Temporary antibacterial cement spacers, assemblies, kits, and methods of manufacture

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to temporary antimicrobial agent-eluting cement spacer implants (1), as well as assemblies, kits, and methods of forming the same. Particularly preferred disclosures are modular spacers, assemblies, and kits, as well as methods of manufacturing the same, where the modularity of the spacer allows for the selection of a particular desired length of the spacer, as well as the antimicrobial compound and dosage, and the components and processes for forming the same.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 074,516, filed September 4, 2020, in the name of Navarro Vale et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present disclosure is directed to temporary antimicrobial agent-eluting cement spacer implants, assemblies, kits, and methods of forming the same. Particularly preferred disclosures are modular spacer implants, assemblies, and kits, and methods of manufacturing the same, where the modular nature of the spacer allows for the selection of a particular desired spacer length, as well as the antimicrobial compound and dosage, and the components and processes for forming the same. [Background technology]

[0003] Currently, there are no regulatory-approved products commercially available in the United States that are labeled as temporary intramedullary antimicrobial-eluting spacers to treat localized infections of the intramedullary canal of long bones, such as the tibia, while filling the cavity created by the infected nail. For many years, surgeons have relied on the use of off-label, available products to create implants that offer limited stability and limited control over the rate of localized antibiotic release compared to intramedullary locking nails.

[0004] Current treatment protocols involve mixing antimicrobial agents into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cement to create a bone cement with drug-eluting properties, which is then shaped using a chest tube or manually rolled, and a metal core is inserted to enhance rigidity and fixation. Handmade tibial spacer nails made during surgery have many problems, including the time and complexity required to create the implant during surgery, the possibility of cement fracturing, the lack of a method for retrieving the fractured cement upon removal, heterogeneity in implant shape across patients, complex implant fabrication, and the occasional need to re-create the implant due to insufficient or irregular cement coverage. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for a standardized care regimen that would ensure surgeons prepare antimicrobial-loaded cemented intramedullary spacers during surgery and ensure their removal when infection treatment protocols are completed. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to the treatment of surgical site infections (SSIs) involving infected implanted medical devices. More specifically, the present disclosure is directed to temporary antimicrobial agent-eluting cement spacer implants, as well as assemblies, kits, and methods of forming the same. Particularly preferred disclosures are modular spacers, assemblies, and kits, as well as methods of manufacturing the same, where the modularity of the spacer allows for the selection of a specific desired length of the spacer, as well as the specific selection of antimicrobial compounds and dosages, and the components and processes for forming them. Of particular benefit is the ability for a surgeon or other qualified medical professional to perioperatively design a spacer tailored to the needs of a particular patient condition present at the time of surgery.

[0007] Typically, these temporary spacer implants are used in cases of infected orthopedic implants, such as intramedullary nails used in the femur or tibia, which require revision surgery.

[0008] According to the present disclosure, an antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer is disclosed, the temporary cement spacer comprising: A spacer core, a rod defining a central axis of the spacer core and having a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end along the central axis, the rod further defining an outer rod surface extending between the proximal and distal rod ends; a fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end along a central axis, the distal fixation end being attached to the rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough in a radial direction relative to the central axis, the at least one fixation hole being configured to receive a fixation screw; a spacer core including a cap defining a proximal cap end and a distal cap end opposite the proximal cap end along a central axis, the proximal cap end being attached to the distal rod end; a cement coating surrounding at least a portion of the outer rod surface, the cement coating comprising a mixture of a cement material and one or more antimicrobial agents; The cap is configured to define the tip of the temporary spacer during implantation.

[0009] According to certain embodiments, the outer rod surface includes a threaded surface at the proximal rod end and the distal fixation end defines a distal fixation opening configured for threaded engagement with the proximal rod end. In additional embodiments, the outer rod surface includes a threaded surface at the distal rod end and the proximal cap end defines a proximal cap opening configured for threaded engagement with the distal rod end. In yet another embodiment, the outer surface of the rod includes a continuous threaded surface extending from the distal rod end to the proximal rod end.

[0010] According to certain embodiments, the at least one fixation hole comprises a plurality of fixation holes.

[0011] According to certain embodiments, the fixation component extends axially from the distal fixation end to the proximal fixation end such that the proximal fixation end can be angularly offset radially relative to the central axis by an angle theta θ. In certain embodiments, the angular offset angle is in the range of about 5 degrees to about 20 degrees.

[0012] In certain embodiments, the cap defines a cross-sectional area in a plane perpendicular to the central axis, the cap cross-sectional area defining the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer.

[0013] According to certain embodiments, the temporary spacer includes one or more centering members extending radially outward from the outer rod surface. In further embodiments, each centering member of the one or more centering members defines four arms, each arm extending radially outward from the outer rod surface.

[0014] According to additional embodiments, the fixation component defines an outer fixation surface extending from the proximal fixation end to the distal fixation end. In further embodiments, the outer fixation surface can define at least one planar portion extending in a direction from the proximal fixation end to the distal fixation end. In yet other embodiments, the at least one planar portion includes a plurality of planar portions, each of the plurality of planar portions spaced equidistant from another of the planar portions along the outer fixation surface.

[0015] According to still additional embodiments, the outer fixation surface further defines at least one surface channel extending in a direction from the proximal fixation end to the distal fixation end. In certain additional embodiments, the at least one surface channel is directly adjacent to at least one of the at least one planar portions. According to certain embodiments, the at least one surface channel includes a plurality of surface channels such that each surface channel of the plurality of surface channels is directly adjacent to the at least one planar portion.

[0016] According to certain embodiments, the cap defines a plurality of fenestrations extending therethrough in a direction generally coaxial with the central axis from the distal cap end to the proximal cap end, hi certain embodiments, the plurality of fenestrations are evenly distributed around the circumference of the cap.

[0017] According to certain embodiments, the curable polymeric material comprises poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or a copolymer thereof.

[0018] According to certain embodiments, the antibacterial agent comprises an antibiotic, an antifungal agent, or a combination thereof. For example, certain suitable antibiotic classes may include aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. Specific agents may include, for example, gentamicin, tobramycin, vancomycin, amikacin, rifampin, clindamycin, erythromycin, colistin, linezolid, daptomycin, fosfomycin, and amphotericin B, or a combination thereof. Preferred agents may include gentamicin, tobramycin, and vancomycin, or a combination thereof.

[0019] According to certain embodiments, the rod comprises a metal or metal alloy, or a thermoplastic polymer material. According to further embodiments, the anchoring component comprises a metal or metal alloy, or a thermoplastic polymer material. In yet other embodiments, the cap comprises a metal or metal alloy, or a thermoplastic polymer material.

[0020] According to the present disclosure, a mold assembly for forming a temporary cement spacer is disclosed, the mold assembly comprising: A spacer core, a rod defining a central axis of the mold assembly and having a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end along the central axis, the rod further defining an outer rod surface extending between the proximal rod end and the distal rod end; a fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end along a central axis, the distal fixation end being attached to the rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough in a radial direction relative to the central axis, the at least one fixation hole being configured to receive a fixation screw; a mold body extending along a central axis, the mold body defining a proximal mold end and a distal mold end opposite the proximal mold end along the central axis, the proximal mold end including a proximal mold opening, the distal mold end including a proximal mold opening, the mold body defining an inner mold surface extending between the proximal and distal mold openings, the inner surface defining a mold lumen, and a spacer core disposed within the mold lumen such that the fixation component is disposed within the mold lumen at the proximal mold end; at least one hole plug disposed within the at least one fixation hole; and an adapter configured to operably couple to the mold body at the distal mold end, the adapter configured to operably couple the mold body to a bone cement injection device so as to provide a fluid pathway from the cement injection device through the distal mold opening to the mold lumen.

[0021] According to certain embodiments, the at least one fixation hole includes a plurality of fixation holes. In certain embodiments, the at least one hole plug includes a plurality of hole plugs. In certain additional embodiments, each fixation hole of the plurality of fixation holes has one hole plug of the plurality of hole plugs disposed therein such that the number of the plurality of fixation holes equals the number of the plurality of hole plugs. In alternative embodiments, a first portion of the plurality of fixation holes has a plurality of hole plugs disposed therein and a second portion of the plurality of fixation holes does not have a plurality of hole plugs disposed therein.

[0022] According to certain embodiments, the mold body further comprises at least one mold hole, the at least one mold hole extending radially through the mold body and the mold lumen relative to the central axis, and the at least one hole plug configured to be disposed within the at least one mold hole. In certain embodiments, the at least one mold hole is aligned with the at least one fixation hole such that the at least one hole plug can be disposed within both the at least one fixation hole and the at least one mold hole. In certain embodiments, the at least one mold hole comprises multiple mold holes.

[0023] According to certain embodiments, the mold body includes a separation means extending axially along the mold body from the proximal mold end to the distal mold end. In certain embodiments, the mold body further defines an outer mold surface extending between the proximal and distal mold ends, and the separation means includes a plurality of perforations in the outer mold surface, grooves in the outer mold surface, or strips of material disposed within the mold body, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the mold body further includes one or more reinforcing members. In yet other embodiments, the mold assembly further includes one or more tabs disposed at either the proximal or distal mold end of the mold body.

[0024] According to certain embodiments, the spacer core further comprises a cap configured to operably couple to the distal rod end.

[0025] According to certain embodiments, the adapter is operably coupled to the distal end of the mold body and defines a proximal end defining a proximal opening. Additionally, the adapter further defines an opposing distal end configured to operably couple to the bone cement injection device and having a distal opening, the adapter including an adapter recess extending between the distal opening and the proximal opening, the adapter recess providing a continuous fluid path. In certain additional embodiments, the adapter includes an inner wall, the inner wall defining an adapter receptacle having a receptacle opening, and the distal end of the rod is disposed within the adapter receptacle.

[0026] According to certain embodiments, the mold assembly further comprises a cap configured to operably couple to the distal end of the spacer core, hi certain embodiments, the cap defines a plurality of fenestrations extending axially therethrough from the distal cap end to the proximal cap end.

[0027] According to the present disclosure, a kit for forming a temporary cement spacer is disclosed, the kit comprising: at least one rod defining a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end; a fixation component configured to operably couple to the rod, the fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end, the distal fixation end configured to be attached to the rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough and configured to receive a fixation screw, the at least one rod and the fixation component configured to form a spacer core when operably coupled; at least one hole plug configured to be removably disposed in the at least one fixation hole; a mold body defining a proximal mold end, a distal mold end opposite the proximal mold end, and an outer mold surface extending from the proximal mold end and the distal mold end, the mold body further defining a proximal mold opening at the proximal mold end, a distal mold opening at the distal mold end, and an inner mold surface extending between the proximal mold opening and the distal mold opening, the inner mold surface defining a mold lumen extending therebetween, and a spacer core configured to be disposed within the mold lumen; an adapter configured to operably couple to the mold body at a distal mold end, the adapter further configured to couple a cement injection device to the distal mold opening such that the adapter provides a fluid path from the cement bone injection device to the mold lumen; a cap configured to operably couple to the distal rod end.

[0028] According to certain further embodiments, the at least one rod comprises a plurality of rods, each rod of the plurality of rods having a length measured between a proximal rod end and a distal rod end, the length of each rod being different from the length of any other rod of the plurality of rods. In certain embodiments, the at least one rod defines an outer rod surface extending from the proximal rod end to the distal rod end, and further, the outer rod surface comprises a continuously threaded surface.

[0029] According to certain embodiments, the at least one hole plug comprises a plurality of hole plugs.

[0030] According to certain embodiments, the kit further comprises at least one fixation bone screw configured to be placed in the at least one fixation hole and further configured to fix the temporary spacer to bone.

[0031] According to certain embodiments, the kit includes an insertion tool configured to operably couple to the proximal end of the fixation component, the insertion tool configured to implant the temporary spacer.

[0032] According to the present disclosure, a method for forming an antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer is described, the method comprising: Inserting a spacer core into a cavity of a mold body, the spacer core including a rod and a fixation component connected to the rod, the fixation component including at least one fixation hole; coupling a bone cement injection device to the mold body with an adapter to provide a fluid pathway from the bone cement injection device into the mold body lumen; placing at least one hole plug in the at least one fixation hole; injecting a bone cement material containing one or more antimicrobial agents into the mold body lumen through the fluid pathway and along at least a portion of the outer surface of the rod; allowing the bone cement material on the outer rod surface to harden to form a cement coating on the spacer core, thereby forming an antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer; separating the bone cement injection device from the mold body; removing the at least one hole plug from the at least one fixation hole; and separating the mold body from the antimicrobial eluting temporary cement spacer.

