in the influent 2Bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 - ) (Figure 2), which was confirmed by the measured increase in alkalinity (Table 3).

[0326] In experiment 1, a 7-fold increase in alkalinity in the first treatment stage and an additional 1.2-fold increase in the recycle stage was observed (Table 3). In experiment 2, a 4-fold increase in alkalinity in the first treatment stage and an additional 2.25-fold increase in the recycle stage was observed (Table 3). The rate and magnitude of pH and alkalinity change was unexpected and suggests the control capabilities of the present disclosure and the means for optimization via flow recycle.

[0327] Table 3. Changes in pH and alkalinity during aqueous solution recirculation using accelerated weathering systems and / or devices TIFF2024532419000013.tif105157

[0328] Numbered aspects The following example aspects are provided, the numbering of which should not be construed as indicating any level of importance.

[0329] Aspect 1 provides: Aqueous and / or gaseous CO, including the steps of: 2 from the influent aqueous solution containing CO 2 How to at least partially isolate: (a) Dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO 2 In the influent solution containing 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure; (b) feeding the influent aqueous solution through at least one vessel containing a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides; (c) contacting the influent aqueous solution with a mineral feedstock to provide an effluent aqueous solution having one or more metal ions and / or carbonate ions dissolved therein; (d) pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO in the effluent water 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure; (e) Dissolved CO 2 comparing at least two measured parameters of the influent aqueous solution to at least two measured parameters of the effluent aqueous solution to calculate a change in concentration; and (f) Dissolved CO changes by less than about 95% 2 modifying at least one parameter of the influent aqueous solution and / or the contacting step if the influent aqueous solution comprises a decrease in concentration.

[0330] Aspect 2 provides: measuring at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the influent and effluent; The dissolved metal is optionally at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, sodium, aluminum, nickel, iron, cobalt, and chromium; and The dissolved non-metal is optionally at least one non-metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, silica, and oxygen; The method of embodiment 1.

[0331] Aspect 3 provides: The method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of pH and alkalinity is measured in the effluent.

[0332] Aspect 4 provides: below: (a) the pH of the effluent is less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; (b) Dissolved CO changes by less than about 95% 2 including a decrease in concentration; and (c) The alkalinity of the effluent solution differs from the alkalinity of the influent solution by less than 5%. occurs, the process is repeated from step (b) by recycling the effluent to provide a recycled effluent. The method of any one of aspects 1 to 3.

[0333] Aspect 5 provides: below: (a) if the pH of the influent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the influent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; and (b) if the pH of the effluent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the recirculated effluent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; The method of embodiment 4, wherein at least one of the following applies:

[0334] Aspect 6 provides: The acidifier is CO 2 (gaseous), CO 2 The method of embodiment 5, wherein the acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of (aqueous), organic acids, and inorganic acids.

[0335] Aspect 7 provides: Inorganic acids are H 2 CO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , HNO 37. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the aqueous solution is at least one selected from the group consisting of: HCl (aqueous), and HCl (gaseous).

[0336] Aspect 8 provides: below: (a) Dissolved CO in the effluent 2 Concentration is dissolved CO in the influent 2 greater than the concentration; and (b) CO in the effluent 2 The partial pressure of CO 2 greater than atmospheric pressure The effluent is subjected to gas stripping if at least one of the following applies: The method of any one of aspects 1 to 7.

[0337] Aspect 9 provides: below: (a) step (a) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of dissolved metal concentrations and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentrations in the influent; and (b) step (d) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the effluent. The method of any one of aspects 1-8, wherein at least one of the following applies:

[0338] Aspect ten provides: further comprising treating the effluent to provide a second effluent; the second effluent has at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration that is less than the concentration of the influent and / or effluent; The method of embodiment 9.

[0339] Aspect 11 provides: The method of embodiment 10, wherein the treating step comprises aerating the effluent.

[0340] Aspect 12 provides: The method of embodiment 11, wherein the aeration forms at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a non-metal hydroxide, a metal oxyhydroxide, and a non-metal oxyhydroxide.

[0341] Aspect 13 provides: The method of embodiment 12, wherein the metal or nonmetal is at least one selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

[0342] Aspect 14 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 10-13, wherein the treating step comprises contacting the effluent with at least one sorbent.

[0343] Aspect 15 provides: The method of embodiment 14, wherein the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

[0344] Aspect 16 provides: 16. The method of embodiment 14 or 15, wherein the at least one sorbent adsorbs at least one metal or nonmetal selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

[0345] Aspect 17 provides: In the second effluent, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, CO 2 at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of oxygen (gaseous), and optionally at least one selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration. The method of any one of embodiments 10 to 16, further comprising measuring:

[0346] Aspect 18 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1-17, wherein the at least one container comprises at least two containers.

[0347] Aspect 19 provides: The method of embodiment 18, wherein the at least two vessels are arranged in series, parallel, or any combination thereof.

[0348] Aspect 20 provides: The method of embodiment 19, wherein the at least two vessels are arranged in series.

[0349] Aspect 21 provides: The method of embodiment 20, wherein the metal silicate, metal carbonate, and / or metal oxide have decreasing particle sizes in each vessel arranged in series, and optionally the particle size in the upstream vessel may be at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, or 100 times larger than the particle size in the downstream vessel.

[0350] Aspect 22 provides: 22. The method of any one of embodiments 1-21, further comprising the step of feeding the effluent or the second effluent through at least one filter.

[0351] Aspect 23 provides: The method of embodiment 22, wherein the filter has pores in the range of about 1 μm to about 100 μm, and optionally, the pores are in the range of about 1 μm to about 50 μm.

[0352] Aspect 24 provides: Dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO 2 24. The method of any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein the influent aqueous solution comprising comprises at least one water source selected from the group consisting of urban wastewater, industrial wastewater, stormwater, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater.

