Exhaust emissions reduction systems and methods

Abstract

A reformation device for reforming exhaust emissions can be in fluid communication with an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel. The reformation device can be configured to direct exhaust emissions from the exhaust through at least one of a reformation chamber, a bed reactor, and a plasma reformer. The reformation chamber can include a chamber screen comprising copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate. The bed reactor can include a catalyst for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into methanol. The plasma reformer can reform carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into methanol. The reformation device can include a fluid solution that reacts with the exhaust emissions.

Description

EXHAUST EMISSIONS REDUCTION SYSTEMS AND METHODSRELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 517,304 filed on August 2, 2023, entitled “EXHAUST CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This application is related to International Patent Application No. PCT / US2022 / 026399, filed April 26, 2022, entitled “VENTURI DEVICE WITH FORCED INDUCTION,” which claims priority to International Patent Application No. PCT / IB2021 / 000237, filed April 27, 2021, entitled “HYBRID HYDRO-AERODYNAMIC FORCED INDUCTION SYSTEM,” and International Patent Application No. PCT / US2022 / 050797, filed November 22, 2022, entitled “VENTURI DEVICE WITH FORCED INDUCTION SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 282556, filed November 23, 2021, entitled “PARTICULATE BURNER,” each of which is hereby incorporated by in its entirety herein and made pail of this disclosure. Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to Venturi devices, vortex devices, reformation devices, related devices, and applications thereof.BACKGROUND

[0003] The demand for cleaner exhaust emissions and fluid mechanics has increased dramatically over the past century. Accordingly, a way to better clean exhaust emissions is needed.SUMMARY

[0004] Neither the preceding summary nor the following detailed description purports to limit or define the scope of protection. The scope of protection is defined by the claims.

[0005] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine and supercharging the internal combustion engine, the system including: a vortex chamber connected to an exhaust of an internal combustion engine, the vortex chamber including: a first plate with a first plate opening in fluid communication with the exhaust of the internal combustion engine via an exhaust conduit to direct exhaust emissions into the vortex chamber; a second plate with a second plate opening for exhausting exhaust emissions from the vortex chamber; and a sidewall extending between the first plate and the second plate about a central axis of the vortex chamber and connected to the first plate and the second plate, the sidewall including a sidewall opening for directing fluid into the vortex chamber, the sidewall opening tangential to an inner surface of the sidewall to inject fluid into the vortex chamber tangential to the inner surface of the sidewall to direct fluid in a vortex flow direction along the inner surface of the sidewall and entrain exhaust emissions from the first plate opening into the fluid moving in the vortex flow direction along the inner surface to at least partially circulate the exhaust emissions along the inner surface to cause exhaust emissions to accumulate toward the inner surface; a funnel connected to the second plate over the second plate opening, the funnel having a cross-sectional flow area that narrows along a funnel flow direction of exhaust emissions from the second plate opening to a funnel opening in fluid communication with ambient environment, the funnel configured to direct exhaust emissions from the second plate opening through the funnel to the funnel opening, the funnel including: one or more funnel screens positioned inside the funnel, each funnel screen of the one or more funnel screens including a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each funnel screen, each funnel screen of the one or more funnel screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to the funnel flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the funnel; and at least one funnel screen of the one or more funnel screens including copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate; a first venturi device connected to an air intake of the internal combustion engine, the first venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake of the internal combustion engine to supercharge the internal combustion engine; a second venturi device connected to the sidewall opening of the sidewall of the vortex chamber, the second venturi device configured to direct fluid to the sidewall opening, wherein each of the first and second venturi devices includes: an inletconfigured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body including: a body wall including a converging portion and a diverging portion, wherein a movement of the primary flow through the converging portion and the diverging portion produces a venturi effect, pulling the primary flow in through the inlet; and a secondary input disposed between the converging portion and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the first venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the first venturi device includes ambient air, wherein the inlet of the second venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the second venturi device includes ambient air, wherein the secondary input of the first venturi device is in fluid communication with the exhaust of the internal combustion engine via an exhaust bypass conduit and the secondary flow of the fluid for the first venturi device is exhaust emissions, wherein the secondary input of the second venturi device is in fluid communication with a fluid moving device configured to direct the secondary flow of the fluid for the second venturi device; an intake chamber in fluid communication with the secondary input of the first venturi device and the exhaust bypass conduit, the intake chamber positioned between the exhaust of the internal combustion engine and the secondary input of the first venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust of the internal combustion engine through the intake chamber into the secondary input of the first venturi device, the intake chamber including: a plurality of chamber screens positioned inside the intake chamber, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the intake chamber; at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions; and another at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate; and an ultrasonic transducer connected to the intake chamber, the ultrasonic transducer configured to generate ultrasound energy directed to theintake chamber for the ultrasound energy to separate the copper carbonate from the another at least one chamber screen.

[0006] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the intake chamber further includes an emission tray and a tray opening, the emission tray positioned in the intake chamber to collect copper carbonate, the emission tray configured to pass through the tray opening for removal of the copper carbonate from the emission tray.

[0007] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the intake chamber further includes a lid configured to at least partially separate from a wall of the intake chamber for removal of the copper carbonate in the intake chamber.

[0008] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the funnel is detachable from the second plate for removal of the copper carbonate from funnel.

[0009] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the inner surface of the sidewall is configured to exert centrifugal forces on exhaust emissions directed from the sidewall opening for exhaust emissions to travel around the vortex chamber circularly along the inner surface of the sidewall, creating a vortex vacuum that pulls exhaust emissions from the first plate opening toward the inner surface.

[0010] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the ultrasonic transducer is a piezoelectric transducer or a capacitive transducer.

[0011] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the one or more funnel screens include at least one other funnel screen, the at least one funnel screen and the at least one other funnel screen separated from each other along the funnel flow direction, the space between the at least one funnel screen and the at least one other funnel screen forming an internal chamber in the funnel for maintaining exhaust emissions in the internal chamber of the funnel at a different pressure relative to the pressure of exhaust emissions in the funnel outside of the internal chamber.

[0012] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen are separated from each other along the chamber flow direction, the space between the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen forming an internal chamber in the intake chamber for maintaining exhaust emissions in the internal chamber of the intake chamber at a differentpressure relative to the pressure of exhaust emissions in the intake chamber outside of the internal chamber.

[0013] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the copper material of the at least one funnel screen forms a mesh configured to pass the exhaust emissions through the mesh.

[0014] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the at least one funnel screen includes a framework, the mesh positioned over the framework for the framework to support the mesh.

[0015] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the framework includes a honeycomb structure.

[0016] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the framework includes stainless steel material.

[0017] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the copper material of the another at least one chamber screen forms a mesh configured to pass the exhaust emissions through the mesh.

[0018] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the another at least one chamber screen includes a framework, the mesh positioned over the framework for the framework to support the mesh.

[0019] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the framework includes a honeycomb structure.

[0020] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the framework includes stainless steel material.

[0021] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the stainless steel material of the at least one chamber screen forms a mesh configured to pass the exhaust emissions through the mesh.

[0022] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the at least one chamber screen includes a framework, the mesh positioned over the framework for the framework to support the mesh.

[0023] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the framework includes a honeycomb structure.

[0024] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the framework includes stainless steel material.

[0025] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the mesh of the at least one chamber screen is formed from a thicker gage material than a mesh of the another at least one chamber.

[0026] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the intake chamber includes a chamber inlet and a chamber outlet, the exhaust emissions flowing into the intake chamber through the chamber inlet and flowing out of the intake chamber through the chamber outlet, wherein a cross-sectional flow area of the chamber inlet is greater than a cross-sectional flow area of the chamber outlet to increase pressure of exhaust emissions flowing through the intake chamber.

[0027] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the intake chamber includes one or more projections extending into the intake chamber from a wall of the intake chamber, the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen positioned on the one or more projections to support the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen in the intake chamber.

[0028] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the one or more projections include bolts extending through the wall of the intake chamber into the intake chamber.

[0029] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen are welded to a wall of the intake chamber.

[0030] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the funnel includes one or more projections extending into the funnel from a wall of the funnel, the at least one funnel screen positioned on the one or more projections to support the at least one funnel screen in the funnel.

[0031] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the one or more projections include bolts extending through the wall of the funnel into the funnel.

[0032] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the at least one funnel screen is welded to a wall of the funnel.

[0033] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the funnel includes stainless steel material configured to ionize the exhaust emissions entering the funnel with the exhaust emissions at least partially circulating along an inner surface of the funnel that circulated along the inner surface of the sidewall of the vortex chamber.

[0034] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the at least one chamber screen is positioned upstream of the another at least one chamber screen relative to the chamber flow direction to ionize the exhaust emissions before reformation by the another at least one chamber screen.

[0035] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the intake chamber includes yet another at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions.

[0036] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the another at least one chamber screen is positioned between the at least one chamber screen and the yet another at least one chamber screen along the chamber flow direction.

[0037] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the plurality of openings of the at least one chamber screen are larger than the plurality of openings of the another at least one chamber screen.

[0038] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the fluid moving device comprises a compressor and the secondary flow of the fluid for the second venturi device is compressed fluid.

[0039] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions, the system including: a vortex chamber connected to an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel, the vortex chamber including a sidewall extending about a central axis of the vortex chamber, the sidewall including a sidewall opening for directing fluid into the vortex chamber, the sidewall opening tangential to an inner surface of the sidewall to inject fluid into the vortex chamber tangential to the inner surface of the sidewall to direct fluid in a vortex flow direction along the inner surface of the sidewall and entrain exhaust emissions into the fluid moving in the vortex flow direction along the inner surface to at least partially circulate the exhaust emissions along the inner surface; a reducer connected to the vortex chamber, the reducer having a cross-sectional flow area that narrows along a reducer flow direction of exhaust emissions from the vortexchamber to a reducer opening in fluid communication with ambient environment, the reducer configured to direct exhaust emissions through the reducer opening, the reducer including: one or more reducer screens positioned inside the reducer, each reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens including a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each reducer screen, each reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to the reducer flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reducer; and at least one reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens including copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate; a venturi device connected to the sidewall opening of the sidewall of the vortex chamber, the venturi device configured to direct fluid to the sidewall opening, wherein the venturi device includes: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body including a secondary input disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the venturi device includes ambient air, and wherein the secondary input of the venturi device is in fluid communication with compressed fluid and the secondary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is compressed fluid.

[0040] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including another venturi device connected to an air intake for combustion of fuel, the another venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake to supercharge through the air intake for combustion of fuel, wherein the inlet of the another venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the another venturi device includes ambient air, wherein the secondary input of the another venturi device is in fluid communication with the exhaust and the secondary flow of the fluid for the another venturi device is exhaust emissions.

[0041] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a reformation chamber in fluid communication with the secondary input of the another venturi device, the reformation chamber positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the another venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaustthrough the reformation chamber into the secondary input of the another venturi device, the reformation chamber including: a plurality of chamber screens positioned inside the reformation chamber, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reformation chamber; at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions; and another at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate.

[0042] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including an ultrasonic transducer connected to the reformation chamber, the ultrasonic transducer configured to generate ultrasound energy directed to the reformation chamber for the ultrasound energy to separate the copper carbonate from the another at least one chamber screen.

[0043] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a bed reactor in fluid communication with the secondary input of the another venturi device, the bed reactor positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the another venturi device for the exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the bed reactor into the secondary input of the another venturi device, the bed reactor including: a housing including an inlet at a first side for introduction of the exhaust emissions and an outlet at a second side for removal of product gases; a packed bed of catalyst particles positioned within the housing, wherein the catalyst particles cause a reaction with the exhaust emissions, and wherein the catalyst particles have a shape and size that optimize surface area and flow characteristics; and one or more support screens positioned at a bottom of the packed bed to support the catalyst particles, wherein the catalyst particles react with the exhaust emissions to form methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3).

[0044] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a plasma reactor in fluid communication with the secondary input of the another venturi device, the plasma reactor positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the another venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the plasmareactor into the secondary input of the another venturi device, the plasma reactor including: an internal reaction chamber configured to contain a gaseous mixture, wherein a non-thcrmal plasma field in generated in the internal reaction chamber; a first electrode positioned on a first side of the internal reaction chamber and a second electrode opposite the first electrode, the second electrode positioned on a second side of the internal reaction chamber, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are connected to a power supply, and wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged to create an electric field to ionize the gaseous mixture without raising a temperature of the gaseous mixture; and an outlet for extracting resultant gaseous products, wherein the gaseous mixture is converted within the internal reactor chamber under the influence of the non-thermal plasma to form methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3).

[0045] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a hydrogen generator in fluid communication with a second bed reactor, the hydrogen generator configured to form hydrogen from water for input to the second bed reactor.

[0046] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the hydrogen generator is in fluid communication with the second bed reactor to direct the hydrogen into the second bed reactor.

[0047] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the hydrogen generator includes an HHO dry cell configured to split water into hydrogen and oxygen with the application of electric power.

[0048] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a thermoelectric power generator, the thermoelectric power generator in thermal communication with the exhaust emissions, the thermoelectric power generator configured to generate electric power from the thermal energy of the exhaust emissions.

[0049] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the thermoelectric power generator is configured to at least partially power the hydrogen generator.

[0050] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein thermoelectric power generator is configured to at least partially charge a battery of the system.

[0051] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with the exhaust emissions to inject fluid solution into the exhaust emissions before the exhaust emissions flows through the bed reactor, the plasma reactor, or the vortex chamber, wherein the fluid solution includes ethylene glycol and potassium hydroxide .

[0052] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the bed reactor is configured to form methanol, water, and potassium carbonate from reacting with at least one of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions.

[0053] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the plasma reactor is configured to form methanol, water, and potassium carbonate from reacting with at least one of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions.

[0054] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the fluid solution includes potassium hydroxide that reacts with the carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions to form potassium carbonate.

[0055] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the thermoelectric power generator via a fluid loop configured to circulate the fluid solution in the fluid loop, the fluid loop in thermal communication with the thermoelectric power generator to draw thermal energy away from thermoelectric generator to create a thermal gradient across the thermoelectric power generator relative to a temperature of the exhaust emissions to generate electric power.

[0056] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the fluid loop is in fluid communication with the exhaust emissions via a bypass conduit configured to direct fluid solution into the exhaust.

[0057] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a pump configured to circulate fluid solution in the fluid loop, the pump in fluid communication with the exhaust emissions to direct fluid solution into the exhaust emissions.

[0058] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including another bed reactor in fluid communication with the secondary input of the another venturi device, the another bed reactor positioned between the bed reactor and the secondary input of the another venturi device for the exhaust emissions to flow from the bed reactor through the another bed reactor into the secondary input of the another venturi device, theanother bed reactor including: a housing configured to hold catalyst particles, the housing having an inlet at a first side for the introduction of the exhaust emissions and an outlet at a second side for the removal of product gases; a packed bed of the catalyst particles including nickel-gallium positioned within the housing, wherein the catalyst particles cause a reaction with the exhaust emissions, and wherein the catalyst particles have a shape and size that optimize surface area and flow characteristics; and one or more support screens positioned at a bottom of the catalyst bed to support the catalyst particles, wherein the catalyst particles react with the products from the hydrogen generator to form methanol from ethylene glycol and water, and wherein the methanol is combined with the methanol, water, and potassium carbonate of the bed reactor.

[0059] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including a compressor in fluid communication with the another venturi device, the compressor positioned between the another venturi device and the air intake to compress flow from the another venturi device before being directed into the air intake.

[0060] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the exhaust is connected to an internal combustion engine that combusts fuel and produces exhaust emissions.

[0061] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including any of the features above.

[0062] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions and supercharging of an air intake, the system including: a venturi device connected to an air intake for combustion of fuel, the venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake to supercharge through the air intake for combustion of fuel; wherein the venturi device includes: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body including a secondary input disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is ambient air, and wherein the secondary input of the venturi device is in fluidcommunication with an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel and the secondary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is exhaust emissions; and a reformation chamber in fluid communication with the secondary input of the venturi device and the exhaust, the reformation chamber positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the reformation chamber into the secondary input of the venturi device, the reformation chamber including: a plurality of chamber screens positioned inside the reformation chamber, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reformation chamber; and at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate.

[0063] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the reformation chamber further includes another at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions.

[0064] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including: a vortex chamber connected to the exhaust, the vortex chamber including a sidewall extending about a central axis of the vortex chamber, the sidewall including a sidewall opening for directing fluid into the vortex chamber, the sidewall opening tangential to an inner surface of the sidewall to inject fluid into the vortex chamber tangential to the inner surface of the sidewall to direct fluid in a vortex flow direction along the inner surface of the sidewall and entrain exhaust emissions into the fluid moving in the vortex flow direction along the inner surface to at least partially circulate the exhaust emissions along the inner surface; and a reducer connected to the vortex chamber, the reducer having a cross-sectional flow area that narrows along a reducer flow direction of exhaust emissions from the vortex chamber to a reducer opening in fluid communication with ambient environment, the reducer configured to direct exhaust emissions through the reducer opening, the reducer including: one or more reducer screens positioned inside the reducer, each reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens including a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality ofopenings of each reducer screen, each reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to the reducer flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reducer; and at least one reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens including copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate.

[0065] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including an ultrasonic transducer connected to the reformation chamber, the ultrasonic transducer configured to generate ultrasound energy directed to the reformation chamber for the ultrasound energy to separate the copper carbonate from the another at least one chamber screen.

[0066] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the air intake is connected to an internal combustion engine that combusts fuel and produces exhaust emissions.

[0067] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including any of the features above.

[0068] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a reformation device for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions, the reformation device including: a reformation chamber in fluid communication with an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel, the reformation chamber configured to direct exhaust emissions from the exhaust through the reformation chamber, the reformation chamber including: a chamber screen including copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate.

[0069] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a reformation device, wherein the reformation chamber further includes a plurality of chamber screens positioned inside the reformation chamber, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens including a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reformation chamber, the plurality of chamber screens including the chamber screen.

[0070] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a reformation device, further including a venturi device connected to an air intake for combustion of fuel, the venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake; wherein the venturi device includes: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body including a secondary input disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is ambient air, and wherein the secondary input of the venturi device is in fluid communication with the exhaust and the secondary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is exhaust emissions.

[0071] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a reformation device, wherein an outlet of the reformation chamber is in fluid communication with ambient environment to direct exhaust emissions from the reformation chamber to ambient environment.

[0072] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a reformation device, wherein the exhaust is connected to an internal combustion engine that combusts fuel and produces exhaust emissions.

[0073] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a reformation device, further including any of the features above.

[0074] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for increasing efficiency of an internal combustion engine, the system including: a venturi device connected to an air intake for combustion of fuel, the venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake for combustion of fuel; wherein the venturi device includes: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body including a secondary input disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow ofthe fluid for the venturi device includes ambient air, and wherein the secondary input of the venturi device is in fluid communication with an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel and the secondary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is exhaust emissions; and a hydrogen generator in fluid communication with a second bed reactor in fluid communication with an input of the venturi device and the exhaust, the hydrogen generator positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the hydrogen generator into the secondary input of the venturi device, the hydrogen generator configured to form hydrogen from exhaust emissions that is directed to the air intake to increase efficiency of fuel combustion.

[0075] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including any of the features above.

[0076] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions, the system including: a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with an exhaust for the exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel, the fluid reservoir containing fluid solution; and a conduit configured to direct the fluid solution into the exhaust emissions, wherein the fluid solution includes water and copper, and wherein water and copper reacts with carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions to form copper carbonate.

[0077] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the fluid solution further includes ethylene glycol and potassium hydroxide.

[0078] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system or claim 73, further including a heat source for heating the fluid solution and the carbon dioxide to facilitate formation of copper carbonate.

[0079] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the heat source includes a glow plug.

[0080] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the reaction occurs at a temperature between 220°C to 35O°C.

[0081] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including any of the features above.

[0082] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions, the system including: a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with an exhaust for the exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel, the fluidreservoir containing fluid solution; and a conduit configured to direct the fluid solution into the exhaust emissions, wherein the fluid solution includes potassium hydroxide, and wherein the potassium hydroxide react with carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions to form potassium carbonate.

[0083] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the fluid solution further includes ethylene glycol, water, and copper.

[0084] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system or claim 79, wherein a heat source is applied to the fluid solution and the carbon dioxide to facilitate the formation of potassium carbonate.

[0085] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the heat source includes a glow plug.

[0086] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the reaction occurs at a temperature between 200°C and 500°C.

[0087] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including any of the features above.

[0088] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor for reforming exhaust emissions, the plasma reactor including: an internal reaction chamber configured to contain a gaseous mixture, wherein a non-thermal plasma field in generated in the internal reaction chamber; an inlet for introducing the gaseous mixture into the internal reaction chamber; a first electrode positioned on a first side of the internal reaction chamber and a second electrode opposite the first electrode, the second electrode positioned on a second side of the internal reaction chamber, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are connected to a power supply, and wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged to create an electric field to ionize the gaseous mixture without raising a temperature of the gaseous mixture; and an outlet for extracting resultant gaseous products, wherein the gaseous mixture is converted within the internal reactor chamber under the influence of the non-thermal plasma into methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3).

[0089] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, wherein the non-thermal plasma generator is a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma generator.

[0090] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode arc covered with a dielectric to limit current and enhance plasma generation.

[0091] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor wherein the dielectric includes at least one of glass and ceramic.

[0092] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, wherein the reactor chamber is made of a material resistant to the corrosive effects.

[0093] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, wherein the gaseous mixture includes primarily carbon monoxide and ethylene glycol.

[0094] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, wherein the inlet is positioned on a first end of the internal reaction chamber and the outlet is positioned at a second end of the internal reaction chamber opposite the first end.

[0095] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, further including a cooling system to maintain a temperature of the plasma reactor at a nonthermal level.