[0033] According to certain embodiments, the method further includes connecting a rod to the fixation component prior to inserting the spacer core into the mold lumen, hi certain embodiments, the method further includes operably coupling a proximal end of the rod to a distal end of the fixation component.

[0034] According to certain embodiments, the rod has a rod length measured from a proximal rod end to an opposing distal rod end, and the method further includes removing a portion of the rod length from either the proximal rod end or the distal rod end prior to the step of inserting the spacer core.

[0035] According to an additional embodiment, the mold body defines a mold length measured from a proximal mold end to an opposing distal mold end, and the method includes removing a portion of the mold body length from either the proximal mold end or the distal mold end.

[0036] According to certain embodiments, the mold body defines an outer mold surface extending from a proximal mold end to a distal mold end, the mold body including at least one mold hole extending from the outer mold surface through the mold lumen, and the method includes aligning the at least one fixation hole with the at least one mold hole. According to further embodiments, placing at least one hole plug in the at least one fixation hole further includes placing at least one hole plug in the at least one mold hole.

[0037] According to certain embodiments, the method can further include attaching a cap to the rod. In additional embodiments, the attaching of the cap occurs after the step of separating the mold body from the bone cement injection device.

[0038] In certain further embodiments, the cap defines a proximal cap end and an opposing distal cap end, the proximal cap end operably coupled to the distal end of the rod, the cap comprising a plurality of fenestrations extending therethrough from the distal cap end to the proximal cap end, the plurality of fenestrations configured to provide a fluid pathway from the cement injection device to the mold lumen, and the method can further include injecting bone cement material into the mold lumen through the cap fenestrations. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0039] [Figure 1A] 1 is a side view of a temporary cement spacer according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 1B] 1 is a side view of a spacer core including a rod, a fixation component, and a cap, according to certain embodiments. FIG. [Figure 1C] 1C is an exploded view of the spacer core according to FIG. 1B, showing the outer threaded surfaces at the proximal and distal ends of the rod. [Figure 1D] FIG. 10 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment showing the complete threaded outer surface of the rod. [Figure 2A] FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional side view of the fixation component shown in FIG. 1C. [Figure 2B] 1D is a cross-sectional view of the anchoring component shown in FIG. 1C viewed from the proximal end. [Figure 2C] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an alternative fixation component showing multiple offset radial holes. [Figure 3] FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional side view of the cap shown in FIG. 1B. [Figure 4A] FIG. 4 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the cap of FIG. 3 showing multiple axial fenestrations. [Figure 4B] FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional side view of the cap of FIG. 4A. [Figure 5A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a mold assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is an exploded view of the mold assembly shown in FIG. 5A. [Figure 6] 10 is a cross-sectional side view of a mold body according to certain embodiments showing a plurality of perforations extending axially along the mold body. FIG. [Figure 7] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a mold body showing two axially extending strips of material embedded in the mold body in accordance with certain embodiments. [Figure 8A] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment of a mold body showing a pair of grooves extending axially along the outer surface of the mold body. [Figure 8B]FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of the mold body shown in FIG. 8A. [Figure 8C] 8A-8B, showing a cross-sectional view of an alternative mold body to that shown in FIGS. 8A-8B, illustrating reinforcement of the mold body. [Figure 8D] 8A-8B, showing a cross-sectional view of an alternative mold body to that shown in FIGS. 8A-8B, illustrating reinforcement of the mold body. [Figure 9A] 5B is a cross-sectional side view of the mold assembly of FIG. 5A coupled to a bone cement injection device by an adapter. [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B is an enlarged view of the area within circle A in FIG. 9A. [Figure 9C] FIG. 9B is a perspective view of the distal end of the adapter of FIG. 9A. [Figure 9D] FIG. 9B is a perspective view of the proximal end of the adapter of FIG. 9A. [Figure 10A] 10A-10C are cross-sectional side views of alternative embodiments of an adapter, a bone cement injection device, and a distal end of a mold body, in accordance with certain embodiments. [Figure 10B] FIG. 10B is a perspective view of the distal end of the adapter shown in FIG. 10A. [Figure 11] 5B is a perspective exploded view of the proximal end of the mold body assembly of FIG. 5A shown with an insertion handle. FIG. [Figure 12] FIG. 10 is a perspective exploded view of a mold assembly according to an additional embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 13A] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a stationary component of the mold assembly shown in FIG. 12. [Figure 13B] 13B is a cross-sectional end view of the stationary component taken along section line 13B-12B of FIG. 13A. [Figure 13C] FIG. 13B is a perspective view of the proximal end of the fixation component shown in FIG. 13A. [Figure 13D] FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional perspective view of the proximal end of the fixation component shown in FIG. 13A having an end plug coupled thereto, according to an additional embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 14A] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the cap of the mold assembly shown in FIG. 12. [Figure 14B]FIG. 14B is another perspective view of the cap shown in FIG. 14A showing the cement channel defined by the cap. [Figure 14C] 14C is a cross-sectional end view of the cap taken along section line 14C-14C in FIG. 14A. [Figure 15A] FIG. 13 is a side view of the mold body of the mold assembly shown in FIG. 12. [Figure 15B] FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional side view of a portion of the mold body within circle 15B of FIG. 15A. [Figure 16A] FIG. 15B is a perspective view of a cutting tool for cutting the mold body shown in FIG. 15A. [Figure 16B] FIG. 16B is another perspective view of the cutting tool shown in FIG. 16A , showing the cutting tool oriented to make a lateral cut in the mold body. [Figure 16C] FIG. 16B is another perspective view of the cutting tool shown in FIG. 16A, showing the cutting tool oriented to make longitudinal slices along the length of the mold body. [Figure 17] 15B is a perspective view of another embodiment of a cutting tool for cutting the mold body shown in FIG. 15A. [Figure 18A] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an adapter of the mold assembly shown in FIG. 12. [Figure 18B] FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional side view of the adapter shown in FIG. 18A. [Figure 18C] 18B is a cross-sectional perspective view of the adapter shown in FIG. 18A coupled to the mold body shown in FIG. 15A. [Figure 19A] 18B is a perspective view of a handle member for use with the adapter shown in FIG. 18A. [Figure 19B] 19B is a perspective view of the handle member shown in FIG. 19A coupled to the adapter shown in FIG. 18C. [Figure 20A] 13 is a perspective view of a molding tool for removing excess cement of the mold assembly shown in FIG. 12. FIG. [Figure 20B] FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional side view of the molding tool shown in FIG. 20A. [Figure 20C]20B is a partial cross-sectional side view of the molding tool of FIG. 20A shown engaged with the cap shown in FIG. 14A. [Figure 21] FIG. 13 is a plan view of a kit including the mold assembly shown in FIG. 12. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a temporary spacer constructed from the mold assembly and associated components shown in FIGS. 12-21. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0040] The present disclosure is directed to temporary antimicrobial agent-eluting cement spacer implants, as well as assemblies, kits, and methods of forming them, for use in treating surgical site infections (SSIs). Typically, these temporary spacer implants are formed with an antimicrobial agent mixed into a polymer or ceramic cement material and are used in cases of infected orthopedic implants, such as intramedullary nails used in the femur or tibia, that require revision surgery. The temporary spacer generally approximates the shape of the infected implant that was removed. Once the infected implant is removed, a temporary antimicrobial agent-eluting spacer implant is inserted in the same location, and the antimicrobial-containing cement material provides a local drug depot that elutes the antimicrobial agent to reduce infection and prevent bacterial growth on the spacer at the implant site. Once the infection has resolved, the temporary spacer is removed, and a new, permanent revision implant is then placed in its place.

[0041] The present disclosure is particularly directed to modular temporary spacers, whose modularity allows for both the selection of a specific desired spacer length and the specific selection of the antimicrobial compound and dosage to be mixed into the cement material. Additionally, temporary cement spacers can be utilized with fixation screws to secure the spacer to adjacent bone, providing the advantage of maintaining the position and stability of the temporary spacer in a desired location. Essentially, temporary spacers of the present disclosure can be customized to the specific criteria of an individual patient and properly secured once implanted. A further advantage is that a surgeon or other qualified medical professional can design and form temporary spacers according to the present disclosure perioperatively, at or near the time of surgery. Thus, the surgeon can assess the situation when removing an infected implant and simultaneously prepare a temporary spacer implant to best address the condition at the surgical site.

[0042] As described in more detail below, the present disclosure includes assemblies and kits that include a mold body and a spacer core for use in forming a temporary spacer. The mold body has a lumen configured to house the spacer core and receive an injected antimicrobial cement material that will harden to form a cement coating around the spacer core, such that the mold body is configured to substantially define the shape of the temporary spacer. The present disclosure additionally describes methods of forming a temporary spacer utilizing the mold body, spacer core, and antimicrobial cement material.

[0043] Words and phrases denoting anatomical references, such as "proximal" and "distal," may be used throughout this disclosure with respect to both the implants, assemblies, kits, and methods described herein, as well as the patient's natural anatomy. Such terms have well-understood meanings in both the study of anatomy and the field of orthopedic surgery. Use of such terms in this specification and claims is intended to be consistent with their broadly understood meanings, unless otherwise specified.

[0044] 1A-1D, an antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary spacer 1 is disclosed, the temporary spacer 1 including a spacer core 5 and an antimicrobial cement coating 85 surrounding at least a portion of the spacer core 5. The cement coating 85 includes a cement material including a hardenable polymeric or ceramic material mixed with one or more antimicrobial agents and is configured for use in treating infections. The temporary spacer core 5 is configured to provide a structural framework for the temporary spacer 1 and includes a rod 20, a fixation component 40, and a cap 60. The fixation component 40 and the cap 60 are configured to couple to opposing ends (i.e., the proximal and distal ends) of the rod 20, as described in more detail below.

[0045] According to certain embodiments, the curable polymeric material comprises poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or a copolymer thereof.

[0046] According to certain embodiments, the antibacterial agent comprises an antibiotic, an antifungal agent, or a combination thereof. For example, certain suitable antibiotic classes may include aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. Specific agents may include, for example, gentamicin, tobramycin, vancomycin, amikacin, rifampin, clindamycin, erythromycin, colistin, linezolid, daptomycin, fosfomycin, and amphotericin B, or a combination thereof. Preferred agents may include gentamicin, tobramycin, and vancomycin, or a combination thereof.

[0047] According to certain embodiments, the rod 20 comprises a metal or metal alloy, or a thermoplastic polymer material. According to further embodiments, the fixation component 40 comprises a metal or metal alloy, or a thermoplastic polymer material. In yet other embodiments, the cap 60 comprises a metal or metal alloy, or a thermoplastic polymer material. Suitable metals can include, for example, standard orthopedic implant grade metals or alloys, such as 316L stainless steel, titanium, Ti-6Al-4V alloy, Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, or cobalt chromium alloy. Suitable thermoplastics can include, for example, any polymer or copolymer of the polyaryletherketone family, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), as well as polyethylene, polypropylene, or nylon.

[0048] 1A-1D, the rod 20 is elongated in a longitudinal direction L and defines a central axis C of both the spacer core 5 and the temporary spacer 1 extending longitudinally. As used herein, terms such as "axial" or "axially," or derivatives thereof, are intended to define a directional component that is substantially or completely coextensive with the central axis C.

[0049] The rod 20 further defines a proximal rod end 22, a distal rod end 24 opposite the proximal rod end 22 along the central axis C, and an outer rod surface 26 extending from the proximal rod end 22 to the distal rod end 24.

[0050] The rod 20 is configured to be attached to the fixation component 40 at the proximal rod end 22. The rod 20 is additionally configured to be attached to the cap 60 at the distal rod end 24. Thus, with reference to FIG. 1C , a portion of the outer rod surface 26 at the proximal rod end 22 can be configured as a threaded surface 28 so as to be capable of threaded engagement with the fixation component 40. Additionally, a portion of the outer rod surface 26 at the distal rod end 24 can be configured as a threaded surface 28 so as to be capable of threaded engagement with the cap 60. Alternatively, with reference to FIG. 1D , substantially the entire outer rod surface 26 can be configured as a threaded surface 28. As used herein with respect to the threaded surface 28, “substantially” means that at least in the range of 50% to 100% (e.g., 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, or any suitable subrange derivable from the percentages recited herein) of the outer rod surface 26 is the threaded surface 28. 1D , 100% of the outer rod surface 26 is configured as a threaded surface 28, such that the outer rod surface 26 can be said to be a continuously threaded surface 28 extending from the distal rod end 24 to the proximal rod end 22. This particular example of a continuously threaded rod 20 provides advantages with regard to the modularity of the temporary spacer 1 described above. With a continuously threaded rod 20, a surgeon can cut the rod 20 to any desired length and still maintain the threaded surfaces 28 at both the proximal rod end 22 and the distal rod end 24 for threaded engagement with both the fixation component 40 and the cap 60, respectively.

