Method for improving thin, thin and hard black land to efficiently utilize nutrients and moisture of thin, thin and hard black land

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a method for improving thin, thin and hard black land to make nutrients and moisture efficiently utilized, in particular to a method for improving thin, thin and hard black land to make nutrients and moisture efficiently utilized. According to the method for improving the thin, thin and hard black land and improving the efficient utilization of nutrients and moisture of the thin, thin and hard black land, aiming at the characteristics of thin and hard land parcels, wide-narrow-row crop rotation, straw returning to the field and organic fertilizer applying are adopted, straw returning to the field and organic fertilizer applying are adopted to supplement soil organic matter, and a strip ploughing technology is adopted on a machine tool, so that the yield of the soil is increased; soil is not moved in a large area, and a strip tillage machine is only adopted to perform strip tillage operation at the seedling zone to form a seedbed structure with the upper part open and the lower part solid; an intertillage and deep scarification technology is adopted, a deep scarification machine for efficiently utilizing water and fertilizer in a thin and hard black soil area is used, a plow pan is broken, upper water and lower water are communicated, a rat channel component is arranged, a rat channel is formed after deep scarification, a small reservoir and a soil layer are formed below a plough layer, straw is fully returned to the field, organic fertilizer is additionally applied, and soil hardening and water and soil loss are reduced. The organic matter content and activity of the black soil layer are gradually recovered.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and in particular relates to a method for improving thin, hard black soil so as to efficiently utilize nutrients and water. Background Art

[0002] In the black soil belt of Northeast China, due to the continuous use of chemical fertilizers and the abandonment of farmyard manure, the soil organic matter cannot be reasonably supplemented, and the soil organic matter content decreases year by year. Especially in the Songnen Plain, the black soil layer of many plots has become thinner, and the soil water storage function has decreased. When it rains, runoff is formed, and soil erosion is serious, forming the so-called "thin, lean and hard" plots. If effective measures are not taken and the vicious cycle continues, the black soil layer will disappear. In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a method for improving the thin, lean and hard black soil to improve its nutrient and water efficient utilization. According to the characteristics of the "thin, lean and hard" plots, we adopt wide and narrow row rotation , return all the straw to the fields and apply more organic fertilizer. Return all the straw to the fields and apply more organic fertilizer to supplement the soil organic matter. In terms of machinery, adopt the strip tillage technology, do not disturb the soil on a large scale, and only use the strip tillage machine to carry out strip tillage operations in the seedling belt to form a seed bed structure with upper part being watered and lower part being solid. Adopt the inter-tillage and deep loosening technology, and use a deep loosening machine that can efficiently utilize water and fertilizer in thin, hard black soil areas to break the plow bottom layer and allow the upper and lower water to pass through. Set up rat run components, and form rat runs after deep loosening. Form a small reservoir under the tillage layer to activate the soil layer. Return all the straw to the fields and apply more organic fertilizer, gradually restore the soil organic matter, and solve the above problems well. Summary of the invention

[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for improving thin, thin and hard black soil so that its nutrients and water can be efficiently utilized in view of the deficiencies in the prior art. Through the method of the present invention, thin, thin and hard black soil can be improved so that its nutrients and water can be efficiently utilized, soil compaction and soil erosion can be reduced, and the organic matter content and vitality of the black soil layer can be gradually restored.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a method for improving thin, thin and hard black soil to make efficient use of nutrients and water. The method for improving thin, thin and hard black soil to make efficient use of nutrients and water is carried out according to the following steps:

[0005] Step 1: Change the ridges to flat planting and change the uniform rows to wide and narrow rows, where the narrow row width is 50 cm and the wide row width is 80 cm;

[0006] Step 2: Use an organic fertilizer spreader in spring to spread organic fertilizer at a rate of 30 cubic meters per hectare;

[0007] Step 3: Sow 2 rows of corn (row spacing 40 cm) with a 3-fertilizer no-till seeder on the narrow row (seedling strip), and leave the wide row (fallow strip) untouched. Due to the addition of organic fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer used at sowing is reduced by 15% compared with normal ridge tillage;