[0353] Aspect 25 provides: The metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 )m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p having During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer number. The method of any one of aspects 1 to 24.

[0354] Aspect 26 provides: The metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t having During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer number. The method of any one of aspects 1 to 25.

[0355] Aspect 27 provides: The metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w having During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements, each occurrence; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer number. The method of any one of aspects 1 to 26.

[0356] Aspect 28 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1-27, wherein at least one vessel is agitated, and the agitation is optionally performed using at least one selected from the group consisting of an agitator, a baffle, a flow pulsator, an aerator, and an impeller.

[0357] Aspect 29 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1-28, further comprising increasing or decreasing the influent or effluent flow rate.

[0358] Aspect 30 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 29, wherein the metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide.

[0359] Aspect 31 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1-30, wherein the metal silicate, metal carbonate, and / or metal oxide each independently have an average particle size in the range of about 1 micron to 100 mm.

[0360] Aspect 32 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1-31, wherein the measuring steps (a) and (d) are carried out in separate containers.

[0361] Aspect 33 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1-32, wherein at least one selected from the group consisting of turbidity and total suspended solids of the effluent is measured at a first time point and a second time point, the first time point preceding the second time point.

[0362] Aspect 34 provides: 34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein the measurement of turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent is performed in a vessel where contact of the influent with the mineral feedstock takes place.

[0363] Aspect 35 provides: The method of embodiment 33, wherein the measurement of turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent is performed in a vessel other than the vessel in which contact of the influent with the mineral feedstock occurs.

[0364] Aspect 36 provides: The method of embodiment 33 or 34, wherein when the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the second time point is substantially less than the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the first time point, a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal silicate, a metal carbonate, and a metal oxide is added to the at least one vessel.

[0365] Aspect 37 provides: 37. The method of embodiment 36, wherein the mineral feedstock is added to the at least one vessel manually as a solid or as a slurry, and the addition is optionally accomplished by a conveyor as a solid or by a pump as a slurry.

[0366] Aspect 38 provides: 38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the feedstock slurry is made by mixing the feedstock with at least one aqueous fluid selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, rainwater, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater, and the mineral feedstock comprises at least 1% (w / w) of the slurry.

[0367] Aspect 39 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1-38, wherein the effluent is discharged into at least one surface and / or subterranean body of water selected from the group consisting of rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, bays, groundwater, ponds, streams, and wastewater impoundments.

[0368] Aspect 40 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 1-39, wherein the at least one vessel comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluidized bed reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor, a batch reactor, a semi-batch reactor, a pulsed bed reactor, a fixed bed reactor, and a plug flow reactor.

[0369] Aspect 41 provides: An aqueous treatment system, including: (a) an inlet for the influent aqueous solution, connected to the vessel by an optionally sealable joint; the container comprises at least one optionally sealable inlet suitable for adding at least one acidifying agent to the aqueous solution contained therein; and The vessel is suitable for containing a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides; an influent aqueous solution inlet; and (b) An aqueous effluent outlet connected to the container by an optional sealable joint; pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 each vessel is equipped with at least two sensors suitable for measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure, and optionally further suitable for measuring at least one parameter of the aqueous solution contained therein selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration; The dissolved metal is optionally at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, nickel, iron, cobalt, and chromium; The dissolved non-metal is optionally at least one non-metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of phosphorus and silica; and Each of the at least two sensors is located within the vessel at a different distance from the inlet junction and / or the outlet junction; Effluent aqueous solution outlet; (c) Dissolved CO 2 means for comparing at least two measured parameters at two of the at least two sensors in the container to calculate a change in concentration; and (d) Dissolved CO 2 A means for controlling concentration changes.

[0370] Aspect 42 provides: Dissolved CO 2 The means for controlling the change in concentration is: (a) a closed loop process controller that modifies at least one measured parameter at the inlet junction; and (b) a closed-loop process controller that modifies at least one contact condition in the vessel selected from the group consisting of the influent aqueous solution flow rate, the agitation rate, the rate or schedule of fluid recirculation, and the concentration (w / v %) of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and / or metal oxides in the mineral feedstock. The system of embodiment 41, comprising at least one of the following:

[0371] Aspect 43 provides: The system of embodiment 41 or 42, wherein the system includes at least two example containers arranged in parallel, in series, or a combination thereof, and each additional example container is connected to each additional container by an optionally sealable joint.

[0372] Aspect 44 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-43, wherein the inlet junction and the outlet junction of each instance vessel are located at opposite ends of the vessel.

[0373] Aspect 45 provides: the system further comprising a recirculation line; below: (a) the recirculation line connects a first point and a second point in the vessel, the first point and the second point being located within the vessel at different distances from the inlet junction and / or the outlet junction; and (b) a recirculation line connects two example vessels in series, the recirculation line including two ends each connected to the vessel by a sealable joint; At least one of the following applies: A system according to any one of aspects 41 to 44.

[0374] Aspect 46 provides: The system of embodiment 45, wherein the recirculation line allows for upstream movement of the aqueous solution.

[0375] Aspect 47 provides: The system of embodiment 45 or 46, wherein the recirculation line facilitates recirculation of the aqueous solution contained therein upon detection of an aqueous solution having a pH of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0.

[0376] Aspect 48 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-47, wherein the vessel of each example comprises means for agitating at least one of the aqueous solution contained therein and the mineral feedstock contained therein.

[0377] Aspect 49 provides: The system of embodiment 48, wherein the means for agitating is selected from the group consisting of an agitator, a baffle, and an impeller.

[0378] Embodiment 50 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-49, wherein the effluent outlet is optionally connected to an auxiliary pH adjustment system suitable for modifying the pH of the effluent to within a desired range upon detection of an aqueous liquid having a pH greater than 5 but less than 8.

[0379] Aspect 51 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-50, wherein each example vessel is optionally connected to a mineral feedstock inlet by an optionally sealable joint.