[0051] 1B-2C, the spacer core 5 includes a fixation component 40 configured to be attached to the rod 20 at the proximal rod end 22. The fixation component 40 is configured to provide a fixation screw structure for securing the temporary spacer 1 to adjacent bone, as described in more detail below. The fixation component 40 is generally axially elongated (i.e., elongated along the central axis C in the same direction as the rod 20). The fixation component 40 includes a distal fixation end 44 configured to be attached to the proximal rod end 22 and a proximal fixation end 42 opposite the distal fixation end 44 along the central axis C. An outer fixation surface 46 extends from the proximal fixation end 22 to the distal fixation end 46.

[0052] The distal fixation end 46 is configured to operably couple to the proximal rod end 22 and can include a distal fixation opening 32 and an inner distal fixation surface 33 defining a distal fixation recess 35 extending proximally from the distal fixation opening 32 toward the proximal fixation end 42. The distal fixation recess 35 is configured to receive the proximal rod end 22 such that the proximal rod end 22 is at least partially disposed within the distal fixation recess 35 when the rod 20 is operably coupled to the fixation component 40. In certain examples, such as shown in FIG. 2A , the inner distal fixation surface 33 can be threaded and configured to threadably connect with a corresponding threaded surface 28 of the proximal rod end 22, as previously described.

[0053] 1C, 2A, and 2C, the fixation component 40 includes at least one fixation hole 55 configured to receive a fixation screw that can secure the temporary spacer 1 to adjacent bone. Fixation screws are well known in the field of orthopedic implants and are used to pass through openings in the implant and secure the implant in the adjacent bone. One advantage of utilizing a fixation component 40 that includes at least one fixation hole is that it can provide a level of stability once implanted in a patient through the use of a fixation screw. While the use of a fixation screw is not intended to provide weight-bearing stability as in a standard orthopedic implant, the ability to partially stabilize the temporary spacer 1 minimizes the possibility of the temporary spacer 1 being damaged or otherwise moving from its intended position while it is implanted in the patient.

[0054] 1C, 2A, and 2C, the at least one fixation hole 55 of the fixation component 20 extends through the fixation component 40 in a radial direction R relative to the central axis C. As used herein, terms such as “radial” or “radially,” or derivatives thereof, refer to directions or positions defined relative to the central axis C and can include a radially inward direction toward the central axis C and a radially outward direction away from the central axis C. In certain examples, the radial direction is oriented perpendicular to the central axis C; in other examples, the radial direction can be angularly offset from a direction that is perpendicular to the central axis C but not coaxial with or parallel to the central axis C. Preferably, the radial extension of the at least one fixation hole 55 is perpendicular to the central axis C.

[0055] 1C-1D and 2A-2C, the at least one fixation hole 55 can include multiple fixation holes 55, such as two, three, four, five, or even up to six fixation holes 55. The advantage of multiple fixation holes 55 is that it provides the surgeon with multiple techniques for securing the temporary spacer 1 to adjacent bone using one or more fixation screws, as desired. It should be understood that the anatomical region receiving the temporary spacer 1 may already be affected by invasive infection and associated with the removal of an infected primary implant. Therefore, tissue damage, particularly damaged bone tissue, may be present, particularly in the region where the surgeon would typically attempt to secure the temporary spacer 1 with a fixation screw. Therefore, providing multiple options for positioning and securing healthy bone tissue is beneficial to the surgeon in successfully implanting the temporary spacer 1.

[0056] The fixation component 40 can be further configured to engage one or more insertion instruments that assist a surgeon or other medical professional in placing the temporary spacer 1 at a desired anatomical location in a patient. In one example, as shown in FIG. 2A , the proximal fixation end 42 includes a proximal fixation opening 50 and a proximal fixation inner surface 51 that defines a proximal fixation recess 53 that extends distally from the proximal fixation opening 50 toward the distal fixation end 44. In a particular example, as shown in FIG. 11 and described in further detail below, the proximal fixation end 42 is configured to receive an insertion instrument 300 within the proximal fixation recess 53. In certain embodiments, the proximal fixation inner surface 51 can be threaded and configured to threadably connect with a corresponding threaded component or surface of the insertion instrument 300.

[0057] 1B , the fixation component 40 can extend axially from the distal fixation end 44 to the proximal fixation end 42 such that the proximal fixation end 42 can be radially offset from the distal fixation end 44 by an angle theta θ relative to the direction of the central axis C. The purpose of the angular offset is to better align the shape of the temporary spacer 1 with the natural anatomy of the patient's bone into which the temporary spacer 1 is to be implanted, both for inserting the temporary spacer 1 and for maintaining proper anatomical alignment after implantation is complete, if desired. In certain embodiments, the angular offset θ can be in the range of about 5 degrees to about 20 degrees, e.g., about 5 degrees to about 15 degrees, or about 8 degrees to about 12 degrees, or any subcombination of the range endpoints recited herein.

[0058] 1B-1D and 3-4B, the cap 60 defines a proximal end 62 configured to be attached to the rod 20 at the distal rod end 24. The cap 60 further defines a cross-sectional area, measured in a plane perpendicular to the central axis C, which can define the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer 1. In other words, the cap 60 is preferably designed to be the widest portion of the temporary spacer 1, although in other embodiments, the fixation component can define the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer 1. The cap 60 defining the maximum cross-sectional area provides two advantages. First, during implantation, the cap 60 is configured to be the tip of the temporary spacer 1 and, therefore, can frequently be subjected to large mechanical forces, such as compressive and shear forces. Therefore, the cap 60 provides an anterior buttress to absorb these forces and clear a path for the temporary spacer 1 as it penetrates the desired anatomical location. This protects portions of the cement coating 85 from breaking off or otherwise detaching from the temporary spacer 1 and impairing the functionality of the temporary spacer 1 in vivo. Second, as mentioned above, the temporary spacer 1 of the present disclosure requires extraction once the clinically prescribed antimicrobial treatment period has expired. The function of the cap 60 during extraction is to collect any generated cement coating 85 debris. In other words, the cap 60 is preferably designed such that when the temporary spacer 1 is removed from the patient, the cap 60 functions to push upward (or collect) any broken-down cement fragments from the cement coating 85 that has become detached or fractured during or before extraction of the temporary spacer 1.

[0059] 3 and 4A-4B, the cap 60 includes a distal cap end 64 opposite the proximal cap end 62 along the central axis C. An outer cap surface 66 extends from the proximal cap end 62 to the distal cap end 64. The proximal cap end 62 includes a cap opening 70 and an inner cap surface 71 defining a cap recess 73 that extends into the cap 60 in a distal direction D from the cap opening 70 toward the distal cap end 64, such that the cap recess 73 can be said to extend distally from the cap opening 70. The cap recess 73 is configured to receive the distal rod end 24 such that, when coupled, the distal rod end 24 is at least partially disposed within the cap recess 73. In certain examples, such as those shown in FIGS. 3 and 4B, the inner cap surface 71 can be threaded and configured to threadably connect with a corresponding threaded surface 28 of the distal rod end 24.

[0060] 1B-1C , in certain examples, the spacer core 5 of the temporary spacer 1 can include one or more centering members 31 extending radially outward from the outer rod surface 26. As described in more detail below, a mold assembly 100 is disclosed in which the spacer core 5 is configured to be inserted into a mold body 120 to form a temporary spacer 1, such as that shown in FIG. 5A . Thus, in certain examples, there are elements of the spacer core 5 that function to interact with the mold body 120 in forming the temporary spacer 1. In certain embodiments, the centering members 31 can be attached to the rod 20; in alternative embodiments, the rod 20 and the centering members 31 can be formed as a single monolithic structure. The centering members 31 provide an offset between the rod 20 and the mold body 120 and function to keep the rod 20 aligned along the central axis C when the rod 20 is placed within the mold body 120 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5A ). This alignment of the longitudinal rod 20 along the central axis C assists in forming a uniform distribution of the cement material used to form the cement coating 85 around the spacer core 5, as the rod 20 is centered within the mold body 120.

[0061] Centering member 31 can include at least a single arm extending radially outward from rod 20. For example, each of centering members 31 can include multiple arms. The arms of centering member 31 can be circumferentially spaced apart from one another around the outer surface. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1B-1C (and 5A-5B), two centering members 31 are attached to rod 20 and have a substantially cross-shaped (or X-shaped) cross-section with four arms extending radially outward from rod 20. This cross-shaped design provides space between the centering member arms, allowing cement material to flow through centering member 31 and coat outer rod surface 26 during the process of forming cement coating 85. It should also be understood that centering member 31 can have any suitable cross-sectional shape so long as it does not block or otherwise impede the flow of fluid cement material.

[0062] As previously mentioned, the temporary spacer 1 of the present disclosure is designed to have modular functionality that allows the surgeon to use a rod 20 of a desired length depending on the particular condition of the patient's anatomy. Accordingly, it should be understood that more or less than two centering members 31 may extend from the rod 20 depending on the desired selected length of the rod 20. For example, one, two, three, four, five, or up to eight centering members 31 may extend outward from the rod 20.

[0063] 1B-1C and 2A-2C, the outer fixation surface 46 can define at least one flat portion 48 extending in a direction from the proximal fixation end 42 to the distal fixation end 44. This is an additional element of the spacer core 5 configured to function with the mold body 120 to form the temporary spacer 1. A potential advantage of the flat portion 48 is that it forms a gap or cavity between the mold body 120 and the fixation component 40 when the spacer core 5 is disposed within the mold body 120. This gap or cavity provides space for access along a portion of the outer fixation surface 46 when cement material is injected into the mold body 120 to form the cement coating 85. In certain examples, as shown in FIG. 2B, the outer fixation surface 46 can include multiple flat portions 48, such as two flat portions 48. In a preferred embodiment, the flat portions 48 are positioned equidistant from one another on the fixation outer surface 46.

[0064] 2A-2C , in certain further embodiments, the outer fixation surface 46 can define at least one surface channel 47 extending in a direction from the proximal fixation end 42 to the distal fixation end 44. An advantage of including the surface channel 47 along the outer surface 46 is that the fluid cement material forming the cement coating 85 can fill and harden the at least one surface channel 47 as it flows into the mold body 120, and once hardened, provides resistance to forces (e.g., twisting) acting on the cement coating 85 during implantation or extraction that could cause the cement coating 85 to fracture or peel off from the fixation component 40. In other words, a portion of the cement coating 85 is shielded within the surface channel 47 from mechanical forces occurring during implantation or extraction that could inadvertently pry, remove, or fracture the cement coating 85 from the spacer core 5. In one example, as shown in FIG. 2B , the at least one surface channel 47 is adjacent to the planar portion 48. The at least one surface channel 47 can include multiple surface channels 47, for example, two, three, four, five, six, or up to eight surface channels 47. In some preferred embodiments, at least one surface channel 47 can be disposed on the outer fixation surface 46 directly adjacent to the planar portion 48. In particularly preferred embodiments, the planar portion 48 has two directly adjacent surface channels 47, one surface channel 47 directly adjacent to one side of the planar portion 48 and a second surface channel 47 directly adjacent to the opposite side of the planar portion 48.

[0065] In certain examples, with reference to FIG. 3 , the cap 60 can be formed as a solid body. In embodiments in which the cap 60 is solid, the cap 60 is attached to the rod 20 after the fluid cement material has been injected into the mold body 120. However, in an alternative embodiment, with reference to FIGS. 4A-4B , the cap 60 can include a plurality of fenestrations 12. The fenestrations 12 are configured to allow the flow of the fluid cement material into the mold body 120 to form the cement coating 85. An advantage of a cap 60 with fenestrations 12 is that the cap 60 can be attached to the rod 20 before the spacer core 5 is inserted into the mold body 120, while still providing one or more fluid pathways within the mold body 120 at the distal cap end 64 for introducing the cement material into the mold body 120 to form the cement coating 85.

[0066] 4A-4B , a plurality of fenestrations 12 extend through the cap 60 from the distal cap end 64 to the proximal cap end 62. In certain embodiments, the fenestrations 12 extend in a direction generally coaxial with the central axis C. In certain embodiments, the fenestrations extend in a generally linear direction. In certain examples, such as that shown in FIGS. 4A-4B , the fenestrations 12 are evenly distributed around the circumference of the cap 60. However, it should be understood that there can be any number of fenestrations 12 of any type of geometry or shape, so long as they provide a fluid path from the distal cap end 64 into the mold body 120.

[0067] According to the present disclosure, and with reference to Figures 5A-5B, a mold assembly 100 for forming a temporary cement spacer 1 is described, and includes a mold body 120, the aforementioned spacer core 5 configured to be disposed within the mold body 120, at least one hole plug 155 configured to be disposed within at least one fixation hole 55 of the fixation component 40, and an adapter 180 configured to operably couple the mold body 120 to a bone cement injection device that fills the mold body 120 with a cement material that forms a cement coating 85 on the spacer core 1.

