Grinding device and method for face gear

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of face gear machining, and discloses a face gear grinding device and method. The stand column mechanism is vertically arranged on the rear side of the lathe bed mechanism, and the workbench is horizontally arranged on the front side of the lathe bed mechanism. The stand column mechanism and the workbench can horizontally move on the lathe bed mechanism, and the moving direction of the stand column mechanism is perpendicular to the moving direction of the workbench. The spindle mechanism is vertically and movably arranged on the front side of the stand column mechanism, and the grinding wheel is arranged at the front end of the spindle mechanism. The workpiece headstock mechanism is installed at the first end of the workbench, and a face gear to be machined is assembled on the side face of the workpiece headstock mechanism. The workpiece headstock mechanism is used for clamping and driving a face gear to be machined to rotate. The finishing mechanism is installed at the second end of the workbench. The finishing roller is installed on the top end side face of the finishing mechanism. The finishing mechanism is used for driving the finishing roller to realize horizontal rotation or vertical rotation; the stroke of each moving shaft is short, the operation time is short, and the finish machining requirement of the face gear is met.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of face gear processing equipment, and in particular relates to a grinding processing device and method for face gears. Background Art

[0002] Face gear is a new type of gear structure, which can form a gear pair with cylindrical gear and is used for power transmission between intersecting axes or crossed axes. The special tooth surface form of face gear makes it have the characteristics of large transmission ratio, good interchangeability and excellent torque transmission performance, which can reduce the number of stages of the transmission system, significantly reduce the weight of the transmission system and improve the power density. At the same time, face gear transmission has strong flexibility and adaptability, and can be suitable for transmission occasions with any axis angle. It has wide application value in aviation, aerospace, weapons, automobiles and other industries.

[0003] At present, the face gear grinding process usually adopts cylindrical gear worm wheel gear grinding machine for face gear grinding, which has the problems of complex processing flow, low efficiency and inability to guarantee the processing accuracy of the workpiece.

[0004] Specifically, the reasons are analyzed as follows: Since the stroke of each moving axis in the cylindrical gear worm wheel grinding machine is relatively large, the overall size of the machine tool is large and the running time of each linear axis is long, which seriously affects the processing efficiency of the face gear; the grinding wheel needs to be dressed before grinding the face gear, and the grinding wheel frame needs to be swung as a whole for dressing during dressing, and it can only be swung to one angle for one dressing, and then continue to swing and dress again, and the dressing efficiency is low; after the face gear tooth surface detection is completed, the grinding wheel dressing parameter calculation needs to be performed offline according to the measurement results to generate the latest grinding wheel dressing program, and then input into the machine tool to dress the grinding wheel before grinding. The operation process is complicated and the processing accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of the technical problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a grinding processing device and method for face gears to solve the problems of complex processing flow, low efficiency and inability to guarantee the processing accuracy of workpieces in the existing face gear grinding processing.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: The present invention provides a grinding device for face gears, comprising a column mechanism, a spindle mechanism, a work head mechanism, a dressing mechanism, a workbench, a bed mechanism, a grinding wheel and a dressing roller; The column mechanism is vertically arranged at the rear side of the bed mechanism, and the workbench is horizontally arranged at the front side of the bed mechanism; wherein both the column mechanism and the workbench can move horizontally on the bed mechanism, and the moving directions of the column mechanism and the workbench are perpendicular to each other; The spindle mechanism is vertically movable and arranged at the front side of the column mechanism, and the grinding wheel is arranged at the front end of the spindle mechanism; wherein the spindle mechanism is used to drive the grinding wheel to rotate, and the rotation center of the grinding wheel is parallel to the moving direction of the column mechanism; The workpiece headstock mechanism is installed at the first end of the workbench, and the surface gear to be processed is assembled on the side of the workpiece headstock mechanism; wherein the workpiece headstock mechanism is used to clamp and drive the surface gear to be processed to rotate, and the rotation center of the surface gear to be processed is parallel to the moving direction of the workbench; The trimming mechanism is installed at the second end of the workbench, and the trimming roller is installed on the top side of the trimming mechanism; wherein, the trimming mechanism is used to drive the trimming roller to realize horizontal rotation or vertical rotation, the horizontal rotation center of the trimming roller is perpendicular to the plane of the workbench, and the vertical rotation center of the trimming roller is parallel to the plane of the workbench.

[0007] Furthermore, the bed mechanism includes a longitudinal drive mechanism, a longitudinal bed, a transverse drive mechanism and a transverse bed; the longitudinal bed and the transverse bed are both horizontally arranged on the ground, the longitudinal bed is located at the rear side of the transverse bed, and the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed is perpendicular to the long axis direction of the transverse bed; The column mechanism is horizontally slidably arranged above the longitudinal bed, and the longitudinal driving mechanism is arranged between the column mechanism and the longitudinal bed; wherein the longitudinal driving mechanism is used to drive the column mechanism to move horizontally along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed; The workbench is horizontally slidably arranged above the transverse bed, and the transverse driving mechanism is arranged between the workbench and the transverse bed; wherein the transverse driving mechanism is used to drive the workbench to move horizontally along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed.

[0008] Furthermore, the longitudinal drive mechanism includes a first bed motor, a first bed screw, a first bed guide rail and a second bed guide rail; The first bed motor is installed at the end of the upper surface of the longitudinal bed and is arranged away from one end of the transverse bed; the first bed screw is horizontally arranged above the upper surface of the longitudinal bed and is arranged along the long axis center line of the longitudinal bed; wherein the first end of the first bed screw is connected to the output end of the first bed motor, and the second end of the first bed screw is connected to the bottom end of the column mechanism through a thread; The first bed guide rail and the second bed guide rail are arranged in parallel on the upper surface of the longitudinal bed and symmetrically on both sides of the first bed screw rod; the bottom ends of the column mechanism are slidably connected to the first bed guide rail and the second bed guide rail respectively.