[0380] Embodiment 52 provides: 52. The system of embodiment 51, wherein the mineral feedstock inlet is connected to an aqueous mineral slurry container, the aqueous mineral slurry container being equipped with a pump suitable for moving the aqueous mineral slurry contained therein to at least one illustrative container.

[0381] Embodiment 53 provides: 53. The system of any one of embodiments 41-52, further comprising at least one gas stripper.

[0382] Embodiment 54 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-53, wherein at least one example container is equipped with a device suitable for aeration of the aqueous solution contained therein.

[0383] Embodiment 55 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-54, further comprising an aeration vessel connected to the at least one example vessel by an optionally sealable joint.

[0384] Embodiment 56 provides the following: 56. The system of embodiment 55, wherein the aeration vessel comprises an apparatus suitable for aeration of the aqueous solution contained therein.

[0385] Embodiment 57 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-55, further comprising a dissolved metal treatment vessel connected to the at least one example vessel by an optionally sealable joint.

[0386] Embodiment 58 provides: 58. The system of embodiment 57, wherein the dissolved metal processing vessel comprises at least one sorbent.

[0387] Aspect 59 provides: 60. The system of embodiment 58, wherein the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

[0388] Embodiment 60 provides: 60. The method of embodiment 58 or 59, wherein the at least one sorbent adsorbs at least one metal or nonmetal selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

[0389] Aspect 61 provides: 57. The system of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein the aeration vessel has an inlet including a connection to at least one example vessel and an outlet optionally connected to at least one example vessel.

[0390] Embodiment 62 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 57-60, wherein the dissolved metal processing vessel has an inlet including a connection to at least one example vessel and an outlet optionally connected to the at least one example vessel.

[0391] Embodiment 63 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-62, wherein the effluent outlet of each embodiment is provided with at least one filter.

[0392] Embodiment 64 provides the following: 64. The system of embodiment 63, wherein the filter has pores in the range of about 1 μm to about 100 μm, and optionally, the pores are in the range of about 1 μm to about 50 μm.

[0393]

[0023] Aspect 65 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-64, wherein the influent aqueous solution inlet is connected to at least one water source selected from the group consisting of urban wastewater, industrial wastewater, stormwater, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater.

[0394] Embodiment 66 provides the following: The acidifier is CO 2 (gaseous), CO 2 66. The system of any one of embodiments 41-65, wherein the acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of (aqueous), one or more organic acids, and one or more inorganic acids.

[0395] Aspect 67 provides: The metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p having During the ceremony, M 1comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer number. The system of any one of aspects 41 to 66.

[0396] Embodiment 68 provides the following: The metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t having During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; Each number is independently any integer number. The system of any one of aspects 41 to 67.

[0397] Aspect 69 provides: The metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w having During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements, each occurrence; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; Each number is independently any integer number. The system of any one of aspects 41 to 68.

[0398] Embodiment 70 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-69, wherein the metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide.

[0399] Aspect 71 provides: The system of any one of embodiments 41-70, which is a portable freestanding unit or is incorporated into a non-portable structure.

[0400] Aspect 72 provides: Gaseous CO, including the following steps: 2 CO from the source 2 How to at least partially isolate: (a) CO 2 in a concentration ranging from about 1% (v / v) to about 100% (v / v), optionally compressed; (b) CO2 providing a compressed gas stream into the influent aqueous solution to provide a second influent aqueous solution comprising: (c) pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO in the second influent. 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure; (d) providing a second influent aqueous solution into at least one vessel containing a mineral feedstock selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides, and combinations thereof; (e) contacting the second aqueous influent solution with the mineral feedstock in the vessel to form an aqueous effluent solution; (f) pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO in the effluent water 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure; and (g) Dissolved CO 2 comparing at least two measured parameters of the second influent aqueous solution to at least two measured parameters of the effluent aqueous solution to calculate a change in concentration; and (h) Dissolved CO changes by less than about 95% 2 modifying at least one parameter of the influent aqueous solution and / or the contacting step if the influent aqueous solution comprises a decrease in concentration.

[0401] Aspect 73 provides: CO 2 The optionally compressed gas stream, which may contain CO from the combustion of organic components, may be subjected to a direct air capture (DAC) unit. 2 , Direct CO 2 CO from industrial sources (e.g. flue gas) 2 , CO captured by high-purity oxygen activated sludge process 2 , CO from hydrogen production 2 , CO from syngas production 2, and CO from biogas production 2 The method of embodiment 72, wherein the nucleic acid is obtained from at least one source selected from the group consisting of:

[0402] Aspect 74 provides: The method of embodiment 73, wherein the direct air capture technology (DAC) unit is a liquid-based DAC system or a solid-based DAC system.

[0403] Aspect 75 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-74, further comprising measuring at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the second influent aqueous solution and / or the effluent aqueous solution.

[0404] Aspect 76 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-75, wherein at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of pH and alkalinity is measured in the effluent.

[0405] Aspect 77 provides: below: (a) the pH of the effluent is less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; (b) Dissolved CO changes by less than about 95% 2 including a decrease in concentration; and (c) The alkalinity of the effluent solution differs from the alkalinity of the influent solution by less than 5%. if at least one of the following occurs, the process is repeated from step (c) by recycling the effluent; The method of any one of aspects 72 to 76.

[0406] Aspect 78 provides: below: (a) if the pH of the second influent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the second influent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; and (b) if the pH of the effluent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the recirculated effluent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; The method of any one of aspects 72-77, wherein at least one of the following applies:

[0407] Aspect 79 provides: The acidifier is CO 2 (gaseous), CO 2 80. The method of embodiment 78, wherein the acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of (aqueous), one or more organic acids, and one or more inorganic acids.