[0096] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, wherein the internal reaction chamber includes a gallium-nitride tube.

[0097] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, wherein the conversion occurs at a temperature between 200°C and 500°C.

[0098] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a plasma reactor, wherein the gaseous mixture preheated prior to entering the internal reaction chamber.

[0099] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition including ethylene glycol to react with carbon monoxide and form methanol to increase efficiency of fuel combustion, potassium hydroxide to react with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate to reduce exhaust emissions, and water.

[0100] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the ethylene glycol is in an amount of about 25% to 75%.

[0101] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the potassium hydroxide is in an amount of about 0.25% to 0.75%.

[0102] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the water is in an amount of about 25% to 75%.

[0103] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein a ratio of ethylene glycol to potassium hydroxide is from 80:1 to 90:1.

[0104] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein a ratio of ethylene glycol to water is from 0.5:1.5 to 1.5:0.5.

[0105] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein a ratio of potassium hydroxide to water is from 80:1 to 100:1.

[0106] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, further includes copper.

[0107] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the copper is in an amount 0.25% to 0.75%.

[0108] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the copper is copper nanoparticles.

[0109] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the copper nanoparticles have a diameter of about 45 nm to about 63 nm.

[0110] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the copper is for heat transfer.

[0111] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the ethylene glycol, the potassium hydroxide, and the water react with carbon dioxide to form methanol.

[0112] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the ethylene glycol and the potassium hydroxide react with carbon monoxide to form methanol.

[0113] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, wherein the ethylene glycol the potassium hydroxide react with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate.

[0114] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, further including any of the features above.

[0115] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition including potassium hydroxide to react with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate to reduce exhaust emissions and water.

[0116] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a fluid solution composition, further including any of the features above.

[0117] Methods of using the system(s) (including device(s), apparatus(es), assembly(ies), structure(s), and / or the like) disclosed herein are included; the methods of use can include using or assembling any one or more of the features disclosed herein to achieve functions and / or features of the system(s) as discussed in this disclosure. Methods of manufacturing the system(s) disclosed herein are included; the methods of manufacture can include providing, making, connecting, assembling, and / or installing any one or more of the features of the system(s) disclosed herein to achieve functions and / or features of the system(s) as discussed in this disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0118] The abovementioned and other features of the embodiments disclosed herein are described below with reference to the drawings of the embodiments. The illustrated embodiments are intended to illustrate, but not to limit, the scope of protection. Various features of the different disclosed embodiments can be combined to form further embodiments, which are part of this disclosure. In the drawings, similar elements may have reference numerals with the same last two digits.

[0119] FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate a section view of an example Venturi device.

[0120] FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified schematic of the Venturi device illustrated in FIG. 1A.

[0121] FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate a section view of a configuration of an example Venturi device.

[0122] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic system diagram of a system for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an exhaust emissions source.

[0123] FIG. 5 illustrates an example system for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an exhaust emissions source.

[0124] FIG. 6 illustrates a side view of a vortex chamber system for fuel emission byproducts. The vortex chamber system can incorporate one or more of the Venturi devices of FIG. 1A.

[0125] FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic of the vortex chamber system illustrated inFIG. 6.

[0126] FIG. 8 illustrates a vortex chamber of the vortex chamber system illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7.

[0127] FIG. 9 illustrates a bottom plate of the vortex chamber system.

[0128] FIG. 10 illustrates a section view of an example funnel with one or more funnel screens.

[0129] FIGS. 11-12 illustrate schematic perspective views of the funnel illustrated in FIG. 10.

[0130] FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic perspective view of an example funnel screen.

[0131] FIG. 14 illustrates a vortex chamber of the vortex chamber system with a deflector plate.

[0132] FIG. 15 illustrates a vortex chamber of the vortex chamber system without a deflector plate.

[0133] FIG. 16 illustrates a fin from a plurality of fins positioned in the combustion chamber.

[0134] FIG. 17 illustrates a top-down view of the vortex chamber of the of the vortex chamber system.

[0135] FIG. 18 illustrates a sectional side view of the emissions burning system.

[0136] FIG. 19 illustrates a sectional side view of the venturi inlet.

[0137] FIG. 20 illustrates a section view of an example intake chamber with a plurality of chamber screens.

[0138] FIG. 21 illustrates a schematic side view of the example intake chamber illustrated in FIG. 20.

[0139] FIG. 22 illustrates a schematic perspective view of the example intake chamber illustrated in FIGS. 20 and 21.

[0140] FIG. 23 illustrates a schematic perspective view of an example chamber screen.

[0141] FIG. 24 illustrates another schematic system diagram of a system for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an exhaust emissions source.

[0142] FIG. 25 illustrates a schematic of an example bed reactor.

[0143] FIG. 26 illustrates a schematic perspective view of an example automotive thermoelectric generator.

[0144] FIG. 27 illustrates another schematic system diagram of a system for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an exhaust emissions source.

[0145] FIG. 28 illustrates a schematic diagram of a hydrogen generation system.

[0146] FIG. 29 illustrates another schematic system diagram of a system for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an exhaust emissions source.

[0147] FIGS. 30 and 31 illustrate schematic views of example plasma reformers.

[0148] FIG. 32 illustrates another schematic system diagram of a system for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an exhaust emissions source.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0149] Although certain embodiments and examples are described below, this disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments and / or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Thus, it is intended that the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any particular’ embodiments described below. Furthermore, this disclosure describes many embodiments in reference to power generation or phase shifting but any embodiment and modifications or equivalents thereof should not be limited to the foregoing.

[0150] According to the 1 st Theorem of Thermodynamics, energy can neither be generated nor consumed. It can only be transformed in its form, that is, from one form of energy into another form. For this reason, the total energy in a closed system remains constant.

[0151] There are differences in valence between the forms of energy. Thus, as a possible form of energy, heat can never flow without action, which is to say, from a body of lesser temperature to a body of higher temperature, although the total amount of energy stored in the bodies in the form of heat may be equal. In the opposite direction, this is quite possible and inevitable, that is, the transition of heat from the warmer to the colder body takes place spontaneously and automatically (2nd Theorem of Thermodynamics). The heat in the warmer body is thus of higher value than the heat in the colder body. This heat can at least be partially converted into mechanical energy in heat engines, in which this automatic flow of heat from the warmer body to the colder body is exploited. The proportion of the mechanical energywhich can be obtained can be shown by way of a ratio of the two temperatures according to the formula below.

[0152] This proportion can be referred to as the efficiency of the Carnot process.

[0153] As disclosed herein, thermal energy can be converted into mechanical energy by suctioning mechanisms. Described herein are systems and devices for converting low-grade thermal energy (e.g., ambient temperature) into high-quality energy (electricity). For example, Venturi devices arc described herein that form one or more flow-induced vortices within a fluid (e.g., air, water, gas, etc.) flowing through the Venturi devices. The one or more vortices can occur at a location within the Venturi device where a secondary fluid flow merges (e.g., mixes, fuses) with a primary fluid flow through the Venturi device. The one or more vortices can form a suction, sucking the primary flow into the Venturi device through an inlet. In some configurations, the suction and the Venturi effect, created by the flow of fluid through the Venturi device, can lower a temperature of the primary flow through at least a portion of the Venturi device, causing thermal energy in an ambient environment outside the Venturi device to be transferred to the primary flow (e.g., charging the primary flow).

[0154] FIG. 1A illustrates a section view of an example Venturi device 100, which can also be referred to as a vortex fusion charger or VFC. The Venturi device 100 can, in some configurations, include a rotationally symmetrical inner periphery, which can include rotational symmetry about the central axis 112. The Venturi device 100 can be a tubular structure. The inner periphery of the Venturi device 100 can define primary flow path, which can be an inner region, cavity, lumen, etc., that receives a primary flow of a fluid (e.g., water, gas, air, exhaust gases, etc.). In some configurations, the inner periphery of the Venturi device 100 can be a circular shape. In some variations, the inner periphery may be other shapes, such as an oval, polygon, irregular, and / or others. The inner periphery may define a flow path for the primary flow of the fluid in the direction of the arrows in FIG. 1A. The inner periphery of the Venturi device 100 can define cross-sectional flow areas for the primary flow of fluid, which can be circular. The inner periphery can change such that the cross-sectional flow areas change in size and / or shape along a length of the Venturi device 100. For example, the innerperiphery of the Venturi device 100 can include an inner diameter that assumes different sizes along its length or central axis 112.

[0155] The primary flow of fluid can enter the Venturi device 100 through the inlet 102. The inlet 102 can be connected to a conduit (e.g., tube) that can circulate the primary flow. In some variants, the inlet 102 can be open to the ambient air. An inner periphery of the inlet 102 can be circular. In some variants, the inner periphery of the inlet 102 can be oval, polygonal, irregular, and / or others. The inlet 102 can, as shown in FIG. 1C, include a velocity stack, trumpet shape, and / or air horn shape. The inlet 102 can include an inner periphery that converges. The inlet 102 can include cross-sectional flow area that converges. The inlet 102 can include an inner periphery that decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The inlet 102 can include an inner periphery that continuously decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The inlet 102 can include cross-sectional flow areas that that decrease in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The inlet 102 can include cross-sectional flow areas that continuously decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The inlet 102 can include a curved peripheral wall, as shown in FIG. 1C. The inner periphery of the inlet 102 can converge. The inlet 102 can increase the velocity of the primary flow through the inlet 102, decreasing a pressure of the primary flow.

[0156] The primary flow of fluid can exit the Venturi device 100 through the outlet 104. The outlet 104 can be disposed on an opposing side of the Venturi device 100 as the inlet 102. The outlet 104 can be connected to a conduit (e.g., tube) that can circulate the primary flow. In some variants, the outlet 104 can be connected to an engine, as described herein, to facilitate supercharging the engine with compressed gases. An inner periphery of the outlet 104 can be circular. In some variants, the inner periphery of the outlet 104 can be oval, polygonal, irregular, and / or others. The inner periphery of the outlet 104 can diverge. A cross- sectional flow area of the outlet 104 can diverge in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The inner periphery of the outlet 104 can increase in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The inner periphery of the outlet 104 can continuously increase in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The outlet 104 can include cross-sectional flow areas that increase in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The outlet 104 can include cross-sectional flow areas that continuously increase in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. Theinner periphery of the outlet 104 can diverge. The outlet 104 can decrease the velocity of the primary flow through the outlet 104, increasing a pressure of the primary flow.

[0157] The Venturi device 100 can include a body (e.g., tubular body) between the inlet 102 and the outlet 104. The primary flow path can flow through the body between the inlet 102 and the outlet 104. The body can include a converging portion 106. The converging portion 106 can increase the velocity of the primary fluid flowing through the converging portion 106. The converging portion 106 can decrease the pressure of the primary fluid flowing through the converging portion 106. An inner periphery of the converging portion 106 can be circular. In some variants, the inner periphery of the converging portion 106 can be oval, polygonal, irregular, and / or others. The converging portion 106 can include an inner periphery that converges. The converging portion 106 can include a cross-sectional flow area that converges. The converging portion 106 can include an inner periphery that decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The converging portion 106 can include an inner periphery that continuously decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The converging portion 106 can include cross-sectional flow areas that that decrease in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The converging portion 106 can include cross-sectional flow areas that continuously decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The converging portion 106 can include a flow area having the shape of a cone. The cross-sectional flow area of the converging portion 106 can decrease at a consistent rate. A temperature of the primary flow flowing through the converging portion 106 can decrease as a result of the increased velocity and decreased pressure.

[0158] The body of the Venturi device 100 can include a throat 108, which can also be referred to as a constriction. The throat 108 can be disposed between the converging portion 106 and a diverging portion 110. The throat 108 can include an inner periphery that is smaller than that of the converging portion 106 and the diverging portion 110. For example, the throat 108 can include a diameter that is smaller than a diameter of the converging portion 106 and the diverging portion 110. The throat 108 can include a cross-sectional flow area that is smaller than that of the converging portion 106 and the diverging portion 110. In some configurations, the throat 108 can be the junction of the converging portion 106 and the diverging portion 110. In some configurations, the throat 108 includes a length. In some configurations, the inner periphery of the throat 108 is an inflection point between the converging portion 106 and thediverging portion 110. In some variants, the converging portion 106 converges to the throat 108 and immediately diverges to the diverging portion 110.

[0159] The body of the Venturi device 100 can include a diverging portion 110. The diverging portion 110 can be downstream of the inlet 102 and converging portion 106. The diverging portion 110 can be downstream of the throat 108. The diverging portion 110 can be disposed between the converging portion 106 and the outlet 104, second converging portion 114, and / or secondary input 120. The diverging portion 110 can decrease the velocity of the primary fluid flowing through the diverging portion 110. The diverging portion 110 can increase the pressure of the primary fluid flowing through the diverging portion 110. An inner periphery of the diverging portion 110 can be circular. In some variants, the inner periphery of the diverging portion 110 can be oval, polygonal, irregular, and / or others. The diverging portion 110 can include an inner periphery that diverges. The diverging portion 110 can include a cross-sectional flow area that diverges. The diverging portion 110 can include an inner periphery that increases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The diverging portion 110 can include an inner periphery that continuously increases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The diverging portion 110 can include cross-sectional flow areas that that increase in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The diverging portion 110 can include cross-sectional flow areas that continuously increases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The diverging portion 110 can include a flow area having the shape of a cone. The cross-sectional flow area of the diverging portion 110 can decrease at a consistent rate. The diverging portion 110 can be longer than the converging portion 106. The size of the cross-sectional flow area of the converging portion 106 can change more rapidly than the size of the cross-sectional flow area of the diverging portion 110 per a unit of length. The angle of the periphery of the converging portion 106 relative to the central axis 112 and / or direction of flow of the primary flow can be larger than the angle of the periphery of the diverging portion 110 relative to the central axis 112 and / or direction of flow of the primary flow.

[0160] The flow of the primary flow through the converging portion 106, throat 108, and / or diverging portion 110 can produce a Venturi effect, which can create a suction at the inlet 102. The flow of the primary flow through the converging portion 106 and throat 108 can produce a Venturi effect, which can create a suction at the inlet 102. The flow of theprimary flow through the converging portion 106 can produce a Venturi effect, which can create a suction at the inlet 102. The increase in the velocity and decrease in pressure of the primary flow through the converging portion 106 and / or throat 108 can decrease a temperature of the primary flow such that thermal energy (e.g., heat) from the ambient environment outside the body of the Venturi device 100 is transferred to the primary flow. In some variants, the body of the Venturi device 100 or at least the converging portion 106 and / or throat 108 can include a conductive material (such as a metal) to facilitate efficient transfer of thermal energy through the body.

[0161] The body of the Venturi device 100 can include a second converging portion 114. The second converging portion 114 can be downstream of the inlet 102, converging portion 106, throat 108, and diverging portion 110. The second converging portion 114 can be disposed between the diverging portion 110 and the secondary input 120 and the outlet 104. The second converging portion 114 can increase the velocity of the primary flow flowing through the second converging portion 114. The second converging portion 114 can decrease the pressure of the primary fluid flowing through the second converging portion 114. An inner periphery of the second converging portion 114 can be circular. In some variants, the inner periphery of the second converging portion 114 can be oval, polygonal, irregular, and / or others.

[0162] The second converging portion 114 can include an inner periphery that converges. The second converging portion 114 can include a cross-sectional flow area that converges. The second converging portion 114 can include an inner periphery that decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The second converging portion 114 can include an inner periphery that continuously decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The second converging portion 114 can include cross-sectional flow areas that that decrease in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The second converging portion 114 can include cross-sectional flow areas that continuously decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The second converging portion 114 can include a flow area having the shape of a cone. The cross-sectional flow area of the second converging portion 114, converging portion 106, and / or diverging portion 110 can change at a consistent rate per unit of length. The angle of the periphery of the converging portion 114 relative to the central axis 112 and / or direction of flow of the primary flow can be larger than the angle of theperipheries of the diverging portion 110, converging portion 106, and / or outlet 104 relative to the central axis 112 and / or direction of flow of the primary flow.

[0163] A conduit 116, which can also be referred to as a tube, conduit, chamber, lumen, or the like, can circulate a secondary flow of a fluid (e.g., water, gas, air, exhaust gases, etc.) to the Venturi device 100. As described herein, the conduit 116 can recirculate a portion of the primary flow as a secondary flow into the primary flow. The conduit 116 can be connected to an annular chamber 118 of the body of the Venturi device 100 to direct the secondary flow to the annular chamber 118. In some configurations, multiple conduits 116 can connected to the annular chamber 118 at multiple locations to direct the secondary flow into the annular chamber 118.

[0164] The body of the Venturi device 100 can include an annular- chamber 118. The annular chamber 118 can be ring shaped. In some configurations, the annular chamber 118 can be torus shaped. The annular chamber 118 can encircle the primary flow of fluid. The annular chamber 118 can encircle the central axis 112 of the Venturi device 100. The annular chamber 118 can circumferentially surround the primary flow of fluid. The secondary flow of fluid can spread throughout the annular chamber 118. A surface of the annular chamber 118 can include a Coanda surface or profile that can facilitate the secondary flow of fluid spreading throughout the annular chamber 118. The Coanda effect is the tendency of a fluid to stay attached to a curved surface, particularly a convex surface. A surface of the annular chamber 118 can be convex to facilitate the secondary flow of fluid spreading throughout the annular chamber 118. The secondary flow can adhere (e.g., molecular adhesion) to the surface(s) of the annular chamber 118 to spread throughout the annular chamber 118.

[0165] The body of the Venturi device 100 can include a secondary input 120. The secondary input 120 can be disposed downstream of the inlet 102, converging portion 106, throat 108, diverging portion 110, and / or second converging portion 114. The secondary input 120 can be disposed between the converging portion 106, throat 108, diverging portion 110, and / or second converging portion 114 and the outlet 104. As shown in FIG. IB, the secondary input 120 can include one or more flow paths from the annular chamber 118 into the primary flow and / or inner region and / or primary flow path of the Venturi device 100 through which the primary flow travels. The secondary input 120 can be an annular passageway, one or more apertures, plurality of apertures, one or more slots, annular gap, and / or ring gap.

[0166] The secondary input 120 can encircle the primary flow through the body of the Venturi device 100. The secondary input 120 can circumferentially encircle the primary flow through the body. The secondary input 120 can include one or more openings circumferentially distributed about a flow path of the primary flow. The secondary input 120 can define an annular shaped opening in an inner periphery of the body of the Venturi device 100. The secondary input 120 can direct the secondary flow into the primary flow at an angle relative to the direction of flow of the primary flow and / or relative to the central axis 112 of the body of the Venturi device 100. The angle can, in some variants, be ninety degrees. The angle can, in some configurations, be between sixty and one hundred and twenty degrees. The secondary input 120 can direct the secondary flow, at least partially, against the direction of flow of the primary flow. The introduction of the secondary flow by way of the secondary input 120 into the primary flow can create a vortex, swirl(s), one or more vortices, and / or the like in the primary flow. The creation of the vortex can create a suction at the inlet 102 sucking the primary flow into the Venturi device 100 through the inlet 102. The suction of the primary flow into the Venturi device 100 can cause the velocity to increase and pressure to decrease of the primary flow through the converging portion 106 and throat 108, which can cause the temperature of the primary flow through the converging portion 106 and / or throat 108 to decrease such that thermal energy (e.g., heat) from the ambient environment outside the body of the Venturi device 100 is transferred to the primary flow through the body, charging the primary flow with the thermal energy. The temperature and pressure of the primary flow downstream of the throat 108 (e.g., in the diverging portion 110) can increase before exiting through the outlet 104. An opening of the secondary input 120 into the inner region of the body (e.g., the primary flow path) can be smaller than a cross-sectional flow area of an input from the conduit 116 into the annular chamber 118. The secondary input 120 can direct the secondary flow radially inward toward the primary flow of fluid and / or the central axis 112 of the body.

[0167] In some configurations, the body can include a check valve. The check valve can facilitate flow of the primary flow from the inlet 102 to the outlet 104 and impede and / or resist the primary flow from flowing out of the body by way of the inlet 102. In some configurations, the check valve can be a one-way check valve. In some configurations, the check valve can be a valvular conduit. In some configurations, the check valve can be a fixed-geometry passive check valve. In some configurations, the check valve can include a main channel and a series of loops oriented to facilitate flow of the secondary flow towards the Venturi device and resist flow away from the Venturi device.

[0168] In some configurations, the check valve can be a Tesla valve. In some configurations, the check valve can be disposed in the converging portion 106. In some configurations, the check valve can be disposed between the converging portion 106 and the diverging portion 110. In some configurations, the check valve can be disposed in the diverging portion 110. In some configurations, the check valve can be disposed at the throat 108. In some configurations, the check valve can be disposed between the diverging portion 110 and the second converging portion 114. In some configurations, the check valve can be disposed between the second converging portion 114 and the outlet 104. In some configurations, the check valve can be disposed at the outlet 104. In some configurations, the check valve can be disposed at the inlet 102.

[0169] As described herein, the Venturi device 100 can include three openings at the locations 116, 104, and 106. In some variants, these three openings can be open to the environment. The annular chamber 118 can be connected via the annular gap 120 with the inner region (e.g., primary How path) of the Venturi device 100. The inner region of the body can taper at position E, thus having a smaller inner diameter than at positions F and D. The taper (reduction of the inner diameter) from position F to position E as well as the extension (enlargement of the inner diameter) from position E to position D can be continuous, such as conical. When a secondary flow is introduced into the opening 116, the secondary flow flows into the annular chamber 118 and is distributed radially there in the annular chamber, which can include an entirety of the annular chamber. From the annular chamber 118, the secondary flow flows via the secondary input 120 into the inner region of the body of the Venturi device 100 and generates there a vortex, which generates a suction effect at the inlet 102. As a result, the primary flow is sucked in through the inlet 102 and ejected toward the outlet 104. At position E (e.g., throat or constriction 108), according to the Venturi effect, the flow velocity of the sucked air increases. By combining the effects of the suction and Venturi effect, there can be a reduction in the temperature before the vortex, so that heat from the environment can be absorbed by the primary flow, charging the primary flow with energy from the ambient environment.