[0008] Step 4: During the intertillage period, use an intertillage deep tillage fertilization machine (with a rat path) to perform deep tillage and topdressing operations. The deep tillage depth is 25-30 cm, breaking the plow bottom layer, which is conducive to the connection of upper and lower water, forming a rat path at the bottom, forming a small underground reservoir, and increasing the drought resistance of corn;

[0009] Step 5: Provide timely plant protection according to pest and disease conditions;

[0010] Step 6: Harvest corn with a corn harvester in autumn, crush the corn stalks and return them to the field, and evenly spray them on the ground to cover the surface for wintering. The coverage of the corn stalks can reduce wind erosion and evaporation of soil moisture.

[0011] Step 7: In the spring of the second year, use a straw row machine to gather the straw to this year's wide rows (last year's sowing belts), leaving narrow rows for this year's sowing belts (interchange between wide and narrow rows, and between seedling belts and fallow belts);

[0012] Step 8: Use an organic fertilizer spreader in spring to spread organic fertilizer at a rate of 30 cubic meters per hectare;

[0013] Step 9: Use a strip tillage machine to perform strip tillage on the narrow rows (this year's seedling strips). The strip tillage depth is between 5-10 cm. After strip tillage, a flat seed bed with a clear top and a solid bottom is formed.

[0014] Step 10. Use a 3-fertilizer no-till seeder to sow on the seedling belt after strip tillage. There is fertilizer not only on both sides of the seedbed but also in the middle to ensure that the seedlings have enough nutrients to grow. Since the ridges after strip tillage are flat and have a certain degree of suppression strength, the no-till seeder ensures consistent sowing depth, uniform germination, and high germination rate after sowing. Due to the sowing of organic fertilizer, the use of chemical fertilizers during sowing reduces the amount of chemical fertilizers used by 15% compared with normal ridge tillage, thus reducing the compaction of the soil caused by chemical fertilizers;

[0015] Step 11: Plant protection spraying to kill weeds (kill weeds before seedlings) to control weed growth;

[0016] Step 12: In mid-June, deep tillage and fertilizer application machine (with rat tracks) is used for deep tillage and topdressing. The deep tillage depth is 25-30 cm. This will break up the bottom layer of the plow, which is conducive to the flow of water from top to bottom, form rat tracks at the bottom, and form a small underground reservoir, which will increase the drought resistance of corn.

[0017] Step 13: Provide timely plant protection according to the pest and disease situation;

[0018] Step 14: Harvest corn with a corn harvester in autumn, and at the same time crush the straw and return it to the field and spray it evenly on the ground to cover the surface for wintering. The straw cover can reduce soil wind erosion, reduce soil moisture evaporation, and protect the precious black soil layer;

[0019] Step 15. Repeat the process from step 7 to step 14. During this process, ensure that last year's seedling strips and fallow strips are exchanged with this year's seedling strips and fallow strips, so as to achieve the purpose of returning straw to the fields and leaving the land fallow to improve soil fertility.

[0020] The present invention has the following advantages and positive effects:

[0021] 1. The implementation of the method of improving thin, hard black soil to make efficient use of nutrients and water in the present invention enables the full return of straw to the field and the application of organic fertilizer to improve soil fertility, increase the soil aggregate structure, reduce soil compaction, gradually improve the hardness of the soil, and activate the soil layer;

[0022] 2. The social benefits of the present invention are remarkable. The straw is fully returned to the field, evenly covering the surface, reducing soil water erosion and wind erosion, and protecting the precious black soil;

[0023] 3. The present invention cleans up a clean and flat seedbed through the row operation of the straw rowing machine, the strip tillage operation of the strip tillage machine, and the deep tillage and fertilization operation of the intertillage period using an intertillage deep tillage fertilization machine (with a rat path), thereby forming a seedbed environment with a clear top and a solid bottom, greatly improving the sowing operation quality of the no-tillage seeder, making the seedlings emerge evenly and the emergence rate high, thereby increasing the grain yield. Through deep tillage, the plow bottom layer is broken, and the upper and lower water are connected. The rainwater in the rainy season in July infiltrates into the ground through the deep tillage ditch, activating the soil layer, increasing the soil moisture content, and efficiently utilizing water and fertilizer, thereby reducing the occurrence of runoff and reducing soil erosion;

