Supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device and method

Abstract

The present invention relates to the technical field of supercritical carbon dioxide pipelines, and discloses a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device and method, wherein the crack control device includes a crack monitoring mechanism and a dry ice delivery line, wherein the crack monitoring mechanism is used to be connected to the surface of the pipeline and to monitor the cracks of the pipeline in real time, and the dry ice delivery line is used to communicate with the pipeline and to inject dry ice into the pipeline when the crack monitoring mechanism detects that the crack extension of the pipeline exceeds a preset range. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device and method provided by the present invention can obtain the crack extension of the pipeline in real time by setting a crack monitoring mechanism, and when the crack extension exceeds an allowable range by setting a dry ice delivery line, the crack extension rate of the pipeline can be reduced by injecting dry ice into the pipeline, thereby effectively controlling the crack extension of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline and extending the service life of the pipeline, which is of great significance to improving the safety and reliability of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of supercritical carbon dioxide pipelines, and in particular to a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device and method. Background Art

[0002] Supercritical fluid refers to a fluid whose temperature and pressure are above the critical point, and has many unique properties. Carbon dioxide is non-toxic and has good physical and chemical properties. Its proportion in the air is 0.3%, and its critical temperature is as low as 31.2°C and its critical pressure is moderate at 72.9atm. When carbon dioxide is in a supercritical state, it has the dual properties of gas and liquid, with a density close to that of liquid (about 200-800 times the density of air), and a viscosity and diffusion coefficient close to that of gas (about 100 times that of liquid), and has better fluidity and transmission characteristics.

[0003] In recent years, supercritical carbon dioxide fluid has been increasingly used. When low-pressure carbon dioxide gas is pressurized to above the critical pressure through a booster system and heated to above the critical temperature, carbon dioxide can be in a supercritical state.

[0004] The pipeline pressure of supercritical carbon dioxide is as high as 7MPa. The pipeline will produce crack damage during the transportation of supercritical carbon dioxide. The existing treatment methods for supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline cracks are mostly crack initiation prevention and post-damage treatment, and there is a lack of means to control the expansion of pipeline cracks. Summary of the invention

[0005] The embodiments of the present invention provide a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device and method, which are used to solve or partially solve the problem that the existing treatment of supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack damage lacks means to control pipeline crack propagation.

[0006] An embodiment of the present invention provides a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device, including a crack monitoring mechanism and a dry ice delivery line, wherein the crack monitoring mechanism is used to be connected to the surface of the pipeline and to perform real-time monitoring of cracks in the pipeline, and the dry ice delivery line is used to be connected to the pipeline and to inject dry ice into the pipeline when the crack monitoring mechanism detects that the cracks in the pipeline extend beyond a preset range.

[0007] Based on the above scheme, the crack monitoring mechanism includes a crack sensor and a processor. The crack sensor is used to be connected to the surface of the pipeline and monitor the crack propagation in real time. The processor is electrically connected to the crack sensor and is used to obtain the crack propagation rate according to the monitoring results of the crack sensor.

[0008] Based on the above solution, an electric valve is provided on the dry ice conveying line.

[0009] Based on the above solution, it also includes a controller, which is connected to the processor and the electric valve respectively.

[0010] Based on the above solution, the crack monitoring mechanism is used to be connected to the elbow part and / or multi-way part of the pipeline.

[0011] An embodiment of the present invention also provides a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control method, comprising: performing a dry ice injection experiment on a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline, and obtaining in advance through the experiment an optimal dry ice concentration value that can make the crack growth rate of the pipeline reach the lowest range; real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the pipeline; when the crack growth rate of the pipeline is greater than a first preset value, injecting dry ice into the pipeline according to the optimal dry ice concentration value.

[0012] Based on the above scheme, it also includes: when the crack growth rate of the pipeline is less than a second preset value, stopping the injection of dry ice into the pipeline; wherein the second preset value is less than the first preset value.

[0013] On the basis of the above scheme, real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the pipeline specifically includes: real-time monitoring of the size of the crack in the pipeline; and obtaining the crack growth rate according to the size of the crack.

[0014] On the basis of the above scheme, real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the pipeline specifically includes: real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the elbow part and / or the multi-way part in the pipeline.

