Method for improving tea planting soil

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for improving tea planting soil. The method comprises the steps that S1, farmyard manure is applied to improve soil organic matter, wherein the farmyard manure is based on sheep manure; s2, formulated fertilization: determining the specific quantity of phosphorus and potassium elements required to be supplemented in the tea garden, formulating a fertilization progress card according to the requirements of tea trees in different growth stages, and guiding tea farmers to scientifically and reasonably formulated fertilization; s3, tea garden covering, wherein straw covering is adopted; s4, deep ploughing and soil improvement: deep ploughing is performed in a mechanical or manual mode, semi-weathered soil is scarified, and the depth is 30 cm or above; s5, additionally applying a soil conditioner, wherein the soil conditioner is a microbial preparation or a conditioner with biomass charcoal as a main component. The soil improvement method provided by the invention can effectively improve the soil quality of the tea garden, improve the quality and yield of tea leaves, and provide powerful support for sustainable development of the tea industry.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of soil improvement, and in particular to a method for improving tea-growing soil. Background Art

[0002] The quality of tea is greatly affected by the soil. Currently, tea garden soil faces many problems and there is an urgent need for improvement. As an important economic crop, the growth and quality of tea are closely related to soil conditions. However, there are a series of problems in tea garden soil, which seriously affect the yield and quality of tea.

[0003] As the number of years of tea cultivation increases, soil acidification becomes increasingly serious. Tea gardens in different regions of my country have shown a trend of increasing soil acidification. For example, the pH value of tea garden soils in Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, and Hunan provinces is generally low, which is not suitable for tea growth. Soil acidification not only inhibits the growth of tea tree roots, but also affects soil enzyme activity and soil microbial population changes, thereby indirectly affecting crop growth.

[0004] In addition, soil nutrient imbalance is also an important problem facing tea garden soil. Tea trees are perennial leaf-growing cash crops, and farmers generally apply large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers, but do not apply or apply less phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, resulting in a serious imbalance in the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. At the same time, insufficient organic matter content and unbalanced nutrients in the soil will also affect the normal growth of tea trees.

[0005] Poor soil structure is also one of the common reasons for low tea plantation yields. Tea plantation soil compaction, slow water penetration, and poor water and fertilizer retention are closely related to the climate and environment of the tea plantation. Seasonal droughts and heavy rains can damage the soil structure, restrict the development of tea tree roots, and thus affect the yield and quality of tea.

[0006] To sum up, tea garden soil improvement is imminent. Only through effective soil improvement measures can the yield and quality of tea be improved and the sustainable development of the tea industry be promoted. Summary of the invention

[0007] In response to the current problems with tea garden soil, we are looking for practical and feasible improvement methods to improve the quality and yield of tea.

[0008] 1. A method for improving tea-growing soil proposed by the present invention specifically comprises the following steps:

[0009] S1: Apply farmyard manure to improve soil organic matter: Farmyard manure is based on sheep manure. After being applied to the soil, it increases the organic matter content in the soil, provides nutrients for microorganisms in the soil, and promotes the reproduction and activity of microorganisms;

[0010] S2: Formula fertilization: By sampling and testing the tea garden soil, we can obtain the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other macroelements and boron, magnesium and other trace elements in the soil, determine the specific amount of phosphorus and potassium that the tea garden needs to supplement, and formulate a fertilization progress card according to the needs of tea trees at different growth stages to guide tea farmers to apply fertilization with scientific and reasonable formulas;

[0011] S3: Tea garden covering: Use straw to cover the soil to neutralize soil pH and increase organic matter;

[0012] S4: Deep tillage and soil improvement: Use mechanical or manual methods to deep tillage and loosen the semi-weathered soil to a depth of more than 30 cm;

[0013] S5: Add soil conditioner: The soil conditioner is a conditioner with microbial preparations or biochar as the main ingredients, which improves the physical structure of the soil, increases the air permeability and water retention of the soil, and can obtain the target soil, the target soil thickness of which is not less than 70 cm.