[0024] 4. The present invention uses the straw returning machine to return the rows. Since the leisure rows are covered with thick straw, there is basically no grass in the leisure rows. Therefore, there is no need to spray herbicides on the straw-covered areas. Compared with the previous wide-narrow row rotation conservation tillage planting method of corn, 30% of herbicides can be saved, which protects the environment and reduces the impact of herbicides on soil compaction. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 It is a principle flow chart of a method for improving thin, hard black soil to make efficient use of nutrients and water;

[0026] Figure 2 A method for improving thin, hard black soil to make efficient use of nutrients and water is shown in the first and second year planting methods. The ridge spacing of 50 cm is the seedling belt (narrow row), and the ridge spacing of 80 cm is the fallow belt (wide row). Straw is stored on the fallow belt (wide row). The seedling belt (narrow row) and the fallow belt (wide row) are rotated in the first and second years.

[0027] Figure 3 This is a 3D fertilization agronomic diagram, with the arrows indicating where fertilizer is applied;

[0028] Figure 4A schematic diagram of the structure of a front-mounted straw return machine used in a method for improving thin, hard black soil to efficiently utilize nutrients and water;

[0029] In the figure: 1. frame; 2. tractor connecting plate; 3. support arm; 4. left grass disc; 5. right grass disc.

[0030] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the structure of a strip tillage machine used in a method for improving thin, hard black soil to efficiently utilize nutrients and water;

[0031] In the figure: 6, frame; 7, power input shaft; 8, deep tillage blade; 9, pressure roller; 10, soil covering disc; 11, knife roller; 12, rotary tillage knife.

[0032] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the structure of a deep tillage and fertilization machine used in a method for improving thin, hard black soil to efficiently utilize nutrients and water;

[0033] In the figure: 13, frame; 14, grass cutting disc; 15, rat path component; 16, deep tillage shovel; 17, fertilizer pipe; 18, suppression wheel; 19, fertilizer box. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] The present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0035] The present invention is based on the development of the protective tillage model of returning full coverage of corn stalks to the fields for many years, and fully considers the characteristics of thin, thin and hard black soil. In the strip tillage operation of returning full coverage of corn stalks to the fields, the organic matter content in the soil is gradually supplemented, the plow bottom layer is broken by deep loosening, rainwater is effectively infiltrated, the soil layer is activated, which can resist drought and reduce runoff, reduce soil erosion, form rat tunnels underground, and form underground reservoirs, which is more conducive to drought resistance. After crop rotation, the soil is gradually and comprehensively activated, the black soil layer is thickened, and the thin, thin and hard black soil is gradually improved.

[0036] Example 1

[0037] like Figure 1 , Figure 2 As shown, the method provided by the present invention for improving thin, hard and black soil to efficiently utilize nutrients and water comprises the following steps:

[0038] S1. Crush the straw and return it to the field in full in autumn: In plots where wide and narrow row flat-land planting and minimum tillage sowing are used, corn is harvested by corn harvester in autumn. The height of corn stubble is left at 25-30 cm during machine harvesting. At the same time, the straw is crushed and returned to the field. The length of the straw is 8-10 cm. After crushing, it is evenly sprayed on the ground to cover the field over the winter.

[0039] S2. In the spring of the second year, the straw is gathered into this year's wide row (last year's sowing belt) by a straw row machine, leaving the narrow row for this year's sowing belt (wide and narrow rows are interchanged, seedling belt and fallow belt are interchanged), the wide row width is 80 cm, the narrow row width is 50 cm, and the height of the corn stubble is left at 25-30 cm during machine harvesting, so that the gathered straw is fixed inside and will not be blown away by the wind. Figure 4 The figure includes: a frame 1, a tractor connecting plate 2, a support arm 3, a left grass disc 4, and a right grass disc 5. The left grass disc 4 and the right grass disc 5 are placed at a certain angle, and rotate under the drive of the tractor to clean the straw passing through the sowing belt. Due to the coverage of the straw, the rain and snow in winter penetrate into the surface and are not blown away by the wind, and the sowing belt gathered out has a higher moisture content.