[0170] In some configurations, a rotationally symmetrical design for the Venturi device 100 may not be used, and no Venturi effect produced. In some configurations, a body may be used that creates a flow-induced formation of a vortex, with a suction on one side of the vortex and an ejection of a flowable medium surrounding the vortex on the other side of the vortex. The flowable medium sucked in during the sucking process can be cooled. The cooled flowable medium sucked in can absorb heat (e.g., thermal energy) from the environment, for example, and thus the internal energy of the flowable medium increases. The guidance of the free-flowing medium via heat exchangers may be used.

[0171] For ease, FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified schematic of the Venturi device 100 of FIG. 1A. The reference numbers 116, 102 and 106 in FIG. 2 correspond to the openings at locations 116, 102, and 106 in FIG. 1A, respectively. Stated differently, inlet 102 corresponds with the inlet 102, conduit 116 corresponds with 116, and outlet 104 corresponds with outlet 104.

[0172] A configuration of another Venturi device 300 is shown schematically in FIGS. 3A-3D. FIG. 3A illustrates a sectional view of the Venturi device 300. The Venturi device 300 can have a similar layout to that of the Venturi device 100 with changes noted below. Distinctive positions of the axis are marked by arrows and the letters B, C, D, E and F. As described above, gases can be introduced from the conduit 316 via the annular chamber 318 and the secondary input 320, which can include a ring gap 330, into the interior of the Venturi device 300. In some configurations, the ring gap 330 can be fixed once the chosen fluid is identified. In field adjustment may not be necessary to adjust a ring gap 330. In some configurations, a tapered machine union can be applied to the ring gap 330 to seal the Venturi device 300. In the area of D of the charging element (e.g., Venturi device 300) a vortex may be formed, as described in reference to FIG. 1A. This vortex creates a vacuum at the inlet 302 (location F). As a result, ambient air can be sucked into the Venturi device 300 via the inlet 302 and the throat 308 (e.g., constriction).

[0173] Since this air is compressed on the other side of the vortex (in direction C), the area of the pipe between B and E may be called a compression chamber. In sizing the Venturi device 300, the volume of the annular chamber 318 can be equal to than circumference times the area of the ring gap 330. The annular chamber 318 can be configured to receive and direct the secondary flow to the secondary input 320. In some configurations, the Venturidevice 300 can include a single point annular chamber 318 for compressible fluids. In some configurations, the annular chamber 318 can include multiple uniform chambers inputs for non-compressible fluids. In some configurations, the annular chamber 318 can encircle the primary flow in a body 311 of the Venturi device 300. The annular chamber 318 can include a Coanda surface(s) configured to distribute incoming secondary flow throughout the annular chamber 318 by the secondary fluid flowing along the Coanda surface(s).

[0174] The secondary input 320 can be an annular passageway, one or more apertures, plurality of apertures, one or more slots, annular gap, and / or ring gap fluidically connected to the annular chamber 318. The annular passageway 331 can be configured to direct the secondary flow from the annular passageway 331 into the primary flow. Ambient air and exhaust gases are fused at the position corresponding to B and are pressed into the combustion chamber by passing through the outlet 304 at location C. The diameter of the outlet 304 can be similar and / or equal to the to distance between the inlet 302 and the throat 308 to form a ratio for sizing the Venturi device 300. Also, a cross-sectional flow area of the outlet 304 can be smaller than a cross-sectional flow area of the inlet 302.

[0175] As mentioned above, the body of the Venturi device 300 can also include a throat 308, which can also be referred to as a constriction. The throat 308 can be disposed between a converging portion 306 and a diverging portion 310. The cross-sectional flow area of the converging portion 306 can be circular. In some configurations, the converging portion 306 can define a flow area having a conical shape. Further, the cross-sectional flow area of the diverging portion 310 can be circular. In some configurations, the diverging portion 310 can define a flow area having a conical shape. The converging portion 306 can be configured to increase a velocity of the primary flow and decrease a pressure of the primary flow. The diverging portion 310 can be configured to decrease the velocity of the primary flow and increase the pressure of the primary flow. A size of a cross-sectional flow area of the converging portion 306 can change more rapidly than a size of a cross-sectional flow area of the diverging portion 310 per a unit of length.

[0176] The Venturi device 300 can include a body wall 305 forming the convergence portion 306 and the diverging portion 310. An outer shell of the body wall 305 can utilize a fixed reduction angle ration between 1.25:1 to 5:1, between 1.5:1 to 4:1, between 1.75:1 to 3:1, or 2:1 to 2.5:1. The throat 308 can include a diameter that is smaller than adiameter of the converging portion 306 and a diameter of the diverging portion 310. The converging portion 306 can include a cross-sectional flow area that continuously decreases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. The diverging portion 310 can have a cross- sectional flow area that continuously increases in size in the direction of flow of the primary flow. A length of the diverging portion 310 can be greater than a length of the converging portion 306. The outer wall of the diverging portion 310 of the Venturi device 300 can be smaller than the outer wall of the converging portion 306. The outer wall of the diverging portion 310 of the Venturi device 300 can be 1% to 50%, 5% to 45%, 10% to 40%, 15% to 35%, 20% to 30%, or 22.5% to 27.5% smaller than the outer wall of the converging portion 306. The outer wall of the diverging portion 310 can be attached to the outer layer of the converging portion 306. The diverging portion 310 entrance can be inset into the body of the Venturi device 300 between inlet 302 and outlet 304 at a similar and / or equal distance as the length of the outlet 304 between locations B and C. Additionally or alternatively, the internal nozzle reduction angle between the throat 308 and the second converging portion 314 can be variable such that the flow rate of the fluid can be increased and create a vacuum at the first fluid dynamic check valve.

[0177] A first funnel 307 can be disposed at least partially in the converging portion 306. The first funnel 307 can be configured to attach to the converging portion 306. In some configurations, the first funnel 307 can be welded to the converging portion 306. An end of the first funnel 307 can also be configured to attach to the inlet 302 as well as along the converging portion 306. In some configuration, a portion of the body wall 305 and the first funnel 307 can be a single piece that is attached to sections 3 and 4. The first funnel 307 can form a first annular space 309 between the first funnel 307 and the body wall 305.

[0178] The first funnel 307 can provide a high-pressure and low-pressure stage to capture back pressure from engine pulse waves in the exhaust. The captured back pressure can be circled back to the high-pressure primary flow. The high-pressure fluid stream can push the low-pressure back pressure against the boundary layer along the inner side of the body wall 305 to be in the first annular space 309, said fluid behavior acting as a fluid dynamic check valve. The low-pressure fluid can then be utilized to fill in the primary flow once there is a pulse, and the high-pressure fluid flow is reduced through first funnel 307, allowing the low- pressure fluid to exit from the first annular space 309 and fill in the fluid flow when the high-pressure fluid flow is reduced through the first funnel 307 because of the pulse in primary flow. The first funnel 307 can provide a higher tuned intake resonance to help amplify an intake charge (e.g., substantially continuous intake sucking / pulling of the primary flow through the inlet 302. The first funnel 307 can extend from the body wall 305 toward the central axis 312 of the body 311.

[0179] In some configurations, the Venturi device 300 can include a pseudosphereshaped entrance comprising the first funnel 307 which can improve impulse resonance, fluid velocity, and / or the internal geometry by functioning a first fluid dynamic check valve. The first funnel 307 can be configured to create a first low pressure fluid in the first annular space 309 relative to a high-pressure fluid flow of the primary flow flowing through the first funnel 307 to pull the primary flow through the inlet 302 and into the body 311. In some configurations, the first funnel 307 can be connected to the body wall 305 at the inlet 302. The reduction in the high-pressure fluid flow of the primary flow through the first funnel 307 can cause the first low pressure fluid to at least partially exit the first annular space 309 for the first low pressure fluid to flow toward the outlet 304. A cross-sectional flow area of the first funnel 307 can continually decrease in size toward the central axis 312 in the direction of flow of the primary fluid.

[0180] A second funnel 313 can be disposed at least partially in the diverging portion 310. The second funnel 313 can function as an internal extended transition that creates a second low pressure gap. In some configurations, a first portion of the body wall 305a and an inner wall 317 of FIG. 3D can be one, single, and / or monolithic continuous piece of material that is attached to a second portion of body wall 305b. The second portion of the body wall 305b can be welded to the first portion of the body wall 305a and the inner wall 317. The space between the body wall 305 and the inner wall 317 can create the second funnel 313. In some configurations, the inner wall 317 and second funnel 313 can include a one, single, and / or monolithic continuous piece of material that is configured to be attached to the first portion of the body wall 305a and the inner wall 317. The second funnel 313 can extend from the body wall 305 toward the central axis 312 of the body 311 , said second funnel 313 forming a second annular space 315 between the second funnel 313 and the body wall 305. The second funnel 313 can also act as a dynamic check valve similar to the first funnel 307.

[0181] The first funnel 307 and the second funnel 313 amplify the suction created by the intake charge creating a high-speed jet of fluid as well as recycling any backpressure created by the intake pulse waves from, for example, the combustion process in an internal combustion engine or other pulses in the primary flow. The second funnel 313 can be connected to the body wall 305 at a junction between the converging portion 306 and the diverging portion 310. The second funnel 313 can be configured to create a second low pressure fluid in the second annular space 315 relative to the high-pressure fluid flow of the primary flow flowing through the second funnel 313 to pull the primary flow through the inlet 302 and into the body 311. The reduction in the high-pressure fluid flow of the primary flow through the second funnel 313 can cause the second low pressure fluid to at least partially exit the second annular space 315 for the second low pressure fluid to flow toward the outlet 304. A cross-sectional flow area of the second funnel 313 can continually decreases in size toward the central axis 312 in the direction of flow of the primary fluid. Additionally or alternatively, a cross-sectional flow area at an exit of the first funnel 307 can be substantially the same as a cross-sectional flow area at an exit of the second funnel 313. The second annular space 315 can act as a second dynamic check valve. The second annular space 315 can be larger than the first annular space 309. An axial extent of the first funnel 307 can be substantially equal to an axial extent of the converging portion 306 along the central axis 312. An axial extent of the second funnel 313 is less than an axial extent of the diverging portion 310 along the central axis 312.

[0182] A secondary input 320 can be disposed between the converging portion 306 and the outlet 304. The secondary input 320 can be disposed downstream of the diverging portion 310. The secondary input 320 can be configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet 302 and into the body 311. The secondary input 320 can further include a Coanda surface. In some configurations, the secondary input 320 can be configured to direct the secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow at an angle relative to a direction of flow of the primary flow. The angle can be between 10 degrees to 170 degrees, between 20 degrees to 160 degrees, between 30 degrees to 150 degrees, between 40 degrees to 140 degrees, between 50 degrees to 130 degrees, or between 60 degrees to 120 degrees. In some configurations, the secondary input 320 can include one or more apertures 332. In some configurations, the secondary input 320can include a plurality of apertures 332. The one or more apertures 332 can direct the secondary flow to the annular chamber 318. The annular chamber 318 can distribute the secondary flow throughout the annular chamber 318 as discussed herein via, for example, a Coanda surface.

[0183] The secondary input 320 can include an annular gap 329 which can similar or identical to the annular gap 120. The annular gap 329 can be in fluid communication with the annular chamber 318. The annular gap 329 can distribute the secondary flow through the annular gap via, for example, a Coanda surface, and direct the secondary flow into the primary flow. The secondary input 320 can also include a ring gap 330, which can be the annular gap 329. The secondary input 320 can be configured to encircle the primary flow through the body 311. In some configurations, the secondary input 320 can be configured to circumferentially encircle the primary flow through the body 311. The secondary input 320 can also include one or more openings (e.g., one or more gaps 329) circumferentially distributed about a flow path of the primary flow, said secondary input 320 configured to direct the secondary flow radially inward toward the primary flow. In some configurations, the Venturi device 300 can include a plurality of secondary inputs 320.

[0184] A conical interior surface 319 can be disposed downstream of the secondary input 320 relative to the primary flow of the fluid. The conical interior surface 319 can be configured to direct the primary flow toward the outlet 304. The conical interior surface 319 can also include a cross-sectional flow area that increases in size toward the outlet 304.

[0185] The cross-sectional flow area of the conical interior surface 319 can increase up to the outlet 304. The conical interior surface 319 can be a first conical interior surface 319 the Venturi device 300 can include a second conical interior surface 321 disposed between the diverging portion 310 and the first conical interior surface 319. The second conical interior surface 321 can be part of the second converging portion 314. The second conical interior surface 321 can be configured to direct the primary flow toward the outlet 304. The second conical interior surface 321 can include a cross-sectional flow area that decreases in size toward the outlet 304. The secondary input 320 can be configured to direct the secondary flow through the second conical interior surface 321. The secondary input 320 can be configured to direct the secondary flow between the first conical interior surface 319 and the second conical interior surface 321.

[0186] The cross-sectional flow area of the second conical interior surface 321 can converge to a size that is smaller than a cross-scctional flow area of the converging portion 306 and a cross-sectional flow area of the diverging portion 310. The first conical interior surface 319 and the second conical interior surface 321 can converge to form a throat 323 having a smallest diameter and smallest cross-sectional flow area relative to the first conical interior surface 319 and second conical interior surface 321.

[0187] Further, the inlet of ambient air (FIG. 3C in FIG. 3A) could be formed like velocity stack allowing smooth and even entry of air at high velocities. Here, also resonance effects can be observed which promote the induction of the generation of the vortex. In addition, the inside wall of the Venturi device 300 can include a radius entry and / or “plenum.” A velocity stack, trumpet, or air horn is a trumpet- shaped design having differing lengths which can be used at the inlet 302. These designs can allow smooth and even entry of air at high velocities with the flow stream adhering to the walls — known as laminar flow. Additionally or alternatively, modifications can be made to the dynamic tuning range of the intake tract by functioning as a resonating pipe which can adjust the frequency of pressure pulses based on its length within the tract. Modem engines can have tuned intake tract volumes and associated resonance frequencies designed to provide higher than atmospheric intake air pressure while the intake valves are open. These intake tract volumes can increase the density of the trapped air in the combustion chamber providing for higher compression.

[0188] The systems, emission burner, emission burner systems, and Venturi devices 300 can be made with varying dimensions. Some non-limiting example dimensions for the emission burner according to FIG. 3A are below:• Length between (D) and (C) = between 6.00 inches and 7.00 inches• Ring gap 120 = between 0.001 inches and 0.003 inches• Inner diameter (further referred as “I.D.”) at B = between 1.57 and 1.68 inches• Reduction angle between (D) and (B) = between 35° and 55°• Reduction angle between (C) and (B) = between 55° and 65°• I.D. at (C) = between 1.63 inches and 2.05 inches• I.D. at (D) = between 3.25 inches and 4.01 inches• Length between (D) and (E) = between 4.50 and 6.00 inches• Reduction angle between (D) and (E) = 30° and 53°• I.D. at (E) = between E25 inches and 2.35 inches• Reduction angle between (F) and (E) = between 33° and 41°• Length between (F) and (E) = between 4.00 inches and 6.00 inches• Conduit 316 is steel tubing with I.D. of between 0.75 inches to 1.00 inches• Converging portion 306 is modified pressure activated heat riser butterfly valve• (F), the inlet 302, can be made of elastic polymer or programmable metallic polymer to adjust opening in correspondence to incoming intake pressure. Area between (E) and (F) can be made of an elastic polymer or a programmable metallic polymer to adjust the opening according to the input pressure applied (e.g., different dynamic pressure at different driving speeds if the emission burner should be installed in a vehicle).• At the ring gap 330, a Coanda effect profile of 35° to 80° can be applied.• The ring gap 330 can have a 70-degree angle cut into the edge of the ring.

[0189] The Venturi device 300 can be constructed out of dissimilar metals. By doing so, the dissimilar metals can create friction at internal points of compression. Further, the dissimilar metals can reduce friction to create higher efficiency boundary layers for fluid acceleration of compressed fluid to the intake charge.

[0190] The systems, devices, and components thereof can be made of a variety of materials such metals (such as steel, aluminum, and / or others), metal alloys, polymers (such as plastic), ceramics, shape memory materials, and / or other suitable materials. The systems, devices, and components thereof can be galvanized, painted, zinc coated, powder coated, vinyl coated, plastic dripped, textured, and / or finished with other materials or methods.

[0191] The systems described herein can offer an improved operational efficiency, as well as create a low cost minimally invasive method of outgoing CO2 reformation and capture. In a first step, a new pre-chamber (e.g., intake chamber 600) can act as a buffer zone between a manifold bypass and an input to a Venturi device. In some configuration, the buffer zone can resemble a cube from the exterior. Copper mesh woven screens of the intake chamber 600 can allow recirculated exhaust gas into and to pass through a series of internal chambers between said woven screens. The exhaust gas stream can be manipulated by altering thetemperature - pressure, which increase the time for CO2 separation and attachment to the copper elements. Copper is a known material which can attract CO2 from environment. The byproduct of this basic function is Copper Carbonate. To improve efficiency, the moisture in diesel exhaust and ultrasonic vibration can be utilized to provide a low energy highly effective cleaning mode which can extract the copper carbonate from the screens which simply falls to a chamber at the bottom for extraction.

[0192] The centrifugal forces within the vortex chamber system 500 can capture the outgoing exhaust gas from exhaust emissions source 406. By utilizing high velocity centrifugal forces, the vortex chamber system 500 circulates the exhaust gas within the vortex chamber, forcing the heaviest particles (i.e., CO2) to the internal boundary layer which then will accumulate and begin to exit into the funnel. In some configurations, the funnel can include a three-stage copper mesh flue design where the extracted CO2 emissions are captured by the natural attraction also mentioned below in regard to the intake chamber 600. Utilizing the natural effect of copper for capture provides improved efficiency as there is no reliance on mesh spacing to filter the exhaust flow, which can create a back pressure load on the combustion process and reduce the overall dynamic efficiency. Second, the benefits of increased mass air density on the intake chamber 600 combined with the copper elements to offer a higher overall dynamic efficiency for the combustion process this will reflect in power output and improvements in fuel consumption. Third, a tunable active EGR system can offer further emissions reduction from the combustion process or NOx and CO as well as left over unbumt hydrocarbons. A high velocity vortex vacuum on the exhaust stream creates a negative pressure environment which can further improve dynamic efficiency by removing any back pressures in the exhaust system allowing for a cleaner higher efficiency combustion of fuels within the exhaust emissions source 406. which will improve output power and fuel consumption, separate the CO2, and produce cooler exhaust gas temperature.

[0193] FIG. 4 is schematic system diagram of a system 400 for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an internal combustion engine. FIG. 5 is an example configuration of the system 400 for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an internal combustion engine. The system 400 can improve operational efficiency of an exhaust emissions source 406 (e.g., automobiles, industrial equipment, marine vehicles, aircraft, etc.), as well as create a low cost, minimally invasive method of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Reformation and Capture. The system 400 can convert CO2 emissions from the exhaust emissions source 406 into valuable products and / or useful forms to mitigate its impact on the environment. For example, the system 400 can pass CO2 through one or more copper and stainless- steel based filters to reform CO2 into copper carbonate. By utilizing CO2 capture, CO2 from exhaust emissions source can be reduced before being released into the atmosphere.

[0194] As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the system 400 can include a first Venturi device 300a that can be attached and / or in fluid communication to an intake of an exhaust emissions source 406 (e.g., of an internal combustion engine, power plant, etc.) to direct air to the air intake of the exhaust emissions source 406. For example, the exhaust can be connected to an internal combustion engine (i.e., exhaust emissions source 406) that combusts fuel and produces exhaust emissions. The first Venturi device 300a can be similar or identical to the Venturi device 100 described FIG. 1A and / or the Venturi device 300 described in FIG. 3D. In some implementations, the first Venturi device 300a can be connected to the exhaust emissions source 406 by a tube, conduit, and / or the like. In some configurations, the first Venturi device 300a can be fluidly and directly connected to an exhaust emissions source 406. An exhaust manifold 414, which can also include and / or be attached to the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 mentioned below, can connect the exhaust emissions source 406 to an intake chamber (also mentioned herein as a “reformation chamber”) 600 via conduit 414a and to a vortex chamber system 500 via an exhaust bypass conduit 414b.

[0195] In some configurations, the vortex chamber system 500 can be in fluid communication with the exhaust of the Exhaust emissions source 406 via the exhaust conduit 414a to the exhaust of the Exhaust emissions source 406. A second Venturi device 300b can be connected to the vortex chamber system 500 to direct air into the vortex chamber system 500. The inlet 302 of the second Venturi device 300b can be in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the second Venturi device 300b is ambient air. In some implementations, a fluid moving device 422 (e.g., a blower, a compressor, etc.) can be in fluid communication with the inlet 302 and / or secondary input 320 of the second Venturi device 300b to inject a fast stream of air into the second Venturi device 300b. The second Venturi device 300b can be similar or identical to the Venturi device 100 described FIG. 1A and / or the Venturi device 300 described in FIG. 3D. A containment cannister 412 can also be attached to the vortex chamber system 500 for removal of by-products formed in thevortex chamber system 500. An intake chamber 600 (also mentioned herein as a “reformation chamber”) can be in fluid communication with the first Venturi device 300a via the exhaust bypass conduit 414a. The intake chamber 600 can be positioned between the exhaust of the exhaust emissions source 406 and the second Venturi device 300b for the exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust of the exhaust emissions source 406 and through the intake chamber 600 before flowing into the first Venturi device 300a. In some configurations, the intake chamber 600 can be in fluid communication with the vortex chamber system 500.