[0068] For purposes of explanation regarding mold assembly 100 and for brevity, all of the features and embodiments, combinations, and subcombinations described above with respect to spacer core 5 (e.g., rod 20, fixation component 40, cap 60, etc.) are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure regarding mold assembly 100 and any subsequent disclosure regarding kits and manufacturing methods.

[0069] As previously mentioned, the present disclosure provides a modular aspect to the manufacture of the temporary spacer 1, such that at least one advantage is providing the surgeon with the ability to customize the length of the temporary spacer 1 to fit the patient's anatomy. Thus, according to certain embodiments, once the surgeon determines the appropriate length of the rod 20, and thus the spacer core 5, the mold body 120 is configured to have a customizable length to match that desired length. Thus, the mold body 120 is configured so that a portion of its length can be removed as needed to accommodate the determined length of the temporary spacer 1. In one example, the mold body 120 can be cut to the desired length using surgical scissors or a scalpel. In certain embodiments, the mold body 120 may include interval markings or indentations corresponding to specific lengths (e.g., 1 mm intervals) to provide a visual aid for determining the desired length. Therefore, the mold body 120 is preferably formed from a material including one or more elastomers. Suitable elastomer materials may include, for example, silicone or polyurethane (PUR), or copolymers thereof. In certain additional embodiments, mold body 120 comprises one or more thermoplastic materials, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), or copolymers thereof.

[0070] With respect to the following disclosure of the mold body 120, for purposes of convenience and ease in describing the orientation and position of or along the mold body 120, all references will be made with reference to the previously identified orientation identifiers used for the temporary spacer 1 and spacer core 5. This is primarily because the mold assembly 100 includes a spacer core 5 disposed within the mold body 120. Thus, the use of terms such as, for example, "axial," "radial," "proximal," "distal," "longitudinal," and any derivatives thereof, is intended to be consistent between the temporary spacer 1 and spacer core 5 defined above and the mold assembly 100 and mold body 120, as further described. For example, it is intended that the central axis C of the mold body 120 is the same as previously described with respect to the temporary spacer 1 and spacer core 5, as described below. Thus, mold assembly 100 includes a mold body 120 that is elongated in the same longitudinal direction L as rod 20, such that a central axis C defined by rod 20 similarly defines a central axis C of mold body 120. Mold body 120 further defines a proximal mold end 121, a distal mold end 123 opposite proximal mold end 121 along central axis C, and an outer mold surface 124 extending therebetween.

[0071] Mold body 120 additionally defines a proximal mold opening 131 at proximal mold end 121, a distal mold opening 133 at distal mold end 123, and an inner mold surface 138 extending therebetween. Inner mold surface 138 defines a mold lumen 136. Mold lumen 136 is configured to have a spacer 5 disposed therein. In other words, mold assembly 100 includes a spacer core 5 disposed within mold lumen 136, as shown, for example, in FIG. 5A .

[0072] 5A-5B , the mold assembly 100 further includes at least one hole plug 155 configured to be disposed in the at least one fixation hole 55 of the fixation component 40. The function of the at least one hole plug 155 is to fill the at least one fixation hole 55. Because the fixation hole 55 is configured to receive one or more fixation screws that secure the temporary spacer 1 to bone, the function of the at least one hole plug 155 is to prevent any cement material from getting stuck in the fixation hole 55 during injection of cement material into the mold body 120 during formation of the cement coating 85. The at least one hole plug 155 can be inserted into the at least one fixation hole 55 prior to any injection of cement material into the mold body 120, and the at least one hole plug 155 is configured to be removed from the at least one fixation hole 55 once the temporary spacer 1 is formed.

[0073] In certain examples, the spacer core 5 can include more fixation holes 55 than will be utilized by fixation screws during implantation. As previously mentioned, the fixation component 40 of the spacer core 5 can include multiple fixation holes 55, providing the surgeon with multiple options for utilizing one or more fixation screws to secure the temporary spacer 1 to adjacent bone. Thus, a surgeon or other medical professional can determine which or how many fixation holes 55 are designated to receive fixation screws prior to formation of the temporary spacer 1 and, therefore, utilize a corresponding number of hole plugs 155 to fill those designated fixation holes 55. Thus, fixation holes 55 not designated to receive hole plugs 155 can be left open, and cement material can fill the unused radial holes 55. This can be advantageous to further enhance attachment of the cement coating 85 to the spacer core 5. Thus, a first portion of the multiple fixation holes 55 can be said to include hole plugs 155 disposed therein, and a second portion of the fixation holes 55 can be said to be open or not include hole plugs 155 disposed therein.

[0074] Alternatively, the surgeon or other medical professional may not be able to determine which or how many fixation holes 55 need to be available to receive fixation screws until they simultaneously assess the anatomical conditions at the implant site. In such instances, each of the fixation holes 55 can be filled with a hole plug 155 to maintain the availability of each of the fixation holes 55 for a fixation screw.

[0075] 5A-5B , the mold body 120 can include at least one mold hole 145 configured to receive a hole plug 155. The at least one mold hole 145 is also configured to align with at least one of the retainer holes 55 when the spacer core 5 is disposed within the mold body 120. The at least one mold hole 145 extends radially through the mold bore 136 relative to the central axis C. As previously mentioned, direction modifiers used with respect to the mold body 120 should be understood to be used correspondingly with respect to the spacer core 5, and the use of the terms “radial” or “radially,” or derivatives thereof, refers to a direction or position defined with respect to the central axis C and can include a radially inward direction toward the central axis C and a radially outward direction away from the central axis C. In certain examples, the radial direction R is oriented perpendicular to the central axis C; in other examples, the radial direction R can be angularly offset from a direction that is perpendicular to the central axis C but not coaxial with or parallel to the central axis C.

[0076] The function of the at least one mold hole 145 is to allow at least one hole plug 155 to be inserted into the at least one fixing hole 55 when the spacer core 5 is placed in the mold body 120, and further to allow the at least one hole plug 155 to be removed from the at least one fixing hole 55 after the temporary spacer 1 is formed (i.e., after the cement material has been injected into the mold body 120 and the cement coating 85 has been formed) while the temporary spacer 1 is still placed in the mold body 120. One advantage of configuring the hole plug 155 to fit into both the at least one fixing hole 55 in the spacer core 5 and the at least one mold hole 145 in the mold body 120 is that such a mold assembly 100 can act as a self-aligning mechanism. In other words, when the spacer core 5 is disposed within the mold body 120, the mold body 120 and the spacer core 5 can be considered to be properly oriented and aligned with respect to one another when the mold holes 145 and the fixation holes 55 of the spacer core 5 are aligned with one another and can receive hole plugs 155, for example, as seen in Figure 5A. Thus, in a particular example of a mold assembly 100, at least one hole plug 155 can be said to be disposed in and extend through both the at least one fixation hole 55 and the at least one mold hole 145.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the number of mold holes 145 is the same as the number of fixation holes 55. In alternative embodiments, the number of mold holes 145 is fewer than the number of fixation holes 55. As previously mentioned, the spacer core 5 can include a number of fixation holes 55 that exceeds the actual number of fixation screws utilized by the surgeon. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the mold body 120 can be configured to include fewer mold holes 145 than the corresponding number of fixation holes 55 formed in the spacer core 5. For example, in embodiments in which multiple fixation holes 55 are present, there may be certain fixation hole 55 locations within the spacer core 5 that are more likely or likely to be utilized in a surgical procedure and certain fixation hole 55 locations within the spacer core 5 that are less likely to be utilized. Thus, the mold body 120 can, on the one hand, include exactly the same number of mold holes 145 as the fixation holes 55 in the spacer core 5, or it can have a fewer number. A potential advantage of having fewer is that it minimizes the number of locations where cement material can leak along the mold body 120 and potentially compromise the integrity of the resulting cement coating 85.

[0078] According to certain embodiments, the at least one hole plug 155 can include multiple hole plugs 155, such as two, three, four, five, six, or even up to eight hole plugs 155. For example, as shown in Figures 5A-5B, there are two radial hole plugs 155 configured to fit within each of the two mold holes 145 and two corresponding fixation holes 55 in the spacer core 5.

[0079] 5A-5B, as well as 9A-9D and 10A-10B, mold assembly 100 can further include an adapter 180 configured to operably couple mold body 120 to cement injection device 210 to provide a continuous fluid pathway from cement injection device 210 to mold lumen 136, into which spacer core 5 is disposed and cement material forms cement coating 85 on spacer core 5, thus forming temporary spacer 1. While the following description of adapter 180 and the accompanying drawings describe adapter 180 operably coupled to distal mold end 123 of mold body 120, it should be understood that adapter 180 can also be coupled to proximal mold end 121 of mold body 120.

[0080] As shown, the adapter 180 extends from the mold body 120 along a longitudinal direction L such that, when coupled to the distal mold end 123, the adapter 180 is aligned with the mold body 120 along the central axis C. The adapter 180 defines a proximal adapter end 181 configured to couple to the distal mold end 123 and a distal adapter end 183 opposite the proximal adapter end 181 along the central axis C. As shown, the distal adapter end 183 is configured to operably couple to the cement injection device 210. Additionally, the adapter 180 further defines a distal adapter opening 193 at the distal adapter end 183 and an adapter inner wall 188 extending from the distal adapter opening 193 toward the proximal adapter end 181. The adapter inner wall 188 defines an adapter recess 186. The adapter recess 186 provides a continuous fluid pathway from the cement injection device 210 to the mold body lumen 136. 9A-9D, the adapter inner wall 188 can be threaded such that operably coupling the adapter 180 to the cement injection device 210 includes threading the adapter 180 with the cement injection device 210. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 10A-10B, the adapter 180 can include a clamp to securely couple the cement injection device 210 to the distal mold end 123.

[0081] 9A-9D , the inner wall 188 can further include an adapter receptacle 195 disposed within the adapter recess 186 and extending proximally toward the mold body 120. The adapter receptacle 195 can have a receptacle opening 196 facing the proximal adapter end 181. In certain embodiments, the distal rod end 24 can be configured to engage with and be disposed within the receptacle opening 196. The function of the receptacle opening 196 is to properly center the rod 20 within the mold body when the distal rod end 24 is seated within the receptacle opening 196, better enabling the formation of a uniform cement coating 85 along the rod outer surface 26. According to certain embodiments, the adapter receptacle 195 can have an internally threaded surface, and the distal rod end 24 can be threadably engaged with the adapter receptacle 195.

[0082] 5-8, in certain examples, the mold body 120 extends generally along the central axis C from the proximal mold end 121 to the distal mold end 123 and includes a separation means configured to separate the mold body 120. The function of the separation means is to split or otherwise separate the mold body 120 so as to provide a way for the temporary spacer 1 to be released from the mold body 120 without damage after the cement coating 85 has hardened.

[0083] 5A-5B and 6, the separating means includes a plurality of perforations 148 arranged in a row extending axially along the mold body 120 from the proximal mold end 121 toward the distal mold end 123. In certain embodiments, there can be multiple rows of perforations 148 along the mold body 120, for example, as shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, two separate rows of perforations 148 can extend axially along the mold body 120 between the proximal mold end 121 and the distal mold end 123.

[0084] Alternatively, with reference to Figure 7, the separating means may include at least one strip of material 149 extending axially and disposed within the mold body 120 between the outer mold surface 124 and the inner mold surface 138. For example, as shown in Figure 7, there are two strips of material 149 extending axially between the proximal mold end 121 and the distal mold end 123.

[0085] 8A-8D, the mold body 120 may include a groove 147, or multiple grooves 147, such as two grooves 147, formed in the outer mold surface 124 that extend axially along the length of the mold body 120 from the proximal mold end 121 toward the distal mold end 123. Referring to FIGS. 8C-8D, the mold body 120 may further include one or more reinforcing members 152 disposed within the mold body 120 that are configured in combination with the grooves 147 to enable controlled, directional separation of the mold body 120 along the grooves 147. In other words, the inclusion of the reinforcing members 152 in the mold body 120 directs separation of the mold body along the path of the grooves 147, reducing the likelihood of the mold body 120 tearing in an unintended direction.