[0009] Furthermore, the transverse driving mechanism includes a third bed guide rail, a fourth bed guide rail, a second bed screw and a second bed motor; The second bed motor is installed at the end of the horizontal bed; The second bed screw is horizontally arranged above the upper surface of the transverse bed and arranged along the long axis center line of the transverse bed; wherein the first end of the second bed screw is connected to the output end of the second bed motor, and the second end of the second bed screw is connected to the bottom end of the workbench through a thread; The third bed guide rail and the fourth bed guide rail are arranged in parallel on the upper surface of the horizontal bed, and are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the second bed screw rod; the two sides of the bottom end of the workbench are respectively slidably connected to the third bed guide rail and the fourth bed guide rail.

[0010] Furthermore, the column mechanism includes a column motor, a column body, a first column guide rail, a column screw rod and a second column guide rail; The column body is vertically arranged above the longitudinal bed, and the bottom end of the column body is connected to the longitudinal driving mechanism; wherein the column body is a hollow box structure with an open front end; the column motor is installed at the top end of the column body, and the column screw rod is vertically arranged inside the column body; wherein the top end of the column screw rod is connected to the output end of the column motor; The first column guide rail and the second column guide rail are arranged vertically in parallel and symmetrically on both sides of the front end opening of the column body; the spindle mechanism is arranged at the front end opening of the column body, and the two sides of the rear end of the spindle mechanism are slidingly connected to the first column guide rail and the second column guide rail respectively; the middle part of the rear end of the spindle mechanism extends to the interior of the column body and is connected to the bottom end of the column screw rod by a thread.

[0011] Furthermore, the spindle mechanism includes a spindle box and a spindle motor; The spindle box is arranged at the front end opening of the column body, and the two sides of the rear end of the spindle box are respectively connected to the first column guide rail and the second column guide rail in a sliding manner, and the middle part of the rear end of the spindle box extends to the interior of the column body and is connected to the bottom end of the column screw rod by a thread; The grinding wheel is installed at the front end of the spindle box, and the spindle motor is arranged at the rear end of the spindle box; wherein the spindle motor is used to drive the grinding wheel to rotate.

[0012] Furthermore, the workpiece headstock mechanism includes a headstock box, a rotary table and a clamping tool; The head frame box is installed at the first end of the workbench, and the rotary workbench is installed on the top side of the head frame box; wherein the rotary workbench is arranged close to the center side of the workbench; the surface gear to be processed is connected to the rotary workbench through the clamping work.

[0013] Furthermore, the trimming mechanism includes a trimmer body, a trimmer swivel bracket and a trimmer box; The dresser box is installed at the second end of the workbench, and the dresser rotating bracket is installed at the top of the dresser box; the dresser body is installed on the dresser rotating bracket, and the dressing roller is installed on the top side of the dresser body; wherein, the dresser rotating bracket is used to drive the dresser body to rotate with the vertical direction as the rotation axis, and the dresser body is used to drive the dressing roller to rotate with the center line of the dressing roller as the rotation axis.

[0014] Furthermore, it also includes an on-machine measurement system and an automatic tool setting system; The on-machine measurement system and the automatic tool setting system are both arranged at the front end of the spindle mechanism and are both arranged close to one side of the workpiece headstock mechanism; wherein the on-machine measurement system is used to perform tooth surface accuracy detection on the gear to be processed, and the automatic tool setting system is used to set the tool on the grinding wheel.

[0015] The present invention also provides a grinding method for face gears, using the grinding device for face gears; Wherein, the grinding method for face gears comprises: Install the gear to be machined on the side of the workpiece headstock mechanism; By adjusting the relative positions of the column mechanism and the worktable on the bed mechanism, the grinding wheel installed on the spindle mechanism is used to grind the gear on the processing surface; When the grinding wheel needs to be dressed, the relative positions of the column mechanism and the worktable on the bed mechanism are adjusted so that the grinding wheel can be dressed using the dressing mechanism.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The present invention provides a grinding device for face gears and a working method thereof, wherein a column mechanism and a worktable are both horizontally movably arranged on a bed mechanism, a spindle mechanism with a grinding wheel is movably arranged on the column mechanism, and a workpiece headstock mechanism and a dressing mechanism are respectively arranged at two ends of the worktable, so that the grinding device has three linear motion axes and four rotary motion axes, and the stroke of each motion axis is short and the running time is short, which can effectively meet the finishing requirements of face gear teeth; secondly, a dressing mechanism with a dressing roller is installed on the worktable, so that the movement distance between the dressing roller and the grinding wheel is small enough; at the same time, the dressing roller is driven by the dressing mechanism to realize horizontal and vertical rotation, which can realize the linkage between the swing of the dressing roller and the axial and radial movement of the grinding wheel, thereby greatly improving the dressing efficiency of the grinding wheel; the device of the present invention has a simple structure and is easy to operate, and has the advantages of high processing efficiency, high precision and high precision consistency when finishing face gear teeth, and is convenient for later expansion and improvement of the processing specifications of the device.

[0017] Furthermore, the machine measurement system is arranged at the front end of the spindle mechanism to realize gear tooth measurement without disassembling the workpiece after the face gear grinding is completed, and then the grinding wheel is dressed according to the measurement result, thereby improving the processing efficiency, processing accuracy and batch processing size consistency; by setting up an automatic tool setting system, automatic tool setting can be realized before each processing, thereby improving the tool setting efficiency and tool setting accuracy, and at the same time, the tool setting consistency of batch workpieces can be improved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 It is an axonometric schematic diagram of the grinding processing device for face gears according to the present invention; Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the definition of the motion axis of the grinding processing device for face gears according to the present invention; Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the column mechanism of the present invention; Figure 4 It is a structural schematic diagram of the spindle mechanism in the present invention; Figure 5 It is a structural schematic diagram of the workpiece headstock mechanism in the present invention; Figure 6 It is a structural schematic diagram of the trimming mechanism in the present invention; Figure 7 It is a structural schematic diagram of the bed mechanism in the present invention.