[0015] The embodiment of the present invention provides a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device and method. By setting a crack monitoring mechanism, the crack expansion situation of the pipeline can be known in real time. When the crack expansion exceeds the allowable range, a dry ice conveying line is set. The crack expansion rate of the pipeline can be reduced by injecting dry ice into the pipeline, thereby effectively controlling the crack expansion and development of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline and extending the service life of the pipeline, which is of great significance to improving the safety and reliability of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0017] Figure 1 This is a connection diagram of a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 2Schematic diagram of the relationship between the dry ice concentration injected into the pipeline and the crack growth rate in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] Description of reference numerals:

[0020] Among them, 1. supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline; 2. crack sensor; 3. processor; 4. cable; 5. controller; 6. dry ice conveyor line; 7. electric valve; 8. supercritical carbon dioxide user; 9. conveying pump. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0023] refer to Figure 1 The embodiment of the present invention provides a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device, which includes a crack monitoring mechanism and a dry ice delivery line 6. The crack monitoring mechanism is used to connect to the surface of the pipeline and monitor the cracks of the pipeline in real time. The dry ice delivery line 6 is used to communicate with the pipeline and inject dry ice into the pipeline when the crack monitoring mechanism detects that the cracks of the pipeline extend beyond a preset range.

[0024] The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 is a pipeline system using supercritical carbon dioxide as a flow medium. Supercritical carbon dioxide flows in the pipeline. The supercritical carbon dioxide is transported to a required location through the pipeline. When in use, the pipeline will be damaged by the pressure of the supercritical carbon dioxide, causing cracks. This embodiment proposes to set up a crack control device to control the crack propagation of the pipeline. Different from the existing treatment technology for preventing crack propagation and replacing the pipeline after damage, the crack control device in this embodiment is used to control the crack propagation process of the pipeline.

[0025] The crack control device monitors the crack propagation of the pipeline in real time through the crack monitoring mechanism, so as to judge the crack propagation of the pipeline in real time according to the crack situation. Specifically, the crack monitoring mechanism can be used to monitor the crack propagation rate of the pipeline in real time. The allowable range of the crack propagation rate can be preset. When the crack propagation rate of the pipeline exceeds the allowable range, the crack control device inputs dry ice into the pipeline through the dry ice delivery line 6. According to the test results, when a certain concentration of dry ice exists in the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1, the crack propagation rate of the pipeline will be significantly reduced. Therefore, by introducing dry ice into the pipeline, the continued growth of the crack propagation rate can be effectively controlled, and the control of the crack propagation of the pipeline can be achieved.

[0026] The present embodiment provides a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device. By setting a crack monitoring mechanism, the crack expansion situation of the pipeline can be known in real time. When the crack expansion exceeds the allowable range, the dry ice conveying line 6 is set to reduce the crack expansion rate of the pipeline by injecting dry ice into the pipeline, thereby effectively controlling the crack expansion and development of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 and extending the service life of the pipeline, which is of great significance to improving the safety and reliability of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1.

[0027] On the basis of the above embodiments, further, referring to Figure 1 The crack monitoring mechanism includes a crack sensor 2 and a processor 3. The crack sensor 2 is used to be connected to the surface of the pipeline and monitor the crack propagation in real time. The processor 3 is electrically connected to the crack sensor 2 and is used to obtain the crack propagation rate according to the monitoring result of the crack sensor 2. Specifically, the crack sensor 2 is used to be connected to the outer surface of the pipeline.

[0028] On the basis of the above embodiment, further, the dry ice conveying line 6 is provided with an electric valve 7. The electric valve 7 is used to control the on / off and opening degree of the dry ice conveying line 6.

[0029] On the basis of the above-mentioned embodiment, further, the crack control device for the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 in this embodiment further includes a controller 5 , and the controller 5 is connected to the processor 3 and the electric valve 7 respectively.

[0030] The crack sensor 2 monitors the crack extension in real time at the crack position of the pipeline. The crack sensor 2 is electrically connected to the processor 3 through the cable 4, that is, the signal connection. The crack sensor 2 is installed in the pipeline, specifically connected to the outer surface of the pipeline; the processor 3 is electrically connected to the crack sensor 2 through the cable 4. The processor 3 is electrically connected to the input end of the controller 5 through the cable 4, and the output end of the controller 5 is electrically connected to the electric valve 7 through the cable 4 to control the opening and closing of the electric valve 7 and the opening degree.