[0040] S3. Use an organic fertilizer spreader to spread organic fertilizer at a rate of 30 cubic meters per hectare to replenish the organic matter content of the soil;

[0041] S4. Use a strip tiller to perform strip tillage on narrow rows (this year's seedling strips). The strip tillage depth is between 5-10 cm and the width is 60 cm. Ensure that the sowing row spacing is 50 cm. After strip tillage, a flat seed bed with a certain degree of compression strength is formed, which is conducive to seed growth. Figure 5 The machine shown includes: a frame 6, a power input shaft 7, a deep loosening shovel 8, a pressing roller 9, a soil covering disc 10, a knife roller 11, and a rotary tillage blade 12. There is a power input shaft 7 in the middle of the frame 6, and the power of the tractor is transmitted to the knife roller 11 of the strip tillage machine through the power input shaft 7. A deep loosening shovel 8 is arranged at the front of the frame 6. The deep loosening shovel 8 first performs deep loosening operation on the soil, with a depth of 25 cm, effectively activating the deep soil layer and reducing soil compaction. The rear of the deep loosening shovel 8 is followed by a knife roller 11, and a rotary tillage blade 12 is installed on the knife roller 11. The knife roller 11 rotates to complete the strip tillage operation. Soil covering discs 10 are installed on both sides behind the knife roller 11. The soil covering disc 10 gathers the soil scattered on the edge. The soil covering disc 10 is followed by a pressing roller 9, and the pressing roller 9 presses the sowing belt after rotary tillage to form a flat and regular seedling bed.

[0042] S5. Use a 3-row fertilizer no-till seeder to sow on the seedling strip after strip tillage. Because the soil is thin, thin and hard, add an extra row of fertilizer strips in the middle of the seedling strip. Figure 3 As shown, sufficient fertility is guaranteed for corn growth. Since organic fertilizer is added before sowing, the amount of chemical fertilizer is reduced by 15% compared with traditional ridge tillage, reducing the compaction effect of chemical fertilizer on the soil. Since the ridges are flat after strip tillage and have a certain compression strength, the no-till seeder can ensure consistent sowing depth after sowing, ensuring uniform emergence and high emergence rate. After emergence, the roots of the corn are rooted in the hard soil, which is beneficial for resistance to lodging.

[0043] S6. Plant protection spraying is used to kill weeds (kill weeds before seedlings) to control the growth of weeds. Generally, it is sufficient to spray the seedling strips. Since the wide rows are covered with straw, the cooling effect is significant. In addition, the growth of weeds is inhibited by the release of harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide due to the decay of straw. When the corn ridges are closed, a few weeds grow, which has no effect on the growth of corn. This saves herbicides, is more environmentally friendly, and reduces the pollution and compaction of the soil by herbicides.

[0044] S7. In mid-June, deep tillage and fertilization are carried out using a deep tillage and fertilization machine (with a rat track). Figure 6 The device shown in the figure is developed for improving thin, hard and black soil, and includes: a machine frame 13, a grass cutting disc 14, a rat path component 15, a deep loosening shovel 16, a fertilizer pipe 17, a pressure wheel 18, and a fertilizer box 19. The grass cutting disc 14 can cut the straw so that the deep loosening machine does not fall off the pile during operation. The deep loosening depth is 25-30 cm, which can effectively break the bottom layer of the plow, which is conducive to the connection of upper and lower water. In the rainy season, rainwater can infiltrate smoothly, and the rat path component 15 forms a rat path at the bottom. The infiltrated rainwater forms a small underground reservoir and is stored in the rat path, which increases the drought resistance of corn. Behind the deep loosening shovel 16, there is a fertilizer pipe 17. The fertilizer box 19 and the fertilizer pipe 17 form a fertilization system of the machine to fertilize the soil. Behind the fertilizer pipe 17, there is a pressure wheel 18 to squeeze and close the ditch left after deep loosening and fertilization to avoid moisture loss.

[0045] S8. Carry out plant protection in a timely manner according to the pest and disease situation, generally focusing on preventing corn borers.