[0196] FIG. 6 illustrates an implementation of the vortex chamber system 500 for reformation of exhaust emission byproducts is described herein. Previous cyclone devices (also known as “cyclic devices”) suffer from poor boundary layer formation along an inner wall, as the boundary layer can dissipate before an exhaust source is adequately reformed. At times, the fluid flow separates from the boundary layer as the energy inserted into the device to maintain the rotational force of the fluid is too low or cannot carry the momentum of the fluid through the end of the vortex chamber. The vortex chamber in the present disclosure can improve the prevention of the boundary layer separation by forcing the moving fluid from the sidewall opening to the boundary layer, which enables a more consistent and efficient burn.

[0197] As shown in FIGS. 6-9, the vortex chamber system 500 can include a vortex chamber 502 which can be connected to an exhaust emissions source 406 from the combustion of fuel by the exhaust bypass conduit 414b of the exhaust manifold 414. The vortex chamber system 500 can be positioned and / or connected to an exhaust conduit (e.g., discussed herein as exhaust conduit 414b as shown in FIG. 4). The vortex chamber system 500 can utilize existing air and gas systems with regards to various exhaust and flue design applications. The vortex chamber system 500 can be of a centrifugal type that uses centrifugal forces to flow fluid along a surface or boundary layer of the vortex chamber 502.

[0198] The vortex chamber 502 can include a bottom plate 506 with a round bottom opening 508 to allow for exhaust emissions from the exhaust emissions source 406 along path 501 to enter directly into the vortex chamber 502 via the exhaust bypass conduit 414b and a top plate 510 with a round top opening 512 for exhausting the exhaust emissions through exhaust path 537 from the vortex chamber 502 through the round top opening 512, which can be aligned with the round bottom opening 508 along a central axis 507. Exhaust emissions can be injected into the vortex chamber 502 along path 501.

[0199] In some configurations, as shown in FIG. 6, a funnel (which can also be identified as a “reducer”) 526 can be connected to the top plate 510 over the round top opening 512. In some configurations, the funnel 526 can be detachable from the round top opening 512 for removal of the copper carbonate from funnel 526. The funnel 526 can have a cross-sectional flow area that narrows in a direction of flow of exhaust from the round top opening 512 to a funnel opening 527 in fluid communication with ambient environment. The funnel 526 can be a reducer, such that the base of the funnel 526 is larger than the top. For example, the funnel can have a ratio of 2:1, 3:1, 3:2, 4:1, 4:2, 4:3, 5:1, 5:2, 5:3, 5:4, 6:1, 6:2, 6:3, 6:4, 6:5, etc. The tapering of the funnel 526 along the exhaust flow assists in increasing the pressure, which also can result in an increase in temperature. In some configurations, the funnel can include a stainless- steel material to ionize the exhaust emissions entering the funnel 526 with the exhaust emissions at least partially circulating along an inner surface 552 of the funnel that circulated along the inner surface of the sidewall 520 of the vortex chamber 502. For example, the funnel 526 can be 304 stainless steel. Stainless steel can act as a catalyst by increasing the turbulence in a reaction as well as balance the temperature in the reaction. The thermal conductivity of stainless steel is a factor in the use of stainless steel as catalyst, the presence of transition metal elements (e.g., Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), and Copper (Cu)) in stainless steel can provide catalytic activity. The iron component serves to maintain the shape and / or form of the stainless steel. In some implementations, a containment cannister 412 can be attached to the vortex chamber system 500, as shown in FIG. 4, to facilitate the removal of by-products (e.g., copper carbonate).

[0200] The funnel 526 can exhaust emissions from the round top opening 512 through the funnel 526 to the funnel opening 527. As the exhaust emission enters into the funnel 526, the pressure can be between approximately 1 psi to 20 psi, for example, between 3 to 4 psi. The pressure of the exhaust emission exiting the opening funnel opening 527 can be between approximately 1 psi to 5 psi, for example, 2 psi.

[0201] As shown in FIGS. 10-13, the funnel 526 can further include one or more funnel screens (which can also be identified as a “reducer screens”) 540 positioned inside the funnel 526. Each funnel screen of the one or more funnel screens 540 can include a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each funnel screen. Each funnel screen of the one or more funnel screens can have a longitudinal extentperpendicular to the funnel flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the funnel. In some configurations, the one or more funnel screens 540 can also include at least one other funnel screen 542. The one or more funnel screens 540 and the at least one other funnel screen 542 can be separated from each other along the funnel flow direction. The space between the one or more funnel screens 540 and the at least one other funnel screen 542 can form an internal chamber 544 in the funnel 526 for maintaining exhaust emissions in the internal chamber 544 of the funnel 526 at a different pressure relative to the pressure of exhaust emissions in the funnel 526 outside of the internal chamber 544. In some configurations, the one or more funnel screens 540 can include a framework 540b. The mesh 540a can be positioned over the framework 540b for the framework 540b to support the mesh 540a. The framework 540b can include a honeycomb structure. In some configurations, the framework 540b includes stainless steel material. For example, the framework 540b can be 304 stainless steel.

[0202] The mesh 540a can be a Type 100 mesh screen. The mesh 540a can include a copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate. Mesh size can refer to the mesh number and its relationship to the size of the openings in the mesh and thus the size of particles that can pass through these openings. In the case of a type 100 mesh screen, it means there are 100 openings or holes per linear inch of the screen. The higher the mesh number, the smaller the particle size that can pass through the screen. Conversely, a lower mesh number indicates larger openings that allow larger particles to pass through. In some instances, mesh size is not a precise measurement of the mesh opening size. This is because screens can be made with different materials with different thicknesses of strands or wire. The thicker the strands, the smaller the openings that a particle can pass through, and vice versa.

[0203] As the exhaust emissions pass through the funnel 526 and the one or more funnel screens 540, the material compositions (e.g., stainless steel and copper, respectively) can cause the exhaust emissions (e.g., the CO2 and other emissions and in some instance water) to ionize and more readily react to form carbon carbonate at a higher rate and quantity along the one or more funnel screens 540 during the reformation process. For example, in some configurations, stainless steel can act as a catalyst to ionize the incoming exhaust emissions and destabilize the incoming molecules. Additionally, as stainless steels include various alloys, specific alloys can be used depending on the chemical compounds as well as other needs. Insome configurations, 201 stainless steel can be used due to its enhanced malleability and release of more ions. In other cases, 304 stainless steel can be used due to its elevatedtemperature strength and resistance to oxidation. In some configurations, 316 stainless steel can be utilized as it possesses a high heat ionization rate for applications where prolonged elevated temperatures are likely to occur (e.g., power plants).

[0204] When heated to between 220°C to 350°C, the Cr and Ni elements contained in the stainless steel can shed ions into the exhaust emissions flow causing the exhaust emissions to destabilize. The temperature range of 220°C to 350°C can also provide the energy requirements to transform the CO2 into copper carbonate. Water (H2O) can also be added in some application as an ambient condition to assist the exhaust emissions with reacting with the stainless steel and / or copper. For example, exhaust emissions produced when burning natural gases or gasoline / petrol have a low water content as compared to emissions produced when combusting diesel, which possesses a higher water content. The additional water molecules, and in some instances Hydrogen (H) molecules, can increase the rate of formation of carbon carbonate as the CO2 reacts with Cu.

[0205] Other materials such as copper-nickel and chromium-nickel catalysts have been investigated for capturing exhaust emissions, such as for nitric oxide (NO) reduction. However, both CuNi and CrNi catalysts were prepared by impregnation on A12O3 pellets into the materials. Further, additional challenges are met when preparing catalysts. For example, high temperatures can be one challenge in the sintering (i.e., process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by pressure or heat without melting it to the point of liquefaction) of copper particles. Various promoters, such as Cerium (Ce), Yttrium (Y), and Zirconium (Zr), had been introduced into copper-based catalysts to improve their catalytic performance, however, only certain additions, such as Zr to Cu / ZnO or Cu / ZnO / A12O3 would promote Cu dispersion. By utilizing the combination of stainless steel copper, additional catalysts are not needed to cause a reaction between the funnel 526 one or more funnel screens 540.

[0206] During the carbon reforming and capture process, copper, along with other elements, can react with the carbon dioxide found in the exhaust emissions. For example, Copper Oxide (CuO) can react with the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) to form Copper Carbonate (CuCO3) to capture the CO2.

[0207] CuO + CO2CuCO3

[0208] In another example, Copper can react with moist carbon dioxide in the air to form copper hydroxocarbonate copper carbonate.

[0209] 2Cu + 2CO2+ H2O + O2Cu(OH)2+ CuCO3

[0210] In another example, copper carbonate can be prepared by combining aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate and sodium carbonate at ambient temperature and pressure.

[0211] 2CuSO4+ 2Na2CO + H2O Cu2(OH)2CO3+ 2Na2SO4+ CO2

[0212] The one or more funnel screens 540 can be spaced apart between approximately 0.1 inches and 3 inches, approximately 0.5 inches and 2.5 inches, between 0.75 inches and 2 inches, between approximately 1 inch and 1.75 inches, between approximately 1.15 inches and 1.35 inches, or at least approximately 1.5 inches. The one or more funnel screens 540 can be spaced from the bottom most and / or the topmost sections of the funnel 526 between approximately 0.01 inches and 1 inch, approximately 0.1 inches and 0.9 inches, between 0.2 inches and 0.8 inches, between approximately 0.25 inches and 0.75 inches, between approximately 0.4 inches and 0.6 inches, or at least approximately 0.5 inches. The shape of the one or more funnel screens 540 can be square, rectangular, circular, etc. as determined by the shape of the funnel 526. The dimensions of the one or more funnel screens 540 can correspond to the tapering of the funnel 526. For example, the one or more funnel screens 540 closest to the round top opening 512 can be larger than the one or more funnel screens 540 near the funnel opening 527 and vice versa. In some configuration, the one or more funnel screens 540 can be circular. The one or more funnel screens 540 can have a diameter of between approximately 0.5 inches and 10 inches, approximately 1 inch and 8 inches, between 2 inches and 7 inches, between approximately 2.5 inches and 6.5 inches, or between approximately 3 inches and 6 inches. The one or more funnel screens 540 can have a thickness of between approximately 0.01 inches and 0.5 inches, approximately 0.05 inches and 0.45 inches, between 0.1 inches and 0.4 inches, between approximately 0.15 inches and 0.35 inches, between approximately 0.2 inches and 0.3 inches, or at least approximately 0.25 inches.

[0213] The one or more funnel screens 540 can directly react with the incoming exhaust to cause the CO2 to separate from the exhaust. For example, by passing the exhaust through the one or more funnel screens 540, the flow of exhaust emissions through one or more funnel screens 540 creates a pressure difference between exhaust flowing downstream of the one or more funnel screens 540 and the flow of exhaust between each of the one or more funnel screens 540. As exhaust passes through each layer of the one or more funnel screens 540, the CO2 in the exhaust reacts with the copper screens and is extracted.

[0214] The exhaust entering through the round bottom opening 508 can be premixed with the air upstream of the round bottom opening 508. The bottom plate can have a width between 1 inch to 24 inches, between 3 inches to 18 inches, between 6 inches to 12 inches, between 7 inches to 11 inches, or between 8 inches to 10 inches. The bottom opening can have a width between 0.5 inches to 3.5 inches, between 1 inch to 3 inches, between 1.5 inches to 2.5 inches, or between 1.75 inches to 2.25 inches. The vortex chamber 502 of the emission burner can also be modified to include multiple fuel burners and / or rack assemblies 509. Vent ports 514 can be disposed along the boundary of the bottom opening to allow for the control of air flow into the combustion chamber. The vent ports 514 can be curved to extend about the central axis along a curvature of the round bottom opening 508.

[0215] In some configurations, the funnel 526 can include one or more projections 548 extending into the funnel 526 from a wall 550 of the funnel 526. The one or more funnel screens 540 can be positioned on the one or more projections 548 to support the one or more funnel screens 540 in the funnel 526. In some configurations, the one or more projections 548 can include bolts extending through the wall 550 of the funnel 526 into the funnel 526. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more funnel screens 540 can be welded to a wall 550 of the funnel 526.

[0216] A round sidewall 516 can extend between and be connected to both the bottom and top plates 506, 510 about the central axis 507. The round sidewall 516 can have a thickness between 0.1 inches to 1 inch, between 0.25 inches and 0.75 inches, or between 0.3 inches and 0.5 inches. The sidewall can have a heigh between 1 inch to 5 inches, between 1.5 inches to 4.5 inches, between 2 inches and 4 inches, between 2.5 inches to 3.5 inches, or between 2.75 inches to 3.25 inches. A sidewall opening 518 can be positioned in an opening of the sidewall 516 and used for directing air into the combustion chamber tangential to aninner periphery or surface 520 of the round sidewall 516. The sidewall opening 518 can centrifugally direct the incoming fluid into the vortex chamber 502. The inner periphery 520 can exert centrifugal forces on the air incoming through the sidewall opening 518 such that the air travels around the vortex chamber 502 circularly along the inner periphery 520. The flow of air can create a vortex vacuum that pulls fuel from the round bottom opening 508 toward the inner periphery 520.

[0217] Additionally or alternatively, the sidewall opening 518 can be positioned tangentially to an inner periphery 520 to allow the incoming fluid to flow in a direction along the periphery of the round sidewall 516 to entrain exhaust emissions from the round bottom opening 508 into the fluid moving along the inner periphery 520. Additionally or alternatively, the exhaust emission flow from the round bottom opening 508 can entrain additional air into the system through the vent ports 514 of the bottom plate 506. The vent ports 514 can be adjusted to increase or decrease the amount of air entrained into the system. Also, the curvature of the vent ports 514 can aid in directing the air towards certain fins 528 and / or in a specific direction for the air to the enter the vortex chamber 502. One or more vent ports 514 can be closed or open depending on the fluid dynamics in the vortex chamber 502. In some configurations, a line 521 extending from a perimeter of the sidewall opening 518 along a central axis 523 of the sidewall opening 518 can be tangential to the inner periphery 520 of the round sidewall 516. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the sidewall opening 518 can be formed on an input side of the vortex chamber 502 and connected to a second Venturi device 300b to provide an incoming charge. The sidewall opening can have a height between 0.5 inches to 3.5 inches, between 1 inch to 3 inches, between 1.5 inches to 2.5 inches, or between 1.75 inches to 2.25 inches.

[0218] As shown in FIG. 14, a deflection or deflector plate 522 can be positioned in the vortex chamber 502 at or near the opening of the sidewall opening 518 to mitigate the flow of fuel from the round bottom opening 508 to the sidewall opening 518 and / or to mitigate the fluid of air from the side wall opening 518 to the round bottom opening 508. The deflection plate 522 can be connected to the bottom plate 506 and / or the top plate 510 and axially extend along the central axis 507 and along the round bottom opening 508. A perimeter of the deflection plate 522 can be at least partially within a perimeter of the sidewall opening 518 when the perimeter of the deflection plate 522 is radially projected along a path from the centralaxis 507 to the perimeter of the sidewall opening 518. In some configurations, as illustrated in FIG. 10, the deflection plate can be removed from the vortex chamber 502.

[0219] The vortex chamber 502 can include a spiral runner 524, as show in FIGS. 7, 14, and 15, inside of the vortex chamber 502 that provides additional boundary layers along exhaust paths 533 for the emissions to circulate and separate from the CO2 as the exhaust emissions are pulled through the vortex chamber 502 and out of the round top opening 512. The high-speed flow 535 from the second Venturi device 300b can create a vortex along exhaust path 531 which creates a vacuum and draw in the exhaust emissions coming through the bottom opening 508 along exhaust emissions paths 533. The spiral runner 524 can be made up of a plurality of fins, shovels, and / or blades 528 positioned within the vortex chamber 502 which have a curved shape in the direction of the fluid flow 529 such that a distal edge 528d extends in the direction of fluid flow 529 relative to a proximate edge 528a in relation to the round bottom opening 508. The exhaust can flow along exhaust emissions path 533 created at least in part because of the Coanda surfaces of the fins 528 discussed herein, where the exhaust emissions flow along the surfaces of the fins 528 due to the Coanda effect creating the exhaust emissions path 533.

[0220] Each of the fins 528, as illustrated in FIG. 16, can have an edge 528a closest to the round bottom opening 508 relative to the inner periphery 520 that is rounded. The fins 528 can have a thickness 528b closest to the round bottom opening 508 and second thickness 528c closest to the inner periphery 520 of the sidewall 516. The fist thickness 528b can be thicker than the second thickness 528c. The first and second thickness 528b, 528c can help define a camber of the fins 528 which can affect the speed of the fluid flow 533 as the fluid contacts the fins 528. Different cambers can increase or decrease the fluid attachment to the fins as well as the speed of the fluid flow 533 as the fluid passes through the fins 528. The fins 528 can further include a Coanda surface and / or a Venturi effect at fluid path 533 which can help in transferring the fuel along the fins 528 (and surfaces thereof) from the bottom opening 508 to the boundary layer of the inner periphery 520.

[0221] The fins 528 can have a variety of shapes depending on various factors. The fins 528 can have a tear-drop shape, a shape having a relatively flat side away from the fluid path 529 with a round side in the direction of the fluid path 529, an elliptical shape with a relatively symmetrical camber on each side of the fin 528, or the like. A concave shape and / orside of the fin 528 can face away relative to the fluid flow path 529 to guide the fluid along the length of the fin 528 in the direction of the fluid flow path 529. A convex side and / or shape of the fins 528 can face towards the fluid flow path 529 to direct the fluid towards the inner periphery 520. The fluid flow paths 599 can follow a curved corresponding concave or convex path along the surface of the fins 528 at least in part because of the Coanda effect and associated surfaces of the fins as discussed herein. The fins 528 can have a connection point along the side closest to the bottom plate 506 and / or the hub 530 for attaching the fins 528 to the bottom plate 506 and / or the hub 530. In some configurations, the fins 528 can have a connection point along the proximate edge 528a for connecting the fins 528 to the protrusion 534.

[0222] The fins 528 can be connected to the bottom plate 506 of the vortex chamber 502. In some configurations, the fins 528 can be connected to a hub 530 which can then be connected to fastener openings 532 of the bottom plate 506 (shown in FIGS. 7-9). The hub 530 can be removable form the vortex chamber 502 such that one or more hubs having different fin configurations can then be interchangeable. The different fin configurations can correspond to exhaust emission properties.

[0223] As shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, the plurality of fins 528 can radially extend in the vortex chamber 502 from the round bottom opening 508 towards the inner periphery 520 in a direction of the moving air 529. A combustion flow path 531 along which combustion of the fuel occurs can extend along the inner periphery 520. A first radial extent R1 of a first fin Fl of the plurality of fins 528 from the central axis 507 can be less than a second radial extent RL of a last fin of the plurality of fins from the central axis 507. Also, the first axial extent R1 of the first fin Fl can be less than a second axial extend RL of the last fin FL along the central axis 507. The first fin Fl can be positioned adjacent and / or closest to the entry path of the air 535 coming from the sidewall opening 518 as well as downstream from the deflection plate 522 along the fluid flow path 529. The last fin FL can be located adjacent to and upstream of the deflection plate 522 in the direction of the fluid flow path 529.

[0224] As shown in FIG. 18, the first axial extent Al of the first fin Fl along the central axis 507 can be less than the second axial extent AL of the last fin FL along the central axis 507. By sizing the first fin Fl in such a configuration, back pressure or a stoppage of the fluid flow coming from the sidewall opening 518 can be reduced. The radial extents of the fins between the first fin Fl and the last fin FL can be longer relative to the first radial extent R1of the first fin Fl to direct the fuel further toward the inner periphery 520 of the round sidewall 516 and cntrail fuel toward the inner periphery 520. Directing the fuel towards the inner periphery 520 along fluid path 533 and can allow for the combustion of fuel emission products along the sidewall 516 along the combustion flow path 531.

[0225] In some configurations, the first fin Fl can also be smallest and / or shortest of the fins 528. Also, the last fin FL can be the tallest and / or longest relative to the other fins 528. The radial extents R of the plurality of fins can increase toward the inner periphery along the fluid flow path 529 direction to direct exhaust emissions and entrain exhaust emissions towards the inner periphery 520 along fluid path 533. In some configurations, the radial extent R can increase gradually in the direction of the inner periphery 520 in the air flow direction. In some configurations, the radial extent R of two or more first fins can be the shortest relative to the other fins. The two or more shortest fins can include the first fin Fl . In some configurations, the radial extent R of two or more of the last fins can be the longest relative to the other fins. The two or more longest fins can include the last fin FL.

[0226] The fins can be positioned such that there is gap between the end of the fin closest to the inner periphery and the inner periphery is between 0.1 inch to 1 inch, between 0.25 inches to 0.75 inches, or between 0.4 inches to 0.6 inches. As the fluid comes into contact with the fins 528 along fluid path 533, at least a portion of the fluid will be redirected towards the boundary layer to increase the burning efficiency and completion. Increasing the size of the fins 528 and / or decreasing the gap between the sidewall 516 and / or top plate 510 can also increase the speed of the fluid. In some configuration, the radial extents R of the fins 528 can be the same toward the inner periphery 520 after the first fin Fl along the airflow direction.

[0227] In some configurations, the first axial extent Al of the first fin Fl can be the shortest relative to the other fins 528. In some configurations, the second axial extent AL of the last fin FL can be the longest relative to the other fins 528. The fins can have a height between 1 inch to 4 inches, between 1.5 inches to 3.5 inches, between 2 inches to 3 inches, or between 2.25 inches to 2.75 inches. In some configurations, the axial extents A of the fins 528 increases towards the top plate along the direction of the air flow to direct the fuel and / or air towards the inner periphery 520. By also angling the fins 528 towards the inner periphery 520 and closing the gap towards the top plate 510, the air flow is more effectively directed to the inner periphery 520 which improves entraining fuel along the fins 528. The axial extents A ofthe fins 528 can gradually increase towards the top plate 510 along the fluid flow path 529. In some configuration, the axial extents A of two or more of the first fins can be the shortest relative to other fins of the plurality of fins 528. The two or more first fins can include the first fin Fl.