[0019] Among them, 1 column mechanism, 2 spindle mechanism, 3 on-machine measurement system, 4 automatic tool setting system, 5 workpiece headstock mechanism, 6 dressing mechanism, 7 worktable, 8 bed mechanism, 9 grinding wheel, 10 dressing roller, 11 gear to be processed; 101 column motor, 102 column body, 103 first column guide rail, 104 column screw, 105 second column guide rail; 201 spindle box, 202 spindle motor; 501 headstock box, 502 rotary work , 503 clamping tooling; 601 dresser body, 602 dresser rotary bracket, 603 dresser box; 801 first bed motor, 802 first motor seat, 803 first bed screw, 804 first bed guide rail, 805 second bed guide rail, 806 longitudinal bed, 807 third bed guide rail, 808 fourth bed guide rail, 809 second bed screw, 810 second motor seat, 811 second bed motor, 812 transverse bed. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described in detail in the following specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0021] The present invention provides a grinding device for face gears, which is used for a machining machine tool for finishing the gear teeth of face gears after heat treatment, and is particularly suitable for the gear grinding process of face gears; as shown in the attached Figure 1-7 As shown, the grinding processing device for face gears includes a column mechanism 1, a spindle mechanism 2, an on-machine measurement system 3, an automatic tool setting system 4, a workpiece head mechanism 5, a dressing mechanism 6, a workbench 7, a bed mechanism 8, a grinding wheel 9 and a dressing roller 10.

[0022] In the present invention, the bed mechanism 8 is horizontally fixed on the ground to serve as the equipment foundation of the grinding processing device; the column mechanism 1 is vertically arranged on the rear side of the bed mechanism 8, and the workbench 7 is horizontally arranged on the front side of the bed mechanism 8; the column mechanism 1 and the workbench 7 can both move horizontally on the bed mechanism 8, and the moving directions of the column mechanism 1 and the workbench 7 are perpendicular to each other.

[0023] Specifically, the bed mechanism 8 includes a longitudinal drive mechanism, a longitudinal bed 806, a transverse drive mechanism and a transverse bed 812; the longitudinal bed 806 and the transverse bed 812 are both horizontally arranged on the ground, the longitudinal bed 806 is located on the rear side of the transverse bed 812, and the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806 is perpendicular to the long axis direction of the transverse bed 812; it should be noted that the longitudinal bed 806 and the transverse bed 812 can be a bed structure with a separate design or an integrally formed bed structure, the longitudinal bed 806 serves as a supporting mechanism and a moving platform of the column mechanism 1, and the transverse bed 812 serves as a supporting mechanism and a moving platform of the workbench 7.

[0024] The column mechanism 1 is horizontally slidably arranged above the longitudinal bed 806, and the longitudinal driving mechanism is arranged between the column mechanism 1 and the longitudinal bed 806; the longitudinal driving mechanism is used to drive the column mechanism 1 to move horizontally along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806; the worktable 7 is horizontally slidably arranged above the transverse bed 812, and the transverse driving mechanism is arranged between the worktable 7 and the transverse bed 812; the transverse driving mechanism is used to drive the worktable 7 to move horizontally along the long axis direction of the transverse bed 812; wherein, the movement direction of the column mechanism 1 driven by the longitudinal driving mechanism and the movement direction of the worktable 7 driven by the transverse driving mechanism are both horizontal directions and perpendicular to each other, so as to provide two horizontal movement axes for the grinding processing device.

[0025] The longitudinal driving mechanism includes a first bed motor 801 , a first motor seat 802 , a first bed screw 803 , a first bed guide rail 804 and a first bed guide rail 805 .

[0026] The first bed motor 801 is installed at the upper surface end of the longitudinal bed 806 through the first motor seat 802, and is arranged away from one end of the transverse bed 812; wherein the first motor seat 802 serves as a mounting support for the first bed motor 801 to support and fix the first bed motor 801; the first bed motor 801 is used to provide rotational power for the first bed screw 801 to drive the first bed screw 803 to rotate around its own axis.

[0027] The first bed screw rod 803 is horizontally arranged above the upper surface of the longitudinal bed 806 and is arranged along the center line of the long axis of the longitudinal bed 806; wherein, the first end of the first bed screw rod 803 is connected to the output end of the first bed motor 801, and the second end of the first bed screw rod 803 extends toward the side of the transverse bed 812, and is connected to the bottom end of the column mechanism 1 through a thread; it should be noted that the axis of the first bed screw rod 803 is parallel to the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806, and is located above the center line of the long axis of the longitudinal bed 806; the first bed motor 801 drives the first bed screw rod 803 to rotate horizontally around its own axis, and based on the threaded cooperation between the first bed screw rod 803 and the column mechanism 1, the horizontal movement of the column mechanism 1 is realized.

[0028] The first bed guide rail 804 and the second bed guide rail 805 are arranged in parallel on the upper surface of the longitudinal bed 806, and are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the first bed screw rod 803; specifically, the first bed guide rail 804 is located on one side of the upper surface of the longitudinal bed 806, and the second bed guide rail 805 is located on the other side of the upper surface of the longitudinal bed 806, and the first bed guide rail 804 and the second bed guide rail 805 are arranged in parallel and are both arranged in parallel with the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806; that is, the first bed screw rod 803, the first bed guide rail 804 and the second bed guide rail 805 are arranged horizontally in parallel, and are all arranged along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806; wherein, the first bed guide rail 804 and the second bed guide rail 805 play a guiding role during the horizontal movement of the column mechanism 1.

[0029] The two sides of the bottom end of the column mechanism 1 are respectively connected in a sliding manner to the first bed guide rail 804 and the second bed guide rail 805; specifically, the bottom end of the first bed guide rail 804 is fixedly connected to one side of the upper surface of the longitudinal bed 806, and the top end of the first bed guide rail 804 is connected in a sliding manner to one side of the bottom end of the column mechanism 1; the bottom end of the second bed guide rail 805 is fixedly connected to the other side of the upper surface of the longitudinal bed 806, and the top end of the second bed guide rail 805 is connected in a sliding manner to the other side of the bottom end of the column mechanism 1.

[0030] The transverse driving mechanism includes a third bed guide rail 807 , a fourth bed guide rail 808 , a second bed screw rod 809 , a second motor base 810 and a second bed motor 811 .

[0031] The second bed motor 811 is installed on the upper surface end of the horizontal bed 812 through the second motor seat 810, and the second motor seat 810 serves as a mounting support for the second bed motor 811 to support and fix the second bed motor 811; the second bed motor 811 is used to provide rotational power for the second bed screw 809 to drive the second bed screw 809 to rotate around its own axis.

