Device and Method for Suppressing Powdering of Raw Material in Shoot

Abstract

To provide a device of suppressing in-chute raw material powdering, that is easily attached to a chute, and simply avoids dead stock of raw material staying for a long period of time, regardless of presence / absence of a refractory or a liner; and to provide a method therefor.SOLUTION: A device of suppressing powdering by drop impact of raw material charged inside a conveyance chute comprises: a support part 9; a plurality of suspension members 2 that extend toward a lower side in the chute, while supporting an upper end at the support part; a lower end member 3 provided with means for storing the raw material, that is fixed to a lower end of the plurality of suspension members. The plurality of suspension members are arranged at intervals in a width direction of the chute.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a device and method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a chute for conveying, in which refractory materials, liners, etc. are installed on the wall surface, during raw material conveyance.

Background Art

[0002] In the ironmaking process, a plurality of belt conveyors are used to convey lump-shaped ironmaking raw materials such as coal, iron ore, formed coal, and pellets to a blast furnace, coke oven, etc. There is a drop at the transfer section between the belt conveyors, and a conveying chute (hereinafter, also simply referred to as a chute) is installed.

[0003] However, the lump-shaped ironmaking raw materials projected from the upper belt conveyor collide with the chute wall surface, which is the wall surface at the bottom for sliding the raw materials, or the lower belt conveyor, causing a part of the raw materials to break and fine powder to be generated. When the amount of fine powder in the ironmaking raw materials increases, uneven heating due to a decrease in porosity and non-uniformity occurs in subsequent processes such as blast furnaces and coke ovens (hereinafter, sometimes abbreviated as furnaces, etc.), resulting in a deterioration of operation yield and product quality. In addition, there are also environmental problems such as scattering and falling of fine powder from the belt conveyor and dust generation. Currently, after conveyance by the belt conveyor and before charging into the furnace, etc., a screening device is installed to remove fine powder. Also, when the proportion of fine powder in the ironmaking raw materials is large, the amount of undersize increases, the yield decreases, the charging amount into the furnace, etc. decreases, and the production volume also decreases. Therefore, it is desired to suppress the pulverization of the raw materials falling in the chute. Conventionally, various methods have been proposed for suppressing the pulverization of raw materials in such a chute.

[0004] For example, as a method for suppressing raw material pulverization in a chute, a method has been proposed in which a shelf is installed on the chute wall surface to intentionally form a dead stock of the raw material, and the raw material is dropped onto the dead stock to buffer, decelerate, and suppress raw material pulverization (Patent Document 1). This dead stock serves as a buffering means for the falling raw material onto it and also as a decelerating means for the falling raw material that overrides it. However, in the case where the chute wall surface is covered with a refractory or a liner (such as ceramic), it is difficult to additionally install a shelf after the chute is installed. This is because the shelf cannot be fixed by welding or bolts etc. without removing the refractory or the liner.

[0005] In addition, when the raw material is a combustible raw material such as coal, there is a risk of fire prevention that the dead stock staying for a long time dries out and self-ignites. Especially when the chute is directly connected to a furnace or the like below, the risk of fire prevention due to self-ignition by the heat from the furnace or the like becomes higher.

[0006] Also, as another method, a method has been proposed in which stepped irregularities are installed on the chute wall surface to intentionally form a dead stock of the raw material, and the raw material is dropped onto the dead stock to buffer, decelerate, and suppress raw material pulverization (Patent Document 2). However, similar to the case of Patent Document 1, it is difficult to additionally install the irregularities after the chute is installed. Also, similar to the case of Patent Document 1, when the raw material is a combustible raw material such as coal, there is a risk of fire prevention that the dead stock staying for a long time dries out and self-ignites.