[0228] Additionally or alternatively, the axial extents A of two or more last fins can be the longest relative to the other fins 528. The two or more last fins can also include the last fin FL of the plurality of fins 528. In some configuration, the axial extents of the plurality of fins can be the same toward the top plate after the first fin along the airflow direction. In some configurations, the axial extents A of the other fins of the plurality of fins 528 are longer relative to the first axial extent Al of the first fin Fl to direct fuel toward the inner periphery 520 of the sidewall 516. The lines 525 from the central axis 507 along radial extents of the plurality of fins can extend outside of a perimeter of the sidewall opening 518 for each of the plurality of fins 528. In some configurations, the axial extent A of the fins 528 can increase while the radial length R remains constant.

[0229] FIGS. 17 and 18, for illustration purposes, shows the fluid dynamics of the vortex chamber system 500. As the exhaust emissions enter through the round bottom opening 508 and around the deflection plate 522, the fuel and air mixture can travel along the exhaust emissions path 533 along surfaces of the fins 528 toward the flow path 531. The exhaust emissions can travel over the deflection plate 522 and along the combustion flow path 531 as the vacuum in the vortex chamber 502 pulls the fuel and air mixture to the inner periphery 520. The exhaust emissions can travel in the fluid flow path 529 until the exhaust emissions is exhausted from the round top opening 512 along exhaust path 537. As the air fuel mixture travels along the combustion flow path 531, the exhaust emissions can become compressed as the gaps between the fins 528 and the top plate 510 and inner periphery 520 decrease. An intake charge from the second Venturi device 300b can enter the sidewall opening 518 along fluid flow path 535 in the direction of fluid flow path 529 in a centrifugal manner. Each of the flows fluid path 533 between the fins 528 can isolate the exhaust emissions to the combustion flow path 531. The fins 528 can break up the exhaust emissions flow into various compression zones along fluid path 533 between the fins 528 to facilitate the fuel traveling along the Coanda surfaces of the fins 528 toward the inner periphery 520 and to reform and / or separate the CO2 more efficiently (including other combustion emissions). Additionally or alternatively,reformation and / or separation of the CO2 can take place along the fluid flow fluid path 533 along the fins 528.

[0230] FIG. 19 illustrates an NPR inlet 536 of the second Venturi device 300b that can be attached and / or in fluid communication to the sidewall opening inlet 518 to provide a source of high-pressure fluid to the vortex chamber 502. In some configurations, the NPR inlet 536 can be connected to the sidewall opening 518 by a tube, conduit, or the like. In some configurations, the second Venturi device 300b can be fluidly and directly connected to the sidewall opening 518. The NPR inlet 536 can then be connected to a compressed-fluid source 538 that provides a primary flow to the second Venturi device 300b. The compressor can provide a pressure 1.6 psi, but other pressures are considered. A conduit 316 coming off the compressed- fluid source 538 and / or the exhaust emissions delivery system 505 can be connected to a secondary input 320 of the second Venturi device 300b to create a suction effect to pull the primary flow through the second Venturi device 300b.

[0231] The dimensions of the vortex chamber system 500 can vary based on the desired application. The width can be greater than the height (between a range of 2:1 to 4:1). The height can be between 6 inches to 6 feet based on its application.

[0232] In some implementations, the vortex chamber 502 of the vortex chamber system 500 can include additional thermal fins (not shown) to increase thermal conversion efficiency. The thermal fins can include a conductive metal, such as copper, but any suitable material can be used. The thermal fins can extend from the inner diameter of the vortex chamber 502 to the top and bottom. The thermal fins can direct the thermal energy to the ATEG 430 described below.

[0233] FIGS. 20 and 21 illustrate a schematic diagram of the intake chamber 600. FIG. 22 illustrates a schematic perspective view of the intake chamber 600. FIG. 23 illustrates a schematic perspective view of a chamber screen 611 described herein. The intake chamber 600 can be in fluid communication with the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a and the exhaust bypass conduit 414a. The first Venturi device 300a can be connected to an air intake of the exhaust emissions source 406. The inlet 302 of the first Venturi device 300a can be in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the first Venturi device 300a is ambient air. The first Venturi device 300a can direct air to the air intake of the exhaust emissions source 406 to supercharge the internal combustion engine.

[0234] As mentioned herein, the intake chamber 600 can be positioned between the exhaust of the exhaust emissions source 406 and the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a for the exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust of the exhaust emissions source 406 through the intake chamber 600 into the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a. The intake chamber 600 acts as a buffer zone between the exhaust bypass conduit 414a and the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a. The intake chamber 600 can include a cube shape from the exterior, but other shapes are also considered.

[0235] The intake chamber 600 can include a housing 602, a chamber inlet 604 for receiving the exhaust from the bypass exhaust conduit 414a, a chamber outlet 606 for discharging the reformed exhaust into the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a, a plurality of chamber screens 608 positioned inside the housing. The housing 602 can include a steel material or a stainless steel material.

[0236] Each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens 608 can have a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen. Additionally, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens 608 can include a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the intake chamber 600. At least one chamber screen 610 of the plurality of chamber screens 608 can include a stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions. For example, the at least one chamber screen 610 can be 304 stainless steel. Further, another at least one chamber screen 611 of the plurality of chamber screens 608 can include a copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate. In some configurations, the another at least one chamber screen 611 can include a layer of mesh 611a positioned on top of a framework having a framework 611b. Additionally, the another at least one chamber screen 611 can have two or more at least one chamber screen 610 having a layer of stainless steel mesh materials 610a positioned over framework 610b having a stainless steel honeycomb support. The stainless steel material of mesh 610a and framework 610b can be 304 stainless steel. The stainless steel material of the at least one chamber screen 610 can form a mesh to pass the exhaust emissions through the mesh 610a. There can be one or more chambers 612 positioned between the plurality of chamber screens 608. In some configurations, at least one chamber screen 610 can be positioned upstream of the another at least one chamber screen 611 relative to the chamber flow direction to ionize theexhaust emissions before reformation by the another at least one chamber screen 611 . In some configurations, the intake chamber 600 can include yet another at least one chamber screen 613 of the plurality of chamber screens 608 having stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions. Additionally, the yet at least one chamber screen 613 can also assist in dissipating heat from the plurality of chamber screens 608 before the exhaust emission is injected into the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a. In some configurations, the another at least one chamber screen 611 can be positioned between the at least one chamber screen 610 and yet another at least one chamber screen 613 along the chamber flow direction. In some configurations, the plurality of openings of the at least one chamber screen 610 are larger than the plurality of openings of the another at least one chamber screen 611. The temperature within the intake chamber 600 can be between approximately 220°C and 350°C for the reaction between the exhaust emission and the plurality of chamber screens 608 to occur.

[0237] In some configuration, the intake chamber 600 can further include an emission tray 620 and a tray opening 622. The emission tray 620 can be positioned in the intake chamber 600 to collect copper carbonate. The emission tray 620 can pass through the tray opening 622 for removal of the copper carbonate from the emission tray 620. In some configurations, the intake chamber 600 can further include a lid 628 to at least partially separate from a wall 626 of the intake chamber 600 for removal of the copper carbonate in the intake chamber 600.

[0238] The exhaust emissions can flow into the intake chamber 600 through the chamber inlet 604 and flow out of the intake chamber 600 through the chamber outlet 606. The exhaust emissions entering the chamber inlet 604 can have a pressure between approximately 1 psi to 30 psi, for example between 5 psi to 9 psi or 16 psi, as the exhaust emission flows from the exhaust bypass conduit 414a. As the exhaust emission flows out of the chamber outlet 606, the pressure of the exhaust emission can be between approximately 1 psi to 10 psi, for example, between 2 psi to 3 psi. A cross-sectional flow area of the chamber inlet 604 can be greater than a cross-sectional flow area of the chamber outlet 606 to increase pressure of exhaust emissions flowing through the intake chamber 600. The chamber inlet 604 can have a diameter between approximately 0.1 inches and 2 inches, between approximately 0.25 inches and 1.75 inches, between approximately 0.5 inches and 1.5 inches, between approximately 0.75 inches and 1.25inches, or at least 1 inch. The chamber outlet 606 can have a diameter between approximately 0.1 inches and 1 inch, between approximately 0.25 inches and 0.75 inches, between approximately 0.3 inches and 0.7 inches, between approximately 0.4 inches and 0.6 inches, or at least 0.5 inches. The difference in diameter between the chamber inlet 604 and chamber outlet 606 can cause the pressure within the intake chamber 600 to increase, causing the temperature to rise to 220°C.

[0239] In some configurations, the at least one chamber screen 610 and an another at least one chamber screen 611 are separated from each other along the chamber flow direction. The space between the at least one chamber screen 610 and the another at least one chamber screen 611 forming an internal chamber in the intake chamber 600 for maintaining exhaust emissions in the internal chamber 612 of the intake chamber 600 at a different pressure relative to the pressure of exhaust emissions in the intake chamber 600 outside of the internal chamber 612. The at least one chamber screen 610 can recirculate exhaust gas in and to pass through a series of different internal chambers 612. The plurality of chamber screens 608 can be spaced apart between approximately 0.01 inches and 0.5 inches, approximately 0.05 inches and 0.25 inches, between 0.075 inches and 0.2 inches, between approximately 0.1 inches and 0.15 inches, between approximately 0.12 inches and 0.13 inches, or at least approximately 0.125 inches. The shape of the plurality of chamber screens 608 can be square, rectangular, circular, etc. For example, the plurality of chamber screens 608 can have a square shape having dimensions of 3 inches by 3 inches, by 3 inches, by 3 inches. The plurality of chamber screens 608 can have a thickness of between approximately 0.01 inches and 0.5 inches, approximately 0.05 inches and 0.45 inches, between 0.1 inches and 0.4 inches, between approximately 0.15 inches and 0.35 inches, between approximately 0.2 inches and 0.3 inches, or at least approximately 0.25 inches. The mesh 611a can be a Type 100 mesh screen.

[0240] The at least one chamber screen 610 can be spaced from the another at least one chamber screen 611 between approximately 0.01 inches and 0.5 inches, approximately 0.05 inches and 0.45 inches, between 0.1 inches and 0.4 inches, between approximately 0.15 inches and 0.35 inches, between approximately 0.2 inches and 0.3 inches, or at least approximately 0.25 inches. The shape of the at least one chamber screen 610 can be square, rectangular, circular, etc. For example, the at least one chamber screen 610 can have a square shape having dimensions of 3 inches by 3 inches, by 3 inches, by 3 inches. The at least onechamber screen 610 can have a thickness of between approximately 0.01 inches and 0.5 inches, approximately 0.05 inches and 0.45 inches, between 0.1 inches and 0.4 inches, between approximately 0.15 inches and 0.35 inches, between approximately 0.2 inches and 0.3 inches, or at least approximately 0.25 inches. In some configurations, the mesh 610a of the at least one chamber screen 610 can be formed from a thicker gage material than a mesh 611a of the another at least one chamber 611. For example, the mesh 610a can be a Type 40 mesh screen, which is thicker than the Type 100 mesh screen for the mesh 611a. In the case of a type 40 mesh screen, it means there are 40 openings or holes per linear inch of the screen.

[0241] The another at least one chamber screen 611 can be disposed between opposite layers of the at least one chamber screen 610. By passing the exhaust gas through the multiple chamber, the temperature-pressure is altered, which provides time for CO2 separation and attachment to the copper elements of the mesh woven screens. Copper is known to attract CO2 from environment. By passing the exhaust a first layer of the at least one chamber screen 610, the exhaust is stimulated prior to coming into contact with plurality of chamber screens 608. Under pressure, in part from the Type 40 stainless steel screen, and temperature, the mesh 610a and framework 610b can release ions into the emissions composition as the emissions pass through at least one chamber screen 610. When exposed to air, copper undergoes a natural process called oxidation, forming a layer of copper oxide on its surface. The another at least one chamber screen 611 can interact with CO2 in the atmosphere and convert it into copper carbonate and / or copper hydroxy carbonate. There is a higher-pressure engagement through zones within the chambers at 220°C to 250°C within the chamber that will lead to carbon reformation.

[0242] In some configurations, the intake chamber 600 can include one or more projections 624 extending into the intake chamber from a wall 626 of the intake chamber 600. The at least one chamber screen 610 and the another at least one chamber screen 611 can be positioned on the one or more projections 624 to support the at least one chamber screen 610 and the another at least one chamber screen 611 in the intake chamber 600. In some configurations, the one or more projections 624 can include bolts extending through the wall 626 of the intake chamber 600 into the intake chamber.

[0243] An ultrasonic transducer 614 can be coupled to an exterior surface of the intake chamber 600 and / or the funnel 526 for ultrasonic cleaning of the intake chamber 600and / or funnel 526 during a cleaning cycle. For example, the ultrasonic transducer 614 can generate ultrasound energy directed to the intake chamber 600 for the ultrasound energy to separate the copper carbonate from the another at least one chamber screen 611. To improve efficiency, a second sub function can utilize the moisture in the exhaust and ultrasonic vibration from the transducer 614 to provide a low energy, effective cleaning mode which can extract the copper carbonate from the plurality of chamber screens 608, which simply falls to a chamber at the bottom of the intake chamber 600 for extraction. In some configurations, the ultrasonic transducer 614 can have a power between 1W and 120W, for example, 60W. In some configurations, the transducer can have a frequency of between 1kHz and 50kHz, for example, 28kHz. In some configurations, a driver board voltage of the ultrasonic transducer 614 can be between IV to 220V, for example, 110V AC. In some configurations, the driver board voltage of the ultrasonic transducer 614 can be between 1W to 200W, for example, 100W.

[0244] In some configurations, the intake chamber 600 can be in fluid communication with the vortex chamber system 500 rather than the funnel 526. The intake chamber 600 can perform similarly or identically to the funnel 526. The plurality of chamber screens 608 contained in the intake chamber 600 and the one or more funnel screens 540 of the funnel 526 can be interchangeable, allowing for either the intake chamber 600 or funnel 526 to be utilized to clean exhaust emissions.

[0245] The ultrasonic transducer 614 can be a piezoelectric transducer or a capacitive transducer. In some configurations, the ultrasonic transducer 614 can convert electrical energy into ultrasonic sound waves and vice versa. The ultrasonic transducer 614 can further receive an electrical signal and convert the electrical signal into high-frequency mechanical vibrations. The vibrations can be in the range of 20 kHz to several megahertz. These vibrations produce ultrasonic waves, which are sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper limit of human hearing (20 kHz). The ultrasonic transducer 614 can include a piezoelectric material to utilize the piezoelectric effect, where certain materials (like certain ceramics or crystals) generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. When an electrical voltage is applied to the piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric material changes shape and / or generates ultrasonic waves. A housing 616 can surround the piezoelectric material and providing mechanical support. An electrical connector can be coupled to the intakechamber 600 for transmitting electrical signals to and from the piezoelectric material. Additionally, a protective cover 618 can be disposed on the housing to shield the piezoelectric material from external elements.

[0246] The ultrasonic transducer 614 can clean the intake chamber 600 following a cycle of exhaust cleaning. The ultrasonic transducer 614 can turn on automatically following a cycle of exhaust cleaning. The cleaning cycle can run for a set amount of time. In some configurations, the cleaning cycle can turn off automatically after a sensor measuring the pressure flowing through the intake chamber 600 senses that the pressure is indicative that the intake chamber 600 is clean.

[0247] Table 1 below illustrates a composition of an exhaust emission before and after passing said exhaust emission through the system 400 that can be without, or with minimal moving, parts that need less maintenance and have increased reliability and effective operational time. As shown in Table 1, pollutants (e.g., Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Combined Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide (Nox), Hydrocarbons (CxHy), and Methane (CH4)) were reduced while Oxygen (02) increased. Exhaust emissions can be scrubbed of harmful pollutants before being exhausted into the atmosphere and / or recirculated back into the system.Table 1

[0248] FIG. 24 illustrates another schematic system diagram of a system 2400 for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an internal combustion engine (e.g., exhaust emissions source 406). The system 2400 can be generally similar to the system 400. Unless otherwise noted, the components of FIG. 2400 can be the same as or generally similar to like-numbered components of FIGS. 4-19. For example, the system 2400 can include a first Venturi device 300a, second Venturi device 300b, exhaust emissions source 406, containment cannister 412, fluid moving device 422, and vortex chamber system 500. As shown in FIG. 24, the system 2400 can include a compressor 418 (e.g., a turbo compressor) positioned between the first Venturi device 300a and the exhaust emissions source 406. The compressor 418 can be attached and / or in fluid communication with the outlet 304 of the first Venturi device 300a and to an intake of an exhaust emissions source 406 (e.g., of an internal combustion engine, power plant, etc.) to direct air to the air intake of the exhaust emissions source 406. For example, the exhaust can be connected to an internal combustion engine (i.e., exhaust emissions source 406) that combusts fuel stored in storage tank 407 and produces exhaust emissions. The compressor 418 can include a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and speed of the fluid received from the outlet 304. The fluid can include ambient air and a product (e.g., methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3)) of the bed reactor 630 (e.g., a fixed bed reactor or a non-fixed bed reactor), plasma reformer 650 (e.g., a nonthermal plasma reformer or a thermal plasma reformer), second bed reactor 660 (e.g., a fixed bed reactor or a non-fixed bed reactor), and / or second plasma reformer 670 (e.g., a non-thermal plasma reformer or a thermal plasma reformer)mentioned below for their respective systems. Additionally, any of the bed reactor 630, the plasma reformer 650, the second bed reactor 660, and / or the second plasma reformer 670 of their respective system can be substituted for the bed reactor 630, the plasma reformer 650, the second bed reactor 660, and / or the second plasma reformer 670 such that they are interchangeable with one another. The fluid can enter the compressor 418 through an inlet and is directed onto the impeller, a rotating disc with blades. As the impeller spins, it imparts kinetic energy to the gas, increasing its velocity. The high- velocity gas then passes into a diffuser, where its velocity decreases. This reduction in velocity causes a corresponding increase in pressure as the kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy. The compressed fluid can be collected in the volute, a spiral casing that further helpsin stabilizing and directing the high-pressure gas to an outlet in fluid communication with the intake of the exhaust emissions source 406.

[0249] The system 2400 can further include an exhaust gas treatment chamber 416, which can connect the exhaust emissions source 406 to a bed reactor 630 via conduit 414a and to a vortex chamber system 500 via an exhaust bypass conduit 414b. One of or both of carbon dioxide and / or carbon monoxide at the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 can be reformed by the system 2400 and / or any of the other systems 2700, 2900, 3200 mentioned below. The exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 can include a conduit (e.g., pipe, tube, etc.) having one or more glow plugs 417 embedded therein to heat the incoming exhaust gases from the exhaust emissions source 406. For example, the glow plugs 417 can heat any fluid to a temperature between 200°C and 500°C. In some implementations, the fluid can be heated to a temperature between 175°C and 750°C. In some implementations, the fluid can be heated to a temperature between 150°C and l,000°C. Additionally, the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 can include a reducer (e.g., flow reducer and / or transition piece used in to manage and streamline the flow of air) to enhance the flow of the exhaust gases by providing a gradual transition between different pipe or duct sizes, minimizing turbulence and ensuring a smooth, efficient flow. In some implementations, the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 can include a plurality of conduits in tandem. Additionally, a fluid loop 419 circulating a fluid solution stored in the fluid reservoir 437 can be in fluid communication with the exhaust flowing through the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416. A bypass conduit 415 can connect the fluid loop 419 to the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 to direct fluid solution into the exhaust. In some implementations, a flow regulator 438 circulating the fluid solution in the fluid loop 419 can also be in fluid communication with the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416. The flow regulator 438 can pump fluid solution directly into the exhaust flowing through the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416.