[0086] 5-8, the mold body 120 can further include one or more tabs 141 located on either the proximal mold end 121 or the distal mold end 123. The one or more tabs 141 are configured to be grasped and pulled, for example, manually or mechanically, to initiate separation of the mold body 120 along the direction of the separation means. For example, a user can grasp and pull one or more tabs 141, thus applying a force that separates the mold body 120 along the defined separation means. For example, if the mold body 120 includes perforations 148 as shown in FIGS. 5A-5B and 6, or grooves 147 as shown in FIG. 8, pulling one or more tabs 141 applies a force to the mold body 120 along the row of perforations 148 or grooves 147, causing the mold body 120 to separate along the separation means. When the mold body 120 includes a strip of material 149, as shown in FIG. 7, the user can pull the tab 141 to cause the strip 149 to slice the mold body 120 along the line of the strip 149.

[0087] As mentioned above, in certain embodiments, stationary component 40 can be offset by angle theta θ relative to the direction of central axis C. In embodiments in which stationary component 40 is offset, proximal mold end 121 (at which stationary component 40 is disposed within mold assembly 100) can similarly be offset from central axis C by the same angle theta θ (see, e.g., FIG. 9A).

[0088] According to the present disclosure, a kit for forming a temporary cement spacer 1 is disclosed. The kit can include a mold body 120, at least one adapter 180, a fixation component 40, at least one hole plug 155, at least one rod 20, and a cap 60. It should be understood that each of the disclosed components can be provided in the kit as a separate component. Alternatively, each of the disclosed kit components can be provided in the kit already connected to a corresponding component or components in a manner consistent with that described above. For example, the rod 20, fixation component 40, and cap 60 have already been described as elements of a spacer core 5 configured to be coupled. Thus, any combination of these three components can be provided in the kit already connected, such as a kit including a rod 20 connected to a fixation component 40, a rod 20 connected to a cap 60, or a rod 20 connected to both a fixation component 40 and a cap 60. As another example, the kit can be provided with a separate mold body 120 and adapter 180, or the adapter 80 can be provided connected to the mold body 120.

[0089] In certain examples, a kit may be provided in which at least one rod 20 can include a plurality of rods 20, such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten rods 20. In a preferred embodiment, each rod 20 of the plurality of rods 20 has a length measured between a proximal rod end and a distal rod end, and the length of each rod of the plurality of rods 20 is different from the length of any other rod of the plurality of rods 20. In other words, the kit includes a plurality of rods 20 of different lengths. As previously disclosed, in one aspect, the temporary spacer 1 of the present disclosure is configured to be modular with respect to their lengths and with respect to the surgeon's ability to determine and customize the length of the spacer core 5. Thus, by providing a plurality of rods 20, each rod 20 having a different length, the surgeon can customize the spacer core 5 to have a desired length that most closely approximates the patient's anatomical dimensions.

[0090] Alternatively, as previously mentioned, the rod 20 can include an outer surface 26 that is substantially or entirely provided with a threaded surface 28. In such cases, the kit can include a single rod 20 that includes a continuous threaded surface 28, and the surgeon can determine the appropriate length of the rod 20 and cut the rod 20 to the desired length.

[0091] The kit may further include at least one fixation bone screw, for example, the kit may include multiple fixation screws, such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight fixation screws, that are positioned in the fixation holes 55 and configured to fix the temporary spacer 1 to the bone.

[0092] 11 , the kit can include an insertion tool 300 configured to operably couple to the fixation component 40. As shown in FIG. 11 , the insertion tool 300 is operably coupled to the proximal fixation end 42 by placing an insert screw 303 in the proximal fixation recess 53.

[0093] The present disclosure further describes a method of forming an antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer, the method comprising: Inserting a spacer core into a cavity of a mold body, the spacer core including a rod and a fixation component connected to the rod, the fixation component including at least one fixation hole; coupling a bone cement injection device to the mold body via an adapter to provide a fluid pathway from the bone cement injection device into the mold body lumen; placing at least one hole plug in the at least one fixation hole; injecting a bone cement material containing one or more antimicrobial agents into the mold body lumen through the fluid pathway and along at least a portion of the outer surface of the rod; allowing the bone cement material on the outer rod surface to harden to form a cement coating, thereby forming an antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer; separating the bone cement injection device from the mold body; removing the at least one hole plug from the at least one fixation hole; and separating the mold body from the antimicrobial agent eluting temporary cement spacer.

[0094] The method may further include, prior to inserting the spacer core 5 into the mold cavity 136, connecting the rod 20 to the fixation component 40, for example, operably coupling the proximal rod end 22 to the distal fixation end 44 as described above.

[0095] As previously mentioned, rod 20 has a rod length, and the method can further include the step of removing a portion of the length of rod 20 from either proximal rod end 22 or distal rod end 24. In a preferred embodiment, after the removing step, the length of spacer core 5 is equal to or less than the length of mold body 120. Additionally, as previously mentioned, mold body 120 has a length, and the method can further include the step of removing a portion of the length of mold body 120 from either proximal mold end 122 or distal mold end 124.

[0096] According to additional embodiments, the mold body 120 includes at least one mold hole 145, and inserting the spacer core 5 into the mold lumen 136 can further include aligning the at least one mold hole 145 with the at least one fixation hole 55. Additionally, placing at least one hole plug 155 in the at least one fixation hole 55 can further include placing at least one hole plug 155 in the at least one mold hole 145 and the at least one fixation hole 55. In certain further embodiments, when the at least one fixation hole 55 includes multiple fixation holes 55, the method includes placing multiple hole plugs 155 in each fixation hole 55 of the multiple fixation holes 55. Alternatively, when the at least one fixation hole 55 includes multiple fixation holes, the method can include inserting the at least one hole plug 155 into the multiple fixation holes 55 such that at least one fixation hole 55 of the multiple fixation holes 55 does not receive a hole plug 155. In embodiments in which at least one fixation hole 55 does not receive a hole plug 155, injecting the bone cement material can include filling with the bone cement material the at least one fixation hole 55 that did not receive a hole plug 155. In yet another embodiment, when the at least one mold body hole 145 includes a plurality of mold holes 145, the method includes disposing a plurality of hole plugs 155 within each mold hole 145 of the plurality of mold holes 145.

[0097] As mentioned above, in certain embodiments, the cap 60 is configured to be attached to the distal rod end 24, and in such cases, the spacer core 5 can be said to include the rod 20, the fixation component 40, and the cap 60. Accordingly, the method can further include attaching the cap 60 to the distal rod end 24 of the rod 5. Furthermore, as described, if the distal rod end 24 includes a threaded surface 28, the process can include threading the cap 60 onto the threaded surface 28 of the distal rod end 24. As mentioned above, the cap 60 can include a plurality of fenestrations 12 extending therethrough. Therefore, if the cap 60 includes the fenestrations 12, the attaching of the cap 60 to the rod 20 can occur before the injecting of the bone cement material and at any time after the separating of the bone cement injection device 210 from the mold body 120. Accordingly, if the cap 60 includes the fenestrations 12, the injecting of the bone cement material can include injecting the bone cement material through the fenestrations 12.

[0098] 12 , an additional embodiment of a mold assembly 400 for forming a temporary cement spacer 1 is described. The mold assembly 400 includes a mold body 520 and a temporary spacer core 405 configured to be disposed within the mold body 520. The spacer core 405 is configured to provide a structural framework for the temporary spacer 1 and includes a rod 420, a fixation component 440, and a cap 460. The mold assembly includes at least one hole plug 555 configured to be disposed within at least one fixation hole 455 of the fixation component 440. The mold assembly 400 also includes an adapter 580 configured to operably couple the mold body 520 to a bone cement injection device that fills the mold body 520 with a cement material that forms a cement coating 485 on the spacer core 1. The mold assembly 400 also includes a proximal plug member 470 configured to mate with a proximal end of the fixation component.

[0099] For purposes of explanation regarding mold assembly 400, and for brevity, all of the features and embodiments, combinations, and subcombinations described above with respect to spacer core 5 (e.g., rod 20, stationary component 40, cap 60, etc.) are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure regarding mold assembly 400 and any subsequent disclosures regarding kits and methods of manufacture. The following disclosure will focus on differences between mold assembly 400 and its components relative to the mold assemblies and components described above with reference to Figures 1A-11.

[0100] The rod 420 is configured similarly to the rod 20 described above. The rod 420 defines a proximal rod end 22, a distal rod end 24 opposite the proximal rod end 22 along a central axis C, and an outer rod surface 26 extending from the proximal rod end 22 to the distal rod end 24. The proximal rod end 22 is configured to be attached to a fixation component 440. For example, a portion of the outer rod surface 26 at the proximal rod end 22 can define a fixation feature, such as a threaded surface 28, that can be secured with a complementary fixation feature, such as the inner distal fixation surface 33 of the fixation component 440. The distal rod end 24 is configured to be attached to a cap 460. For example, a portion of the outer rod surface 26 at the distal rod end 24 can define a fixation feature, such as a threaded surface 28, that can be secured with a complementary fixation feature, such as the threaded cap surface 71 of the cap 60. In this embodiment, rod outer surface 26 is preferably smooth and does not have any protrusions between threaded surface 28 at proximal rod end 22 and threaded surface 28 at distal rod end 24. For example, rod outer surface 26 in this embodiment may lack a centering member, such as centering member 31 described above.

[0101] 13A-13D, fixation component 440 is configured similarly to fixation component 40 described above. Accordingly, fixation component 440 can include various associated features described above, including, for example, proximal fixation end 42, proximal fixation opening 50, proximal fixation inner surface 51, proximal fixation recess 53, distal fixation end 44, distal fixation opening 32, inner distal fixation surface 33, distal fixation recess 35, outer fixation surface 46, one or more fixation holes 55, and offset angle θ.

[0102] However, one difference in this embodiment is that the outer fixation surface 46 can define one or more protrusions 49, which can define radially outer portions of one or more fixation holes 55. The one or more protrusions 49, also referred to as "bosses" or "islands," can each define an outer protruding surface 451 spaced outward from the main concave surface portion 449 of the outer fixation surface 46 by a distance R1 measured along the radial direction R. The one or more protrusions 49 can beneficially increase the gap or cavity volume between the mold body 520 and the fixation component 440 when the spacer core 405 is disposed within the mold body 520. This increased gap or cavity volume provides additional space along the outer fixation surface 46 to receive and be occupied by cement material injected into the mold body 520 to form the cement coating 85.

[0103] In the illustrated embodiment, the one or more protrusions 49 include a first pair of radially opposed protrusions 49a along at least the first fixation hole 55a and a second pair of radially opposed protrusions 49b along at least the second fixation hole 55b. It should be understood that each protrusion 49 can extend along a single fixation hole 55 or along multiple fixation holes 55. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more protrusions 49 can extend along other features, such as along the proximal fixation end 42. For example, the one or more protrusions 49 can include a proximal attachment protrusion 49c configured to mate with a complementary geometry of an instrument, such as the insertion instrument 300. The proximal attachment protrusion 49c can define one or more surface channels 447, which can be configured to vent gas (e.g., air) as the cement 85 advances through the mold. The one or more surface channels 447 can also beneficially provide a visual indication when the mold is filled (or at least substantially filled) with cement 85, as well as a simplified “clean-up” mechanism by which excess cement 85 can be pushed out of the mold and discarded. As shown, the proximal attachment protrusion 49c can define a single surface channel 447 having a dovetail cross-sectional profile, which can be configured to retain the cement 85 therein after hardening. Alternatively, the surface channel 447 can have other profile shapes, such as, by way of non-limiting example, a U-shaped or V-shaped cross-sectional profile. It should be understood that the proximal fixation end 42 is preferably configured to selectively mount to multiple instruments, such as various insertion instruments 300 (e.g., various aiming arms, etc.). In this manner, the spacer core 405 can be attachable to various types of surgical instruments based on the patient's needs.

[0104] One or more of the protrusions 49 can also define retention structures for interfacing with injected cement after hardening to improve the stability of the interface between the cement coating 85 and the fixation component 440. Such retention structures can include inwardly tapered surfaces or “notches” along one or more various sides and / or ends of the protrusions 49. For example, one or both of the first pair of radially opposed protrusions 49 a can include tapered sides 453 that taper inward toward each other as they extend radially inward toward the central axis C. Additionally or alternatively, one or both of the second pair of radially opposed protrusions 49 b can include tapered sides 457 that taper inward toward each other as they extend radially inward toward the central axis C. These tapered sides 457 can also define channels that can receive portions of the cement coating 85 and provide shielding from mechanical forces encountered during implantation or extraction, similar to the channel 47 described above. Additionally, the tapered sides 453, 457 can cause the respective outer protruding surfaces 451 to extend radially into respective portions of the main concave surface portion 449, which can facilitate retention of the cement coating 85 along the fixation component 440, particularly during exposure to forces (e.g., torsion) acting on the cement coating 85 during implantation or extraction that may cause fracture or delamination of the cement coating 85 from the fixation component 440. It should be understood that other retention structure geometries can be used along one or more of the protrusions 49.