[0046] S9. Crush the straw and return it to the field in full in autumn: In plots where wide and narrow row flat-land planting and minimum tillage sowing are used, use corn harvesters to harvest corn in autumn. Leave the corn stubble at a height of 25-30 cm during machine harvesting. At the same time, crush the straw and return it to the field. The straw is crushed to a length of 8-10 cm. After crushing, it is evenly sprayed on the ground to cover the ground over the winter and reduce wind and water erosion of the soil.

[0047] S10. Crop rotation: Repeat the process from S2 to S9. During this process, ensure that last year's seedling strips and fallow strips are exchanged with this year's seedling strips and fallow strips, so as to achieve the purpose of returning straw to the fields and leaving the land fallow to improve soil fertility.

[0048] Example 2

[0049] S1. Crush and return all straw to the field in autumn: In plots where wide and narrow row flat-cropping and minimum tillage sowing are used, corn is harvested by corn harvester in autumn. The height of corn stubble is left at 25-30 cm during machine harvesting. At the same time, the straw is crushed and returned to the field. The length of the straw is 8-10 cm. After crushing, it is evenly sprayed on the ground to cover the ground.

[0050] S2. In autumn, the straw is gathered into the wide row (this year's sowing belt) by using a straw row machine, leaving the narrow row for next year's sowing belt (wide and narrow rows are interchangeable, seedling belt and fallow belt are interchangeable), the wide row width is 80 cm, the narrow row width is 50 cm, and the height of the corn stubble is left at 25-30 cm during machine harvesting, so that the gathered straw is fixed inside and will not be blown away by the wind. Figure 4 The figure includes: a frame 1, a tractor connecting plate 2, a support arm 3, a left grass disc 4, and a right grass disc 5. The left grass disc 4 and the right grass disc 5 are placed at a certain angle, and rotate under the drive of the tractor to clean the straw on the passing sowing belt. Due to the coverage of the straw, the rain and snow in winter gradually penetrate into the surface and are not blown away by the wind.

[0051] S3. Use an organic fertilizer spreader to spread organic fertilizer at a rate of 30 cubic meters per hectare to replenish the organic matter content of the soil.

[0052] S4. Use a strip tillage machine to perform strip tillage on narrow rows (next year's seedling strips). The strip tillage depth should be between 5-10 cm and the width should be 60 cm. Ensure that the sowing row spacing is 50 cm. After the strip tillage operation, a flat seed bed with a certain degree of compression strength is formed, which is conducive to seed growth and overwintering.

[0053] S5 uses a 3-fertilizer no-till seeder in spring to sow on the seedling strip after strip tillage. Because the soil is thin, thin and hard, add an extra row of fertilizer in the middle of the seedling strip. Figure 3 As shown, sufficient fertility is guaranteed for corn growth. Since organic fertilizer is added before sowing, the amount of chemical fertilizer is reduced by 15% compared with traditional ridge tillage, reducing the compaction effect of chemical fertilizer on the soil. Since the ridges are flat after strip tillage and have a certain compression strength, the use of a light no-till seeder ensures consistent sowing depth after sowing, ensuring uniform emergence and a high emergence rate. After emergence, the roots of the corn are rooted in the hard soil, which is beneficial for resistance to lodging.

[0054] S6. Plant protection spraying to kill weeds (kill weeds before seedlings) to control weed growth:

[0055] Same as S6 in the first embodiment.

[0056] S7. In mid-June, deep tillage and fertilization are carried out using a deep tillage and fertilization machine (with a rat path):

[0057] Same as S7 in the first embodiment.

[0058] S8. Take timely plant protection measures according to the pest and disease situation, generally focusing on preventing corn borers;

[0059] Same as S8 in the first embodiment.

[0060] S9. Crush the straw and return it to the field in full in autumn. Crush the straw and return it to the field in full in autumn: In the plots where wide and narrow row flat-cropping and minimum tillage sowing are adopted, corn is harvested by corn harvester in autumn. When harvesting by machine, the height of corn stubble is left at 25-30 cm. At the same time, the straw is crushed and returned to the field. The length of the straw is 8-10 cm. After crushing, it is evenly sprayed on the ground for covering (same as S1 cycle) to reduce wind and water erosion of the soil.