[0408] Embodiment 80 provides: Inorganic acids are H 2 CO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 80. The method of embodiment 79, wherein the aqueous HCl solution is at least one selected from the group consisting of HCl (aqueous), and HCl (gaseous).

[0409] Aspect 81 provides: below: (a) Dissolved CO in the effluent 2 Concentration of dissolved CO in the second influent 2 greater than the concentration; and (b) CO in the effluent 2 The partial pressure of CO 2 greater than atmospheric pressure The effluent is subjected to gas stripping if at least one of the following applies: The method of any one of aspects 72 to 80.

[0410] Embodiment 82 provides the following: below: (a) step (c) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of dissolved metal concentrations and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentrations in the influent; and (b) step (f) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the effluent. The method of any one of embodiments 72-81, wherein at least one of the following applies:

[0411] Embodiment 83 provides the following: further comprising treating the effluent to provide a second effluent; the second effluent has at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration that is less than the concentration of the influent and / or effluent; The method of embodiment 82.

[0412] Embodiment 84 provides the following: 84. The method of embodiment 83, wherein the treating step comprises aerating the effluent.

[0413] Embodiment 85 provides the following: The method of embodiment 84, wherein the aeration forms at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a non-metal hydroxide, a metal oxyhydroxide, and a non-metal oxyhydroxide.

[0414] Embodiment 86 provides the following: The method of embodiment 85, wherein the metal or nonmetal is at least one selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

[0415] Aspect 87 provides: 84. The method of embodiment 83, wherein the treating step comprises contacting the effluent with at least one sorbent.

[0416] Aspect 88 provides: 88. The method of embodiment 87, wherein the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

[0417] Aspect 89 provides the following: 89. The method of embodiment 87 or 88, wherein the at least one sorbent adsorbs at least one metal or nonmetal selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

[0418] Aspect 90 provides: In the second effluent, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, CO 2 at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of oxygen (gaseous), and optionally at least one selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration. 90. The method of any one of embodiments 83-89, further comprising measuring:

[0419] Aspect 91 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-90, wherein the at least one container comprises at least two containers.

[0420] Aspect 92 provides: The method of embodiments 72-91, wherein at least two containers are arranged in series, in parallel, or any combination thereof.

[0421] Aspect 93 provides: 93. The method of embodiment 92, wherein the at least two containers are arranged in series.

[0422] Aspect 94 provides: The method of embodiment 93, wherein the metal silicate, metal carbonate, and / or metal oxide have decreasing particle sizes in each vessel arranged in series, and optionally the particle size in the upstream vessel may be at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, or 100 times larger than the particle size in the downstream vessel.

[0423] Aspect 95 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-94, further comprising the step of feeding the effluent or the second effluent through at least one filter.

[0424] Aspect 96 provides: The method of embodiment 95, wherein the filter has pores in the range of about 1 μm to about 100 μm, and optionally, the pores are in the range of about 1 μm to about 50 μm.

[0425] Aspect 97 provides: CO 2 97. The method of any one of embodiments 72-96, wherein the influent aqueous solution comprising comprises at least one water source selected from the group consisting of urban wastewater, industrial wastewater, stormwater, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater.

[0426] Aspect 98 provides: The metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p having During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected such that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer number. The method of any one of aspects 72 to 97.

[0427] Aspect 99 provides: The metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t having During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected such that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; Each number is independently any integer number. The method of any one of aspects 72 to 98.

[0428] The embodiment 100 provides: The metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH)w having During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements, each occurrence; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected such that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer number. The method of any one of aspects 72 to 99.

[0429] Aspect 101 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72 to 100, wherein the metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide.

[0430] Aspect 102 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-101, wherein the metal silicate, metal carbonate, and / or metal oxide each independently have an average particle size in the range of about 1 micron to 100 mm.

[0431] Aspect 103 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-102, wherein the measuring steps (a) and (d) are carried out in separate containers.

[0432] Aspect 104 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-103, wherein at least one selected from the group consisting of turbidity and total suspended solids of the effluent is measured at a first time point and a second time point, the first time point preceding the second time point.

[0433] Aspect 105 provides: The method of embodiment 104, wherein when the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the second time point is substantially less than the turbidity or total suspended solids of the effluent at the first time point, a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides is added to the at least one vessel.

[0434] Aspect 106 provides: The method of embodiment 105, wherein the mineral feedstock is added to the at least one vessel manually as a solid or as a slurry, and the addition is optionally accomplished by a conveyor as a solid or by a pump as a slurry.

[0435] Aspect 107 provides: The method of embodiment 106, wherein the mineral feedstock slurry is made by mixing the feedstock with at least one aqueous fluid selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, rainwater, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater, and the mineral feedstock comprises at least 1% (w / w) of the slurry.

[0436] Aspect 108 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-107, wherein the effluent is discharged into at least one surface and / or subterranean body of water selected from the group consisting of rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, bays, groundwater, ponds, streams, and wastewater impoundments.

[0437] Aspect 109 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 72-108, wherein the at least one vessel comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluidized bed reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor, a batch reactor, a semi-batch reactor, a pulsed bed reactor, a fixed bed reactor, and a plug flow reactor.

[0438] Aspect 110 provides: CO from water sources, including: 2 How to optimize the design and operation of systems for at least partial isolation of: (a) determining values ​​of at least two parameters of a water source; (b) determining at least one parameter associated with selecting, transporting, and procuring at least one mineral feedstock comprising metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides, or any combination thereof; (c) performing a geospatial information system (GIS) transportation network analysis of at least one parameter related to selecting, transporting, and procuring at least one mineral feedstock; (d) calculating a weathering model from at least two parameters of the water source and the results of the GIS transport network analysis; and (e) CO from water sources 2 and designing and operating an aqueous solution treatment system including at least one vessel for at least partially isolating the aqueous solution according to the output of the weathering model.

[0439] Aspect 111 provides: The method of embodiment 110, wherein the aqueous solution treatment system further comprises the system of any one of embodiments 41-71.