[0250] The fluid solution can be a solution of ethylene or propylene glycol, water, copper, and potassium hydroxide. The ethylene glycol can be in an amount of about 25% to 75%, about 30% to 70%, about 35% to 65%, about 40% to 60%, about 45% to 55%, or about 50% of the total composition of the fluid solution. The potassium hydroxide of the fluid solution can be in an amount of about 0.25% to 0.75%, about 0.30% to 0.70%, about 0.35% to 0.65%, about 0.40% to 0.60%, about 0.45% to 0.55%, or about 0.50% of the total composition of the fluid solution. The potassium hydroxide of the fluid solution can have a purity ofbetween approximately 80% to 100%, between approximately 82.5% to 97.5%, between approximately 85% to 95%, between approximately 87.5% to 92.5%, or 90%. The water can be an amount of about 25% to 75%, about 30% to 70%, about 35% to 65%, about 40% to 60%, about 45% to 55%, or about 50% of the total composition of the fluid solution. A ratio of ethylene glycol to potassium hydroxide can from 80: 1 to 90:1. A ratio of ethylene glycol to water can be from about 0.5:5.0 to 5.0:0.5, about 0.5:4.5 to 4.5:0.5, about 0.5:4.0 to 4.0:0.5, about 0.5:3.5 to 3.5:0.5, about 0.5:3.0 to 3.0:0.5, about 0.5:2.5 to 2.5:0.5, about 0.5:2.0 to 2.0:0.5, or about 0.5:1.5 to 1.5:0.5. A ratio of potassium hydroxide to water can from about 0: 1 to 180:1, about 20:1 to 160:1, about 40:1 to 140:1, about 60:1 to 120:1, or about 80:1 to 100:1. The copper can in an amount about 0.25% to 0.75%, about 0.30% to 0.70%, about 0.35% to 0.65%, about 0.40% to 0.60%, about 0.45% to 0.55%, or about 0.50% of the total composition of the fluid solution. The copper can be copper nanoparticles. In some implementations, the copper nanoparticles have a diameter of about 25 nm to about 100 nm, about 40 nm to about 75 nm, or about 45 nm to about 63 nm. The copper of the fluid solution can have a purity of between approximately 99% to 100%, between approximately 99.1% to 99.9%, between approximately 99.25% to 99.75%, between approximately 99.4% to 99.6%, or 99.5%. In some implementations, one liter of the fluid solution can include a solution made up of 50% of ethylene glycol, 50% of water (e.g., distilled water), 5.6 grams of potassium hydroxide, and 5.6 grams of copper (e.g., copper nanoparticles. In some implementations, the fluid solution can include gallium and / or nickel. The gallium of the fluid solution can be in an amount of about 0.01% to 0.40%, about 0.15% to 0.35%, about 0.20% to 0.30%, or about 0.25% of the total composition of the fluid solution. The gallium of the fluid solution can have a purity of between approximately 99% to 100%, between approximately 99.1% to 100%, between approximately 99.25% to 100%, between approximately 99.5% to 100%, between approximately 99.75% to 100%, between approximately 99.9% to 100%, or 99.99%. The gallium of the fluid solution can also have a metal basis of between approximately 60 nm to 120 nm, between approximately 65 nm to 115 nm, between approximately 70 nm to 110 nm, between approximately 75 nm to 105 nm, between approximately 77.5 nm to 102.5 nm, or between approximately or 80 nm to 100 nm. The nickel of the fluid solution can be in an amount of about 0.01% to 0.40%, about 0.15% to 0.35%, about 0.20% to 0.30%, or about 0.25% of the total composition of the fluid solution. The nickel of the fluid solution can havea purity of between approximately 99% to 100%, between approximately 99.1 % to 99.99%, between approximately 99.25% to 99.95%, between approximately 99.5% to 99.85%, between approximately 99.6% to 99.8%, between approximately 99.9% to 99.75%, or 99.7%. The gallium of the fluid solution can also have a metal basis of between approximately 20 nm to 80 nm, between approximately 25 nm to 75 nm, between approximately 30 nm to 70 nm, between approximately 35 nm to 65 nm, between approximately 37.5 nm to 62.5 nm, or between approximately 40 nm to 60 nm. In some implementations, one liter of the fluid solution can include a solution made up of 50% of ethylene glycol, 50% of water (e.g., distilled water), 5.6 grams of potassium hydroxide, 5.6 grams of copper (e.g., copper nanoparticles, 2.6 grams of gallium, and 1.3 grams of nickel (e.g., nickel nanoparticles). In some implementations, the fluid solution can be an emission reduction fluid being made up of potassium hydroxide and water. The emission reduction fluid can be injected into the exhaust stream (e.g., at the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416) to react with and capture carbon dioxide of the exhaust emissions from the exhaust emissions source 406. The emissions reduction fluid can be included in any of the system 2400, 2700, 2900, 3200 mentioned below.

[0251] As shown in FIG. 24, the system 2400 can include a bed reactor 630 (also known as herein as a “packed bed reactor”) illustrated in FIG. 25. In some implementation, the bed reactor 630 can be a fixed bed reactor. Fixed bed reactors can have extensive contact time between reactants and catalyst which ensures effective conversion. Additionally, the fixed bed reactors (e.g., bed reactor 630) can be scalable, suitable for both large-scale industrial applications and smaller applications. In some implementations, the bed reactor 630 can be a non-fixed bed reactor. The solid material (catalyst or other solids) of non-fixed bed reactors is not stationary. These reactors have dynamic interactions between the solid phase and the fluid phase. The bed reactor 630 can include a housing 632 (e.g., a cylindrical tube, a rectangular tube, etc.) having solid catalyst particles 634 (e.g., catalyst pellets comprising copper- nickel), which form the fixed and / or packed bed 636. FIG. 24 illustrates both a 2D mesh and a ID mesh. The bed reactor 630 can further include a feed line 638 in which exhaust gas travels to the bed reactor 630 from the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416. The reactants (e.g., components of the fluid solution such as ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and water (H2O)) can be flowed through the bed of solid catalyst particles 634 (e.g., copper-nickel particles) to be converted into one or more products (e.g., methanol ( CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassiumcarbonate (K2CO3)) which are flowed to the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a and / or stored in a storage reservoir 639. The methanol can be flowed to the intake of the exhaust emissions source 406 to improve efficiency of the exhaust emissions source 406 and reduce emissions. Flowing the fluid solution through the solid catalyst particles 634 can assist the reactions in the bed reactor 630. The bed reactor 630 can also include support grids and / or screens at a bottom to hold the solid catalyst particles 634 in place and ensure even distribution of the flow through the bed. The solid catalyst particles 634 can come in various shapes such as pellets, rings, and / or granules. The solid catalyst particles 634 can facilitate chemical reactions by providing an active surface for the reactants. In operation, reactants can enter the bed reactor 630 from the top and flow downward through the housing 632, with products exiting from the bottom. This flow pattern is typically axial, running parallel to the axis of the bed reactor 630. As the reactants pass over the surfaces of the solid catalyst particles 634 within the packed bed 636, the intended chemical reactions occur. Depending on whether the reactions are exothermic or endothermic, the bed reactor 630 can include heat exchangers and / or external cooling / heating systems to manage the temperature within the reaction zone. The products from the bed reactor 630 flowing to the first Venturi device 300a can be combined with ambient air and injected into the compressor 418.

[0252] According to various implementations, the bed reactor 630 can have multiple configurations, such as one large bed, several horizontal beds, several parallel packed tubes, and / or multiple beds in their own shells. Additionally, integrated into the bed reactor 630 can be a highly reactive and conductive coating composition (e.g., a gallium nitride poly sty rene-epoxy nano particle composition), which can be thermally stable at and / or higher than 1000°C. The coating composition can enhance the reactive input gas to form a higher output conversion, which can be due to a pyro-piezoelectric behavior of the coating composition. The enhanced reactivity can increase hydrogen output capabilities with limited input energy requirement. The bed reactor 630 can also be compatible with other programmed gas conversion models. The bed reactor 630 presented herein can be setup for exhaust gas recirculation and reformation. The bed reactor 630 can include a bypass fluid injection port and vaporization capability which can yield high gas reaction conversion rates based at least on the solid catalyst particles 634 composition.

[0253] During the carbon reforming and capture process of the bed reactor 630, hydrogen (th) can be produced from carbon monoxide (CO) through a process known as steam reforming. Steam reforming involves reacting hydrocarbons (e.g., ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)) with water (H2O) at high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., iron oxide and / or a combination of copper and zinc) to form a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which is often referred to as synthesis gas and / or syngas. The general reaction for steam reforming of ethylene glycol can be represented as:

[0254] C2H6O2 + 2H2O 2CO + 4H2

[0255] In this reaction, one mole of ethylene glycol reacts with two moles of water to form two moles of carbon monoxide and four moles of hydrogen. To achieve these high temperatures, the ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and water (H2O) from the working fluid can be heated by the glow plugs 417 as the mixture travels through the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 which than reacts with the solid catalyst particles 634 of the bed reactor 630. A water-gas shift reaction can be used following the above conversion for further conversion of the carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2):

[0256] CO + H2O CO2 + H2

[0257] After the reaction, hydrogen and carbon dioxide arc separated. Hydrogen can be purified further if needed. Thus, combining the above reaction with heat from the glow plugs 417 of the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 and the components of the fluid solution (e.g., ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and potassium hydroxide (2KOH)) circulating through a fluid loop 419, the components react to form methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3):

[0258] C2H6O2 + 2CO + 2KOH 2CH3OH + H2O + K2CO3

[0259] The reactants in the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 can be heated by the glow plugs 417 to a temperature between 200°C and 500°C. In some implementations, the reactants can be heated to a temperature between 175°C and 750°C. In some implementations, the reactants can be heated to a temperature between 150°C and l,000°C. The methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) can be passed to the first Venturidevice 300a via the secondary input 320 for recirculation into the system. As mentioned above, the methanol can be flowed to the exhaust emissions source 406 to improve efficiency and reduce emissions produced by the exhaust emissions source 406. The potassium carbonate (K2CO3) components of the formed products can be converted into potassium oxide (K2O) during the combustion cycle of the exhaust emissions source 406. As the potassium oxide (K2O) is recirculated through the system 2400, and / or any of the systems 2700, 2900, 3200 mentioned below, the potassium oxide (K2O) can react with water in the fluid solution and convert to potassium carbonate (K2CO3). Additionally, ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) contained in the fluid solution can readily react with the carbon dioxide (CO2) at the vortex chamber system 500 to form potassium carbonate (K2CO3), water (H2O), and glycerol (C2H8O3):

[0260] C2H6O2 + CO2+ 2KOH K2CO3 + 2H2O + C2H8O3

[0261] This reaction can be used for the removal of CO2 from the exhaust gases. The reaction between the ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), the potassium hydroxide (KOH), and the carbon dioxide (CO2) which form potassium carbonate (K2CO3), water (H2O), and glycerol (C2 HsOs) does not require intense heating and can occur at room temperature or with mild heating (e.g., the reaction can proceed efficiently at ambient conditions). The process for forming potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and water (H2O) is exothermic, meaning it releases heat. In some implementations, cooling can assist in managing the heat generated during the reaction, especially in a large-scale and / or continuous process. The produced potassium carbonate can be (K2CO3) collected at the vortex chamber system 500 from the containment cannister 412.

[0262] As shown in FIG. 24, the system 2400 can further include a thermoelectric generator 430 (e.g., an automotive thermoelectric generator (ATEG)). FIG. 26 illustrates a schematic perspective view of the ATEG 430. Thermoelectric (TE) power generation systems generate electrical power by exploiting processes that convert thermal flux from temperature differences into electrical power (e.g., the Seebeck effect). TE power generation systems can be made, for example, by attaching thermoelectric devices (e.g., TE elements 434) onto the side of a structure that provides a source of heat. For example, hot exhaust can be ducted through an inner chamber 432 having arrays 433 (e.g., first array 433a and second array 433b) of TE elements 434 surrounding the inner chamber 432. The ATEG 430 can convert wasteheat (e.g., heat from exhaust gases) from an engine and exhaust system (e.g., exhaust emissions source 406 and vortex chamber system 500) passing through the inner chamber 432 into electrical energy which can be stored (e.g., stored in a battery 420 as shown in FIG. 4, which can be used to power other components of the system 400 such the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416. The conversion by the ATEG 430 can at least be based on the Seebeck effect, where a temperature difference across a thermoelectric material of the TE elements 434 generates an electric voltage. The ATEG 430 can improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by reclaiming energy that would otherwise be lost as heat. In an internal combustion engine (e.g., exhaust emissions source 406), a significant amount of energy is lost as heat through the exhaust gases and engine cooling system. The ATEG 430 can capture this waste heat.

[0263] As mentioned above, the ATEG 430 can include TE elements 434 (e.g., thermoelectric materials) which are placed between the hot exhaust gas and / or engine surface and a cooler surface (e.g., conduits of the heat exchangers 436 having the fluid solution), such as ambient air, engine coolant, etc. The TE elements 434 can include any suitable thermoelectric material and can generate electrical power in response to an applied temperature gradient across the material. For example, the TE elements 434 can include semiconductor materials having high thermoelectric efficiency. The temperature difference across the TE elements 434 can create a voltage, and the greater the temperature difference, the higher the generated voltage. This voltage can drive an electric current through the TE elements 434. The electric current generated by the TE elements 434 can be used to power electrical systems in the vehicle, such as lights, sensors, and entertainment systems. It can also charge the vehicle’s battery.

[0264] The TE elements 434 can include a cold side which can be in thermal connection with a fluid solution (e.g., electrolyte solution mentioned above) that is generally cooler than the high temperature region of the exhaust emissions source 406 and / or vortex chamber system 500, creating a temperature gradient between the hot side and the cold side of the TE elements 434. The fluid solution can be circulated in the fluid loop 419. In some implementations, the fluid solution is ambient air, liquid coolant, another flowing or stagnant fluid, and / or a combination of fluids. The fluid solution can be contained within a conduit (e.g., pipe, channel, etc.) and fluid can be directed through such conduit to establish thermal contact with the TE elements 434, facilitating the transfer of thermal energy between the cold side ofthe TE elements 434 and the fluid solution. The thermal energy can he transferred via one or more heat exchangers 436 (c.g., radiator heat sink). The flow or pressure of fluid in thermal contact with the TE elements 434 can be affected by a flow regulator 438, such as a fan, pump (e.g., water pump), valve, fluid bypass, etc. Movement of the fluid can increase the transfer rate of thermal energy from the TE elements 434 to the fluid, thereby increasing the temperature differential between the hot side and the cold side of the TE elements 434. As mentioned above, the heat exchangers 436 can likewise increase the transfer of thermal energy between the cold side of the TE elements 434 and the fluid. In some implementations, fins can increase the surface area from which thermal energy may escape into the surrounding fluid. The TE elements 434 can be arranged in arrays 433 to maximize power output. The TE elements 434 can be arranged in close proximity to each other, thereby facilitating electrical connections at interfaces between TE elements 434 and creating an electrical network. In some implementations, the number of TE elements 434 that can be included in the ATEG 430 can be between approximately 1 and 60, between approximately 5 and 55, between approximately 10 and 50, between approximately 15 and 45, between approximately 20 and 40, between approximately 25 and 35, or 30. The fluid solution can be stored in a fluid reservoir 437 in fluid communication with the flow regulator 438 and / or the heat exchangers 436.

[0265] The heat exchangers 436 to transfer heat absorbed from the exhaust gases passing through the vortex chamber system 500 and / or exhaust emissions source 406 surface away from the TE elements 434. The heat exchangers 436 can include conduits, tubes, etc. with a fluid solution, mentioned below, flowing through. The fluid solution can be a solution of ethylene or propylene glycol, water, copper nanoparticle, and potassium hydroxide. In some implementations, one liter of the fluid solution can include a solution made up of 50% of ethylene glycol, 50% of water (e.g., distilled water), 5.6 grams of potassium hydroxide, and 5.6 grams of copper (e.g., copper nanoparticles. In some implementations, one liter of the fluid solution can include a solution made up of 50% of ethylene glycol, 50% of water (e.g., distilled water), 5.6 grams of potassium hydroxide, 5.6 grams of copper (e.g., copper nanoparticles, 2.6 grams of gallium, and 1.3 grams of nickel (e.g., nickel nanoparticles). The fluid solution flowing through the heat exchangers 436 can increase the ability to decrease the temperature of the cooler sides the TE elements 434 by using said fluid solution having ethylene or propylene glycol and copper to achieve a target differential temperature. The coppernanoparticles can be used to transfer away thermal energy due to their high thermal conductivity large surface arca-to-volumc ratio, and ability to enhance the thermal properties of base materials. The heat exchangers 436 can maximize the temperature difference across the TE elements 434. The generated electrical power may need conditioning (voltage regulation, conversion) before it can be used by any electrical systems (e.g., battery 420), and control systems can manage the operation of the ATEG 430 to optimizing performance. The ATEG 430 can improve fuel efficiency by reducing the load on components of the exhaust emissions source 406 (e.g., alternator), which leads to lower greenhouse gas emissions. The ATEG 430 can also provide additional electrical power, which is beneficial in modern systems with numerous electronic systems. Furthermore, ATEG 430 can have no moving parts, leading to potentially lower maintenance requirements compared to mechanical energy recovery systems. The performance of an example ATEG 430 and the thermoelectric device TE elements 434 under specified conditions can have a power output at a hot side temperature (Th) of 440°C and a cold side temperature (Tc) of 25°C, with a matched load, of 30 Watts. The open circuit voltage measured at Th=440°C and Tc=25°C can be 11.6 Volts, while the voltage under matched load conditions can be 5.8 Volts. The internal resistance at Th=440°C and Tc=25°C can 1.12 Ohms, and at a temperature (T) of 25°C, it can be 0.73 Ohms. The current under matched load conditions at Th=440°C and Tc=25°C can be 5 Amps, and the current under short circuit conditions at the same temperatures can 10 Amps.

[0266] FIG. 27 illustrates another schematic system diagram of a system 2700 for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an internal combustion engine (e.g., exhaust emissions source 406). The system 2700 can be generally similar to system 400 and system 2400. Unless otherwise noted, the components of FIG. 2400 can be the same as or generally similar to like-numbered components of FIGS. 4-19 and 24-26. For example, the system 2700 can include a first Venturi device 300a, second Venturi device 300b, exhaust emissions source 406, storage tank 407, containment cannister 412, bypass conduit 415, exhaust gas treatment chamber 416, glow plugs 417, compressor 418, fluid loop 419, battery 420, ATEG 430, fluid reservoir 437, flow regulator 438, vortex chamber system 500, and bed reactor 630. In FIG. 27, the system 2700 can include a hydrogen generation system 440 (e.g., an HHO system), also known as a Brown's Gas generator or oxyhydrogen system to enhance the performance of the exhaust emissions source 406. The hydrogen generation system 440can be in fluid communication with the ATEG 430 and a second secondary input 320b of the first Venturi device 300a. As mentioned above, electrical energy generated by the ATEG 430 can be used to the hydrogen generation system 440. Additionally, the bed reactor 630 can be in fluid communication with a first secondary input 320a of the first Venturi device 300a such that the products (e.g., methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3)) produced the bed reactor 630 are received by the first Venturi device 300a via the secondary input 320.

[0267] FIG. 28 illustrates a schematic diagram of the hydrogen generation system 440 of system 2700. The hydrogen generation system 440 can produce a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases, as well as other gases, by electrolyzing a fluid, which is known as "HHO" or "Brown's Gas." The injection of the hydrogen (H2) gas into the second secondary input 320b of the first Venturi device 300a can assist with a cleaner fuel burn by exhaust emissions source 406 and / or reduce turbulence of the air flow into the intake of the compressor 418 by minimizing the chaotic and irregular airflow as well as to improve efficiency of the exhaust emissions source 406. The hydrogen generation system 440 can use electrical energy provided by the ATEG 430 to split water (H2O) into its constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The process begins with the electrolysis of the fluid (e.g., the fluid solution of the ATEG 430, which can be an electrolyte solution). The fluid solution can be flowed into an electrolyzer 442, which contains two electrodes: an anode (positive) and a cathode (negative). Direct current (DC) electricity can be passed through the electrodes, splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The reaction can be represented as:

[0268] 2H2O 2H2+ O2.

[0269] When direct current (DC) is applied to the electrodes, the electric field causes water molecules to dissociate into hydrogen and oxygen gases. At the cathode (negative electrode), water molecules gain electrons (reduction reaction) to form hydrogen gas (H2) and hydroxide ions (OH ):

[0270] 4H2O + 4e" 2H2+ 4OH"

[0271] At the anode (positive electrode), water molecules lose electrons (oxidation reaction) to form oxygen gas (O2) and hydrogen ions (H+):

[0272] 2H2O O2+ 4H++4e-

[0273] Additionally, at the anode, the hydroxide ions (OH ) migrate towards the anode. At the anode, they are oxidized to form water and oxygen gas (O2). The reaction is:

[0274] 4OH- 2H2O + O2+ 4e“

[0275] The generated hydrogen and oxygen gases can be directed immediately for use. In some implementations, the gases are collected and stored in a gas reservoir 444 until ready for use. The gases are in a 2:1 ratio, matching the ratio in water molecules. The HHO gas can be used in various applications, such as, for example, enhancing fuel combustion in the exhaust emissions source 406. The HHO gas can be introduced into the air intake system of the exhaust emissions source 406 via the first Venturi device 300a and compressor 418 to improve efficiency of the exhaust emissions source 406 and reduce emissions. The hydrogen and oxygen gases mix with the incoming air from the first Venturi device 300a, leading to more efficient combustion. Combining ambient air with hydrogen can increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. As mentioned above, the hydrogen generation system 440 can include the electrolyzer 442, in which fluid electrolysis occurs. The hydrogen generation system 440 can also be in communication with the fluid reservoir 437, which stores the fluid solution and an electrolyte (e.g., potassium hydroxide, KOH) to improve conductivity. The fluid solution flowed through the hydrogen generation system 440 from the fluid reservoir 437 can be mixed with the products of the bed reactor 630 at the second bed reactor 660 and / or the second plasma reformer 670. The potassium hydroxide of the fluid solution can assist in absorbing carbon dioxide. The electrodes of the electrolyzer 442 can be stainless steel and / or other corrosionresistant materials, that are immersed in the fluid solution to facilitate the electrolysis process. A DC power source, such as the battery 420, can provide electrical energy for electrolysis. The gas reservoir 444 can store the generated HHO gas, although in some implementations, the gas can be used immediately after production. Additionally, a bubbler 446 can be included as a safety feature to remove impurities and prevent backfires by filtering the gas through water or another medium. In some implementation, the fluid solution can include a solution of ethylene or propylene glycol, water, copper nanoparticle, and potassium hydroxide. In some implementations, one liter of the fluid solution can include a solution made up of 50% ofethylene glycol, 50% of water (e.g., distilled water), 5.6 grams of potassium hydroxide, and 5.6 grams of copper (e.g., copper nanoparticlcs. In some implementations, one liter of the fluid solution can include a solution made up of 50% of ethylene glycol, 50% of water (e.g., distilled water), 5.6 grams of potassium hydroxide, 5.6 grams of copper (e.g., copper nanoparticles, 2.6 grams of gallium, and 1.3 grams of nickel (e.g., nickel nanoparticles). As mentioned above, the fluid solution (e.g., electrolyte solution) can increase the ability to decrease the temperature the cooler sides the TE elements 434 of FIG. 26 by using said electrolyte mixture having glycol and copper to achieve a target differential temperature. Both ethylene and propylene glycol can form hydrogen bonds due to the presence of hydroxyl groups. However, propylene glycol has two hydroxyl groups compared to propanol's single hydroxyl group, allowing it to form more hydrogen bonds. As the fluid solution is heated from cooling the TE elements 434 of the ATEG 430, it can also be injected into the hydrogen generation system 440. For example, after cooling the ATEG 430, the fluid solution can be passed to the electrolyzer 442 on a bypass line 449 in the recirculation system 448. By preheating the fluid solution before being flowed into the electrolyzer 442, the energy consumption of the electrolyzer 442 to form the hydrogen can be reduced. As mentioned above, in the hydrogen production process, water in the fluid solution is split into hydrogen and oxygen. The electrolyzer 442 conducts electricity between two electrodes in a cell - an anode and a cathode - enabling the reaction that generates hydrogen gas. This use of the electrolyte solution can yield hydrogen conversion while simultaneously utilizing wasted exhaust gas thermal energy in a symbiotic and efficient method.