[0007] Also, as another method, a method has been proposed in which a part of the chute shape is made into a concave portion in advance to intentionally form a dead stock of the raw material, and the raw material is dropped onto the dead stock to buffer, decelerate, and suppress raw material pulverization (Patent Document 3). However, this method is also difficult to modify the concave portion after the chute is installed, similar to the case of Patent Document 1. Also, similar to the case of Patent Document 1, when the raw material is a combustible raw material such as coal, there is a risk of fire prevention that the dead stock staying for a long time dries out and self-ignites.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0008] Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent No. 6464790 Patent Document 2 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2014-118294 Patent Document 3 Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 6-76227 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE INVENTION

[0009] In view of the above circumstances, an object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a chute that can be easily attached to the chute and can easily avoid long-term retention of dead stock of raw materials, regardless of the presence or absence of refractories or liners. MEANS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS

[0010] The inventors of the present invention have intensively studied to solve the above problems. As a result, by installing means for temporarily retaining raw materials in the chute in a form suspended from above, it has been found that the attachment and modification of the means after chute installation can be facilitated, and the retention period of the retained raw materials can be easily controlled. Further studies have been carried out to complete the present invention.

[0011] That is, the present invention is as follows. [1] An apparatus for suppressing pulverization of raw materials caused by the impact of falling of the raw materials introduced into a conveying chute, comprising: a support portion; a plurality of suspension members having upper ends supported by the support portion and extending downward in the chute; a lower end member fixed to lower ends of the plurality of suspension members and having means for retaining the raw materials, wherein the plurality of suspension members are arranged at intervals in the width direction of the chute. A device for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute, characterized in that. [2] The conveying chute internal raw material pulverization suppression device according to [1] above, wherein the support part is provided with means for adjusting the arrangement interval and / or the height direction position of the suspension members. [3] The conveying chute internal raw material pulverization suppression device according to [1] or [2] above, wherein the suspension members and the means for retaining the raw material are made of steel. [4] The conveying chute internal raw material pulverization suppression device according to any one of [1] to [3] above, wherein the raw material is a raw material for ironmaking. [5] The conveying chute internal raw material pulverization suppression device according to any one of [1] to [4] above, wherein the raw material is formed coke and the average particle size is 10 to 60 mm. [6] The conveying chute internal raw material pulverization suppression device according to any one of [1] to [5] above, wherein the chute is coated with a refractory or a liner. [7] A method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute using the conveying chute internal raw material pulverization suppression device according to any one of [1] to [5] above, characterized in that the arrangement interval and / or the height direction position of the suspension members are set by the support part, and the falling impact is mitigated by a raw material accumulation formed by damming the raw material with the means for retaining the raw material. [8] The method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute according to [7] above, further characterized in that the height direction position of the suspension members is increased to open the raw material accumulation. [9] The method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute according to [7] or [8] above, wherein the raw material is formed coke and the average particle size is 10 to 60 mm. [Effects of the Invention]

[0012] According to the present invention, since the upper ends of a plurality of suspension members arranged in the chute width direction are supported and the raw material can be retained by the lower end member, the newly introduced raw material is buffered and decelerated, and pulverization is suppressed. The support portion can also be arranged above the chute without refractories or liners, and is easy to install. Further, by supporting the upper end portion of the suspension member by the support portion, it is possible to control the amount of the raw material accumulation by adjusting the arrangement interval of the suspension members and the gap below the lower end member, and spontaneous ignition due to long-term retention of the combustible raw material can be avoided.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0013]

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Embodiments for Carrying Out the Invention

[0014] The apparatus of the present invention is an apparatus for suppressing pulverization due to the dropping impact of the raw material introduced into the conveying chute, and includes a support portion and a plurality of suspension members whose upper ends are supported by the support portion and extend downward in the chute. And a lower end member fixed to the lower ends of the plurality of suspension members and having means for retaining the raw material, and the plurality of suspension members are arranged at intervals in the width direction of the chute. The raw material whose pulverization is suppressed is a lump-shaped raw material for ironmaking, and specifically, coal, iron ore, formed coal, pellets, etc. are mentioned.

[0015] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a schematic configuration of an example of the apparatus of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 2. In the example shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the raw material is formed coal 6, and preferably the average particle size is 10 to 60 mm ([5] of the present invention). More preferably, it is 20 to 35 mm. Here, the average particle size is defined as the particle size at which the value of the sieve undersize cumulative distribution becomes 50%, that is, D50 (median diameter).