[0440] Aspect 112 provides: (f) measuring at least two parameters of an effluent stream from the aqueous solution treatment system; (g) updating the reactive transport model with at least two parameters of the measured effluent flow; and (h) Recalculating the weathering model based on the updated reactive transport model. The method of embodiment 111, further comprising:

[0441] Aspect 113 provides: At least two parameters of the water source are pH, alkalinity and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, temperature, and CO 2 113. The method of embodiment 111 or 112, wherein the (gaseous) partial pressure is selected from the group consisting of:

[0442] Aspect 114 provides: At least two parameters of the effluent stream are measured: pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, temperature, and CO 2 The method of any one of embodiments 111 to 113, wherein the (gaseous) partial pressure is selected from the group consisting of:

[0443] Aspect 115 provides: At least one parameter related to sourcing at least one mineral feedstock is determined based on the type of mineral-based feedstock, the cost of the feedstock, the CO2 content of the feedstock, 2 The method of any one of embodiments 110-114, wherein the recovery rate is selected from the group consisting of a distance between the feedstock source and the water source to be treated.

[0444] Aspect 116 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 110-115, wherein the weathering model develops a target average crushed particle size for the at least one mineral feedstock.

[0445] Aspect 117 provides: The weathering model is A flow design for the aqueous solution treatment system, including at least one of a recirculation rate of the effluent stream or an agitation rate of at least one vessel. The method of any one of embodiments 110 to 116, further comprising formulating

[0446] Aspect 118 provides: The weathering model is Feedstock application rate, acid addition rate to an aqueous treatment system, or CO 2 Additive and feedstock application model, including at least one of the addition rates of The method of any one of embodiments 110 to 117, comprising:

[0447] Aspect 119 provides: The method of any one of embodiments 110-118, wherein the water source is at least one selected from the group consisting of urban wastewater, industrial wastewater, rainwater, river water, lake water, fresh water, tap water, runoff water, storm water, groundwater, and seawater.

[0448] The terms and expressions used in this specification are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and in the use of such terms and expressions, there is no intention to exclude any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, and it will be recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the aspects of this application. Thus, although specific aspects and optional features are described in this application, it should be understood that those skilled in the art may rely on modifications and variations of the compositions, methods, and concepts disclosed herein, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the aspects of this application.

Claims

1. Aqueous and / or gaseous CO, including the steps of: 2 from the influent aqueous solution containing CO 2 How to at least partially isolate: (a) Dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO 2 Influent solutions containing nitrite, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressures; (b) feeding the influent aqueous solution through at least one vessel containing a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides; (c) contacting the influent aqueous solution with a mineral feedstock to provide an effluent aqueous solution having one or more metal ions and / or carbonate ions dissolved therein; (d) pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO in the effluent aqueous solution 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressures; (e) Dissolved CO 2 comparing at least two measured parameters of the influent aqueous solution with at least two measured parameters of the effluent aqueous solution to calculate a change in concentration; and (f) Dissolved CO that changes by less than about 95% 2 modifying at least one parameter of the influent aqueous solution and / or the contacting step if the modifying step comprises a decrease in concentration.

2. measuring at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the influent and effluent; The dissolved metal is optionally at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, sodium, aluminum, nickel, iron, cobalt, and chromium; and The dissolved non-metal is optionally at least one non-metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, silica, and oxygen; 10. The method of claim 1.

3. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of pH and alkalinity is measured in the effluent.

4. below: (d) the pH of the effluent is less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; (e) Dissolved CO changes of less than about 95% 2 including a decrease in concentration; and (f) The alkalinity of the effluent solution differs from the alkalinity of the influent solution by less than 5%. occurs, the method is repeated from step (b) by recycling the effluent to provide a recycled effluent.

10. The method of claim 1.

5. below: (a) if the pH of the influent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the influent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; and (b) if the pH of the effluent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the recycled effluent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; 5. The method of claim 4, wherein at least one of the following is true:

6. The acidifying agent is CO 2 (gaseous), CO 2 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of (aqueous), organic acids, and inorganic acids.

7. Inorganic acids are 2 CO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the aqueous solution is at least one selected from the group consisting of HCl (aqueous), and HCl (gaseous).

8. below: (a) Dissolved CO in the effluent 2 Concentration of dissolved CO in the influent 2 concentration is greater than; and (b) CO in the effluent 2 The partial pressure of CO 2 greater than atmospheric pressure The effluent is subjected to gas stripping if at least one of the following applies:

10. The method of claim 1.

9. below: (a) step (a) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the influent; and (b) step (d) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the effluent.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the following is true:

10. further comprising treating the effluent to provide a second effluent; the second effluent has at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration that is less than the concentration of the influent and / or effluent; 10. The method of claim 9.

11. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the treating step comprises aerating the effluent.

12. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the aeration forms at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a non-metal hydroxide, a metal oxyhydroxide, and a non-metal oxyhydroxide.

13. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the metal or non-metal is at least one selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

14. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the treating step comprises contacting the effluent with at least one sorbent.

15. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

16. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one sorbent adsorbs at least one metal or nonmetal selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

17. In the second effluent, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, CO 2 at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of (gaseous) water, and optionally at least one selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising measuring:

18. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one container comprises at least two containers.

19. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least two vessels are arranged in series, in parallel, or any combination thereof.

20. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least two containers are arranged in series.

21. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the metal silicates, metal carbonates, and / or metal oxides have decreasing particle sizes in each vessel arranged in series, and optionally, the particle size in an upstream vessel may be at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, or 100 times larger than the particle size in a downstream vessel.

22. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising feeding the effluent or the second effluent through at least one filter.

23. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the filter has pores in the range of about 1 μm to about 100 μm, and optionally, the pores are in the range of about 1 μm to about 50 μm.