[0031] A crack sensor 2 can be installed at a key structural position of the pipeline to monitor crack expansion in real time. The signal detected by the crack sensor 2 is transmitted to the processor 3 in real time for processing to obtain the crack expansion size value of the corresponding position. The crack expansion rate can be obtained by taking the first-order derivative of the crack expansion size value with respect to time, and the crack expansion rate is sent to the controller 5 in real time.

[0032] When the controller 5 detects that the crack growth rate exceeds a certain value, it determines that the crack growth of the corresponding key structural part of the pipeline is aggravated, and the controller 5 sends an opening command to the electric valve 7 to inject dry ice into the pipeline by opening the electric valve 7 to reduce the crack growth rate of the control pipeline.

[0033] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the crack sensor 2 is a waveguide sensor, and the processor 3 is a waveguide detector. The waveguide detector is used to send an excitation signal and excite ultrasonic guided waves on the pipeline through the waveguide sensor. The waveguide sensor is used to collect the echo signal generated by the ultrasonic guided wave reflected at the crack, and send the echo signal to the waveguide detector. The waveguide detector obtains the crack extension size value on the pipeline based on the echo signal, and obtains the crack extension rate according to the crack extension size value.

[0034] Specifically, the principle of guided wave crack propagation detection is to generate elastic guided waves by exciting mechanical vibration in the pipeline. When the guided waves propagate in the pipeline, they encounter cracks in the pipeline, and part of the waves will be reflected back. When the reflected guided waves pass through the guided wave sensor, the magnetostrictive inverse effect occurs, causing an electrical signal to be generated in the guided wave sensor. The guided wave detector collects, processes and analyzes the signals generated in the guided wave sensor, and can detect pipeline crack propagation. By comparing and analyzing the characteristics of the transmitted pulse and the characteristics of the echo signal, the crack propagation size value on the pipeline is obtained, and then the crack propagation rate is obtained.

[0035] Furthermore, the crack sensor 2 may also be a fiber grating sensor, and the processor 3 may correspond to an optical signal modulator. The optical signal modulator is used to send out an optical signal, which is reflected by the fiber grating sensor and transmitted back to the optical signal modulator. The optical signal modulator obtains the crack extension size value on the pipeline based on the reflected optical signal, and then obtains the crack extension rate.

[0036] The crack monitoring mechanism may be any structure capable of monitoring and obtaining the crack propagation rate of a crack location, and is not specifically limited.

[0037] Figure 2The figure shows the relationship between the dry ice concentration injected into the pipeline and the crack growth rate under a specific working condition. According to the test results, it can be seen that the crack growth rate of the pipeline can be significantly reduced by injecting dry ice into the pipeline. After the dry ice increases to a certain concentration, the crack growth rate will rebound as the dry ice concentration continues to increase. However, there is a dry ice concentration range that can make the crack growth rate of the pipeline reach the lowest. By reasonably controlling the injection amount of dry ice, the crack growth of the pipeline can be effectively suppressed.

[0038] On the basis of the above embodiment, further, the crack monitoring mechanism is used to be connected to the elbow part and / or the multi-way part of the pipeline. The multi-way part is the interface part of the multi-way connection. The elbow part and the multi-way part of the pipeline are parts where cracks are prone to propagation. The crack monitoring mechanism can be set at the elbow part and / or the multi-way part of the pipeline to focus on monitoring the key parts of the pipeline and improve the control efficiency and effect.

[0039] Furthermore, crack monitoring mechanisms may be provided at multiple locations of the pipeline, but only one location of the pipeline is connected to the dry ice delivery line 6. In this case, when any crack monitoring mechanism detects that the crack propagation rate exceeds the allowable range, dry ice may be injected into the pipeline through the dry ice delivery line 6.

[0040] A crack monitoring mechanism and a dry ice delivery line 6 may also be provided at one location of the pipeline at the same time. Crack monitoring mechanisms and dry ice delivery lines 6 may also be provided at multiple locations of the pipeline; that is, a crack monitoring mechanism and a dry ice delivery line 6 may be provided at any of the multiple locations of the pipeline; the dry ice delivery line 6 at each location is controlled to open and close according to the monitoring result of the crack monitoring mechanism at the same location.