[0276] Additionally, the system 2700 can include a second bed reactor 660, which can be in fluid communication with the hydrogen generation system 440. In some implementations, the second bed reactor 660 of the system 2700 can be replaced with the second plasma reformer 670, and vice versa, such that the bed reactor 630 can be paired with the second plasma reformer 670. The second bed reactor 660 can be similar to the bed reactor 630 except that the second bed reactor 660 can include a nickel-gallium based catalyst as the solid catalyst particles 634. In some implementations, the hydrogen generation system 440 can flow the products of the hydrogen generation system 440 reactions above with the fluid solution (e.g., ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and water (2H2O)) which, after flowing the through the nickel-gallium based solid catalyst particles 634, react to form methanol (2CH3OH):

[0277] C2H6O2 + 2H2O 2CH3OH

[0278] The produced methanol (2CH3OH) can be combined with the products of the bed reactor 630 (e.g., methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3)) and flowed to the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a for recirculation into the system 2700.

[0279] In some implementations, the fluid solution of the fluid loop 419 can include ethylene glycol, water, potassium hydroxide, copper as well as gallium, and nickel. In some implementations, one liter of the fluid solution can include a solution made up of 50% of ethylene glycol, 50% of water (e.g., distilled water), 5.6 grams of potassium hydroxide, 5.6 grams of copper (e.g., copper nanoparticles, 2.6 grams of gallium, and 1.3 grams of nickel (e.g., nickel nanoparticles). The gallium and nickel can be catalysts, similar to the catalysts of the bed reactor 630 and / or second bed reactor 660. By including the catalysts in the fluid solution, the second bed reactor 660 and / or second plasma reformer 670can be removed from any of the systems. Rather, the methanol formation from the above equations could instead take place in the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 with heat provided by the glow plugs 417 and the bed reactor 630 and / or the plasma reformer 650. Thus, the systems (e.g., system 2700 and / or system 3200) can have the second bed reactor 660 and / or second plasma reformer 670 removed since the fluid solution includes the gallium and nickel catalyst. In some implementations, as mentioned above, the fluid solution in the fluid loop 419 can be an emission reduction fluid being made up of potassium hydroxide and water. The emission reduction fluid can be injected into the exhaust stream (e.g., at the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416) to react with and capture carbon dioxide of the exhaust emissions.

[0280] FIG. 29 illustrates another schematic system diagram of a system 2900 for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an internal combustion engine (e.g., exhaust emissions source 406). The system 2900 can be generally similar to system 400, system 2400, and system 2700. Unless otherwise noted, the components of FIG. 2900 can be the same as or generally similar to like-numbered components of FIGS. 4-19 and 24-28. For example, the system 2900 can include a first Venturi device 300a, second Venturi device 300b, exhaust emissions source 406, storage tank 407, containment cannister 412, bypass conduit 415, exhaust gas treatment chamber 416, glow plugs 417, compressor 418, fluid loop 419, battery 420, fluid moving device 422, ATEG 430, fluid reservoir 437, flow regulator 438, andvortex chamber system 500. Tn FIG. 29, the system 2900 can include and plasma reformer 650. In some implementations, the plasma reformer 650 can comprise a non-thcrmal plasma reformer. The plasma reformer 650 can use non-thermal plasma generated to convert hydrocarbons into syngas (e.g., a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) and other valuable gases. Non-thermal plasma reformers, such as plasma reformer 650, can use electrical energy to create a highly reactive plasma environment, which allows the reforming process to occur at relatively lower temperatures, enhancing energy efficiency and reducing thermal stresses on the reactor materials. The reformation process can involve generating a plasma state using electrical discharges, characterized by a high concentration of energetic electrons that effectively dissociate molecular bonds in hydrocarbons. The reformation process can start with introducing a gaseous mixture of hydrocarbon feedstock (e.g., exhaust gases from exhaust emissions source 406) and a carrier gas, such as steam or air, into the plasma reformer 650 at the inlet 651. Electrical energy, typically in the form of a high-voltage discharge, creates a non- thermal plasma within the plasma reformer 650. In this plasma zone, energetic electrons collide with hydrocarbon molecules, breaking them into smaller fragments like radicals, ions, and excited species. These reactive species then undergo a series of reactions to form syngas (H2 and CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2), and methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3), which vacate through the outlet 653. The outlet 653 can be in fluid communication with the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a. The products flowing to the first Venturi device 300a can be combined with ambient air and injected into the compressor 418. As mentioned above, the methanol and hydrogen products can be flowed to the exhaust emissions source 406 to improve efficiency of the exhaust emissions source 406. In some implementations, the plasma reformer 650 can be a thermal plasma reformer. A thermal plasma reformer can use high-temperature ionized gas (plasma) to convert hydrocarbons, such as emissions, into syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) or other gases. The plasma, generated by an electric arc, reaches temperatures of several thousand degrees Celsius, enabling rapid and efficient chemical reactions. This technology is versatile, processing various feedstocks, including waste, to form syngas, hydrogen, and other chemicals. It offers advantages like high efficiency, flexibility, and compact design but faces challenges such as high energy consumption and material durability.

[0281] FIGS. 30 and 31 illustrate example plasma reformers 650. The plasma reformer 650 can operate on electrical energy on the order of 10 to the power of 2 W. The plasma reformer 650 can also possesses low electrode erosion, which can avoid the need for a cooling system. In some implementations, the plasma reformer 650 can include a cooling system to maintain the temperature of the plasma reformer 650 at a non-thermal level. The compact size of the plasma reformer 650 can occupy a small footprint while being low weight. An internal reaction chamber 652 of the plasma reformer 650 can include a first electrode 654 and a second electrode 656. The first electrode 654 and / or second electrode 656 can be connected to a high-voltage power supply, which typically delivers alternating current (AC) or pulsed direct current (DC) at high voltages. When the high voltage is applied across the electrodes 654, 656, it creates a strong electric field in the gap between them. This electric field can ionize the gas molecules present in a gap between the electrodes 654, 656, initiating and generating the plasma formation. The first electrode 654 and / or second electrode 656 can be covered with a dielectric material, such as glass, ceramic, or quartz. This dielectric barrier limits the current and prevents the formation of an arc discharge, which would lead to a thermal plasma. Instead, the dielectric barrier allows for the generation of non-thermal plasma, characterized by high-energy electrons and relatively low-temperature bulk gas. The dielectric barrier also helps stabilize the discharge by distributing the plasma uniformly across the surface of the first electrode 654 and / or second electrode 656, which allows for consistent and efficient chemical reactions within the plasma zone. The interior of the internal reaction chamber 652 can also include a coating (e.g., a copper-nickel coating). For example, the internal reaction chamber 652 can be coated by a gallium nitride, graphene, conductive ceramic nanopaiticle coating. The nanoparticle coating of the internal reaction chamber 652 can utilize similar pyropiezoelectric behavior as the bed reactor 630 to enhance the reactive gas for high output catalysis of exhaust gasses. The plasma reformer 650 can reduce input energy of the system 400, increasing feed flow rate and reducing input power needs, for efficient gas reformation. The exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 can be in fluid communication with the plasma reformer 650 as well as the vortex chamber system 500. The exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 can include a glow plug powered by the ATEG 430 to vaporize the fluid solution mentioned above with the exhaust gas, prior to injection into the plasma reformer 650. The internal reaction chamber 652 can also include a material resistant to the corrosive effects ofthe gaseous mixture. Additionally, the internal reaction chamber 652 can include a galliumnitride tube for facilitating the formation of methanol.

[0282] Similar to the bed reactor 630 mentioned above, the plasma reformer 650 can facilitate the conversion ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and water (H2O) into carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) using a non-thermal plasma reactor. Non-thermal plasma reactors utilize high-energy electrons to initiate chemical reactions at relatively low temperatures compared to conventional thermal processes. This can be an efficient way to form syngas (a mixture of CO and H2) from various hydrocarbon sources. In a non-thermal plasma reactor, the high-energy electrons collide with the molecules of (C2H6O2) and water (H2O), causing dissociation and ionization, leading to the formation of reactive species such as radicals and ions. These reactive species then participate in further reactions to form CO and H2. The overall reaction can be represented as:

[0283] C2H6O2+ 2H2O 2CO + 4H2

[0284] Additionally, the plasma reformer 650 can also facilitate the conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H2O) of the previous reaction into carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) through a water-gas shift reaction:

[0285] CO + H2O CO2+ H2

[0286] Thus, combining the above reaction with heat from the glow plugs 417 of the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 and the components of the fluid solution (e.g., ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and potassium hydroxide (2KOH)) react to form at the plasma reformer 650 methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3):

[0287] C2H6O2 + 2CO + 2KOH 2CH3OH + H2O + K2CO3

[0288] The reactants can be heated by the glow plugs 417 to a temperature between 200°C and 500°C. In some implementations, the reactants can be heated to a temperature between 175°C and 750°C. In some implementations, the reactants can be heated to a temperature between 150°C and l,000°C. The methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) can be passed to the first Venturi device 300a via the first secondary input 320a for recirculation into the system. In a non-thermal plasma reactor, thereactions might proceed through various intermediate steps involving the formation of radicals and other reactive species. The specific pathways and mechanisms can be complex and depend on the exact conditions within the plasma reactor, such as the type of plasma, the energy input, and the presence of any catalysts. Advantages of using a non-thermal plasma reactor for this conversion include lower operating temperatures compared to conventional thermal reforming, potential for higher selectivity and conversion efficiency, and ability to operate at atmospheric pressure or low pressures. The equilibrium-limited process can be enhanced by removing hydrogen in situ from the system to drive the forward reaction. Hydrogen removal can be achieved using hydrogen selective membranes in thermocatalytic water-gas shift reactions, or as a sub system bypass from the hydrogen generation system 440. The reaction-membrane separation processes in one unit operation can intensify the water-gas shift reaction by in situ extraction of high purity H to shift the equilibrium forward. The process efficiency can be improved compared to the conventional sequential packed-bed reactors (e.g., bed reactor 630) and membrane systems. The conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H2O) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (Hz) in the absence of a catalyst has been shown to occur under non-thermal plasma (NTP) activation (denoted as NTP-alone) compared the NTP activated water-gas shift reaction in the presence and absence of a catalyst. In the NTP-alone water-gas shift reaction (i.e., NTP activated carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H2O)) conversion without a catalyst, the reaction can be carried out under the plasma condition at 7.5 kV and 22.5 kHz using a full water-gas shift reaction feed (of 2.0% CO, 7.5% H2O, 2.5% CO2, 8.1% H2) in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor reaching —10% CO conversion. Under NTP-alone conditions, the water (H2O) is thought to be activated in the gas phase forming hydroxyl species, for example, which react with CO resulting in CO2 and the formation of H2.

[0289] FIG. 32 illustrates another schematic system diagram of a system 3200 for emission reduction of exhaust emission byproducts from an internal combustion engine (e.g., exhaust emissions source 406). The system 3200 can be generally similar to system 400, system 2400, system 2700, and system 2900. Unless otherwise noted, the components of FIG. 32 can be the same as or generally similar to like-numbered components of FIGS. 4-19, 24-26, and 28-30. For example, the system 3200 can include a first Venturi device 300a, second Venturi device 300b, exhaust emissions source 406, storage tank 407, containment cannister 412, bypass conduit 415, exhaust gas treatment chamber 416, glow plugs 417, compressor 418,fluid loop 419, battery 420, fluid moving device 422, ATEG 430, fluid reservoir 437, hydrogen generation system 440, flow regulator 438, bypass line 449, vortex chamber system 500, and plasma reformer 650. As shown in FIG. 32, the system 3200 can include a second plasma reformer 670, which can be similar to the plasma reformer 650. The second plasma reformer 670 can be in fluid communication with the plasma reformer 650, such that the products of plasma reformer 650 are flowed to the second plasma reformer 670. Similar to system 2700, the system 3200 can include a hydrogen generation system 440 which is in fluid communication with the second plasma reformer 670. In some implementations, the second plasma reformer 670 can be substituted with a second bed reactor 660, and vice versa, such that the plasma reformer 650 is paired with the second bed reactor 660. In some implementations, the second plasma reformer 670 can include a nickel-gallium catalyst for reforming the methanol from the ethylene glycol and water.

[0290] As mentioned above, the hydrogen generation system 440 can flow the products of the HHO system reactions above with the fluid solution (e.g., ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and water (2H2O)) which, after flowing the second plasma reformer 670, react to form methanol (2CH3OH):

[0291] C2H6O2+ 2H2O 2CH3OH

[0292] The produced methanol (2CH3OH) can be combined with the products of the plasma reformer 650 (e.g., methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3)) and flowed to the secondary input 320 of the first Venturi device 300a for recirculation into the system 3200.

[0293] In some implementations, the fluid solution of the fluid loop 419 can include ethylene glycol, water, potassium hydroxide, copper as well as gallium, and nickel. The gallium and nickel can be catalysts, similar to the catalysts of the bed reactor 630 and / or second bed reactor 660. By including the catalysts in the fluid solution, the fixed the second bed reactor 660 can be removed from the system. Rather, the methanol formation from the above equations could instead take place in the exhaust gas treatment chamber 416 with heat provided by the glow plugs 417 and the bed reactor 630.

[0294] In the foregoing specification, the systems and processes have been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident thatvarious modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the embodiments disclosed herein. The specification and drawings arc, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.

[0295] Indeed, although the systems and processes have been disclosed in the context of certain implementations and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the various implementations of the systems and processes extend beyond the specifically disclosed implementations to other alternative implementations and / or uses of the systems and processes and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while several variations of the implementations of the systems and processes have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of this disclosure, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or sub-combinations of the specific features and implementations of the implementations may be made and still fall within the scope of the disclosure. It should be understood that various features and implementations of the disclosed implementations can be combined with, or substituted for, one another in order to form varying modes of the embodiments of the disclosed systems and processes. Any methods disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the systems and processes herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular embodiments described above.

[0296] It will be appreciated that the systems and methods of the disclosure each have several innovative implementations, no single one of which is solely responsible or required for the desirable attributes disclosed herein. The various features and processes described above may be used independently of one another or may be combined in various ways. All possible combinations and sub-combinations are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure.

[0297] Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations also may be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment also may be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may in somecases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a sub-combination. No single feature or group of features is necessary or indispensable to each and every embodiment.

[0298] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” The word “coupled”, as generally used herein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements. Likewise, the word “connected”, as generally used herein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Moreover, as used herein, when a first element is described as being “on” or “over” a second element, the first element may be directly on or over the second element, such that the first and second elements directly contact, or the first element may be indirectly on or over the second element such that one or more elements intervene between the first and second elements. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number, respectively. The word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

[0299] Moreover, conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” “for example,” “such as” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements and / or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and / or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments.

[0300] While certain implementations have been described, these implementations have been presented by way of example only and arc not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel apparatus, methods, and systems described herein may beembodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. For example, while blocks are presented in a given arrangement, alternative implementations may perform similar functionalities with different components and / or circuit topologies, and some blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and / or modified. Each of these blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Any suitable combination of the elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further implementations. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.

[0301] Several illustrative examples of energy converting systems and methods have been disclosed. Although this disclosure has been described in terms of certain illustrative examples and uses, other examples and other uses, including examples and uses which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein, arc also within the scope of this disclosure. Components, elements, features, acts, or steps may be arranged or performed differently than described and components, elements, features, acts, or steps may be combined, merged, added, or left out in various examples. All possible combinations and subcombinations of elements and components described herein are intended to be included in this disclosure. No single feature or group of features is necessary or indispensable.

[0302] Certain features that are described in this disclosure in the context of separate implementations may also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation also may be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations, one or more features from a claimed combination may in some cases be excised from the combination, and the combination may be claimed as a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

[0303] Further, while illustrative examples have been described, any examples having equivalent elements, modifications, omissions, and / or combinations are also within the scope of this disclosure. Moreover, although certain aspects, advantages, and novel features are described herein, not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance withany particular example. For example, some examples within the scope of this disclosure achieve one advantage, or a group of advantages, as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages taught or suggested herein. Further, some examples may achieve different advantages than those taught or suggested herein.

[0304] Some examples have been described in connection with the accompanying drawings. The figures may or may not be drawn and / or shown to scale, but such scale should not be limiting, since dimensions and proportions other than what are shown are contemplated and are within the scope of the disclosed invention. Distances, angles, etc. are merely illustrative and do not necessarily bear an exact relationship to actual dimensions and layout of the devices illustrated. Components may be added, removed, and / or rearranged. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with various examples may be used in all other examples set forth herein. Additionally, any methods described herein may be practiced using any device suitable for performing the recited steps.

[0305] For purposes of summarizing the disclosure, certain aspects, advantages and features of the inventions have been described herein. Not all, or any such advantages are necessarily achieved in accordance with any particular example of the inventions disclosed herein. No aspects of this disclosure are essential or indispensable. In many examples, the devices, systems, and methods may be configured differently than illustrated in the figures, or description herein. For example, various functionalities provided by the illustrated modules may be combined, rearranged, added, or deleted. In some implementations, additional or different processors or modules may perform some or all of the functionalities described with reference to the examples described and illustrated in the figures. Many implementation variations are possible. Any of the features, structures, steps, or processes disclosed in this specification may be included in any example.

[0306] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of’ a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: A, B, or C” is intended to cover: A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, and A, B, and C. Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be at least one of X, Y or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generallyintended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z to each be present. The headings provided herein, if any, arc for convenience only and do not necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the devices and methods disclosed herein.

[0307] Accordingly, the claims are not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein but are to be accorded a fair interpretation consistent with this disclosure, the principles and the novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

WHAT TS CLAIMED TS:

1. A system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine and supercharging the internal combustion engine, the system comprising: a vortex chamber connected to an exhaust of an internal combustion engine, the vortex chamber comprising: a first plate with a first plate opening in fluid communication with the exhaust of the internal combustion engine via an exhaust conduit to direct exhaust emissions into the vortex chamber; a second plate with a second plate opening for exhausting exhaust emissions from the vortex chamber; and a sidewall extending between the first plate and the second plate about a central axis of the vortex chamber and connected to the first plate and the second plate, the sidewall comprising a sidewall opening for directing fluid into the vortex chamber, the sidewall opening tangential to an inner surface of the sidewall to inject fluid into the vortex chamber tangential to the inner surface of the sidewall to direct fluid in a vortex flow direction along the inner surface of the sidewall and entrain exhaust emissions from the first plate opening into the fluid moving in the vortex flow direction along the inner surface to at least partially circulate the exhaust emissions along the inner surface to cause exhaust emissions to accumulate toward the inner surface; a funnel connected to the second plate over the second plate opening, the funnel having a cross-sectional flow area that narrows along a funnel flow direction of exhaust emissions from the second plate opening to a funnel opening in fluid communication with ambient environment, the funnel configured to direct exhaust emissions from the second plate opening through the funnel to the funnel opening, the funnel comprising: one or more funnel screens positioned inside the funnel, each funnel screen of the one or more funnel screens comprising a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each funnel screen, each funnel screen of the one or more funnel screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to the funnel flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the funnel; andat least one funnel screen of the one or more funnel screens comprising copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate; a first venturi device connected to an air intake of the internal combustion engine, the first venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake of the internal combustion engine to supercharge the internal combustion engine; a second venturi device connected to the sidewall opening of the sidewall of the vortex chamber, the second venturi device configured to direct fluid to the sidewall opening, wherein each of the first and second venturi devices comprises: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body comprising: a body wall comprising a converging portion and a diverging portion, wherein a movement of the primary flow through the converging portion and the diverging portion produces a venturi effect, pulling the primary flow in through the inlet; and a secondary input disposed between the converging portion and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the first venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the first venturi device comprises ambient air, wherein the inlet of the second venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the second venturi device comprises ambient air, wherein the secondary input of the first venturi device is in fluid communication with the exhaust of the internal combustion engine via an exhaust bypass conduit and the secondary flow of the fluid for the first venturi device is exhaust emissions,wherein the secondary input of the second venturi device is in fluid communication with a fluid moving device configured to direct the secondary flow of the fluid for the second venturi device; an intake chamber in fluid communication with the secondary input of the first venturi device and the exhaust bypass conduit, the intake chamber positioned between the exhaust of the internal combustion engine and the secondary input of the first venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust of the internal combustion engine through the intake chamber into the secondary input of the first venturi device, the intake chamber comprising: a plurality of chamber screens positioned inside the intake chamber, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the intake chamber; at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions; and another at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate; and an ultrasonic transducer connected to the intake chamber, the ultrasonic transducer configured to generate ultrasound energy directed to the intake chamber for the ultrasound energy to separate the copper carbonate from the another at least one chamber screen.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the intake chamber further comprises an emission tray and a tray opening, the emission tray positioned in the intake chamber to collect copper carbonate, the emission tray configured to pass through the tray opening for removal of the copper carbonate from the emission tray.

3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the intake chamber further comprises a lid configured to at least partially separate from a wall of the intake chamber for removal of the copper carbonate in the intake chamber.

4. The system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the funnel is detachable from the second plate for removal of the copper carbonate from funnel.