24. Dissolved aqueous and / or gaseous CO 2 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the influent aqueous solution comprises at least one water source selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, stormwater, river water, lake water, freshwater, tap water, runoff, stormwater, groundwater, and seawater.

25. The metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p and During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected so that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

10. The method of claim 1.

26. The metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t and During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected so that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

10. The method of claim 1.

27. The metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w and During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected so that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

10. The method of claim 1.

28. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one vessel is agitated, and the agitation is optionally performed using at least one selected from the group consisting of an agitator, a baffle, a flow pulsator, an aerator, and an impeller.

29. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the influent or effluent.

30. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide.

31. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal silicate, metal carbonate, and / or metal oxide each independently have an average particle size ranging from about 1 micron to 100 mm.

32. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring steps (a) and (d) are performed in separate vessels.

33. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one selected from the group consisting of turbidity and total suspended solids of the effluent is measured at a first time point and a second time point, the first time point preceding the second time point.

34. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the measurement of turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent is performed in a vessel in which contact of the influent with the mineral feedstock occurs.

35. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the measurement of turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent is performed in a vessel other than the vessel in which contact of the influent with the mineral feedstock occurs.

36. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein when the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the second time point is substantially less than the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the first time point, a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides is added to the at least one vessel.

37. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the mineral feedstock is added to the at least one vessel manually as a solid or a slurry, and the addition is optionally by conveyor as a solid or by pump as a slurry.

38. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the feedstock slurry is made by mixing the feedstock with at least one aqueous fluid selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, rainwater, river water, lake water, freshwater, tap water, runoff, stormwater, groundwater, and seawater, and wherein the mineral feedstock comprises at least 1% (w / w) of the slurry.

39. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the effluent is discharged into at least one surface and / or subsurface body of water selected from the group consisting of rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, bays, groundwater, ponds, streams, and wastewater impoundments.

40. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one vessel comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluidized bed reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor, a batch reactor, a semi-batch reactor, a pulsed bed reactor, a fixed bed reactor, and a plug flow reactor.

41. Aqueous treatment systems, including: (e) an inlet to the container, optionally connected to the container by a sealable joint; the container comprises at least one optionally sealable inlet suitable for adding at least one acidifying agent to the aqueous solution contained therein; and The vessel is suitable for containing a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides; an influent aqueous solution inlet; and (f) An aqueous effluent outlet connected to the container by an optional sealable joint; pH, alkalinity, dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 each vessel is equipped with at least two sensors suitable for measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of (gaseous) water, and optionally further suitable for measuring at least one parameter of the aqueous solution contained therein selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration; the dissolved metal is optionally at least one metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, nickel, iron, cobalt, and chromium; The dissolved non-metal is optionally at least one non-metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of phosphorus and silica; and Each of the at least two sensors is located within the vessel at a different distance from the inlet junction and / or the outlet junction; Effluent aqueous solution outlet; (g) Dissolved CO 2 means for comparing at least two measured parameters at two of the at least two sensors in the container to calculate a change in concentration; and (h) Dissolved CO 2 A means for controlling changes in concentration.

42. Dissolved CO 2 The means for controlling the change in concentration may include: (c) a closed-loop process controller that modifies at least one measured parameter at the inlet junction; and (d) a closed-loop process controller that modifies at least one contact condition in the vessel selected from the group consisting of the influent aqueous solution flow rate, the agitation rate, the rate or schedule of fluid recirculation, and the concentration (w / v%) of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and / or metal oxides in the mineral feedstock.

42. The system of claim 41, comprising at least one of:

43. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the system comprises at least two instance containers arranged in parallel, in series, or a combination thereof, and wherein each additional instance container is connected to each additional container by an optionally sealable joint.

44. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the inlet and outlet junctions of each instance of the container are located at opposite ends of the container.

45. the system further includes a recirculation line; below: (a) the recirculation line connects a first point and a second point on the vessel, the first point and the second point being located within the vessel at different distances from the inlet junction and / or the outlet junction; and (b) A recirculation line connects two example vessels in series, the recirculation line including two ends each connected to a vessel by a sealable joint. At least one of the following applies:

42. The system of claim 41.

46. 46. ​​The system of claim 45, wherein the recirculation line allows for upstream movement of the aqueous solution.

47. 46. ​​The system of claim 45, wherein the recirculation line facilitates recirculation of the aqueous solution contained therein upon detection of an aqueous solution having a pH of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.

0.

48. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein each instance vessel comprises means for agitating at least one of the aqueous solution contained therein and the mineral feedstock contained therein.

49. 49. The system of claim 48, wherein the means for agitating is selected from the group consisting of an agitator, a baffle, and an impeller.

50. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the effluent outlet is optionally connected to an auxiliary pH adjustment system suitable for correcting the pH of the effluent to within a desired range upon detection of an aqueous liquid having a pH greater than 5 but less than 8.

51. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein each instance vessel is optionally connected to a mineral feedstock inlet by an optionally sealable joint.

52. 52. The system of claim 51, wherein the mineral feedstock inlet is connected to an aqueous mineral slurry container, the aqueous mineral slurry container comprising a pump suitable for moving the aqueous mineral slurry contained therein to the at least one instance container.

53. 42. The system of claim 41, further comprising at least one gas stripper.

54. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein at least one example container is equipped with a device suitable for aeration of the aqueous solution contained therein.

55. 42. The system of claim 41, further comprising an aeration vessel connected to the at least one instance vessel by an optionally sealable joint.

56. 56. The system of claim 55, wherein the aeration vessel comprises a device suitable for aeration of the aqueous solution contained therein.

57. 42. The system of claim 41, further comprising a dissolved metal treatment vessel connected to the at least one instance vessel by an optionally sealable joint.

58. 58. The system of claim 57, wherein the dissolved metals processing vessel comprises at least one sorbent.