[0014] Preferably, in step S1, the method for preparing the farmyard manure is:

[0015] S11, mixing sheep manure with plant straw, wherein the water content after mixing is 10%-20%;

[0016] S12, the biocomposite bacteria stock solution and the raw materials in step S11 are in a mass ratio of 1:100, and the biocomposite bacteria stock solution is evenly sprayed into the material pile for mixed fermentation;

[0017] S13, adding cornmeal to the biocomposite bacteria stock solution at a mass ratio of 1:1 to provide sugar for the biocomposite bacteria fermentation;

[0018] S14, adding the prepared mixture into a blender and stirring;

[0019] S15. The fermentation process is 7-15 days, and fluffy, dark brown farmyard manure is obtained.

[0020] Preferably, in step S2, the effective phosphorus content in the soil is controlled between 20-30 mg / kg, and the effective potassium content in the soil is controlled between 100-150 mg / kg; during the vigorous growth period of the tea tree, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is increased; during the flowering and fruiting period of the tea tree, the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers needs to be increased.

[0021] Preferably, the step S4 is soil cultivation. When the soil layer is shallow and the lower layer is a rock layer, deep tillage and improvement cannot be performed. Forest topsoil and pond mud rich in organic matter are selected to increase the thickness of the tea garden soil layer and improve the soil structure.

[0022] Preferably, the microbial preparation in step S5 is a mixture of fermentation base and wheat bran or soybean meal in a mass ratio of 1:50-1:80, and the fermentation base contains beneficial microbial strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, potassium-solubilizing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus subtilis.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0024] 1. Carry out fertilizer reform. Vigorously promote farmyard manure based on sheep manure, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, and increase the content of soil organic matter. Farmyard manure is rich in organic matter and trace elements, which can improve soil structure and increase soil fertility.

[0025] 2. Promote formula fertilization. According to the investigation and analysis of tea garden soil nutrients, tea garden fertilization suggestion cards are issued to help tea farmers to carry out scientific and reasonable formula fertilization and balance soil nutrients. For tea gardens with low soil available phosphorus content, the application amount of phosphorus fertilizer can be appropriately increased; for tea gardens with low available potassium content, the application amount of potassium fertilizer can be increased.

[0026] 3. Promote tea garden covering. In order to solve the problem of bare tea garden surface and serious soil acidification, straw is used to cover the garden surface. Straw covering can not only neutralize the soil pH, but also conserve water, soil and fertilizer, increase the content of soil organic matter, and limit the growth of weeds.

[0027] 4. Carry out tillage in tea gardens. Tillage can improve soil structure, enhance soil aeration and water permeability, and promote the growth of tea tree roots.

[0028] The soil improvement method provided by the present invention can effectively improve the soil quality of tea gardens, increase the quality and yield of tea leaves, and provide strong support for the sustainable development of the tea industry. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The present invention will be further explained below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0030] Tea trees are acid-loving plants that grow well in acidic soils. The soil pH that is most suitable for tea cultivation is 4.0-6.5, and the optimum pH is 4.5-5.5. Taking a tea garden in Fujian Province as an example, when the soil pH is within the appropriate range, the tea trees grow vigorously, the leaves are emerald green, and the tea yield is high and of good quality. The tea tree has a well-developed root system that can fully absorb nutrients and water from the soil. When the soil pH is high, close to neutral or alkaline, the tea tree grows poorly, and the leaves turn yellow, wither and fall off, which seriously affects the life of the tea tree and the quality and yield of the tea. For example, if the soil pH reaches about 7.0, the new shoots of the tea tree grow slowly, the leaves become smaller, the amino acid content in the tea leaves decreases, and the tea polyphenol content increases, resulting in a bitter taste and a weakened aroma. On the contrary, when the soil pH is low, such as less than 4.0, it will also cause poor growth and development of the tea tree, causing the leaves of the tea tree to turn red and wither, and even the death of the root system.