[0061] S10. Crop rotation: Repeat the process from S2 to S9. During this process, ensure that last year's seedling strips and fallow strips are exchanged with this year's seedling strips and fallow strips, so as to achieve the purpose of returning straw to the fields and leaving the land fallow to improve soil fertility.

[0062] Comparative Example 1: Traditional ridge cultivation:

[0063] S1. Rotary tillage, ridge making and land preparation in spring.

[0064] S2. Conventional seeder sows and fertilizes at the same time.

[0065] S3. Spray herbicides before seedling emergence to seal ridges and kill weeds.

[0066] S4. Use deep tillage and fertilization machine to carry out tillage and fertilization in mid-June.

[0067] S5. Carry out plant protection in a timely manner according to the situation.

[0068] S6. Harvest corn with a corn harvester in autumn, remove the corn stalks from the field and overwinter.

[0069] S7. Repeat the above steps S1-S6.

[0070] Comparative Example 2: Wide and narrow row no-tillage and full straw coverage tillage:

[0071] S1. Use a no-till seeder to sow in spring and apply fertilizer at the same time.

[0072] S2. Spray herbicides before seedling emergence to seal ridges and kill weeds.

[0073] S3. Use deep tillage and fertilization machine to carry out tillage and fertilization in mid-June.

[0074] S4. Carry out plant protection in a timely manner according to the situation.

[0075] S5. Harvest corn with a corn harvester in autumn, crush the corn stalks and spray them evenly on the fields to cover them for the winter.

[0076] S6. Repeat the above steps S1-S5 for crop rotation.

[0077] Comparative Example 3: Wide and narrow strip tillage, organic fertilizer application, straw full coverage tillage:

[0078] S1. In spring, use a straw rowing machine to sort the straw into rows, clear out a 50 cm wide clean sowing belt, and put the cleaned straw into an 80 cm wide leisure belt. The sowing belt and leisure belt will be rotated in the second year.

[0079] S2. Spread organic fertilizer using an organic fertilizer spreader in spring, at a rate of 30 cubic meters per hectare.

[0080] S3. Use a strip tiller to perform strip tillage on the sowing belt after the row tiller has operated. The strip tillage depth should be between 5-10 cm and the width should be between 58-60 cm to form a clean and flat sowing belt.

[0081] S4. Use a no-till seeder to sow on the sowing belt after strip tillage, and apply base fertilizer and top fertilizer at the same time. Since the sowing belt is flat after strip tillage, the sowing depth of the no-till seeder is guaranteed to be consistent, ensuring the uniform emergence of corn seedlings and the emergence rate.

[0082] S5. Spray herbicides before seedling emergence, seal ridges and kill weeds.

[0083] S6. Carry out plant protection in a timely manner according to the pest and disease situation.

[0084] S7. Harvest corn with a corn harvester in autumn, crush the corn stalks and spray them evenly on the fields to cover them for the winter.

[0085] S8. Repeat steps S1-S7 every year for crop rotation.

[0086] The embodiments and comparative examples were conducted in Liangjiazi Village, Gujiazi Town, Lishu County, Jilin Province (N43°34′20″, E124°15′22″), which has a temperate continental climate. The rainfall during the growth period in 2024 was 644.6 mm, mainly concentrated in early and late July, and the average daily temperature was 20.6°C. The soil type of the test site was a thin layer of black soil. The physical and chemical properties of the 0-100 cm soil are shown in Table 1.

