Artificial turf field foundation construction method

Abstract

The invention provides an artificial turf field foundation construction method. The artificial turf field foundation construction method comprises the steps that modeling is conducted on natural soil; spraying a soil stabilizer to the soil in the field with the shape; stirring the soil sprayed with the soil stabilizer to mix the soil stabilizer with the soil; the soil mixed with the soil stabilizer is flattened, so that a shaping layer is formed on the surface layer of the flattened soil; spraying a soil stabilizer on the shaping layer to solidify the soil; and laying a lawn on the surface layer of the solidified soil. The invention provides a construction method of an artificial turf field foundation. The construction method is used for improving frozen soil resistance and rain and snow washing resistance of artificial turf laid in a field.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of sports field construction, and in particular to a method for constructing an artificial turf field foundation. Background Art

[0002] Artificial turf has the advantage of better flatness and can reduce the impact of factors such as climate and maintenance. Therefore, in recent years, the use of artificial turf to replace natural turf has been realized in many sports venues, such as tennis courts, football fields, rugby fields, hockey fields, golf greens, etc.

[0003] During the construction of artificial turf fields, the ground is usually pre-treated and the turf is laid on the treated ground. At present, the artificial turf laid on the field has poor resistance to frozen soil and poor resistance to rain and snow erosion, which affects the safety of sports.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve the foundation construction method of artificial turf fields to improve the resistance of artificial turf laid on the field to frozen soil and rain and snow erosion. Summary of the invention

[0005] The invention provides an artificial turf field foundation construction method, which is used for improving the ability of the artificial turf laid on the field to resist frozen soil and rain and snow scouring.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for constructing an artificial turf field foundation, comprising:

[0007] Modeling on natural soil;

[0008] Spraying soil stabilizer on the soil in the site with the shape;

[0009] Stirring the soil sprayed with the soil stabilizer to mix the soil stabilizer and the soil;

[0010] Flatten the soil mixed with soil stabilizer to form a fixed layer on the surface of the flattened soil;

[0011] Spraying a soil solidifying agent onto the shaping layer to solidify the soil;

[0012] Lay the turf on top of the solidified soil.

[0013] The present invention provides a method for constructing a foundation of an artificial turf field. The method comprises the following steps: spraying a soil curing agent on the soil, stirring the soil sprayed with the soil curing agent, and flattening the soil mixed with the soil curing agent, so that a shaping layer is formed on the surface of the soil, which is beneficial to improving the stability and compactness of the shaping layer. The soil curing agent is sprayed on the shaping layer to solidify the soil, and turf is laid on the solidified soil surface, so that it is difficult for water to penetrate into the soil through the shaping layer, thereby improving the stability and waterproofness of the artificial turf construction site, and improving the resistance of the artificial turf to frozen soil and the resistance to rain and snow scouring.

[0014] In a possible implementation, after the stirring and spraying of the soil with the soil solidifier to mix the soil solidifier and the soil, and before the flattening of the soil mixed with the soil solidifier to form a fixed layer on the surface of the flattened soil, the method further includes:

[0015] Repeat the soil improvement operation at least once;

[0016] The single soil improvement operation includes: flattening the soil mixed with a soil stabilizer, and spraying the soil stabilizer on the soil.

[0017] In a possible implementation, after shaping the natural soil and before spraying the soil solidifying agent on the soil in the field with the shaping, the method further includes:

[0018] The soil in the site is tilled at least once, and the depth of the tillage is 5cm to 30cm.

[0019] In a possible implementation, spraying a soil solidifying agent onto the shaping layer to solidify the soil includes:

[0020] Covering the shaping layer sprayed with the soil solidifying agent with a moisture retaining film;

[0021] The shaping layer covered with the moisturizing film is left to stand for a preset time.

[0022] In a possible implementation, the stirring of the soil sprayed with the soil solidifying agent to mix the soil solidifying agent and the soil includes:

[0023] The soil is rotary tilled at least once, and the depth of the rotary tillage is 5 cm to 30 cm.

[0024] In a possible implementation, the shaping on natural soil includes:

[0025] Loosen the soil on site;

[0026] Rough shaping of the soil within the site;

[0027] Fine shape the coarsely shaped soil.

[0028] In a possible implementation, the soil solidifier includes a highly aggregated ion soil solidifier; and / or the amount of the soil solidifier is 0.1 kg / m 2 ~5kg / m 2 .

[0029] In a possible implementation, the shaping layer has a thickness of 1.2 cm to 7 cm.

[0030] In a possible implementation, the step of flattening the soil mixed with a soil stabilizer includes:

[0031] A 0.5-ton to 50-ton roller is used to flatten the soil mixed with the soil stabilizer.

[0032] In a possible implementation, laying the lawn on the solidified soil surface includes: laying an artificial lawn embedded with sand or polymer particles on the solidified soil surface.

[0033] In a possible implementation, before shaping the natural soil, the method further includes: piling up the natural soil to form a soil accumulation body.

[0034] The invention provides an artificial turf field foundation construction method, which can be used to construct tennis courts, football fields, rugby fields, rolling courts, hockey fields, golf greens, etc., and is convenient for breaking the restrictions of terrain and topography and saving construction costs.

[0035] The invention provides an artificial turf field foundation construction method, wherein the constructed field has excellent frozen soil test results, maintains good shape after thawing, enhances the stability of artificial turf laying, and prolongs the service life of the field.