[0032] The second bed screw rod 809 is horizontally arranged on the upper surface of the transverse bed 812 and is arranged along the center line of the long axis of the transverse bed 812; wherein, the first end of the second bed screw rod 809 is connected to the output end of the second bed motor 811, and the second end of the second bed screw rod 809 extends horizontally toward an end away from the second bed motor 811, and is connected to the bottom end of the workbench 7 through a thread; it should be noted that the axis of the second bed screw rod 809 is parallel to the long axis direction of the transverse bed 812 and is located above the center line of the long axis of the transverse bed 812; the second bed screw rod 809 is driven by the second bed motor 811 to rotate horizontally around its axis, and based on the threaded cooperation between the second bed screw rod 809 and the workbench 7, the horizontal movement of the workbench 7 is realized.

[0033] The third bed guide rail 807 and the fourth bed guide rail 808 are arranged in parallel on the upper surface of the transverse bed 812, and are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the second bed screw rod 809; specifically, the third bed guide rail 807 is located on one side of the upper surface of the transverse bed 812, and the fourth bed guide rail 808 is located on the other side of the upper surface of the transverse bed 812, and the third bed guide rail 807 and the fourth bed guide rail 808 are arranged in parallel and are both arranged parallel to the long axis direction of the transverse bed 812; that is, the second bed screw rod 809, the third bed guide rail 807 and the fourth bed guide rail 808 are arranged horizontally in parallel, and are all arranged along the long axis direction of the transverse bed 812; wherein, the third bed guide rail 807 and the fourth bed guide rail 808 play a guiding role in the horizontal movement of the workbench 7.

[0034] The two sides of the bottom end of the workbench 7 are respectively slidably connected to the third bed guide rail 807 and the fourth bed guide rail 808; specifically, the bottom end of the third bed guide rail 807 is fixedly connected to one side of the upper surface of the transverse bed 812, and the top end of the third bed guide rail 807 is slidably connected to one side of the bottom end of the workbench 7; the bottom end of the fourth bed guide rail 808 is fixedly connected to the other side of the upper surface of the transverse bed 812, and the top end of the fourth bed guide rail 808 is slidably connected to the other side of the bottom end of the workbench 7.

[0035] In the present invention, the column mechanism 1 includes a column motor 101 , a column body 102 , a first column guide rail 103 , a column screw rod 104 and a second column guide rail 105 .

[0036] The column body 102 is vertically arranged above the longitudinal bed 806, and the bottom end of the column body 102 is connected to the longitudinal driving mechanism, so as to utilize the longitudinal driving mechanism to drive the column body 102 to move horizontally along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806; wherein, the column body 102 is a hollow box structure with an open front end; the column motor 101 is installed at the top end of the column body 102, and the output end of the column motor 101 is vertically arranged downward to drive the column screw rod 104 to rotate around its own axis; the column screw rod 104 is vertically arranged inside the column body 102 and is parallel to the vertical axis of the column body 102; wherein, the top end of the column screw rod 104 is connected to the output end of the column motor 101, the bottom end of the column screw rod 104 extends toward the upper surface direction of the longitudinal bed 806, and the bottom end of the column screw rod 104 is connected to the middle part of the rear end of the spindle mechanism 2 by a thread.

[0037] The first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105 are vertically parallel and symmetrically arranged on both sides of the front end opening of the column body 102; specifically, the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105 are both arranged in parallel with the column screw rod 104, the first column guide rail 103 is located on one side of the front end opening of the column body 102, and the second column guide rail 105 is located on the other side of the front end opening of the column body 102; the rear ends of the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105 are both parallel to the front end opening of the column body 102. The front end of the column body 102 is fixedly connected, and the front ends of the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105 are both arranged on the side away from the column body 102; it should be noted that the column motor 101 drives the column screw rod 104 to rotate around its own axis, and based on the threaded cooperation between the column screw rod 104 and the spindle mechanism 2, the vertical movement of the spindle mechanism 2 is realized; the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105 play a guiding role in the vertical movement process of the spindle mechanism 2.

[0038] In the present invention, the spindle mechanism 2 can be vertically moved and arranged on the front side of the column mechanism 1, and the grinding wheel 9 is arranged at the front end of the spindle mechanism 2; the spindle mechanism 2 is used to drive the grinding wheel 9 to rotate; wherein the moving direction of the spindle mechanism 2 is the vertical direction, and the rotation center of the grinding wheel 9 is parallel to the horizontal moving direction of the column mechanism 1.

[0039] The spindle mechanism 2 includes a spindle box 201 and a spindle motor 202 .

[0040] The spindle box 201 is arranged at the front end opening of the column body 102, and the two sides of the rear end of the spindle box 201 are slidingly connected to the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105 respectively; wherein, one side of the rear end of the spindle box 201 is slidingly connected to the first column guide rail 103, and the other side of the rear end of the spindle box 201 is slidingly connected to the second column guide rail 105; the middle part of the rear end of the spindle box 201 extends to the interior of the column body 102, and is connected to the bottom end of the column screw 104 by a thread; the spindle motor 202 is arranged at the rear end of the spindle box 201, and the grinding wheel 9 is installed at the front end of the spindle box 201; wherein, the spindle motor 202 is used to drive the grinding wheel 9 to rotate through the spindle box 201, and the grinding wheel 9 is used to perform gear grinding on the surface gear 11 to be reinforced.

[0041] It should be noted that the spindle box 201 includes a spindle box and a horizontal spindle arranged inside the spindle box; the spindle box is located at the front end opening of the column body 102, and the two sides of the rear end of the spindle box are respectively slidably connected to the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105, and the rear end of the spindle box extends to the interior of the column body 102; wherein, the rear end extension of the spindle box is connected to the bottom end of the column screw 104 by a thread; the horizontal spindle is horizontally arranged in the spindle box, and the axis of the horizontal spindle is parallel to the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed; wherein, the input end of the horizontal spindle is connected to the output end of the spindle motor 202 installed at the rear end of the spindle box, and the output end of the horizontal spindle extends horizontally to the outside of the front end of the spindle box; the grinding wheel 9 is fixedly installed at the output end of the horizontal spindle, and the plane where the grinding wheel 9 is located is vertically arranged, that is, the rotation center of the grinding wheel 9 is parallel to the axis of the horizontal spindle.