59. 59. The system of claim 58, wherein the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

60. 59. The system of claim 58, wherein the at least one sorbent adsorbs at least one metal or nonmetal selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

61. 56. The system of claim 55, wherein the aeration vessel has an inlet including a connection to at least one example vessel and an outlet optionally connected to at least one example vessel.

62. 58. The system of claim 57, wherein the dissolved metals processing vessel has an inlet including a connection to at least one instance vessel and an outlet optionally connected to at least one instance vessel.

63. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein each instance of the effluent outlet is equipped with at least one filter.

64. 64. The system of claim 63, wherein the filter has pores in the range of about 1 μm to about 100 μm, and optionally, the pores are in the range of about 1 μm to about 50 μm.

65. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the influent aqueous inlet is connected to at least one water source selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, stormwater, river water, lake water, freshwater, tap water, runoff, stormwater, groundwater, and seawater.

66. The acidifying agent is CO 2 (gaseous), CO 2 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of (aqueous), one or more organic acids, and one or more inorganic acids.

67. The metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p and During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected so that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

42. The system of claim 41.

68. The metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t and During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected so that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; Each number is independently any integer.

42. The system of claim 41.

69. The metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w and During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected so that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; Each number is independently any integer.

42. The system of claim 41.

70. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide.

71. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the system is a portable freestanding unit or is incorporated into a non-portable structure.

72. Gaseous CO, including the following steps: 2 CO from the source 2 How to at least partially isolate: (a) CO 2 providing an optionally compressed gas stream comprising: (b) CO 2 providing a compressed gas stream into the influent aqueous solution to provide a second influent aqueous solution comprising: (c) In the second influent, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressures; (d) providing the second influent aqueous solution into at least one vessel containing a mineral feedstock selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides, and combinations thereof; (e) contacting the second aqueous influent with the mineral feedstock in the vessel to form an aqueous effluent; (f) pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO in the effluent aqueous solution 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, and CO 2 measuring at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of (gaseous) partial pressure; and (g) Dissolved CO 2 comparing at least two measured parameters of the second influent aqueous solution with at least two measured parameters of the effluent aqueous solution to calculate a change in concentration; and (h) Dissolved CO changes by less than about 95% 2 modifying at least one parameter of the influent aqueous solution and / or the contacting step if the modifying step comprises a decrease in concentration.

73. CO 2 The optionally compressed gas stream containing CO from the combustion of organic components is subjected to a direct air capture (DAC) unit. 2 , Direct CO 2 CO from sources (e.g. flue gas), industrial sources 2 , CO recovered by high-purity oxygen activated sludge method 2 , CO from hydrogen production 2 , CO from syngas production 2 , and CO from biogas production 2 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the soluble ...

74. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the direct air capture technology (DAC) unit is a liquid-based DAC system or a solid-based DAC system.

75. 73. The method of claim 72, further comprising measuring at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the second influent aqueous solution and / or the effluent aqueous solution.

76. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of pH and alkalinity is measured in the effluent.

77. below: (d) the pH of the effluent is less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; (e) Dissolved CO changes of less than about 95% 2 including a decrease in concentration; and (f) The alkalinity of the effluent solution differs from the alkalinity of the influent solution by less than 5%. occurs, the process is repeated from step (c) by recycling the effluent.

73. The method of claim 72.

78. below: (a) if the pH of the second influent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the second influent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; and (b) if the pH of the effluent is greater than about 2.0, greater than about 2.5, greater than about 3.0, greater than about 3.5, greater than about 4.0, greater than about 4.5, greater than about 5.0, greater than about 5.5, greater than about 6.0, greater than about 6.5, or greater than about 7.0, at least one acidifying agent is added in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH in the recycled effluent of less than about 8.5, less than about 8.0, less than about 7.5, or less than about 7.0; 73. The method of claim 72, wherein at least one of the following is true:

79. The acidifying agent is CO 2 (gaseous), CO 2 80. The method of claim 78, wherein the acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of (aqueous), one or more organic acids, and one or more inorganic acids.

80. Inorganic acids are 2 CO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the aqueous solution is at least one selected from the group consisting of HCl (aqueous), and HCl (gaseous).

81. below: (a) Dissolved CO in the effluent 2 Concentration of dissolved CO in the second influent 2 concentration is greater than; and (b) CO in the effluent 2 The partial pressure of CO 2 greater than atmospheric pressure The effluent is subjected to gas stripping if at least one of the following applies:

73. The method of claim 72.

82. below: (a) step (c) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the influent; and (b) step (f) further comprises measuring at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration in the effluent.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein at least one of the following is true:

83. further comprising treating the effluent to provide a second effluent; the second effluent has at least one selected from the group consisting of a dissolved metal concentration and a dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration that is less than the concentration of the influent and / or effluent; 83. The method of claim 82.

84. 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the treating step comprises aerating the effluent.

85. 85. The method of claim 84, wherein the aeration forms at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a non-metal hydroxide, a metal oxyhydroxide, and a non-metal oxyhydroxide.

86. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the metal or non-metal is at least one selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

87. 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the treating step comprises contacting the effluent with at least one sorbent.

88. 88. The method of claim 87, wherein the at least one sorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, one or more clay minerals, and biochar, and combinations thereof.

89. 88. The method of claim 87, wherein the at least one sorbent adsorbs at least one metal or nonmetal selected from the group consisting of P, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co.

90. pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO in the second effluent 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, CO 2 at least two parameters selected from the group consisting of partial pressure of (gaseous) water, and optionally at least one selected from the group consisting of temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, total suspended solids concentration, total dissolved solids concentration, hardness, dissolved metal concentration, and dissolved non-metal or metalloid concentration 84. The method of claim 83, further comprising measuring:

91. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the at least one container comprises at least two containers.

92. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the at least two containers are arranged in series, in parallel, or any combination thereof.