[0031] Good soil structure is essential to ensure the water and air needs of tea tree growth. The soil structure of sandy loam has good water retention and air permeability. On the one hand, sandy loam can retain a certain amount of water to meet the needs of tea tree growth. Tea has no other requirements for the type of soil. Red soil, sandy loam, yellow soil, etc. can grow well. It mainly depends on whether it has water retention and permeability. It should be more than 1 meter deep in the soil layer to ensure drainage, and the lime content should not be too high. It is most suitable below 0.2%. Tea likes moisture. In addition to a relatively humid climate, it also requires rich soil moisture. On the other hand, good air permeability can ensure the respiration of the tea tree roots. The tea tree roots need sufficient oxygen to breathe to maintain normal growth and metabolism. In sandy loam, the soil porosity is moderate, and air can circulate freely in the soil, providing sufficient oxygen for the tea tree roots. For example, most of the high-quality tea in my country now comes from loose gravel loam with rich organic matter. Large tea plantations are generally suitable for hills, as this type of terrain has good drainage. It is best to locate on a sunny south slope where sunlight can reach and water will not accumulate even if there is a lot of rain.

[0032] Tea trees are deep-rooted plants with roots that can be distributed vertically for more than one meter, of which the absorbing roots are mainly in the 10-50cm soil layer. This means that sufficient soil thickness is essential for the normal extension of tea tree roots. Taking my country's existing high-yield tea gardens as an example, the effective soil layer is more than 70cm, and many even exceed one meter.

[0033] Based on the above reasons, this embodiment provides a method for improving soil for tea planting, which specifically includes the following steps:

[0034] S1: Apply farmyard manure to improve soil organic matter: Farmyard manure is based on sheep manure. After being applied to the soil, it increases the organic matter content in the soil, provides nutrients for microorganisms in the soil, and promotes the reproduction and activity of microorganisms;

[0035] S2: Formula fertilization: By sampling and testing the tea garden soil, we can obtain the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other macroelements and boron, magnesium and other trace elements in the soil, determine the specific amount of phosphorus and potassium that the tea garden needs to supplement, and formulate a fertilization progress card according to the needs of tea trees at different growth stages to guide tea farmers to apply fertilization with scientific and reasonable formulas;

[0036] S3: Tea garden covering: Use straw to cover the soil to neutralize soil pH and increase organic matter;

[0037] S4: Deep tillage and soil improvement: Use mechanical or manual methods to deep tillage and loosen the semi-weathered soil to a depth of more than 30 cm;

[0038] S5: Add soil conditioner: The soil conditioner is a conditioner with microbial preparations or biochar as the main ingredients, which improves the physical structure of the soil, increases the air permeability and water retention of the soil, and can obtain the target soil, the target soil thickness of which is not less than 70 cm.

[0039] The preparation method of the farmyard manure provided in this embodiment is:

[0040] S11, mixing sheep manure with plant straw, wherein the water content after mixing is 10%-20%;

[0041] S12, the biocomposite bacteria stock solution and the raw materials in step S11 are in a mass ratio of 1:100, and the biocomposite bacteria stock solution is evenly sprayed into the material pile for mixed fermentation;

[0042] S13, adding cornmeal to the biocomposite bacteria stock solution at a mass ratio of 1:1 to provide sugar for the biocomposite bacteria fermentation;

[0043] S14, adding the prepared mixture into a blender and stirring;

[0044] S15. The fermentation process is 7-15 days, and fluffy, dark brown farmyard manure is obtained.

[0045] In this embodiment, the effective phosphorus content in the soil is controlled between 20-30 mg / kg, and the effective potassium content in the soil is controlled between 100-150 mg / kg; during the vigorous growth period of the tea tree, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is increased; during the flowering and fruiting period of the tea tree, the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers needs to be increased.

[0046] In this embodiment, step S4 is soil cultivation. When the soil layer is shallow and the lower layer is a rock layer, deep tillage and improvement cannot be performed. Forest topsoil and pond mud rich in organic matter are selected to increase the thickness of the tea garden soil layer and improve the soil structure.

[0047] In this embodiment, the microbial preparation in step S5 is a mixture of a fermentation base and wheat bran or soybean meal in a mass ratio of 1:50-1:80, and the fermentation base contains beneficial microbial strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, potassium-solubilizing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus subtilis.