[0042] It should also be noted that the installation position of the spindle motor 202 is based on avoiding interference with the threaded connection between the column screw 104 and the shaft box.

[0043] In the present invention, the workpiece headstock mechanism 5 is installed at the first end of the workbench 7, and the surface gear 11 to be processed is assembled on the side of the workpiece headstock mechanism 5; wherein, the surface gear 11 to be processed is arranged close to the center side of the workbench 7, and the workpiece headstock structure 5 is used to clamp and drive the surface gear 11 to be processed to rotate.

[0044] Specifically, the workpiece headstock mechanism 5 includes a headstock box 501, a rotary worktable 502 and a clamping tool 503; the headstock box 501 is installed at the first end of the worktable 7, and the rotary worktable 502 is rotatably arranged on the top side of the headstock box 501; wherein, the rotary worktable 502 is arranged close to the center side of the worktable 7; the surface gear 11 to be processed is coaxially installed on the rotary worktable 502 through the clamping tool 503, so as to drive the surface gear 11 to be processed to rotate through the rotary worktable 502.

[0045] It should be noted that a motor is provided inside the head frame box 501 for driving the rotary table 502 to rotate, so as to drive the rotary table 502 to rotate around its own axis, and then drive the surface gear 11 to be processed to rotate around its own axis; wherein, the rotation center of the rotary table 502 and the rotation center of the surface gear 11 to be processed are both parallel to the moving direction of the worktable 7.

[0046] In the present invention, the trimming mechanism 6 is installed at the second end of the workbench 7, and the trimming roller 10 is installed on the top side of the trimming mechanism 6; wherein, the trimming mechanism 6 is used to drive the trimming roller 10 to realize horizontal rotation or vertical rotation; the horizontal rotation center of the trimming roller 10 is perpendicular to the plane where the workbench 7 is located, and the vertical rotation center of the trimming roller 10 is parallel to the plane where the workbench 7 is located; preferably, the trimming roller 10 adopts a diamond roller.

[0047] The dressing mechanism 6 includes a dresser body 601, a dresser rotating bracket 602 and a dresser box 603; the dresser box 603 is installed at the second end of the workbench 7, and the dresser rotating bracket 602 is installed at the top of the dresser box 603; the dresser body 601 is installed on the dresser rotating bracket 602, and the dressing roller 10 is installed on the top side of the dresser body 601; wherein, the dresser rotating bracket 602 is used to drive the dresser body 601 to rotate with the vertical direction as the rotation axis, and the dresser body 601 is used to drive the dressing roller 10 to rotate with the center line of the dressing roller 10 as the rotation axis.

[0048] Specifically, the dresser box 603 is fixedly mounted on the second end of the workbench 7, and the dresser rotary bracket 602 is rotatably arranged on the top of the dresser box 603; wherein, a motor for driving the dresser rotary bracket 602 to rotate is arranged in the dresser box 603, so that the dresser rotary bracket 602 can rotate horizontally around the normal direction of the workbench 7; the dresser body 601 is mounted on the dresser rotary bracket 602, and the dressing roller 10 is rotatably arranged on the dresser The side of the main body 601; wherein, the rotating axis of the dressing roller 10 is horizontally arranged, and a motor for driving the dressing roller 10 to rotate is arranged in the dresser main body 601, so that the dressing roller 10 rotates around its own axis; the dresser main body 601 is driven to rotate horizontally around the normal direction of the workbench 7 through the dresser swivel bracket 602, and the dressing roller 10 is driven to rotate horizontally around its own axis through the dresser main body 601, thereby realizing the horizontal rotation or vertical rotation of the dressing roller 10.

[0049] In the present invention, the on-machine measurement system 3 and the automatic tool setting system 4 are both arranged at the front end of the spindle mechanism 2, and are both arranged close to the workpiece headstock mechanism 5; specifically, the on-machine measurement system 3 and the automatic tool setting system 4 are both arranged at the front end of the spindle box 201, and are arranged close to the workpiece headstock mechanism 5; the on-machine measurement system 3 is used to perform tooth surface accuracy detection on the gear 11 to be processed, and the automatic tool setting system 4 is used to set the grinding wheel 9.

[0050] The on-machine measurement system 3 includes a measuring head and a measuring system body; the measuring system body is installed at the front end of the spindle box 201 and is arranged close to the workpiece headstock mechanism 5; one end of the measuring head is connected to the measuring system body, and the other end of the measuring head extends horizontally toward one end away from the column body 102; wherein the axis of the measuring head is parallel to the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806, and can be horizontally extended along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806 under the drive of the measuring system body.

[0051] The automatic tool setting system 4 includes a tool setting probe and a tool setting system body, wherein the tool setting system body is installed at the front end of the spindle box 201 and is located below the measurement system body; one end of the tool setting probe is connected to the tool setting system body, and the other end of the tool setting probe extends horizontally toward one end away from the column body 102; wherein the axis of the tool setting probe is parallel to the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806, and can be extended horizontally along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed 806 under the drive of the tool setting system body, so as to detect the tooth top and tooth groove position of the surface gear 11 to be processed, determine the processing starting position of the surface gear 11 to be processed, and then realize the tool setting operation of the grinding wheel 9.

[0052] It should be noted that the present invention does not impose any fixed restrictions on the specific structures of the on-machine measurement system 3 and the automatic tool setting system 4, which will not be described in detail herein.

[0053] It should also be noted that the spindle box 201 is used to support and transmit power to the grinding wheel 9, so that the rotational power output by the spindle motor 202 is transmitted to the grinding wheel 9, and can cooperate with the first column guide rail 103, the column screw rod 104 and the second column guide rail 105 to realize vertical up and down movement along the column body 102; the head frame box 501 is used to provide rotational power for the rotary table 502, and the dresser body 601 is used to provide rotational power for the dressing roller 10. The dresser box 603 is used to provide rotational power for the dresser rotating support; for those skilled in the art, based on the mechanical design knowledge mastered by general technicians, they can design their internal structures according to the functions realized by the spindle box 201, the head frame box 501, the dresser body 601 and the dresser box 603 respectively; in the present invention, there are no fixed restrictions on the above-mentioned spindle box 201, the head frame box 501, the dresser body 601 and the dresser box 603, which will not be repeated here.