[0105] 13D , the proximal plug member 470 can be configured to temporarily mate with the proximal fixation inner surface 51 of the fixation component 440. The proximal plug member 470 can include a distal insert 472 for insertion into the proximal fixation recess 53. Preferably, the distal insert 472 is externally threaded for threaded engagement with the internal threads of the proximal fixation inner surface 51. In this manner, the proximal plug member 470 can occlude and prevent the flow of cement 85 into the proximal fixation opening 50 during the cement injection process. Thus, the proximal plug member 470 can also be referred to as a “thread protector” for the proximal fixation end 42 of the fixation component 440.

[0106] 14A-14C, the cap 460 is configured similarly to the cap 60 described above. Accordingly, the cap 460 may include various associated features described above, including, for example, the proximal cap end 62, the proximal cap opening 70, the inner cap surface 71, the cap recess 73, the distal cap end 64, and the outer cap surface 66. However, in this embodiment, instead of the fenestrations 12, the cap 460 may include a distal cap opening 75 that is preferably centrally disposed about the central axis C. The distal cap end 64 is defined by a distal cap portion 461 connected to a proximal hub portion 463 by a plurality of arms 465, the plurality of arms being circumferentially spaced from one another about the central axis C. In this manner, the cap 460 defines an opening or channel 466 circumferentially disposed between the arms 465 and in fluid communication with the distal cap opening 75 to facilitate the flow of cement 85 therethrough. One advantage of a cap 460 configured in this manner is that the channel 466 can be wider and can present a smaller contact surface area along the body of the cap 460 than a fenestration such as the fenestration 12 described above, and therefore can provide less resistance to the cement 85 during injection of the cement 85. The proximal hub portion 463 can define the proximal cap end 62, the cap opening 70, the inner cap surface 71, and the cap recess 73, which can be configured as described above.

[0107] As shown, the cap 460 can have three arms, which are preferably evenly spaced apart circumferentially (i.e., at 120-degree intervals) about the central axis C. It should be understood that in other embodiments, the cap 640 can have one, two, four, five, or more than five arms 465, which can be evenly or unevenly spaced apart. As shown, the arms 465 preferably define distal surfaces 467 that taper toward leading edges 469 to reduce resistance (e.g., drag) to the cement 85 being injected through the distal cap opening 75. The leading edges 469 of the arms 463 can also taper radially inward and distally from the distal cap portion 461 to the proximal hub portion 463. A distal surface 471 of the proximal hub portion 463 can be rounded or otherwise configured to facilitate the flow of cement 85 through the cap 460.

[0108] The cap 460 can define a maximum cap cross-sectional area similar to the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer 1. For example, the maximum cap cross-sectional area can be in the range of 70 percent to 100 percent of the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer 1, more specifically in the range of 85 percent to 95 percent of the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer 1, or preferably in the range of about 88 percent to about 92 percent of the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer 1. It should be understood that for the aforementioned exemplary ranges, the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer 1 can be defined by the fixed component 440.

[0109] 15A-15C, the mold body 520 is configured similarly to the mold body 120 described above for forming the temporary spacer 1. Thus, for example, the mold body 520 can include various associated features described above, including, for example, the proximal mold end 121, the proximal mold opening 131, the outer mold surface 124, the distal mold end 123, the distal mold opening 133, the mold lumen 136, the mold inner surface 138, and one or more mold holes 545. Like the mold body 120 described above, the mold body 520 of this embodiment is configured to customize its length to match the desired length of the spacer core 405. Thus, the mold body 520 preferably includes visual indicia, such as a series of markings 525 spaced at intervals corresponding to specific lengths (e.g., 1 mm intervals), to provide a visual aid for determining the desired length. The markings 525 can be drawn, painted, etched, anodized, and / or engraved on the mold outer surface 524. Preferably, the mold body 520 is also formed from a material that is translucent or at least semi-transparent, thereby allowing a surgeon or other qualified medical professional to view the spacer core 405 and / or cement disposed inside the mold body 520 during the forming process. It should be understood that, based on the selected rod 420 length, the distal cap end 64 preferably substantially aligns with one of the markings 525 when the spacer core 405 is positioned along the mold body 520. Thus, the surgeon can visually reference the distal cap end 64 along the mold body 520 to identify the desired customized length of the mold body 520. Furthermore, the surgeon can optionally designate one of the visual markings as a desired location for cutting the mold body 520. The mold body 520 preferably defines weakened portions, such as notches, along the markings 525 to facilitate or otherwise orient the cut at the selected marking 525.

[0110] 16A-16C, the mold body 520 is configured to be cut to a desired length using a cutting device, such as the multi-function cutting device or "cutter" 550 of the mold assembly 400. It should be understood that the mold body 520 may also be configured to facilitate cutting to a desired length using other cutting devices, such as, by way of non-limiting example, surgical scissors or a scalpel. The multi-function cutter 550 of this embodiment includes a first support member 552 having guide formations 554 for removably coupling with the mold body 520 for multi-function cutting (e.g., selective multi-directional cutting), as described in more detail below. The cutter 550 includes a second support member 556 that carries a cutting member, such as a blade 558, and is pivotally connected to the first support member 552 via a hinge structure 560. In this embodiment, the hinge structure 560 is a compliant (i.e., flexible) member that may be defined by a plurality of cavities or openings configured to induce bending along the hinge structure 560. The hinge structure 560 may be monolithic with both the first support member 552 and the second support member 556, as shown.

[0111] The guide formation 554 can be configured to perform multi-directional cuts by defining first and second attachment formations for performing first and second cuts, respectively, along first and second cutting directions. For example, the first attachment formation can be a first pair of slots 562 aligned along a first guide axis X1, which is configured to be substantially coaxial with the central axis C when the mold body 520 extends through the first pair of slots 562, thereby aligning the blade 558 (and thus the first cutting direction) along a transverse direction T that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction L. In this manner, the mold body 520 can be inserted into the first pair of slots 562 to cut the mold body 520 to a desired length. The guide formation 554 can also include reference formations, such as one or more visualization protrusions 566 defining a gap therebetween, that can be configured to provide the surgeon with a visual reference for the cutting path of the blade 558. In this manner, when making cuts that determine the length of the mold body 520, the surgeon can use the reference formations 566 to align the cutting path with the desired markings 525. The second attachment formations can be a second pair of slots 564 aligned along a second guide axis X2, which is configured to be substantially coaxial with the central axis C when the mold body 520 extends through the second pair of slots 564, thereby aligning the blade 558 (and thus the second cutting direction) along the longitudinal direction L. In this manner, the mold body 520 can be inserted through the second pair of slots 564 to longitudinally cut (e.g., slice) the mold body 520 along its length and separate the mold body 520 from the temporary spacer 1 after the cement coating 85 has hardened.

[0112] 17, in another embodiment of a cutter 550, a hinge structure 560 can use a pivot pin 568 that pivotally joins a first support member 552 and a second support member 556. In this embodiment, the proximal ends 570 of the first and second support members 552, 556 can be pressed toward each other about the pivot pin 568, which acts as a fulcrum, to open the cutter 550 for insertion of a mold body 520 through one of the first or second pairs of slots 562, 564. The cutter 550 of this embodiment can otherwise be configured similarly to the cutter 550 described above with reference to FIGS. 16A-16C.

[0113] 18A-18C , the adapter 580 is configured substantially similarly to the adapter 180 described above for operably coupling the mold body 520 to a component of the cement injection device 210, such as the injection tube 212 of the injection syringe 210. Accordingly, the adapter 580 includes various features of the adapter described above, including a proximal adapter end 181 configured to couple to the distal mold end 123 and a distal adapter end 183 opposite the proximal adapter end 181 along the central axis C. As described above, the distal adapter end 183 is configured to operably couple to the injection tube 212. Additionally, the adapter 580 further defines a proximal adapter opening 191 at the proximal adapter end 181, a distal adapter opening 193 at the distal adapter end 183, and an adapter inner wall 188 extending from the proximal adapter opening 191 to the distal adapter opening 193. The adapter inner wall 188 defines an adapter lumen 186 that provides a continuous fluid pathway from the fill tube 212 to the mold body lumen 136. The adapter 580 also defines an adapter outer surface 587, which may define a mounting formation, such as an external recess 589, that may extend annularly around the circumference or partial circumference of the adapter 580.

[0114] 18B , the adapter 580 can include one or more internal retention features, such as first and second retention features 582, 584, configured to securely grip the mold body 520 and the cement injection device 210, respectively, when they are fully inserted or “seated” within the adapter lumen 186. For example, the first and second retention features 582, 584 can each be annular retaining rings having a plurality of fingers or teeth 586 extending radially inward toward the central axis C. The retaining rings 582, 584 can reside within respective annular recesses 585 within the adapter inner wall 188. The teeth 586 can have a geometry configured to non-destructively grip the outer surfaces of the mold body 520 and the injection tube 212, respectively. For example, the tooth 586 can be formed from a flexible material that can grip the mold body 520 and the injection tube 212, respectively, with sufficient retention force to "hold" them in position with the adapter lumen 186 during the cement injection process, but also allow the mold body 520 and the injection tube 212 to be subsequently non-destructively separated from the tooth 586.

[0115] Preferably, the adapter 580 also includes one or more release members, such as a first release member 588 for releasing the mold body 520 from the adapter 580 and a second release member 590 for releasing the fill tube 212 from the adapter 580. One or both of the first and second release members 588, 590 may include a tubular insert body 592 and an actuator, such as an actuation flange 594, extending radially outward from the tubular insert body 592. The first and second release members 588, 590 are shown in their neutral positions in FIG. 18B . The release members 588, 590 may be selectively actuated to a release position by pressing the respective actuation flange 594 to push the tubular insert body 592 further into the adapter lumen 186, forcing the inner end 596 of the tubular insert body 592 against the teeth 586 of the respective retaining rings 582, 584. In this manner, when in the released position, the tubular insertion body 592 can deflect the teeth 586 out of engagement with the mold body 520 or injection tube 212, respectively, thereby allowing the surgeon to retract the respective mold body 520 or injection tube 212 from the adapter 580, as needed.

[0116] Preferably, the tubular insertion body 592 defines an interior surface 598 that defines a respective lumen 599 sized to snugly receive either the mold body 520 or the injection tube 212, but not both. For example, the interior surface 598 of the first release member 588 can define an interior diameter D1 that is substantially equal to the outer diameter of the distal mold end 123, such that the distal mold end 123 can be snugly received within the lumen 599 of the first release member 588. Said diameter can be greater than an interior diameter D2 of the interior surface 598 of the second release member 590, which can be substantially equal to the outer diameter of the injection tube 212, such that the injection tube 212 can be snugly received within the lumen 599 of the second release member 590. In this manner, the distal mold end 123 does not fit within the lumen 599 of the second release member 590, thus ensuring that the distal mold end 123 is inserted into the appropriate end of the adapter 580 (i.e., the proximal adapter end 181). Thus, once the distal mold end 123 is inserted into the adapter 580, the injection tube 212 can only be inserted into its associated end of the adapter 580 (i.e., the distal adapter end 183). It should be understood that in other embodiments, the injection tube 212 can have an outer diameter that is larger than the outer diameter of the distal mold end 123. In still other embodiments, the injection tube 212 and the distal mold end 123 can have substantially equivalent outer diameters D1, D2 and can fit snugly within the lumen 599 of both release members 588, 590, respectively.

[0117] It will be appreciated that the distal adapter end 183 is preferably configured to mate with a standard type injection syringe, thereby providing important advantages, such as allowing the adapter 580 to be used for injection with a number of different injection devices that use such standard type injection syringes.

[0118] 19A-19B , mold assembly 400 can include a gripping or “handle” member 600, such as for use with adapter 580, to provide gripping support to a surgeon during the cement injection process. Handle member 600 can include a central mount portion 602 and a pair of extension portions 604 extending in opposite directions therefrom along lateral direction T. Central mount portion 602 can define a slot 605 for engaging complementary structure on adapter 580, such as external recess 589. Extension portion 604 can include gripping formations 606, such as scallops configured to provide finger holds, which can provide gripping support for a surgeon's fingers to effectively grip adapter 580 during the cement injection process.