[0041] On the basis of the above embodiments, further, this embodiment provides a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control method, which includes: injecting dry ice into the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline to obtain in advance the optimal dry ice concentration value that can make the crack growth rate of the pipeline reach the lowest range through the experiment; monitoring the crack growth rate of the pipeline in real time; when the crack growth rate of the pipeline is greater than a first preset value, injecting dry ice into the pipeline according to the optimal dry ice concentration value.

[0042] On the basis of the above embodiment, a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control method further includes: when the crack growth rate of the pipeline is less than a second preset value, stop injecting dry ice into the pipeline. That is, after the crack growth rate of the pipeline is greater than the first preset value and dry ice is injected into the pipeline, the crack growth rate of the pipeline is continuously monitored, and when the crack growth rate decreases to less than the second preset value, the injection of dry ice into the pipeline can be stopped. The second preset value is less than the first preset value.

[0043] According to the test, when a certain concentration of dry ice exists in the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1, the crack growth rate of the key parts of the pipeline will be significantly reduced. The crack monitoring mechanism of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 monitors the crack growth rate of the key structural parts and transmits the crack growth rate value to the controller 5. When the crack growth rate value suddenly increases to exceed the first preset value, it indicates that the crack growth of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 is aggravated. The controller 5 sends a dry ice filling instruction to the dry ice conveying line 6, and a certain amount of dry ice is injected into the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1. When the crack growth rate of the key structural parts of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 is reduced to a permitted stable value, the dry ice filling is stopped.

[0044] On the basis of the above embodiment, further, real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the pipeline specifically includes: real-time monitoring of the size of the crack in the pipeline; and obtaining the crack growth rate according to the size of the crack.

[0045] On the basis of the above embodiment, further, real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the pipeline specifically includes: real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the elbow part and / or the multi-way part in the pipeline.

[0046] Based on the above embodiment, further, injecting dry ice into the pipeline according to the optimal dry ice concentration value specifically includes: controlling the flow rate of the injected dry ice according to the optimal dry ice concentration value. The dry ice concentration is the concentration of the injected dry ice in the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid in the pipeline.

[0047] Since the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 has many working conditions and a complex system, the critical concentration of dry ice that can significantly reduce the crack growth rate of the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 will change with the working conditions and is not a fixed value. That is, with the different specific operating conditions of the pipeline, the optimal dry ice concentration value that can reduce the crack growth rate of the pipeline to the lowest range is also different, that is, the same concentration of injected dry ice has different effects on reducing the crack growth rate of the pipeline under different working conditions. In order to reduce the crack growth rate of the pipeline under different working conditions to the lowest range, the required dry ice concentration is different.

[0048] This embodiment proposes that the effect of dry ice concentration on the crack growth rate of the pipeline under different working conditions can be studied in advance through experiments. The optimal dry ice concentration values ​​corresponding to the crack growth rate of the pipeline reaching the lowest range under different working conditions are obtained. The optimal dry ice concentration value can also be a range. Then, when the pipeline is actually running, the flow rate of dry ice injected into the pipeline when the crack growth rate of the pipeline is greater than the first preset value is controlled according to the optimal dry ice concentration value corresponding to the actual operating condition.

[0049] Specifically, when the optimal dry ice concentration value corresponding to the actual operating condition is large, the injection flow rate of dry ice can be increased; when the optimal dry ice concentration value corresponding to the actual operating condition is small, the injection flow rate of dry ice can be reduced.

[0050] On the basis of the above embodiments, further, this embodiment aims at the deficiencies of the existing supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline crack extension control technology and means, and proposes a supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline structure safety control device and method. The supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline structure safety control device mainly includes a supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline crack monitoring mechanism, a controller 5 and a dry ice filling mechanism; the crack monitoring mechanism includes a crack sensor 2 and a processor 3, and the dry ice filling mechanism includes a dry ice conveying line 6 and an electric valve 7 arranged on the dry ice conveying line 6, and the dry ice conveying line 6 can be connected to the dry ice manufacturing mechanism.