[0016] [Shoot] The formed charcoal 6 is put into the shoot by a belt conveyor (not shown) or a charging device (not shown) installed above the shoot. The conveying surface of the shoot (the bottom part of the shoot wall 4) is inclined downward from the horizontal plane, and the inclination angle is preferably 35° or more (equal to or more than the angle of repose) and 70° or less for proper conveyance. A retort furnace (not shown) is installed below the outlet side of the shoot. In order to protect the shoot from the heat of the retort furnace, it is preferable that the shoot wall 4 is covered with a refractory 5. The thickness D of the refractory 5 is appropriately selected, but in the examples shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, D = 120 mm. Further, a frame member 8 for fixing required parts by welding, bolt fasteners, etc. is installed above the inlet side of the shoot.

[0017] [Suspension member] The suspension member 2 has an upper end supported by a support portion 9 described later and extends downward in the shoot, and a plurality of them are arranged at intervals in the width direction of the shoot. This is to prevent the suspension member 2 from blocking the passage of the raw material. The arrangement interval Δ of the suspension members 2 (which means the adjacent interval of the suspension members 2. See FIG. 3) is preferably 3 to 10 times the average particle diameter of the raw material so that the raw material can pass through with a margin. When the arrangement interval Δ is less than 3 times the average particle diameter of the raw material, the amount of raw material passing through may be small and the production efficiency may decrease. Also, when it exceeds 10 times, it is not preferable because the means for retaining the raw material of the lower end member 3 described later may be deformed due to insufficient number of fixing points. In the examples shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the arrangement interval Δ = 120 mm. From the viewpoint of ensuring strength, the constituent material of the suspension member 2 is preferably a steel material ([3] of the present invention). Examples of the steel material include steel pipes, section steels, and steel plates. In the examples shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the suspension member 2 is composed of a square steel pipe.

[0018] [Lower end member] The lower end member 3 is fixed to the lower end of the suspension member 2 and has the function of retaining the raw material. In the examples shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the lower end member 3 itself is used as the means for retaining the raw material. The means for retaining the raw material (lower end member 3) promotes the formation of a raw material accumulation 7 (corresponding to the aforementioned dead stock) by blocking the raw material. From the viewpoint of ensuring strength, the constituent material of the lower end member 3 is preferably a steel material (such as a steel pipe, section steel, steel plate, etc.) ([3] of the present invention). In the examples shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the lower end member 3 is fixed by fastening a plurality of steel plates with bolt through-holes to the fastening holes provided at the lower end of the suspension member 2 with bolts and nuts. Note that a single steel plate can also be used instead of the plurality of steel plates. Whether using a single or a plurality of steel plates, it is preferable to shield the entire width direction of the chute in order to stably form the raw material accumulation 7.

[0019] Also, for the raw material accumulation 7, it is preferable that the height H of its downstream end portion (see FIGS. 2 and 3) is in the range of 3 to 10 times the average particle size of the raw material. When the height H of the downstream end portion is less than 3 times the average particle size of the raw material, the effect of suppressing pulverization may be too small. Also, when it exceeds 10 times, the force exerted by the raw material accumulation 7 on the lower end member 3 and the suspension member 2 may increase, and the load on the support member 1 described later may become excessive. Therefore, the height dimension h of the lower end member 3 (see FIGS. 2 and 3) is preferably within the suitable range of the height H of the downstream end portion of the raw material accumulation 7 (the range of 3 to 15 times the average particle size of the raw material). However, since the height H of the downstream end portion of the raw material accumulation 7 includes the overflow of the raw material from the upper part of the raw material accumulation 7, it is preferable that h < H.