[0087] Table 1 Basic physical and chemical properties of soil at 0-100 cm in the test site

[0088]

[0089] Table 2 Physical and chemical properties of soil in normal ridge cultivation (CT) at the test site with a depth of 0-100 cm

[0090]

[0091] Table 3 Physical and chemical properties of soil in the NT no-tillage sowing with full straw coverage of 0-100 cm at the test site

[0092]

[0093] Table 4 Physical and chemical properties of soil in the test sites with 0-100 cm straw full coverage, wide and narrow strip tillage, sowing and application of organic fertilizer (OST)

[0094]

[0095] Table 5 Physical and chemical properties of soil at the test site: 0-100 cm straw full coverage, wide and narrow row tillage, sowing, application of organic fertilizer, sowing with three-fertilization system seeder (MST)

[0096]

[0097] We can see from Tables 1 to 5 that in terms of organic matter content, nitrate nitrogen, available P and available K, the physical and chemical properties of the soil in wide and narrow row no-till sowing with full straw coverage are higher than those of the soil in normal ridge cultivation. Since the addition of organic fertilizer also reduces the use of chemical fertilizer by 15%, the physical and chemical properties of the soil in wide and narrow row no-till sowing with full straw coverage are higher than those of the soil in wide and narrow row strip sowing with full straw coverage and organic fertilizer application and the soil in wide and narrow row strip sowing with full straw coverage and organic fertilizer application using a three-fertilization system seeder. After several to more than ten years of cultivation, this situation will change.

[0098] Table 6 Effects of different tillage methods on soil water-stable aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer:

[0099]

[0100] We can see from Table 6 that the content of soil water-stable aggregates in the 0-20cm soil layer >2mm, 2-1mm, 1-0.5mm, 0.5-0.25mm and <0.25mm showed significant differences between CT and NT, OST, and MST treatments, and the content of soil water-stable aggregates <0.25 showed significant differences between CT and NT, OST, and MST treatments. The content of soil water-stable aggregates in the 2-1mm layer was NT>OST>MST>CT, and the NT treatment was 19.61%, 27.08%, and 79.41% higher than the OST, MST, and CT treatments, respectively. The contents of soil water-stable aggregates of >2mm, 1-0.5mm and 0.5-0.25mm were all in the order of OST>NT>MST>CT, among which the contents of soil water-stable aggregates of >2mm in OST treatment were 14.67%, 20.91% and 47.96% higher than those in NT, MST and CT treatments, respectively; the contents of soil water-stable aggregates of 1-0.5mm in OST treatment were 1.07%, 10.34% and 56.79% higher than those in NT, MST and CT treatments, respectively; the contents of soil water-stable aggregates of 0.5-0.25mm in OST treatment were 6.99%, 8.49% and 21.17% higher than those in NT, MST and CT treatments, respectively.

[0101] Table 7 Effects of different tillage methods on mass fraction of large aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer

[0102]

[0103] We can see from Table 7 that the mass fraction of macroaggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer was not significantly different between NT and OST, but was significantly different from that between CT and MST. The mass fraction of macroaggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer in the OST treatment was the highest, which was 32.97%, 3.26% and 9.72% higher than that in the CT, NT and MST treatments, respectively.

[0104] Table 8 Effect of different tillage methods on the average weight diameter of 0-20cm soil layer aggregates:

[0105]

[0106] We can see from Table 8 that the average weight diameter of 0-20cm soil aggregates in CT and NT, OST, and MST treatments are significantly different, while the differences among NT, OST, and MST treatments are not significant. The average weight diameter of soil aggregates in OST treatment is the highest, which is 26.74%, 1%, and 2.9% higher than those in CT, NT, and MST treatments, respectively.

[0107] Table 9 Effects of different tillage methods on the geometric mean diameter of aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer:

[0108]

[0109] We can see from Table 9 that the difference in geometric mean weight diameter of 0-20cm soil layer between CT and NT, OST, MST treatments reached a significant level, and the difference between NT, OST and MST treatments was not significant. The geometric mean weight diameter of soil aggregates in OST treatment was the highest, which was 23.69%, 1.49% and 7.61% higher than those in CT, NT and MST treatments, respectively.

[0110] Table 10 Corn yield and yield composition in different planting patterns:

[0111]

[0112] From Table 10, we can see the corn yield and yield composition of different planting patterns. In terms of effective ear number, the effective ear number of MST is 67,000 ears / hectare, which is higher than that of OST treatment and significantly higher than that of NT and CT treatments. The number of grains per ear in MST treatment is the highest, higher than that of OST and NT treatments and significantly higher than that of CT treatment. There is no significant difference in 100-grain weight among the treatments.