93. 93. The method of claim 92, wherein the at least two containers are arranged in series.

94. 94. The method of claim 93, wherein the metal silicates, metal carbonates, and / or metal oxides have decreasing particle sizes in each vessel arranged in series, and optionally, the particle size in an upstream vessel may be at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, or 100 times larger than the particle size in a downstream vessel.

95. 73. The method of claim 72, further comprising feeding the effluent or the second effluent through at least one filter.

96. 96. The method of claim 95, wherein the filter has pores in the range of about 1 μm to about 100 μm, and optionally, the pores are in the range of about 1 μm to about 50 μm.

97. CO 2 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the influent aqueous solution comprises at least one water source selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, stormwater, river water, lake water, freshwater, tap water, runoff, stormwater, groundwater, and seawater.

98. The metal carbonate has the formula: (M 1 ) m (CO 3 ) n (OH) o (L 1 ) p and During the ceremony, M 1 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 1 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 1 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and m, n, o, and p are each independently numbers selected so that the metal carbonate has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

73. The method of claim 72.

99. The metal silicate has the formula: (M 2 ) q (SiO 4 ) r (OH) s (L 2 ) t and During the ceremony, M 2 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 2 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; L 2 is a neutral ligand, which is optionally H 2 O; and q, r, s, and t are each independently numbers selected so that the metal silicate has a net zero charge; Each number is independently any integer.

73. The method of claim 72.

100. The metal oxide has the formula: (M 3 ) u (O) v (OH) w and During the ceremony, M 3 comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IA elements, Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IVA elements, Group IB elements, Group IIB elements, Group IIIB elements, Group IVB elements, Group VB elements, Group VIB elements, and Group VIIIB elements; M 3 Each occurrence of may contain one element, two identical elements, or two separate elements; and u, v, and w are each independently numbers selected so that the metal oxide has a net zero charge; and Each number is independently any integer.

73. The method of claim 72.

101. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide.

102. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the metal silicate, metal carbonate, and / or metal oxide each independently have an average particle size in the range of about 1 micron to 100 mm.

103. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein measuring steps (a) and (d) are performed in separate containers.

104. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein at least one selected from the group consisting of turbidity and total suspended solids of the effluent is measured at a first time point and a second time point, the first time point preceding the second time point.

105. 105. The method of claim 104, wherein when the turbidity and / or total suspended solids of the effluent at the second time point is substantially less than the turbidity or total suspended solids of the effluent at the first time point, a mineral feedstock comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides is added to the at least one vessel.

106. 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the mineral feedstock is added to the at least one vessel manually as a solid or a slurry, and the addition is optionally by conveyor as a solid or by pump as a slurry.

107. 107. The method of claim 106, wherein the mineral feedstock slurry is made by mixing the feedstock with at least one aqueous fluid selected from the group consisting of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, rainwater, river water, lake water, freshwater, tap water, runoff, stormwater, groundwater, and seawater, and wherein the mineral feedstock comprises at least 1% (w / w) of the slurry.

108. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the effluent is discharged into at least one surface and / or subterranean body of water selected from the group consisting of rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, bays, groundwater, ponds, streams, and wastewater impoundments.

109. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the at least one vessel comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluidized bed reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor, a batch reactor, a semi-batch reactor, a pulsed bed reactor, a fixed bed reactor, and a plug flow reactor.

110. CO from water sources, including the following steps: 2 How to optimize the design and operation of systems for at least partial isolation of: (a) determining the values ​​of at least two parameters of the water source; (b) determining at least one parameter associated with selecting, transporting, and sourcing at least one mineral feedstock including metal silicates, metal carbonates, and metal oxides, or any combination thereof; (c) performing a geospatial information system (GIS) transportation network analysis of at least one parameter related to selecting, transporting, and sourcing at least one mineral feedstock; (d) calculating a weathering model from at least two parameters of the water source and the results of the GIS transport network analysis; and (e) CO from water sources 2 designing and operating an aqueous solution treatment system including at least one vessel for at least partially isolating the

111. 111. The method of claim 110, wherein the aqueous treatment system further comprises the system of claim 41.

112. (f) measuring at least two parameters of the effluent stream from the aqueous treatment system; (g) updating the reactive transport model with at least two parameters of the measured effluent flow; and (h) Recalculating the weathering model based on the updated reactive transport model.

112. The method of claim 111, further comprising:

113. At least two parameters of the water source are pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, temperature, and CO 2 112. The method of claim 111, wherein the pressure is selected from the group consisting of partial pressures of (gaseous).

114. At least two parameters of the effluent stream are measured: pH, alkalinity, and dissolved CO 2 concentration, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, bicarbonate ion concentration, carbonate ion concentration, temperature, and CO 2 112. The method of claim 111, wherein the pressure is selected from the group consisting of partial pressures of (gaseous).

115. At least one parameter related to sourcing at least one mineral feedstock is determined based on the type of mineral-based feedstock, the cost of the feedstock, the CO2 content of the feedstock, 2 111. The method of claim 110, wherein the recovery rate is selected from the group consisting of a recovery rate and a distance between the source of the feedstock and the source of the water to be treated.

116. 111. The method of claim 110, wherein the weathering model develops a target average crush particle size for the at least one mineral feedstock.

117. The weathering model a flow design for the aqueous treatment system, including at least one of a recirculation rate of the effluent stream or an agitation rate for at least one vessel; 111. The method of claim 110, wherein

118. The weathering model Feedstock application rate, acid addition rate to aqueous treatment systems, or CO 2 an additive and feedstock application model including at least one of the addition rates of 111. The method of claim 110, comprising:

119. 111. The method of claim 110, wherein the water source is at least one selected from the group consisting of urban wastewater, industrial wastewater, rainwater, river water, lake water, freshwater, tap water, runoff, stormwater, groundwater, and seawater.

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