[0119] 20A-20C, the mold assembly 400 can include a molding tool 610 for cleaning excess cement 85 from the distal end of the temporary spacer core 405. The molding tool 610 has a proximal end 612, an opposite distal end 614 spaced from the proximal end 612 along the longitudinal direction L, and a gripping portion 616 extending from the distal end 614 toward the proximal end 612. The gripping portion 616 preferably defines a gripping feature 618, such as a recess, knurling, or the like, to facilitate manipulation by the surgeon. The molding tool 610 includes a cleaning formation 620 at the proximal end 612. As shown in FIG. 20C, the cleaning formation 620 is configured to be inserted into the mold lumen 136 at the distal mold end 123 to engage the distal cap end 64. The cleaning formation 620 defines an engagement surface 622 that preferably has a concave shape complementary to the shape of the distal end 64 of the cap 460. The cleaning formation 620 also defines a plurality of channels 624 for conveying excess cement away from the cap 460. The channels 624 may extend along a helical path and may be in fluid communication with a tool lumen 626 that extends from the cleaning formation 620 to the distal end 614. The channels 624 are preferably configured to receive and contain excess cement 85 removed from the cap 460 and to direct the excess cement 85 inwardly into the tool lumen 626 for containment. The channels 624 may direct a portion of the excess cement through the lumen 626 and out of the distal end 614, although it should be understood that such conveyance out of the distal end 614 is not necessary for the forming tool 610 to adequately clean the excess cement from the cap 460.

[0120] 21 , the mold assembly 400 may be provided in a kit 700 for forming a temporary cement spacer 1. The kit 700 of this embodiment may include a mold body 520, at least one adapter 580, a fixation component 440, at least one hole plug 555, at least one rod 420, and a cap 460. It should be understood that various combinations of the aforementioned components may optionally be provided in the kit 700 already connected as described above. In some embodiments of the kit 700, the at least one rod 420 may include a plurality of rods 420, e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more than ten rods 420. In a preferred embodiment, each rod 420 of the plurality of rods 420 has a length that is different from the length of each of the other rods 420. Thus, the kit 700 allows a surgeon or other medical professional to select a rod 420 having a desired rod length to use to form a temporary spacer 1 having a desired spacer length, thereby allowing the surgeon to customize the spacer core 405 based on the patient's specific anatomy.

[0121] It should be understood that the kit 700 may be a single-use kit that includes an entire system for forming the temporary spacer 1. In such an embodiment, the kit 700 may include the cement injection device 210, a cement mixing device, and one or more pre-packaged amounts of cement material. The single-use kit 700 of such an embodiment may also include components for implanting the formed temporary spacer 1 into a patient's anatomy. For example, the kit 700 may include an insertion tool 300 and an associated insertion screw 303 for coupling to the proximal end of the fixation component 440. The kit 700 may further include at least one fixation bone screw, such as a plurality of fixation screws, such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more than eight fixation screws, each configured to be positioned in the fixation holes 555 and fix the temporary spacer 1 to bone.

[0122] The kit 700 can be used in a method for performing a surgical revision procedure, such as to remove and temporarily replace an implant. This procedure can include a method for forming or otherwise constructing an antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer 1. One example of such a method for constructing a temporary spacer includes selecting a rod 420 having a desired length from a plurality of rods 420 in the kit 700, e.g., seven rods 420 having respective lengths of 285 mm, 315 mm, 330 mm, 345 mm, 360 mm, 375 mm, and 405 mm, by way of non-limiting example. The surgeon can assemble the spacer core 405 by coupling the proximal rod end 22 of the selected rod 420 to the fixation component 440 and the distal rod end 24 to the cap 460 in the manner described above. The desired length of the mold body 520 can be determined, for example, by placing the assembled spacer core 405 along the mold body 520 and identifying the marking 525 on the mold body 520 that aligns with the distal cap end 64. The surgeon can prepare the mold body 520 for cutting at each marking 525 by inserting the mold body 520 into the first pair of slots 562 of the cutter 550 so that the reference formations 566 align with the respective markings 525, and then can use the blade 558 to cut the mold body 520 at the markings 525. The cutter 550 can then be removed from the mold body 520.

[0123] The surgeon can then begin assembly of the mold by inserting the assembled spacer core 405 through the proximal mold opening 131 and into the lumen 136. The surgeon can align the fixation holes 55 of the fixation component 440 with the associated mold holes 145 in the mold body 520 and insert one or more of the hole plugs 555 through the corresponding one or more mold holes 145 and the corresponding one or more fixation holes 55. It should be appreciated that each hole plug 555 can ensure proper orientation of the spacer core 405 within the mold body 520 and can also prevent movement of the spacer core 405 relative to the mold body 520 in response to pressures generated during injection of bone cement into the mold body 520. An adapter 580 can be coupled to the mold body 520. In particular, the distal mold end 123 can be inserted into the proximal adapter opening 191 until it is fully seated within the adapter lumen 186. At this stage, the mold can be characterized as being fully constructed, or at least substantially fully constructed. The constructed mold can be left to rest until bone cement is mixed and ready to be poured into the mold.

[0124] To facilitate cement injection, the injection tube 212 of the injection device 210 can be inserted into the distal adapter opening 193 until it is fully seated within the adapter lumen 186 and in fluid communication with the mold lumen 136. Preferably, once the cement is mixed, the injection device 210 is used to inject the mixed cement through the injection tube 212 into the mold, specifically through the distal cap opening 75 and along the channel 466 into the annular space between the rod outer surface 26 and the inner mold surface 138, preferably at a constant rate. During injection, the surgeon preferably observes the cement progressing through the mold through the translucent mold body 520. Injection continues such that the cement is forced along the major concave surface portion 449 of the fixation component 440 and around its one or more protrusions 49. Preferably, injection continues at least until the cement reaches the channel 447 at the proximal end of the fixation component 440. If necessary, a proximal plug member 470 can be inserted into the proximal fixation inner surface 51 to prevent the threads therein from contacting the cement.

[0125] After the mold is filled, the mold body 520 can be removed from the adapter 580, which can be easily done by depressing the first release member 588 in the manner described above. Once removed, the adapter 580 and injection device 210 can be discarded. After the adapter 580 is removed from the mold body 520, the molding tool 610 is used to remove excess cement from the distal cap end 64. In particular, the cleaning forming portion 620 can be inserted into the mold lumen 136 so that the engagement surface 622 engages the distal cap end 64, as described above. The surgeon can rotate the molding tool 610 about the central axis C to remove excess cement. It should be understood that the cleaning process can be repeated several times as the cement hardens, and can necessarily be repeated until the cement reaches a doughy state during the hardening process. Preferably, the distal cap end 64 is visible at the end of the cleaning process. The fully assembled and injected mold can be left to set until the bone cement has fully hardened.

[0126] After the cement has hardened, the surgeon can remove one or more hole plugs 555 and proximal plug member 470 in preparation for removing the mold body 520 from the spacer core 405. For removal, the mold body 520 can be inserted into the second pair of slots 564 of the cutter 550, and a blade 558 can be used to cut a first longitudinal slit along the length of the mold body 520. After the first longitudinal slit is cut, the mold body 520 can be rotated relative to the cutter 550 about the central axis C, for example, 180° about axis C, and a second longitudinal slit can be similarly cut along the length of the mold body 520. After the first and second full-length slits have been cut, the surgeon can grasp opposing portions of the cut mold body to separate the mold body from the spacer core 405. A temporary spacer 1 formed by the above process is shown in FIG. 22. The surgeon can then prepare the temporary spacer 1 for implantation, such as by coupling the temporary spacer 1 to the insertion tool 300, as described above.

[0127] It should be understood that the various features of the temporary spacer 1, mold assembly, and its components described above are provided as exemplary features of a surgical system, and these features can be adjusted as needed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0128] It should be further understood that when a numerical preposition (e.g., "first," "second," "third") is used herein in connection with an element, component, dimension, or feature thereof (e.g., a "first" element, a "second" element, etc.), such numerical preposition is used to distinguish that element, component, dimension, and / or feature from another such element, component, dimension, and / or feature, and is not limited to the particular numerical preposition used in that context. For example, a "first" element could also be referred to as a "second" element in a different context without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, so long as the element remains appropriately distinguished in the context in which the numerical preposition is used.

[0129] Although the present disclosure has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein. In particular, one or more of the features from the foregoing embodiments may be used in other embodiments herein. As one skilled in the art would readily appreciate from the process, any now-existing or later-developed machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, method, or step that performs substantially the same function or achieves substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiment described herein may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0130] [Embodiment] (1) A temporary cement spacer, A spacer core, a rod defining a central axis of the spacer core and having a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end along the central axis, the rod further defining an outer rod surface extending between the proximal rod end and the distal rod end; a fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end along the central axis, the distal fixation end attached to the rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough in a radial direction relative to the central axis, the at least one fixation hole configured to receive a fixation screw; a cap defining a proximal cap end and a distal cap end opposite the proximal cap end along the central axis, the proximal cap end being attached to the distal rod end; a spacer core including: a cement coating surrounding at least a portion of the outer rod surface, the cement coating comprising a mixture of a cement material and one or more antimicrobial agents; the cap is configured to define a tip of the temporary spacer during implantation. Temporary cement spacer. (2) the outer rod surface includes a threaded surface at the proximal rod end, and the distal fixation end defines a distal fixation opening configured for threaded engagement with the proximal rod end; A temporary cement spacer as described in embodiment 1, wherein the outer rod surface includes another threaded surface at the distal rod end, and the proximal cap end defines a proximal cap opening configured for threaded engagement with the distal rod end. (3) A temporary cement spacer as described in embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the fixation component extends axially from the distal fixation end to the proximal fixation end such that the proximal fixation portion is angularly offset from the central axis by an angle ranging from about 5 degrees to about 20 degrees. (4) A temporary spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the cap defines a cross-sectional area in a plane perpendicular to the central axis, the cap cross-sectional area being at least about 90 percent of the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary spacer. (5) A temporary spacer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the fixation component defines an outer fixation surface extending from the proximal fixation end to the distal fixation end.

[0131] (6) The temporary spacer of embodiment 5, wherein a majority of the outer fixation surface defines a major concave surface portion and at least one protrusion surrounding the at least one fixation hole, the at least one protrusion defining an outer surface spaced radially outward from the major concave surface portion, and the cement coating (1) extends radially outward from the major concave surface portion and (2) is flush with the outer protruding surface. (7) A temporary spacer as described in embodiment 6, wherein the main concave surface portion extends from the distal fixation end toward the proximal fixation end and further extends around the entire circumference of the fixation component. (8) The temporary spacer of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the at least one protrusion defines opposing sides that taper toward each other and inward toward the central axis. (9) The temporary spacer of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the cap comprises a distal cap opening centrally located about the central axis, and the cap defines a plurality of channels in fluid communication with the distal cap opening and extending from the distal cap opening toward the cap proximal end. (10) The temporary spacer of embodiment 9, wherein the cap defines a distal cap portion defining the distal cap opening, a proximal hub spaced proximally from the distal cap portion, and a plurality of arms extending proximally from the distal cap portion to the proximal hub, the channel being defined circumferentially between adjacent ones of the arms.

[0132] (11) A mold assembly for forming a temporary spacer, comprising: A spacer core, a rod defining a central axis of the mold assembly and having a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end along the central axis, the rod further defining an outer rod surface extending between the proximal rod end and the distal rod end; a fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end along the central axis, the distal fixation end attached to the rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough in a radial direction relative to the central axis, the at least one fixation hole configured to receive a fixation screw; a spacer core including: a mold body extending along the central axis, the mold body defining a proximal mold end and a distal mold end opposite the proximal mold end along the central axis, the proximal mold end including a proximal mold opening, the distal mold end including a distal mold opening, the mold body defining an inner mold surface extending between the proximal mold opening and the distal mold opening, the inner mold surface defining a mold lumen, the spacer core disposed within the mold lumen such that the fixation component is disposed within the mold lumen at the proximal mold end; at least one hole plug disposed within the at least one fixation hole; an adapter configured to operably couple to the mold body at the distal mold end, the adapter configured to operably couple the mold body to the bone cement injection device so as to provide a fluid pathway from the bone cement injection device through the distal mold opening to the mold lumen; and A mold assembly comprising: (12) The mold assembly of claim 11, wherein the mold body further comprises at least one mold hole, the at least one mold hole extending through the mold body and the mold bore in a radial direction relative to the central axis, and the at least one hole plug configured to be disposed within the at least one mold hole. (13) The mold assembly of claim 12, wherein the at least one mold hole is aligned with the at least one fixation hole, and the at least one hole plug is disposed in both the at least one fixation hole and the at least one mold hole. (14) A mold assembly according to any one of claims 11 to 13, further comprising a cutting device having a blade configured to cut the mold body to a desired length measured along a longitudinal direction, wherein the central axis is oriented along the longitudinal direction and the radial direction is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. (15) The mold assembly of claim 14, wherein the cutting device has a first mounting formation configured to receive the mold body and hold the mold body relative to the blade so that the blade is oriented along a transverse direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

[0133] (16) The mold assembly of claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the cutting device further comprises a second mounting formation configured to receive the mold body and hold the mold body against the blade so that the blade is oriented along the longitudinal direction, and the blade is configured to slice the mold body longitudinally from the proximal mold end to the distal mold end. (17) A kit for forming a temporary cement spacer, comprising: at least one rod defining a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end; a fixation component configured to operably couple to the rod, the fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end, the distal fixation end configured to be attached to the rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough and configured to receive a fixation screw, the at least one rod and the fixation component configured to form a spacer core when operably coupled; at least one hole plug configured to be removably disposed in the at least one fixation hole; a mold body defining a proximal mold end, a distal mold end opposite the proximal mold end, and an outer mold surface extending from the proximal mold end and the distal mold end, the mold body further defining a proximal mold opening at the proximal mold end, a distal mold opening at the distal mold end, and an inner mold surface extending between the proximal mold opening and the distal mold opening, the inner mold surface defining a mold lumen extending therebetween, the spacer core configured to be disposed within the mold lumen; an adapter configured to operably couple to the mold body at the distal mold end, the adapter further configured to couple the cement injection device to the distal mold opening to provide a fluid pathway from the bone cement injection device to the mold lumen; a cap configured to operably couple to the distal rod end; A kit comprising: (18) The kit of embodiment 17, wherein the at least one rod comprises a plurality of rods, each rod of the plurality of rods having a length measured between the proximal rod end and the distal rod end, the length of each rod being different from the length of any other rod of the plurality of rods. (19) The kit of any one of claims 17 to 18, further comprising an insertion tool configured to operably couple to the proximal end of the fixation component, and configured to implant the temporary spacer. (20) A kit described in any of embodiments 17 to 19, further comprising a tool having a proximal tool surface having a shape complementary to the distal surface of the cap, the tool defining a plurality of channels recessed from the proximal surface, the tool configured to engage the distal cap surface with the proximal tool surface in a manner to remove excess cement from the cap, and the plurality of channels configured to direct at least a portion of the excess cement away from the cap.