[0054] The operating principle of the grinding processing device for face gears described in the present invention is as follows: (1) Definition of motion axis: The up and down movement direction of the spindle mechanism 2 along the column mechanism 1 is defined as the X-axis, that is, the up and down movement direction of the spindle box 201 along the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105 is defined as the X-axis; the horizontal movement direction of the column mechanism 1 along the longitudinal bed 806 is defined as the Y-axis, that is, the horizontal movement direction of the column body 102 along the first bed guide rail 804 and the second bed guide rail 805 is defined as the Y-axis; the horizontal movement direction of the workbench 7 along the transverse bed 812 is defined as the Z-axis, that is, the horizontal movement direction of the workbench 7 along the third bed guide rail 807 and the fourth bed guide rail 808 is defined as the Z-axis; wherein the Y-axis and the Z-axis are both horizontal movement axes and are perpendicular to each other; the X-axis is the vertical movement axis.

[0055] The rotation axis of the dresser rotating support 602 is defined as the A axis, the rotation axis of the grinding wheel 9 is defined as the B axis, the rotation axis of the dressing roller 10 is defined as the B1 axis, and the rotation axis of the rotary table 5001 is defined as the C axis.

[0056] (2) The motion process of each motion axis is as follows: The movement process of the X-axis is specifically as follows: the column motor 101 provides power to drive the column screw 104 to rotate, thereby driving the spindle box 201 to move up and down along the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105; the movement process of the Y-axis is specifically as follows: the first bed motor 801 provides power to drive the first bed screw 803 to rotate, thereby driving the column body 102 to move horizontally along the first bed guide rail 804 and the second bed guide rail 805; the movement process of the Z-axis is specifically as follows: the second bed motor 811 provides power to drive the second bed screw 809 to rotate, thereby driving the worktable 7 to move horizontally along the third bed motor 807 and the fourth bed motor 808.

[0057] The movement process of the A axis is specifically as follows: driven by the motor built into the dresser box 603, the dresser rotating bracket 602 is driven to rotate around the normal direction of the worktable 7; the movement process of the B axis is specifically as follows: driven by the spindle motor 202, the grinding wheel 9 is driven to rotate around its own axis; the movement process of the B1 axis is specifically as follows: driven by the motor built into the dresser body, the dressing roller 10 is driven to rotate around its own axis; the movement process of the C axis is specifically as follows: driven by the motor built into the head frame box 501, the rotary table 502 is driven to rotate, and then the gear 10 to be processed is driven to rotate around its own axis.

[0058] The present invention also provides a grinding method for face gears, as follows: The gear 11 to be processed is installed on the side of the workpiece headstock mechanism 5; by adjusting the relative positions of the column mechanism 1 and the worktable 7 on the bed mechanism 8, the grinding wheel 9 installed on the spindle mechanism 2 is used to grind the gear 11 to be processed; when the grinding wheel 9 needs to be dressed, the dressing mechanism 6 is used to dress the grinding wheel 9 by adjusting the relative positions of the column mechanism 1 and the worktable 7 on the bed mechanism 8.

[0059] Described in detail is the process of the grinding method, which is as follows: (1) Installation of the surface gear to be processed: The surface gear 11 to be processed is installed on the rotary table 502 by means of a clamping fixture 503 .

[0060] (2) Grinding wheel dressing: The column motor 101 is actuated to move the spindle box 201 along the X-axis, and the column motor 101 stops when the B-axis is at the same height as the B1-axis; then, the spindle motor 201 and the built-in motor in the dresser body 601 are actuated to make the B-axis and the B1-axis rotate at a preset rotation speed, and the dressing roller 10 is used to start dressing the grinding wheel 9; during the dressing process, the built-in motor in the dresser box 603, the first bed motor 801 and the second bed motor 811 are moved in conjunction; wherein, the Y-axis moves along the axial direction of the grinding wheel 9, the Z-axis moves along the radial direction of the grinding wheel 9, and the A-axis swings along the preset dressing profile of the grinding wheel 9.

[0061] (3) Automatic tool setting operation: the tool setting probe in the automatic tool setting system 4 is controlled to extend along the Y axis, and the column motor 101 is activated to move the spindle box 201 along the X axis until the axis of the tool setting probe is at the same height as the axis of the surface gear 11 to be processed and stops; the first bed motor 801 is activated to move the column body 101 along the Y axis until the tool setting probe reaches the preset tool setting position and stops; thereafter, the tool setting probe is used to find the starting position to be processed on the surface gear 11 to be processed through the rotational motion of the surface gear 11 to be processed.

[0062] (4) Gear grinding: During the gear grinding process, the B-axis and C-axis rotate at the set rotation speed, the gear 11 to be processed moves along the Z-axis and reaches the starting point of the Z-direction processing. The grinding wheel 9 moves along the X-axis and starts grinding from the outer diameter of the gear 11 to be processed toward the inner diameter. During the grinding process, the grinding wheel 9 moves along the Y-axis. When the grinding wheel 9 moves along the X-axis to within the inner diameter of the gear 11 to be processed, the gear 11 to be processed moves closer to the grinding wheel 9 along the Z-axis to the set size. The grinding wheel 9 processes from the inner diameter of the gear 11 to be processed to the outer diameter along the X-axis. When the grinding wheel 9 is separated from the outer diameter of the gear 11 to be processed, the previous processing process is repeated until the gear 11 to be processed moves to the final set position along the Z-axis, and the grinding is completed.

[0063] (5) Online measurement: The measuring head of the on-machine measuring system 3 is extended along the Y axis, and the tooth surface of the face gear after grinding is measured through the joint movement of the X axis, Y axis, and Z axis. The dressing data of the grinding wheel 9 is adjusted according to the measurement results.

[0064] (6) Secondary dressing of the grinding wheel: According to the adjusted dressing data of the grinding wheel 9, the grinding wheel is re-dressed according to the operation of step (2).