[0051] refer to Figure 1 , this embodiment provides a supercritical carbon dioxide power system, that is, a power system using supercritical carbon dioxide as a medium. The supercritical carbon dioxide power system includes a supercritical carbon dioxide delivery pump 9, a supercritical carbon dioxide user 8 and a supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1, wherein a crack control device is provided on the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1. The delivery pump 9 is used to deliver supercritical carbon dioxide. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 flows through the supercritical carbon dioxide user 8. The supercritical carbon dioxide user 8 can be a device structure to be cooled using supercritical carbon dioxide or other device structures that require supercritical carbon dioxide, and is not specifically limited. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 can be connected to a supercritical carbon dioxide preparation device, and the supercritical carbon dioxide prepared by the supercritical carbon dioxide preparation device flows into the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1, and then flows through the delivery pump 9 and the supercritical carbon dioxide user 8 in sequence and is discharged. The crack control device can be arranged on the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline 1 between the delivery pump 9 and the supercritical carbon dioxide user 8.

[0052] The pipeline crack monitoring mechanism is connected to the crack sensor 2 through the cable 4, and the crack extension size of the key structural part of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline is obtained. The crack extension rate of the key structural part of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline can be obtained by taking the first-order derivative of the crack extension size of the key structural part of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline with respect to time. When the crack extension rate of the key structural part of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline suddenly increases, it is determined that the crack extension of the key structural part of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline is aggravated, and a signal for adding dry ice is transmitted to the controller 5. The controller 5 sends an opening instruction to the electric valve 7, and the electric valve 7 is opened, and dry ice is injected into the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline. When the crack extension rate of the key structural part of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline is reduced to a permitted stable value, the crack monitoring mechanism sends a signal to stop adding dry ice to the controller 5, and the controller 5 sends a closing instruction to the electric valve 7, and the electric valve 7 is closed.

[0053] Adding a certain concentration of dry ice into the pipeline can significantly reduce the crack growth rate of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline, thereby extending the service life of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline and improving the reliability of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline.

[0054] The supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline structure safety control device and method are combined with pipeline damage monitoring technology. By adding dry ice into the pipeline, the crack growth rate of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline can be significantly reduced, the crack growth and development of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline can be effectively controlled, and the service life of the pipeline can be extended, which is of great significance to improving the safety and reliability of the supercritical carbon dioxide power pipeline.

[0055] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device, characterized in that: It comprises a crack monitoring mechanism and a dry ice delivery line, wherein the crack monitoring mechanism is used to be connected to the surface of the pipeline and to monitor the cracks of the pipeline in real time, and the dry ice delivery line is used to be connected to the pipeline and to inject dry ice into the pipeline when the crack monitoring mechanism detects that the cracks of the pipeline extend beyond a preset range; The crack monitoring mechanism comprises a crack sensor and a processor, and the crack monitoring mechanism is connected to the elbow part and / or the multi-way part of the pipeline.

2. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The crack sensor is used to be connected to the surface of the pipeline and to monitor the crack propagation in real time. The processor is electrically connected to the crack sensor and is used to obtain the crack propagation rate according to the monitoring result of the crack sensor.

3. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device according to claim 2, characterized in that: An electric valve is arranged on the dry ice conveying line.

4. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The device also includes a controller, which is connected to the processor and the electric valve respectively.

5. A supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control method, characterized in that: include: The dry ice injection experiment was conducted on the supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline, and the optimal dry ice concentration value that can make the crack growth rate of the pipeline reach the lowest range was known in advance through the experiment; Real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the pipeline; When the crack growth rate of the pipeline is greater than a first preset value, dry ice is injected into the pipeline according to the optimal dry ice concentration value.

6. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control method according to claim 5, characterized in that: Also includes: When the crack growth rate of the pipeline is less than a second preset value, stopping injecting dry ice into the pipeline; The second preset value is smaller than the first preset value.

7. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control method according to claim 5, characterized in that: Real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the pipeline specifically includes: Real-time monitoring of pipeline crack size; The crack growth rate is obtained based on the crack size.

8. The supercritical carbon dioxide pipeline crack control method according to claim 5, characterized in that: Real-time monitoring of the crack growth rate of the pipeline specifically includes: The crack growth rate at the elbows and / or multi-pass parts in the pipeline is monitored in real time.

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