[0020] Also, the lower end member 3 can be in a state of contacting the lower bottom of the chute wall surface 4 (not shown), but as in the examples shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, a gap δ (see FIGS. 2 and 3) can also be provided between it and the lower bottom of the chute wall surface 4. By providing the gap δ, as will be described later, the long-term retention of the combustible raw material can be avoided, and the risk of spontaneous ignition can be eliminated. Note that in the case of a flame-retardant raw material (iron ore, pellet), the risk of spontaneous ignition is small even without the gap δ.

[0021] As one means for adjusting the gap δ, the fastening hole at the lower end of the suspension member 2 is formed as a long hole (not shown), the lower end member 3 is fixed to this long hole with bolts, and the gap δ is adjusted by changing the fixing position within the long hole. There is a lower end adjustment means configured in this way.

[0022] [Support part] The support part 9 supports the suspension member 2 at the upper end of the suspension member 2. In the present embodiment, the frame member 8 installed above the chute and the support member 1 attached to the frame member 8 function as the support part 9 of the present invention. As a mechanism for supporting the suspension member 2, there is a mechanism for fixing the upper end of the suspension member 2 to the fastening hole provided in the support member 1 with bolts. The support member 1 included in the support part 9 can be fixed to the frame member 8 above the chute by welding or the like, rather than the chute itself. Therefore, regardless of the presence or absence of the refractory 5 on the chute wall surface 4, and regardless of before and after chute installation, the device of the present invention can be easily installed.

[0023] The support part 9 preferably includes means for adjusting the arrangement interval Δ and / or the height direction position of the suspension member 2. The support part 9 preferably includes arrangement adjustment means which is means for adjusting the arrangement interval Δ of the suspension member 2. Thereby, according to the change to raw materials with different average particle sizes, it becomes easy to change to the arrangement interval Δ adapted to the average particle size of the raw materials after the change. As the arrangement adjustment means, the fastening hole provided in the support member 1 is formed as a long hole, and the upper end of the suspension member 2 is fixed to this long hole with bolts. According to this, the arrangement interval Δ can be adjusted by changing the fixing position within the long hole.

[0024] Furthermore, the support part 9 preferably includes upper end adjustment means which is means for adjusting the height direction position of the suspension member 2. This upper end adjustment means is also another means for providing a gap δ between the lower end member 3 and the lower bottom of the chute wall surface 4 as described above.

[0025] By providing the lower end adjustment means and / or the upper end adjustment means, the following two operations are possible during operation.

[0026] (i) By means of the lower end adjustment means and / or the upper end adjustment means, the gap δ is maintained at a predetermined value. By setting this predetermined value to 3 to 10 times the average particle size of the raw material, the raw material at the lower part of the raw material reservoir 7 steadily flows out through the gap δ. Therefore, this can avoid the long-term retention of the flammable raw material and eliminate the risk of spontaneous ignition. Also, it is possible to stop the input of the raw material and cause the raw material in the raw material reservoir 7 to flow out from the gap δ to eliminate the raw material reservoir 7. (ii) Further, by means of the upper end adjustment means, the gap δ is enlarged at any time to at least partially open the raw material reservoir 7. Thereby, even when the gap δ is accidentally blocked by the raw material, the blocked state can be quickly eliminated.

[0027] In the case of (i) above, it is preferable that the sum of the height direction dimension h of the lower end member 3 and the gap δ falls within a suitable range of the height H of the downstream end portion of the raw material reservoir 7. However, since the height H of the downstream end portion of the raw material reservoir 7 includes the overflow portion of the raw material from the upper part of the raw material reservoir 7, it is preferable to set h + δ < H.

[0028] Examples of the upper end position adjustment means include a lifting mechanism that raises and lowers the support member 1 within a predetermined height direction section (not shown). Such a lifting mechanism can be configured using a hydraulic cylinder or the like.