[0134] (21) A method of preparing an antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer, said method comprising: Inserting a spacer core into a cavity of a mold body, the spacer core including a rod and a fixation component connected to the rod, the fixation component including at least one fixation hole; coupling a bone cement injection device to the mold body via an adapter to provide a fluid pathway from the bone cement injection device into the lumen of the mold body; placing at least one hole plug in the at least one fixation hole; injecting a bone cement material containing one or more antimicrobial agents into the lumen of the mold body through the fluid pathway and along at least a portion of an outer surface of the rod; allowing the bone cement material on the outer rod surface to harden to form a cement coating on the spacer core, thereby forming the antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer; separating the bone cement injection device from the mold body; removing the at least one hole plug from the at least one fixation hole; separating the mold body from the antimicrobial agent eluting temporary cement spacer; A method comprising: (22) The method of embodiment 21, further comprising the step of connecting the rod to the stationary component prior to the step of inserting the spacer core into the mold lumen, wherein the connecting step comprises operably coupling a proximal end of the rod to a distal end of the stationary component. (23) The method of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the mold body defines a mold length measured from a proximal mold end to an opposing distal mold end, and the method includes removing a portion of the mold body length from either the proximal mold end or the distal mold end. (24) The method of any one of embodiments 21 to 23, wherein the mold body defines an outer mold surface extending from the proximal mold end to the distal mold end, the mold body includes at least one mold hole extending from the outer mold surface through the mold lumen, the method including aligning the at least one fixation hole with the at least one mold hole, and the step of placing the at least one hole plug in the at least one fixation hole further includes placing the at least one hole plug in the at least one mold hole. (25) The method of any one of embodiments 21 to 24, further comprising attaching a cap to the rod, the cap defining a proximal cap end and an opposing distal cap end, the proximal cap end operably coupled to the distal end of the rod, and wherein the step of injecting bone cement material comprises extruding the bone cement material through a plurality of channels extending through the cap from the distal cap end toward the proximal cap end.

[0135] (26) The method of claim 25, wherein the step of injecting bone cement material comprises the step of extruding the bone cement material through a distal cap opening, through the plurality of channels, and into the mold cavity.

Claims

1. 1. A temporary cement spacer comprising: A spacer core, a rod defining a central axis of the spacer core and having a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end along the central axis, the rod further defining an outer rod surface extending between the proximal rod end and the distal rod end; a fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end along the central axis, the distal fixation end attached to the rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough in a radial direction relative to the central axis, the at least one fixation hole configured to receive a fixation screw; a cap defining a proximal cap end and a distal cap end opposite the proximal cap end along the central axis, the proximal cap end being attached to the distal rod end; a spacer core including: a cement coating surrounding at least a portion of the outer rod surface, the cement coating comprising a mixture of a cement material and one or more antimicrobial agents; the cap is configured to define a tip of the temporary cement spacer during implantation; the cap including a plurality of fenestrations extending through the cap from the distal cap end to the proximal cap end; Temporary cement spacer.

2. the outer rod surface includes a threaded surface at the proximal rod end, the distal fixation end defining a distal fixation opening configured for threaded engagement with the proximal rod end; 2. The temporary cement spacer of claim 1, wherein the outer rod surface includes another threaded surface at the distal rod end, and the proximal cap end defines a proximal cap opening configured for threaded engagement with the distal rod end.

3. 3. The temporary cement spacer of claim 1, wherein the fixation component extends axially from the distal fixation end to the proximal fixation end such that the proximal fixation end is angularly offset from the central axis by an angle ranging from about 5 degrees to about 20 degrees.

4. 4. The temporary cement spacer of claim 1, wherein the cap defines a cap cross-sectional area in a plane perpendicular to the central axis, the cap cross-sectional area being at least about 90 percent of a maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the temporary cement spacer.

5. The temporary cement spacer of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fixation component defines an outer fixation surface extending from the proximal fixation end to the distal fixation end.

6. 6. The temporary cement spacer of claim 5, wherein a majority of the outer fixation surface defines a major concave surface portion and at least one protrusion surrounding the at least one fixation hole, the at least one protrusion defining an outer surface spaced radially outward from the major concave surface portion, and the cement coating extending radially outward from the major concave surface portion and coplanar with the outer surface.

7. The temporary cement spacer of claim 6 , wherein the major concave surface extends from the distal fixation end toward the proximal fixation end and further extends around the entire circumference of the fixation component.

8. 8. The temporary cement spacer of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the at least one protrusion defines opposing sides that taper toward each other and inwardly toward the central axis.

9. 1. A mold assembly for forming a temporary spacer, comprising: A spacer core, a rod defining a central axis of the mold assembly and having a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end along the central axis, the rod further defining an outer rod surface extending between the proximal rod end and the distal rod end; a fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end along the central axis, the distal fixation end attached to the rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough in a radial direction relative to the central axis, the at least one fixation hole configured to receive a fixation screw; a spacer core including: a mold body extending along the central axis, the mold body defining a proximal mold end and a distal mold end opposite the proximal mold end along the central axis, the proximal mold end including a proximal mold opening, the distal mold end including a distal mold opening, the mold body defining an inner mold surface extending between the proximal mold opening and the distal mold opening, the inner mold surface defining a mold lumen, the spacer core disposed within the mold lumen such that the fixation component is disposed within the mold lumen at the proximal mold end; at least one hole plug disposed within the at least one fixation hole; an adapter configured to operably couple to the mold body at the distal mold end, the adapter configured to operably couple the mold body to the bone cement injection device so as to provide a fluid pathway from the bone cement injection device through the distal mold opening to the mold lumen; a cap configured to operably couple to a distal end of the spacer core, the cap defining a plurality of fenestrations extending axially therethrough from a distal cap end to a proximal cap end; A mold assembly comprising:

10. 10. The mold assembly of claim 9, wherein the mold body further comprises at least one mold hole extending through the mold body and the mold bore in a radial direction relative to the central axis, and the at least one hole plug configured to be disposed within the at least one mold hole.

11. 11. The mold assembly of claim 10, wherein the at least one mold hole is aligned with the at least one fixation hole, and the at least one hole plug is disposed in both the at least one fixation hole and the at least one mold hole.

12. 12. The mold assembly of claim 9, further comprising a cutting device having a blade configured to cut the mold body to a desired length measured along a longitudinal direction, wherein the central axis is oriented along the longitudinal direction and the radial direction is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

13. 13. The mold assembly of claim 12, wherein the cutting device has a first mounting formation configured to receive the mold body and hold the mold body against the blade so that the blade is oriented along a transverse direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

14. 14. The mold assembly of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the cutting device further comprises a second mounting formation configured to receive the mold body and hold the mold body against the blade so that the blade is oriented along the longitudinal direction, the blade configured to slice the mold body longitudinally from the proximal mold end to the distal mold end.

15. 1. A kit for forming a temporary cement spacer, comprising: at least one rod defining a proximal rod end and a distal rod end opposite the proximal rod end; a fixation component configured to operably couple to the at least one rod, the fixation component defining a distal fixation end and a proximal fixation end opposite the distal fixation end, the distal fixation end configured to be attached to the at least one rod at the proximal rod end, the fixation component further defining at least one fixation hole extending therethrough and configured to receive a fixation screw, the at least one rod and the fixation component configured to form a spacer core when operably coupled; at least one hole plug configured to be removably positioned in the at least one fixation hole; a mold body defining a proximal mold end, a distal mold end opposite the proximal mold end, and an outer mold surface extending from the proximal mold end and the distal mold end, the mold body further defining a proximal mold opening at the proximal mold end, a distal mold opening at the distal mold end, and an inner mold surface extending between the proximal mold opening and the distal mold opening, the inner mold surface defining a mold lumen extending therebetween, the spacer core configured to be disposed within the mold lumen; an adapter configured to operably couple to the mold body at the distal mold end, the adapter further configured to couple the bone cement injection device to the distal mold opening to provide a fluid pathway from the bone cement injection device to the mold lumen; a cap defining a proximal cap end configured to operably couple to the distal rod end, the cap including a plurality of fenestrations extending therethrough from the distal cap end to the proximal cap end; A kit comprising:

16. 16. The kit of claim 15, wherein the at least one rod comprises a plurality of rods, each rod of the plurality of rods having a length measured between the proximal rod end and the distal rod end, the length of each rod being different from the length of any other rod of the plurality of rods.

17. 17. The kit of claim 15 or claim 16, further comprising an insertion tool configured to operably couple to the proximal fixation end of the fixation component, the insertion tool configured to implant the temporary cement spacer.

18. 18. The kit of any one of claims 15 to 17, further comprising a tool having a proximal tool surface having a shape complementary to a distal cap surface of the cap, the tool defining a plurality of channels recessed from the proximal tool surface, the tool configured to engage the distal cap surface with the proximal tool surface in a manner to remove excess cement from the cap, the plurality of channels configured to direct at least a portion of the excess cement away from the cap.

19. 1. A method of preparing an antimicrobial agent eluting temporary cement spacer, said method comprising: inserting a spacer core into a mold lumen of a mold body, the spacer core including a rod and a fixing component connected to the rod, the fixing component including at least one fixing hole; coupling a bone cement injection device to the mold body via an adapter to provide a fluid pathway from the bone cement injection device into the mold lumen of the mold body; placing at least one hole plug in the at least one fixation hole; injecting a bone cement material containing one or more antimicrobial agents into the mold lumen of the mold body through the fluid pathway and along at least a portion of an outer rod surface of the rod; allowing the bone cement material on the outer rod surface to harden to form a cement coating on the spacer core, thereby forming the antimicrobial agent-eluting temporary cement spacer; separating the bone cement injection device from the mold body; removing the at least one hole plug from the at least one fixation hole; separating the mold body from the antimicrobial agent eluting temporary cement spacer; attaching a cap to the rod, the cap defining a proximal cap end, an opposing distal cap end, and a distal cap opening, the proximal cap end operably coupled to the distal end of the rod; Including, The method, wherein the step of injecting the bone cement material includes the step of extruding the bone cement material through the distal cap opening, through a plurality of channels extending through the cap from the distal cap end toward the proximal cap end, and into the mold lumen.

20. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of connecting the rod to the stationary component prior to the step of inserting the spacer core into the mold lumen, the connecting step comprising operably coupling a proximal end of the rod to a distal end of the stationary component.

21. 21. The method of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the mold body defines a mold length measured from a proximal mold end to an opposing distal mold end, and the method includes removing a portion of the mold body length from either the proximal mold end or the distal mold end.

22. 22. The method of any one of claims 19-21, wherein the mold body defines an outer mold surface extending from a proximal mold end to a distal mold end, the mold body including at least one mold hole extending from the outer mold surface through the mold lumen, the method including aligning the at least one fixation hole with the at least one mold hole, and wherein the step of placing the at least one hole plug in the at least one fixation hole further includes placing the at least one hole plug in the at least one mold hole.

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