[0113] In short, based on various comprehensive indicators, our application of strip tillage + full straw cover + wide and narrow rows + organic fertilizer + two seedlings and three fertilizers + secondary suppression + deep loosening at the seedling stage (MST) is the best agronomic method for improving thin, thin and hard black soil so that it can efficiently utilize nutrients and water. It can not only gradually change the soil structure of thin, thin and hard black soil, increase the soil organic matter content, and gradually thicken the soil layer, but also has the best corn yield and is most easily accepted by farmers.

[0114] Of course, the present invention may have many other embodiments. Without departing from the spirit and essence of the present invention, those skilled in the art may make various corresponding changes and modifications based on the present invention, all without departing from the essence and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for improving thin, hard black soil to make efficient use of nutrients and water, characterized in that Follow these steps: Step 1: Change the ridges to flat planting and change the uniform rows to wide and narrow rows, where the narrow row width is 50 cm and the wide row width is 80 cm; Step 2: Use an organic fertilizer spreader in spring to spread organic fertilizer at a rate of 30 cubic meters per hectare; Step 3: Sow 2 rows of corn (row spacing 40 cm) with a 3-fertilizer no-till seeder on the narrow row (seedling strip), and leave the wide row (fallow strip) untouched. Due to the addition of organic fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer used at sowing is reduced by 15% compared with normal ridge tillage; Step 4: During the intertillage period, use an intertillage deep tillage fertilization machine (with a rat path) to perform deep tillage and topdressing operations. The deep tillage depth is 25-30 cm, breaking the plow bottom layer, which is conducive to the connection of upper and lower water, forming a rat path at the bottom, forming a small underground reservoir, and increasing the drought resistance of corn; Step 5: Provide timely plant protection according to pest and disease conditions; Step 6: Harvest corn with a corn harvester in autumn, crush the corn stalks and return them to the field, and evenly spray them on the ground to cover the surface for wintering. The coverage of the corn stalks can reduce wind erosion and evaporation of soil moisture. Step 7: In the spring of the second year, use a straw row machine to gather the straw to this year's wide rows (last year's sowing belts), leaving narrow rows for this year's sowing belts (interchange between wide and narrow rows, and between seedling belts and fallow belts); Step 8: Use an organic fertilizer spreader in spring to spread organic fertilizer at a rate of 30 cubic meters per hectare; Step 9: Use a strip tillage machine to perform strip tillage on the narrow rows (this year's seedling strips). The strip tillage depth is between 5-10 cm. After strip tillage, a flat seed bed with a clear top and a solid bottom is formed. Step 10. Use a 3-fertilizer no-till seeder to sow on the seedling belt after strip tillage. There is fertilizer not only on both sides of the seedbed but also in the middle to ensure that the seedlings have enough nutrients to grow. Since the ridges after strip tillage are flat and have a certain degree of suppression strength, the no-till seeder ensures consistent sowing depth, uniform germination, and high germination rate after sowing. Due to the sowing of organic fertilizer, the use of chemical fertilizers during sowing reduces the amount of chemical fertilizers used by 15% compared with normal ridge tillage, thus reducing the compaction of the soil caused by chemical fertilizers; Step 11: Plant protection spraying to kill weeds (kill weeds before seedlings) to control weed growth; Step 12: In mid-June, deep tillage and fertilizer application machine (with rat tracks) is used for deep tillage and topdressing. The deep tillage depth is 25-30 cm. This will break up the bottom layer of the plow, which is conducive to the flow of water from top to bottom, form rat tracks at the bottom, and form a small underground reservoir, which will increase the drought resistance of corn. Step 13: Provide timely plant protection according to the pest and disease situation; Step 14: Harvest corn with a corn harvester in autumn, and at the same time crush the straw and return it to the field and spray it evenly on the ground to cover the surface for wintering. The straw cover can reduce soil wind erosion, reduce soil moisture evaporation, and protect the precious black soil layer; Step 15. Repeat the process from step 7 to step 14. During this process, ensure that last year's seedling strips and fallow strips are exchanged with this year's seedling strips and fallow strips, so as to achieve the purpose of returning straw to the fields and leaving the land fallow to improve soil fertility.

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