[0029] Next, a method for suppressing pulverization of the raw material in the conveying chute using the above-described apparatus of the present invention will be described. Its features are as follows: the support portion 9 sets the arrangement interval Δ and / or the height direction position (gap δ) of the suspension members 2, and the lower end member 3 (means for retaining the raw material) dams up the raw material (for example, the formed charcoal 6) to form a raw material reservoir 7, thereby mitigating the dropping impact of the raw material (Item [7] of the present invention). The suspension members 2 and the lower end member 3 impede the flow of the raw material dropping from above, and a raw material reservoir 7 is formed on the upstream side in contact with these members. By dropping new raw material onto this raw material reservoir 7, the mechanical impact acting on the raw material can be mitigated and raw material pulverization can be suppressed. Further, by adjusting the arrangement interval Δ and the gap δ, it is possible to easily control the outflow amount of the raw material from the raw material reservoir 7 and the layer thickness (downstream end thickness H) of the raw material reservoir 7.

[0030] This corresponds to the operation of the above (i). Thereby, the raw material reservoir 7 can be stably formed, the dropping impact of the raw material can be mitigated, and pulverization can be suppressed. At the same time, the raw material at the lower part of the raw material reservoir 7 can be constantly discharged from the gap δ, avoiding the long-term retention of the combustible raw material (for example, the formed charcoal 6) and eliminating the risk of spontaneous ignition.

[0031] When the input of the raw material is stopped, the raw material in the raw material reservoir 7 flows out from the gap δ and the raw material reservoir 7 is eliminated. Therefore, even by intermittently interrupting the input of the raw material from time to time, the long-term retention of the raw material can be avoided.

[0032] Further, in the method of the present invention, the height direction position of the suspension member 2 may be made higher (the gap δ may be enlarged) to open the raw material reservoir (Item [8] of the present invention). This corresponds to the operation of the above (ii). Thereby, even when the gap δ is accidentally blocked by the raw material, the blocked state can be quickly eliminated.

[0033] Further, in the method of the present invention, the raw material is preferably the formed charcoal 6, and its average particle size is preferably 10 to 60 mm (Item [9] of the present invention). More preferably, it is 20 to 35 mm. Since the formed charcoal 6 has a small variation in shape and size, small surface irregularities, and smooth flow, the gap δ is less likely to be blocked. The average particle size is preferably 10 to 60 mm.

[0034] As described above, the present invention has been explained using embodiments. However, the present invention is not limited to the configuration of this form. The scope of the present invention is determined based on the description in the appended claims, and within that scope, all of the configurations obtained by omitting or modifying some of the components shown in the embodiments, or by improving them, are included in the present invention.

[0035] For example, in the above embodiment, the case where the support portion includes a frame member installed above the chute and a support member fixed to the frame member is shown. However, the present invention is not limited to the configuration of this form. For example, the support member may be fixed by welding or the like to an installable portion of the chute wall surface that is not covered with refractory or liner to form the support portion. Further, in addition to or instead of the frame member above the chute, a base member may be provided, and the support member may be fixed to this base member to form the support portion.

Example

[0036] In the carbonization process of the formed carbon, the chute immediately before the carbonization furnace was targeted and implemented in the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3. The inclination angle of the conveying surface of the chute is 45°. Also, the state without using the hanging member (before installation of the apparatus of the present invention) was used as a comparative example.

[0037] As described above, the chute wall surface 4 is covered with the refractory 5 having a thickness D = 120 mm. However, the support member 1 included in the support portion 9 of the apparatus of the present invention could be easily fixed by welding or the like to the upper frame member 8 without the refractory coating. Thus, the apparatus of the present invention can be easily installed even on an existing chute having a coating layer of refractory (or liner).

[0038] In the example of the present invention and the comparative example, it has been confirmed that the molded charcoal 6 has an oval average shape of 30 mm × 25.6 mm × 18.8 mm. Here, the molded charcoal 6 is intermittently charged, but the present invention can also be implemented in the case of continuous charging. In the example of the present invention, for the suspension member 2, a square steel pipe made of SS400 with an inner dimension of 77 mm square × a wall thickness of 6 mm × a length of 1732 mm was used. Note that a shaped steel or a steel plate may be used instead of the steel pipe. In the example of the present invention, the arrangement interval Δ was set to 120 mm by the arrangement adjustment means using the aforementioned long holes. For the lower end member 3, an SS400 steel plate with a thickness of 6 mm was used. The height dimension h of the lower end member 3 was set to 200 mm. The lower end member 3 was fixed one by one for each of the suspension members 2 so as to shield the entire width direction of the chute. Note that the number of the lower end members 3 may be reduced and fixed one by one for each of a plurality of the suspension members 2. Also, in the example of the present invention, the gap δ was set to 50 mm by the lower end adjustment means.