[0048] Take a tea garden in Fujian as an example. In a tea garden in a certain area, the original large-scale use of chemical fertilizers led to a decrease in soil organic matter content, reduced fertility, and affected the quality of tea. By implementing the method provided by the present invention, after a period of application, the soil organic matter content is significantly improved. According to tests, the organic matter content of the tea garden soil after the application of farmyard manure has increased from less than 1.0% to about 1.5%. Farmyard manure such as sheep manure is rich in organic matter and trace elements, which can improve soil structure and increase soil air permeability and water retention. For example, in a tea garden where sheep manure is applied, the soil becomes looser, the roots of tea trees can stretch and breathe better, and the ability to absorb nutrients and water is enhanced. At the same time, the organic matter in the farmyard manure can also provide food for microorganisms in the soil, promote the reproduction and activity of microorganisms, and further improve the fertility of the soil.

[0049] Formula fertilization can balance soil nutrients and meet the needs of tea tree growth. For example, for tea gardens with low available phosphorus content in the soil, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer applied can be appropriately increased; for tea gardens with low available potassium content, the amount of potassium fertilizer applied can be increased. At the same time, formula fertilization can also guide tea farmers to apply organic fertilizers containing microorganisms, increase soil microbial flora, and activate the soil. These microorganisms can decompose organic matter in the soil, release nutrients required by tea trees, and improve soil fertility. In addition, formula fertilization can also prevent tea farmers from blindly applying fertilizers, reduce fertilizer waste and pollution to the environment. Taking a tea garden as an example, after implementing formula fertilization, the tea yield increased by about 20%, and the quality was also significantly improved. Tea is rich in nutrients such as amino acids and tea polyphenols, with a mellow taste and rich aroma.

[0050] Rice straw mulching has a significant improvement effect on tea garden soil. First of all, rice straw mulching can effectively neutralize soil pH. When rice straw is covered on the surface of the tea garden, it gradually decomposes under the action of microorganisms, releasing some alkaline substances, which can react with acidic substances in the soil to neutralize, thereby raising the pH value of the soil and bringing it closer to the pH range suitable for the growth of tea trees. For example, in a tea garden with acidic soil, after using rice straw mulching, the soil pH value increased from the original 4.5 to about 5.0, creating a more favorable environment for the growth of tea trees.

[0051] Secondly, rice straw mulching can also increase the content of soil organic matter. Rice straw itself is rich in organic matter. During the mulching process, over time, the rice straw gradually decomposes and releases the organic matter it contains into the soil. According to statistics, after one year of rice straw mulching per acre of tea garden, the content of soil organic matter can increase by 0.2% to 0.3%. This not only improves the soil structure and increases the soil's ability to retain water and fertilizer, but also provides more nutrients for the growth of tea tree roots. At the same time, the increased organic matter is also conducive to the reproduction and activity of soil microorganisms, further promoting the transformation and supply of soil nutrients.

[0052] Deep tillage and soil improvement have a significant effect on soil improvement. First, it can break the soil compaction layer, increase the soil porosity, improve the soil's air permeability and water permeability, and facilitate the breathing and growth of tea tree roots. Secondly, deep tillage can turn the nutrient-rich soil at the bottom layer to the upper layer, making it easier for the tea tree roots to absorb nutrients. In addition, the applied organic fertilizer gradually decomposes in the soil, releasing various nutrients, further improving the soil fertility. For example, after deep tillage and soil improvement in a tea garden, the soil's air permeability increased by 30%, the growth rate of tea tree new shoots was significantly accelerated, and the tea yield increased by about 15%.

[0053] The method of cultivating soil with foreign soil is adopted in tea gardens with shallow soil layer and rock layer below, which cannot be deep-cultivated. Foreign soil should be selected from fertile soil rich in organic matter such as forest topsoil and pond mud. Forest topsoil contains a large amount of humus and microorganisms, which can provide rich nutrients for tea garden soil. Pond mud is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements, which is very helpful to improve the fertility of tea garden soil. Generally, about 300 dan (1 dan = 50 kg) of foreign soil is needed per mu of tea garden.

[0054] When applying foreign soil for soil cultivation, it is necessary to select according to the specific conditions of the tea garden soil. If the soil is heavy, sandy loam should be used as foreign soil; if the soil is sandy, clay or pond mud should be used. Foreign soil cultivation can effectively increase the thickness of the soil layer in the tea garden and improve the soil structure. At the same time, the organic matter and nutrients in the foreign soil can provide sufficient nutrition for the growth of tea trees. For example, after foreign soil cultivation was carried out in a tea garden with a shallow soil layer, the root system of the tea trees grew more vigorously and the quality of the tea leaves was significantly improved.