[0065] (7) Repeat the gear grinding process in step (4) until the gear is ground to the finished size.

[0066] In the present invention, the bed mechanism 8 is fixed to the ground as the equipment foundation; the workbench 7 is installed on the horizontal bed 812 in the bed mechanism 8, and the second bed motor 811 drives the second bed screw 809 to drive the workbench 7 to move left and right along the third bed guide rail 807 and the fourth bed guide rail 808; the head frame box 501 is installed at the left end of the workbench 7 and moves left and right with the workbench 7; the surface gear 9 to be processed is connected to the rotary table 502 through the clamping fixture 503, and can be moved along the rotary table 5 02 performs rotational motion along the rotation axis and moves left and right with the head frame box 501; the dresser box 603 is installed at the right end of the workbench 7 and moves left and right with the workbench 7; the dresser rotation bracket 602 is installed on the dresser box 603, performs rotational motion along its own axis, and moves left and right with the dresser box 603; the dresser body 601 is installed on the dresser rotation bracket 602, performs rotational motion with the dresser rotation bracket 602, and moves left and right with the dresser box 603. Movement; the dressing roller 10 is installed on the dresser body 601, rotates along the rotation axis on the dresser body 601, and moves left and right with the dresser box 603; the column body 102 is installed on the longitudinal bed 806 in the bed mechanism 8, and the first bed motor 801 drives the first bed screw 803 to drive the column body 102 to move forward and backward along the first bed guide rail 804 and the second bed guide rail 805; the spindle box 20 is installed on the column body 102, and the column motor 101 drives the column screw 104 to drive the spindle box 201 to move up and down along the first column guide rail 103 and the second column guide rail 105, and move forward and backward with the column body 102; the spindle motor 202 and the grinding wheel 9 are installed on the spindle box 201, and the spindle motor 202 drives the grinding wheel 9 to rotate; the on-machine measurement system 3 and the automatic tool setting system 4 are installed on the spindle box 201, move up and down along the guide rails with the spindle box 201, and move forward and backward with the column body 102.

[0067] The grinding processing device for face gears and the working method thereof described in the present invention have a column mechanism and a worktable horizontally movably arranged on the bed mechanism, a spindle mechanism with a grinding wheel movably arranged on the column mechanism, and a work head mechanism and a dressing mechanism respectively arranged at two ends of the worktable, the stroke of each moving axis is short, and the manufacturing cost is low; when the face gears are ground, it has the advantages of high processing efficiency, high processing accuracy and high precision consistency; the equipment has a simple structure, low manufacturing cost, and is convenient for the later expansion and improvement of the processing specifications of the machine tool.

[0068] In the present invention, the movement distance between the dressing roller and the grinding wheel is sufficiently small through the arrangement of the whole machine structure, and the swing of the dressing wheel and the axial and radial movements of the grinding wheel can meet the requirements of the linkage operation, thereby effectively improving the dressing efficiency of the grinding wheel; by setting up an automatic tool setting system, it is possible to realize automatic tool setting before each processing, thereby improving the tool setting efficiency and accuracy, and at the same time improving the tool setting consistency of batch workpieces; the machine measurement system is set at the front end of the spindle mechanism, so that the gear tooth measurement can be performed after the face gear grinding is completed and without disassembling the workpiece, and the machine tool automatically generates a grinding wheel dressing program according to the measurement results to perform grinding wheel dressing, thereby improving the processing efficiency, processing accuracy and batch processing size consistency.

[0069] The above embodiment is only one of the implementation methods that can realize the technical solution of the present invention. The scope of protection claimed by the present invention is not limited only to this embodiment, but also includes changes, replacements and other implementation methods that can be easily thought of by any technician familiar with the technical field within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention.

Claims

1. A grinding device for face gears, characterized in that: It comprises a column mechanism (1), a spindle mechanism (2), a workpiece headstock mechanism (5), a dressing mechanism (6), a worktable (7), a bed mechanism (8), a grinding wheel (9) and a dressing roller (10); The column mechanism (1) is vertically arranged at the rear side of the bed mechanism (8), and the workbench (7) is horizontally arranged at the front side of the bed mechanism (8); wherein both the column mechanism (1) and the workbench (7) are capable of horizontally moving on the bed mechanism (8), and the moving directions of the column mechanism (1) and the workbench (7) are perpendicular to each other; The spindle mechanism (2) is arranged vertically movably on the front side of the column mechanism (1), and the grinding wheel (9) is arranged at the front end of the spindle mechanism (2); wherein the spindle mechanism (2) is used to drive the grinding wheel (9) to rotate, and the rotation center of the grinding wheel (9) is parallel to the movement direction of the column mechanism (1); The workpiece headstock mechanism (5) is mounted on a first end of the workbench (7), and the surface gear (11) to be processed is mounted on a side surface of the workpiece headstock mechanism (5); wherein the workpiece headstock mechanism (5) is used to clamp and drive the surface gear (11) to be processed to rotate, and the rotation center of the surface gear (11) to be processed is parallel to the moving direction of the workbench (7); The trimming mechanism (6) is mounted on the second end of the workbench (7), and the trimming roller (10) is mounted on the top side of the trimming mechanism (6); wherein the trimming mechanism (6) is used to drive the trimming roller (10) to realize horizontal rotation or vertical rotation, and the horizontal rotation center of the trimming roller (10) is perpendicular to the plane of the workbench (7), and the vertical rotation center of the trimming roller (10) is parallel to the plane of the workbench (7).

2. A grinding device for face gears according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bed mechanism (8) comprises a longitudinal drive mechanism, a longitudinal bed (806), a transverse drive mechanism and a transverse bed (812); the longitudinal bed (806) and the transverse bed (812) are both arranged horizontally on the ground, the longitudinal bed (806) is located at the rear side of the transverse bed (812), and the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed (806) is perpendicular to the long axis direction of the transverse bed (812); The column mechanism (1) is horizontally slidably arranged above the longitudinal bed (806), and the longitudinal drive mechanism is arranged between the column mechanism (1) and the longitudinal bed (806); wherein the longitudinal drive mechanism is used to drive the column mechanism (1) to move horizontally along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed (806); The workbench (7) is horizontally slidably arranged above the transverse bed (812), and the transverse driving mechanism is arranged between the workbench (7) and the transverse bed (812); wherein the transverse driving mechanism is used to drive the workbench (7) to move horizontally along the long axis direction of the longitudinal bed (806).