5. The system of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the inner surface of the sidewall is configured to exert centrifugal forces on exhaust emissions directed from the sidewall opening for exhaust emissions to travel around the vortex chamber circularly along the inner surface of the sidewall, creating a vortex vacuum that pulls exhaust emissions from the first plate opening toward the inner surface.

6. The system of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the ultrasonic transducer is a piezoelectric transducer or a capacitive transducer.

7. The system of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the one or more funnel screens comprise at least one other funnel screen, the at least one funnel screen and the at least one other funnel screen separated from each other along the funnel flow direction, the space between the at least one funnel screen and the at least one other funnel screen forming an internal chamber in the funnel for maintaining exhaust emissions in the internal chamber of the funnel at a different pressure relative to the pressure of exhaust emissions in the funnel outside of the internal chamber.

8. The system of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen are separated from each other along the chamber flow direction, the space between the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen forming an internal chamber in the intake chamber for maintaining exhaust emissions in the internal chamber of the intake chamber at a different pressure relative to the pressure of exhaust emissions in the intake chamber outside of the internal chamber.

9. The system of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the copper material of the at least one funnel screen forms a mesh configured to pass the exhaust emissions through the mesh.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least one funnel screen comprises a framework, the mesh positioned over the framework for the framework to support the mesh.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the framework comprises a honeycomb structure.

12. The system of claim 10 or 11, wherein the framework comprises stainless steel material.

13. The system of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the copper material of the another at least one chamber screen forms a mesh configured to pass the exhaust emissions through the mesh.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the another at least one chamber screen comprises a framework, the mesh positioned over the framework for the framework to support the mesh.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the framework comprises a honeycomb structure.

16. The system of claim 14 or 15, wherein the framework comprises stainless steel material.

17. The system of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the stainless steel material of the at least one chamber screen forms a mesh configured to pass the exhaust emissions through the mesh.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the at least one chamber screen comprises a framework, the mesh positioned over the framework for the framework to support the mesh.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the framework comprises a honeycomb structure.

20. The system of claim 18 or 19, wherein the framework comprises stainless steel material.

21. The system of any one of claims 17 to 20, wherein the mesh of the at least one chamber screen is formed from a thicker gage material than a mesh of the another at least one chamber.

22. The system of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the intake chamber comprises a chamber inlet and a chamber outlet, the exhaust emissions flowing into the intake chamber through the chamber inlet and flowing out of the intake chamber through the chamber outlet, wherein a cross-sectional flow area of the chamber inlet is greater than a cross-sectional flowarea of the chamber outlet to increase pressure of exhaust emissions flowing through the intake chamber.

23. The system of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the intake chamber comprises one or more projections extending into the intake chamber from a wall of the intake chamber, the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen positioned on the one or more projections to support the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen in the intake chamber.

24. The system of claim 23, wherein the one or more projections comprise bolts extending through the wall of the intake chamber into the intake chamber.

25. The system of any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the at least one chamber screen and the another at least one chamber screen are welded to a wall of the intake chamber.

26. The system of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the funnel comprises one or more projections extending into the funnel from a wall of the funnel, the at least one funnel screen positioned on the one or more projections to support the at least one funnel screen in the funnel.

27. The system of claim 26, wherein the one or more projections comprise bolts extending through the wall of the funnel into the funnel.

28. The system of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the at least one funnel screen is welded to a wall of the funnel.

29. The system of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the funnel comprises stainless steel material configured to ionize the exhaust emissions entering the funnel with the exhaust emissions at least partially circulating along an inner surface of the funnel that circulated along the inner surface of the sidewall of the vortex chamber.

30. The system of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the at least one chamber screen is positioned upstream of the another at least one chamber screen relative to the chamber flow direction to ionize the exhaust emissions before reformation by the another at least one chamber screen.

31. The system of any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the intake chamber comprises yet another at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions.

32. The system of claim 31 , wherein the another at least one chamber screen is positioned between the at least one chamber screen and the yet another at least one chamber screen along the chamber flow direction.

33. The system of any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein the plurality of openings of the at least one chamber screen are larger than the plurality of openings of the another at least one chamber screen.

34. The system of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the fluid moving device comprises a compressor and the secondary flow of the fluid for the second venturi device is compressed fluid.

35. A system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions, the system comprising: a vortex chamber connected to an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel, the vortex chamber comprising a sidewall extending about a central axis of the vortex chamber, the sidewall comprising a sidewall opening for directing fluid into the vortex chamber, the sidewall opening tangential to an inner surface of the sidewall to inject fluid into the vortex chamber tangential to the inner surface of the sidewall to direct fluid in a vortex flow direction along the inner surface of the sidewall and entrain exhaust emissions into the fluid moving in the vortex flow direction along the inner surface to at least partially circulate the exhaust emissions along the inner surface; a reducer connected to the vortex chamber, the reducer having a cross-sectional flow area that narrows along a reducer flow direction of exhaust emissions from the vortex chamber to a reducer opening in fluid communication with ambient environment, the reducer configured to direct exhaust emissions through the reducer opening, the reducer comprising: one or more reducer screens positioned inside the reducer, each reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens comprising a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each reducer screen, each reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular- to the reducer flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reducer; andat least one reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens comprising copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate; a venturi device connected to the sidewall opening of the sidewall of the vortex chamber, the venturi device configured to direct fluid to the sidewall opening, wherein the venturi device comprises: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body comprising a secondary input disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the venturi device comprises ambient air, and wherein the secondary input of the venturi device is in fluid communication with compressed fluid and the secondary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is compressed fluid.

36. The system of claim 35, further comprising another venturi device connected to an air intake for combustion of fuel, the another venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake to supercharge through the air intake for combustion of fuel, wherein the inlet of the another venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the another venturi device comprises ambient air, wherein the secondary input of the another venturi device is in fluid communication with the exhaust and the secondary flow of the fluid for the another venturi device is exhaust emissions.

37. The system of claim 36, further comprising a reformation chamber in fluid communication with the secondary input of the another venturi device, the reformation chamber positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the another venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the reformation chamber into the secondary input of the another venturi device, the reformation chamber comprising:a plurality of chamber screens positioned inside the reformation chamber, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reformation chamber; at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions; and another at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate.

38. The system of claim 37, further comprising an ultrasonic transducer connected to the reformation chamber, the ultrasonic transducer configured to generate ultrasound energy directed to the reformation chamber for the ultrasound energy to separate the copper carbonate from the another at least one chamber screen.

39. The system of any one of claims 35 to 38, further comprising a bed reactor in fluid communication with the secondary input of the another venturi device, the bed reactor positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the another venturi device for the exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the bed reactor into the secondary input of the another venturi device, the bed reactor comprising: a housing comprising an inlet at a first side for introduction of the exhaust emissions and an outlet at a second side for removal of product gases; a packed bed of catalyst particles positioned within the housing, wherein the catalyst particles cause a reaction with the exhaust emissions, and wherein the catalyst particles have a shape and size that optimize surface area and flow characteristics; and one or more support screens positioned at a bottom of the packed bed to support the catalyst particles, wherein the catalyst particles react with the exhaust emissions to form methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3).

40. The system of any one of claims 35 to 39, further comprising a plasma reactor in fluid communication with the secondary input of the another venturi device, the plasma reactor positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the another venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the plasma reactor into the secondary input of the another venturi device, the plasma reactor comprising: an internal reaction chamber configured to contain a gaseous mixture, wherein a non-thermal plasma field in generated in the internal reaction chamber; a first electrode positioned on a first side of the internal reaction chamber and a second electrode opposite the first electrode, the second electrode positioned on a second side of the internal reaction chamber, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are connected to a power supply, and wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged to create an electric field to ionize the gaseous mixture without raising a temperature of the gaseous mixture; and an outlet for extracting resultant gaseous products, wherein the gaseous mixture is converted within the internal reactor chamber under the influence of the non-thermal plasma into methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2COa).

41. The system of any one of claims 36 to 40, further comprising a hydrogen generator in fluid communication with a second bed reactor, the hydrogen generator configured to form hydrogen from water for input to the second bed reactor.

42. The system of claim 41, wherein the hydrogen generator is in fluid communication with the second bed reactor to direct the hydrogen into the second bed reactor.

43. The system of claim 41, wherein the hydrogen generator comprises an HHO dry cell configured to split water into hydrogen and oxygen with the application of electric power.

44. The system of any one of claims 36 to 43, further comprising a thermoelectric power generator, the thermoelectric power generator in thermal communication with the exhaust emissions, the thermoelectric power generator configured to generate electric power from the thermal energy of the exhaust emissions.

45. The system of claim 44, wherein the thermoelectric power generator is configured to at least partially power the hydrogen generator.

46. The system of claim 44 or 45, wherein thermoelectric power generator is configured to at least partially charge a battery of the system.

47. The system of any one of claims 36 to 46, further comprising a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with the exhaust emissions to inject fluid solution into the exhaust emissions before the exhaust emissions flows through the bed reactor, the plasma reactor, or the vortex chamber, wherein the fluid solution comprises ethylene glycol and potassium hydroxide .

48. The system of claim 47, wherein the bed reactor is configured to form methanol, water, and potassium carbonate from reacting with at least one of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions.

49. The system of claim 47, wherein the plasma reactor is configured to form methanol, water, and potassium carbonate from reacting with at least one of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions.

50. The system of any one of claim 47 to 49, wherein the fluid solution comprises potassium hydroxide that reacts with the carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions to form potassium carbonate.

51. The system of any one of claims 47 to 50, wherein the fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the thermoelectric power generator via a fluid loop configured to circulate the fluid solution in the fluid loop, the fluid loop in thermal communication with the thermoelectric power generator to draw thermal energy away from thermoelectric generator to create a thermal gradient across the thermoelectric power generator relative to a temperature of the exhaust emissions to generate electric power.

52. The system of claim 51, wherein the fluid loop is in fluid communication with the exhaust emissions via a bypass conduit configured to direct fluid solution into the exhaust.

53. The system of claim 51 or 52, further comprising a pump configured to circulate fluid solution in the fluid loop, the pump in fluid communication with the exhaust emissions to direct fluid solution into the exhaust emissions.

54. The system of any one of claims 36 to 53, further comprising another bed reactor in fluid communication with the secondary input of the another venturi device, the another bed reactor positioned between the bed reactor and the secondary input of the another venturi device for the exhaust emissions to flow from the bed reactor through the another bedreactor into the secondary input of the another venturi device, the another bed reactor comprising: a housing configured to hold catalyst particles, the housing having an inlet at a first side for the introduction of the exhaust emissions and an outlet at a second side for the removal of product gases; a packed bed of the catalyst particles comprising nickel-gallium positioned within the housing, wherein the catalyst particles cause a reaction with the exhaust emissions, and wherein the catalyst particles have a shape and size that optimize surface area and flow characteristics; and one or more support screens positioned at a bottom of the catalyst bed to support the catalyst particles, wherein the catalyst particles react with the products from the hydrogen generator to form methanol from ethylene glycol and water, and wherein the methanol is combined with the methanol, water, and potassium carbonate of the bed reactor.

55. The system of any one of claims 36 to 54, further comprising a compressor in fluid communication with the another venturi device, the compressor positioned between the another venturi device and the air intake to compress flow from the another venturi device before being directed into the air intake.

56. The system of any one of claims 35 to 55, wherein the exhaust is connected to an internal combustion engine that combusts fuel and produces exhaust emissions.

57. The system of any one of claims 35 to 56, further comprising any one of the features recited in any one of the claims 1 to 34.

58. A system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions and supercharging of an air intake, the system comprising: a venturi device connected to an air intake for combustion of fuel, the venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake to supercharge through the air intake for combustion of fuel; wherein the venturi device comprises: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; anda body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body comprising a secondary input disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is ambient air, and wherein the secondary input of the venturi device is in fluid communication with an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel and the secondary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is exhaust emissions; and a reformation chamber in fluid communication with the secondary input of the venturi device and the exhaust, the reformation chamber positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the reformation chamber into the secondary input of the venturi device, the reformation chamber comprising: a plurality of chamber screens positioned inside the reformation chamber, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reformation chamber; and at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate.

59. The system of claim 58, wherein the reformation chamber further comprises another at least one chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising stainless steel material for ionizing carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions.

60. The system of claim 58 or 59, further comprising: a vortex chamber connected to the exhaust, the vortex chamber comprising a sidewall extending about a central axis of the vortex chamber, the sidewall comprising a sidewall opening for directing fluid into the vortex chamber, the sidewall openingtangential to an inner surface of the sidewall to inject fluid into the vortex chamber tangential to the inner surface of the sidewall to direct fluid in a vortex flow direction along the inner surface of the sidewall and entrain exhaust emissions into the fluid moving in the vortex flow direction along the inner surface to at least partially circulate the exhaust emissions along the inner surface; and a reducer connected to the vortex chamber, the reducer having a cross-sectional flow area that narrows along a reducer flow direction of exhaust emissions from the vortex chamber to a reducer opening in fluid communication with ambient environment, the reducer configured to direct exhaust emissions through the reducer opening, the reducer comprising: one or more reducer screens positioned inside the reducer, each reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens comprising a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each reducer screen, each reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to the reducer flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reducer; and at least one reducer screen of the one or more reducer screens comprising copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate.

61. The system of any one of claims 58 to 60, further comprising an ultrasonic transducer connected to the reformation chamber, the ultrasonic transducer configured to generate ultrasound energy directed to the reformation chamber for the ultrasound energy to separate the copper carbonate from the another at least one chamber screen.

62. The system of any one of claims 58 to 61, wherein the air intake is connected to an internal combustion engine that combusts fuel and produces exhaust emissions.

63. The system of any one of claims 58 to 62, further comprising any one of the features recited in any one of the claims 1 to 57.

64. A reformation device for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions, the reformation device comprising: a reformation chamber in fluid communication with an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel, the reformation chamber configured to directexhaust emissions from the exhaust through the reformation chamber, the reformation chamber comprising: a chamber screen comprising copper material for reforming carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions into copper carbonate.

65. The reformation device of claim 64, wherein the reformation chamber further comprises a plurality of chamber screens positioned inside the reformation chamber, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens comprising a plurality of openings for exhaust emissions to flow through the plurality of openings of each chamber screen, each chamber screen of the plurality of chamber screens having a longitudinal extent perpendicular to a chamber flow direction of the exhaust emissions through the reformation chamber, the plurality of chamber screens comprising the chamber screen.

66. The reformation device of claim 64 or 65, further comprising a venturi device connected to an air intake for combustion of fuel, the venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake; wherein the venturi device comprises: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body comprising a secondary input disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is ambient air, and wherein the secondary input of the venturi device is in fluid communication with the exhaust and the secondary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is exhaust emissions.

67. The reformation device of any one of claims 64 to 66, wherein an outlet of the reformation chamber is in fluid communication with ambient environment to direct exhaust emissions from the reformation chamber to ambient environment.

68. The reformation device of any one of claims 64 to 67, wherein the exhaust is connected to an internal combustion engine that combusts fuel and produces exhaust emissions.

69. The reformation device of any one of claims 64 to 68, further comprising any one of the features recited in any one of the claims 1 to 63.

70. A system for increasing efficiency of an internal combustion engine, the system comprising: a venturi device connected to an air intake for combustion of fuel, the venturi device configured to direct air to the air intake for combustion of fuel; wherein the venturi device comprises: an inlet configured to receive a primary flow of a fluid; an outlet configured to eject the primary flow; and a body disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the body comprising a secondary input disposed between the inlet and the outlet, the secondary input configured to direct a secondary flow of the fluid into the primary flow to create a vortex, pulling the primary flow through the inlet and into the body to increase the primary flow through the outlet, wherein the inlet of the venturi device is in fluid communication with ambient environment and the primary flow of the fluid for the venturi device comprises ambient air, and wherein the secondary input of the venturi device is in fluid communication with an exhaust for exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel and the secondary flow of the fluid for the venturi device is exhaust emissions; and a hydrogen generator in fluid communication with a second bed reactor in fluid communication with an input of the venturi device and the exhaust, the hydrogen generator positioned between the exhaust and the secondary input of the venturi device for exhaust emissions to flow from the exhaust through the hydrogen generator into the secondary input of the venturi device, the hydrogen generator configured to form hydrogen from exhaust emissions that is directed to the air intake to increase efficiency of fuel combustion.71 . The system of claim 70, further comprising any one of the features recited in any one of the claims 1 to 69.

72. A system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions, the system comprising: a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with an exhaust for the exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel, the fluid reservoir containing fluid solution; and a conduit configured to direct the fluid solution into the exhaust emissions, wherein the fluid solution comprises water and copper, and wherein water and copper reacts with carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions to form copper carbonate.

73. The system of claim 72, wherein the fluid solution further comprises ethylene glycol and potassium hydroxide.

74. The system of claim 72 or claim 73, further comprising a heat source for heating the fluid solution and the carbon dioxide to facilitate formation of copper carbonate.

75. The system of claim 74, wherein the heat source comprises a glow plug.

76. The system of any one of claims 74 to 75, wherein the reaction occurs at a temperature between 220°C to 35O°C.

77. The system of any one of claims 72 to 76, further comprising any one of the features recited in any one of the claims 1 to 71.

78. A system for reforming carbon dioxide in exhaust emissions, the system comprising: a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with an exhaust for the exhaust emissions from combustion of fuel, the fluid reservoir containing fluid solution; and a conduit configured to direct the fluid solution into the exhaust emissions, wherein the fluid solution comprises potassium hydroxide, and wherein the potassium hydroxide react with carbon dioxide in the exhaust emissions to form potassium carbonate.

79. The system of claim 78, wherein the fluid solution further comprises ethylene glycol, water, and copper.

80. The system of claim 78 or claim 79, wherein a heat source is applied to the fluid solution and the carbon dioxide to facilitate the formation of potassium carbonate.81 . The system of claim 80, wherein the heat source comprises a glow plug.

82. The system of any one of claims 80 to 81, wherein the reaction occurs at a temperature between 200°C and 500°C.

83. The system of any one of claims 78 to 82, further comprising any one of the features recited in any one of the claims 1 to 77.

84. A plasma reactor for reforming exhaust emissions, the plasma reactor comprising: an internal reaction chamber configured to contain a gaseous mixture, wherein a non-thermal plasma field in generated in the internal reaction chamber; an inlet for introducing the gaseous mixture into the internal reaction chamber; a first electrode positioned on a first side of the internal reaction chamber and a second electrode opposite the first electrode, the second electrode positioned on a second side of the internal reaction chamber, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are connected to a power supply, and wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged to create an electric field to ionize the gaseous mixture without raising a temperature of the gaseous mixture; and an outlet for extracting resultant gaseous products, wherein the gaseous mixture is converted within the internal reactor chamber under the influence of the non-thermal plasma into methanol (2CH3OH), water (H2O), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3).

85. The plasma reactor of claim 84, wherein the non-thermal plasma generator is a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma generator.

86. The plasma reactor of claim 85, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode are covered with a dielectric to limit current and enhance plasma generation.

87. The plasma reactor of claim 86 wherein the dielectric comprises at least one of glass and ceramic.

88. The plasma reactor of any one of claims 84 to 87, wherein the reactor chamber is made of a material resistant to the corrosive effects.

89. The plasma reactor of any one of claims 84 to 88, wherein the gaseous mixture comprises primarily carbon monoxide and ethylene glycol.

90. The plasma reactor of any one of claims 84 to 89, wherein the inlet is positioned on a first end of the internal reaction chamber and the outlet is positioned at a second end of the internal reaction chamber opposite the first end.

91. The plasma reactor of any one of claims 84 to 90, further comprising a cooling system to maintain a temperature of the plasma reactor at a non-thermal level.

92. The plasma reactor of any one of claims 84 to 91, wherein the internal reaction chamber comprises a gallium-nitride tube.

93. The plasma reactor of any one of claims 84 to 92, wherein the conversion occurs at a temperature between 200°C and 500°C.

94. The plasma reactor of any one of claims 84 to 93, wherein the gaseous mixture preheated prior to entering the internal reaction chamber.

95. A fluid solution composition comprising ethylene glycol to react with carbon monoxide and form methanol to increase efficiency of fuel combustion, potassium hydroxide to react with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate to reduce exhaust emissions, and water.

96. The fluid solution composition of claim 95, wherein the ethylene glycol is in an amount of about 25% to 75%.

97. The fluid solution composition of claim 95 or claim 96, wherein the potassium hydroxide is in an amount of about 0.25% to 0.75%.

98. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 97, wherein the water is in an amount of about 25% to 75%.

99. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 98, wherein a ratio of ethylene glycol to potassium hydroxide is from 80:1 to 90:1.

100. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 99, wherein a ratio of ethylene glycol to water is from 0.5:1.5 to 1.5:0.5.

101. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 100, wherein a ratio of potassium hydroxide to water is from 80:1 to 100:1.

102. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 101, further comprises copper.

103. The fluid solution composition of claim 102, wherein the copper is in an amount0.25% to 0.75%.

104. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 102 to 103, wherein the copper is copper nanop articles.

105. The fluid solution composition of claim 104, wherein the copper nanoparticles have a diameter of about 45 nm to about 63 nm.

106. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 102 to 105, wherein the copper is for heat transfer.

107. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 106, wherein the ethylene glycol, the potassium hydroxide, and the water react with carbon dioxide to form methanol.

108. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 107, wherein the ethylene glycol and the potassium hydroxide react with carbon monoxide to form methanol.

109. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 108, wherein the ethylene glycol the potassium hydroxide react with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate.

110. The fluid solution composition of any one of claims 95 to 109, further comprising any one of the features recited in any one of the claims 1 to 94.

111. A fluid solution composition comprising potassium hydroxide to react with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate to reduce exhaust emissions and water.

112. The fluid solution composition of claim 111, further comprising any one of the features recited in any one of the claims 1 to 110.

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