[0055] Microbial preparations contain a variety of beneficial microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-dissolving bacteria, and potassium-dissolving bacteria. These microorganisms can form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of tea trees and promote the absorption of nutrients by tea trees. For example, nitrogen-fixing bacteria can convert nitrogen in the air into nitrogen that can be used by tea trees, while phosphate-dissolving bacteria and potassium-dissolving bacteria can convert phosphorus and potassium elements in the soil that are difficult for tea trees to absorb into effective forms, thereby improving the utilization rate of nutrients in the soil.

[0056] In addition, biochar can be used as a modifier with biochar as the main component. Biochar has a rich pore structure and a large specific surface area, which can absorb heavy metal ions and pesticide residues in the soil and reduce their harm to tea trees. At the same time, biochar can also improve the physical structure of the soil and increase the air permeability and water retention of the soil.

[0057] The present invention uses a comprehensive and innovative mode of soil improvement using a variety of methods, which provides a strong guarantee for the sustainable development of tea planting and makes a greater contribution to the prosperity of the tea industry and the protection of the ecological environment.

[0058] The above description is only a preferred specific implementation manner of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field can make equivalent replacements or changes according to the technical scheme and inventive concept of the present invention within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, which should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for improving tea-growing soil, characterized in that: The specific steps include the following: S1: Apply farmyard manure to improve soil organic matter: Farmyard manure is based on sheep manure. After being applied to the soil, it increases the organic matter content in the soil, provides nutrients for microorganisms in the soil, and promotes the reproduction and activity of microorganisms; S2: Formula fertilization: By sampling and testing the tea garden soil, we can obtain the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other macroelements and boron, magnesium and other trace elements in the soil, determine the specific amount of phosphorus and potassium that the tea garden needs to supplement, and formulate a fertilization progress card according to the needs of tea trees at different growth stages to guide tea farmers to apply fertilization with scientific and reasonable formulas; S3: Tea garden covering: Use straw to cover the soil to neutralize soil pH and increase organic matter; S4: Deep tillage and soil improvement: Use mechanical or manual methods to deep tillage and loosen the semi-weathered soil to a depth of more than 30 cm; S5: Add soil conditioner: The soil conditioner is a conditioner with microbial preparations or biochar as the main ingredients, which improves the physical structure of the soil, increases the air permeability and water retention of the soil, and can obtain the target soil, the target soil thickness of which is not less than 70 cm.

2. The method for improving tea-growing soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the method for preparing the farmyard manure is: S11, mixing sheep manure with plant straw, wherein the water content after mixing is 10%-20%; S12, the biocomposite bacteria stock solution and the raw materials in step S11 are in a mass ratio of 1:100, and the biocomposite bacteria stock solution is evenly sprayed into the material pile for mixed fermentation; S13, adding cornmeal to the biocomposite bacteria stock solution at a mass ratio of 1:1 to provide sugar for the biocomposite bacteria fermentation; S14, adding the prepared mixture into a blender and stirring; S15. The fermentation process is 7-15 days, and fluffy, dark brown farmyard manure is obtained.

3. The method for improving tea-growing soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the effective phosphorus content in the soil is controlled between 20-30 mg / kg, and the effective potassium content in the soil is controlled between 100-150 mg / kg; during the vigorous growth period of the tea tree, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is increased; during the flowering and fruiting period of the tea tree, the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers needs to be increased.

4. The method for improving tea-growing soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step S4 is to cultivate the soil with imported soil. When the soil layer is shallow and the lower layer is a rock layer, deep tillage and improvement cannot be performed. Forest topsoil and pond mud rich in organic matter are selected to increase the thickness of the tea garden soil layer and improve the soil structure.

5. The method for improving tea-growing soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: The microbial preparation in step S5 is a mixture of fermentation base and wheat bran or soybean meal in a mass ratio of 1:50-1:80, and the fermentation base contains beneficial microbial strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, potassium-solubilizing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus subtilis.