3. A grinding device for face gears according to claim 2, characterized in that: The longitudinal drive mechanism comprises a first bed motor (801), a first bed screw (803), a first bed guide rail (804) and a second bed guide rail (805); The first bed motor (801) is mounted on the upper surface end of the longitudinal bed (806) and is arranged away from one end of the transverse bed (812); the first bed screw rod (803) is horizontally arranged above the upper surface of the longitudinal bed (806) and is arranged along the long axis center line of the longitudinal bed (806); wherein the first end of the first bed screw rod (803) is connected to the output end of the first bed motor (801), and the second end of the first bed screw rod (803) is connected to the bottom end of the column mechanism (1) via a thread; The first bed guide rail (804) and the second bed guide rail (805) are arranged in parallel on the upper surface of the longitudinal bed (806), and are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the first bed screw rod (803); the two sides of the bottom end of the column mechanism (1) are respectively slidably connected to the first bed guide rail (804) and the second bed guide rail (805).

4. A grinding device for face gears according to claim 2, characterized in that: The transverse driving mechanism comprises a third bed guide rail (807), a fourth bed guide rail (808), a second bed screw rod (809) and a second bed motor (811); The second bed motor (811) is installed at the end of the transverse bed (812); The second bed screw rod (809) is horizontally arranged above the upper surface of the transverse bed (812) and is arranged along the long axis center line of the transverse bed (812); wherein the first end of the second bed screw rod (809) is connected to the output end of the second bed motor (811), and the second end of the second bed screw rod (809) is connected to the bottom end of the workbench (7) via a thread; The third bed guide rail (807) and the fourth bed guide rail (808) are arranged in parallel on the upper surface of the transverse bed (812), and are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the second bed screw rod (809); the two sides of the bottom end of the workbench (7) are respectively slidably connected to the third bed guide rail (807) and the fourth bed guide rail (808).

5. The grinding device for face gears according to claim 2, characterized in that: The column mechanism (1) comprises a column motor (101), a column body (102), a first column guide rail (103), a column screw rod (104) and a second column guide rail (105); The column body (102) is vertically arranged above the longitudinal bed (806), and the bottom end of the column body (102) is connected to the longitudinal drive mechanism; wherein the column body (102) is a hollow box structure with an open front end; the column motor (101) is installed at the top end of the column body (102), and the column screw rod (104) is vertically arranged inside the column body (102); wherein the top end of the column screw rod (104) is connected to the output end of the column motor (101); The first column guide rail (103) and the second column guide rail (105) are arranged vertically in parallel and symmetrically on both sides of the front end opening of the column body (102); the spindle mechanism (2) is arranged at the front end opening of the column body (102), and the two sides of the rear end of the spindle mechanism (2) are respectively slidably connected to the first column guide rail (103) and the second column guide rail (105); the middle part of the rear end of the spindle mechanism (2) extends into the interior of the column body (102) and is connected to the bottom end of the column screw rod (104) by means of a thread.

6. A grinding device for face gears according to claim 5, characterized in that: The spindle mechanism (2) comprises a spindle box (201) and a spindle motor (202); The spindle box (201) is arranged at the front end opening of the column body (102), and the two sides of the rear end of the spindle box (201) are respectively slidably connected to the first column guide rail (103) and the second column guide rail (105), and the middle part of the rear end of the spindle box (201) extends into the interior of the column body (102) and is connected to the bottom end of the column screw rod (104) by means of a thread; The grinding wheel (9) is mounted at the front end of the spindle box (201), and the spindle motor (202) is arranged at the rear end of the spindle box (201); wherein the spindle motor (202) is used to drive the grinding wheel (9) to rotate.

7. A grinding device for face gears according to claim 1, characterized in that: The workpiece headstock mechanism (5) comprises a headstock box (501), a rotary worktable (502) and a clamping tool (503); The head frame box (501) is installed at the first end of the workbench (7), and the rotary workbench (502) is installed on the top side of the head frame box (501); wherein the rotary workbench (502) is arranged close to the center side of the workbench (7); and the surface gear (11) to be processed is connected to the rotary workbench (502) via the clamping work (503).

8. The grinding device for face gears according to claim 1, characterized in that: The trimming mechanism (6) comprises a trimmer body (601), a trimmer swivel bracket (602) and a trimmer box (603); The dresser box (603) is installed at the second end of the workbench (7), and the dresser rotating bracket (602) is installed at the top of the dresser box (603); the dresser body (601) is installed on the dresser rotating bracket (602), and the dresser roller (10) is installed on the top side of the dresser body (601); wherein the dresser rotating bracket (602) is used to drive the dresser body (601) to rotate with the vertical direction as the rotation axis, and the dresser body (601) is used to drive the dresser roller (10) to rotate with the center line of the dresser roller (10) as the rotation axis.

9. The grinding device for face gears according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes an on-machine measurement system (3) and an automatic tool setting system (4); The on-machine measurement system (3) and the automatic tool setting system (4) are both arranged at the front end of the spindle mechanism (2) and are both arranged close to one side of the workpiece headstock mechanism (5); wherein the on-machine measurement system (3) is used to perform tooth surface accuracy detection on the gear to be processed (11), and the automatic tool setting system (4) is used to perform tool setting on the grinding wheel (9).

10. A grinding method for a face gear, characterized in that: Utilize the grinding device for face gears as described in any one of claims 1 to 9; Wherein, the grinding method for face gears comprises: Mounting the gear (11) of the surface to be processed on the side of the workpiece headstock mechanism (5); By adjusting the relative positions of the column mechanism (1) and the worktable (7) on the bed mechanism (8), the grinding wheel (9) installed on the spindle mechanism (2) is used to grind the gear (11) to be processed; When the grinding wheel (9) needs to be dressed, the relative positions of the column mechanism (1) and the workbench (7) on the bed mechanism (8) are adjusted so that the grinding wheel (9) can be dressed using the dressing mechanism (6).

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