[0039] In the example of the present invention, during the operation of intermittently charging the molded charcoal 6, when the charging continues, a raw material accumulation 7 is formed, and the new raw material falling onto the raw material accumulation 7 is buffered and decelerated. Also, an appropriate amount of raw material is sent from the raw material accumulation 7 through the gap δ to the retort furnace, and the retorting efficiency is maintained. Further, when the charging is suspended, the raw material flows out from the raw material accumulation 7 through the gap δ, and the raw material accumulation 7 is eliminated, and the long-term retention of the raw material can be avoided.

[0040] The raw material pulverization rates were obtained and compared between the example of the present invention and the comparative example. Here, the raw material pulverization rate was evaluated as the ratio (%) of the pulverization amount (ton) of the raw material passing through the chute to the raw material input amount (ton) to the target chute. Note that the pulverization amount was obtained by collecting and weighing the raw material that became the undersize of a sieve with a mesh of 15 mm installed on the outlet side of the target chute. That is, particles with a particle size of 15 mm or less are defined as powder.

[0041] The raw material pulverization rates of the example of the present invention and the comparative example are shown in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, in the example of the present invention, the raw material pulverization rate is significantly reduced compared to the comparative example, and the pulverization suppression effect of the present invention is clear.

[0042]

Table 1

[0043] Also, in the example of the present invention, it was confirmed that when the raw material input was stopped, the raw material in the raw material reservoir 7 flowed out from the gap δ, and the raw material reservoir 7 disappeared in about one minute.

Explanation of Reference Numerals

[0044] 1 Support member 2 Suspension member 3 Lower end member (means for retaining raw material) 4 Shoot wall surface 5 Refractory 6 Molded charcoal (raw material) 7 Raw material reservoir 8 Frame member 9 Support portion

Claims

A device for suppressing pulverization of raw materials caused by the impact of falling raw materials charged into a conveying chute with a downwardly inclined bottom surface from a horizontal plane, comprising: a support part; three or more hanging members having upper ends supported by the support part and extending downward in the chute; a lower end member fixed to the lower ends of the three or more hanging members and having means for retaining the raw materials; the three or more hanging members are arranged at intervals in the width direction of the chute; the support part is provided with means for adjusting the arrangement interval and the height direction position of the hanging members, and is characterized in that it is a device for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute.

2. The device for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute according to claim 1, characterized in that the hanging members and the means for retaining the raw materials are made of steel.

3. The device for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by satisfying at least one of the following A, B, and C: Note A: The raw material is a raw material for ironmaking; B: The raw material is formed charcoal, and the average particle size is 10 to 60 mm; C: The chute is covered with a refractory or a liner.

4. A method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute using the device for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute according to claim 1 or 2, comprising: setting the arrangement interval and the height direction position of the hanging members at the support part, and relaxing the impact of falling by a raw material pool formed by damming the raw materials with the means for retaining the raw materials, and is characterized in that it is a method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute.

5. A method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute using the device for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute according to claim 3, comprising: setting the arrangement interval and the height direction position of the hanging members at the support part, and relaxing the impact of falling by a raw material pool formed by damming the raw materials with the means for retaining the raw materials, and is characterized in that it is a method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute.

6. The method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute according to claim 4, further characterized by raising the height direction position of the hanging members to open the raw material pool and / or the raw material being formed charcoal with an average particle size of 10 to 60 mm.

7. Furthermore, a method for suppressing pulverization of raw materials in a conveying chute according to claim 5, characterized in that the height position of the hanging member is increased to open the raw material reservoir and / or the raw material is formed charcoal having an average particle size of 10 to 60 mm.

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