[0036] The invention provides a method for constructing a foundation for an artificial turf field. The constructed field can withstand repeated trampling by people and construction by light machinery without deformation. After the turf is laid, it has good resistance to rain erosion, and the service life of the artificial turf will not be affected even if it is soaked in rain and snow for 6 hours.

[0037] In addition to the technical problems solved by the embodiments of the present invention described above, the technical features that constitute the technical solutions, and the beneficial effects brought about by the technical features of these technical solutions, other technical problems that can be solved by a foundation construction method for an artificial turf field provided by an embodiment of the present invention, other technical features included in the technical solutions, and the beneficial effects brought about by these technical features will be further described in detail in the specific implementation methods. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0039] Figure 1 A flow chart of a method for constructing an artificial turf field foundation provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 2 A partial flow chart of a method for constructing an artificial turf field foundation provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 3 Another flow chart of the artificial turf field foundation construction method provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 4 Another partial flow chart of the artificial turf field foundation construction method provided by an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] Artificial turf is visually similar to natural turf and is easy to care for, easy to update, has a long service life and low maintenance costs. It has obvious advantages over natural turf and is widely used in sports venues and outdoor entertainment venues, especially in golf courses and rugby fields. Because it is necessary to simulate the undulating and uneven appearance of the natural environment and increase the fun and attractiveness of the sport, higher requirements are placed on the laying of the turf.

[0045] Artificial turf laid using traditional methods is difficult to effectively resist the erosion of frozen soil and rain and snow, which affects the service life of the artificial turf.

[0046] In view of the above background, the artificial turf field foundation construction method provided by the present invention is beneficial to improving the stability and compactness of the shaping layer by forming a shaping layer on the soil surface, making it difficult for water to penetrate into the soil through the shaping layer, thereby improving the stability and waterproofness of the artificial turf construction site, and improving the artificial turf's resistance to frozen soil and rain and snow erosion.

[0047] The following describes an artificial turf field foundation construction method provided by an embodiment of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0048] refer to Figure 1 As shown, the present invention provides a method for constructing a foundation of an artificial turf field, comprising:

[0049] S10, modeling on natural soil;

[0050] S20, spraying soil solidifying agent onto the soil in the site with the shape;

[0051] S30, stirring the soil sprayed with the soil solidifying agent to mix the soil solidifying agent and the soil;

[0052] S40, flattening the soil mixed with the soil solidifying agent so that the surface layer of the flattened soil forms a shaping layer;

[0053] S50, spraying a soil solidifying agent onto the shaping layer to solidify the soil;

[0054] S60. Lay the lawn on the solidified soil surface.

[0055] The present invention provides a method for constructing a foundation of an artificial turf field. The method comprises the following steps: spraying a soil curing agent on the soil, stirring the soil sprayed with the soil curing agent, and flattening the soil mixed with the soil curing agent, so that a shaping layer is formed on the surface of the soil, which is beneficial to improving the stability and compactness of the shaping layer. The soil curing agent is sprayed on the shaping layer to solidify the soil, and turf is laid on the solidified soil surface, so that it is difficult for water to penetrate into the soil through the shaping layer, thereby improving the stability and waterproofness of the artificial turf construction site, and improving the resistance of the artificial turf to frozen soil and the resistance to rain and snow scouring.

[0056] The present invention provides a method for constructing the foundation of an artificial turf field, in which natural soil is the base layer, and shaping is done on the natural soil to build rolling and uneven hills, or to build slopes or shallow pits to simulate the natural environment, thereby increasing the interest and attraction of the field.

[0057] In one possible implementation, reference Figure 2 As shown, step S10 is to shape the natural soil, including:

[0058] S11. Loosen the soil in the site;

[0059] S12. Roughly shape the soil in the site;

[0060] S13. Fine-shape the coarsely shaped soil.

[0061] In a possible implementation, step S11, loosening the soil in the site, may be done by using a rotary tiller to loosen the soil, so that the surface soil of the site becomes loose. Loosening the soil may be done by using a rotary tiller to loosen the soil on the surface of the site, and may be done once or multiple times, so that the soil becomes loose and the particle size of the soil particles is reduced.

[0062] In this embodiment, the artificial turf is constructed by transformation on natural land. Therefore, natural land is used as the base layer, which can reduce costs and is also conducive to the development of artificial turf construction.

[0063] Through rough modeling, the venue is given the required winding shape, and then through fine modeling, the results of the rough modeling are accurately processed to ensure that the preset spatial modeling requirements are met and the accuracy of the modeling form is improved.

[0064] In one possible implementation, shaping on natural soil can be done by using a shaping machine and a sand rake to carry out operations such as transportation, excavation, leveling, and backfilling. For example, the soil can be piled up on the site to form small hills to complete the rough shaping, and then the rough shaping can be adjusted to achieve fine shaping operations.

[0065] In one possible implementation, reference Figure 3 As shown, after step S30, stirring the soil sprayed with the soil solidifier to mix the soil solidifier and the soil, and before step S40, flattening the soil mixed with the soil solidifier to form a fixed layer on the surface of the flattened soil, it also includes: S70, repeating the soil improvement operation at least once; wherein a single soil improvement operation includes: flattening the soil mixed with the soil solidifier and spraying the soil solidifier on the soil.

[0066] This method realizes spraying soil solidifier - stirring soil sprayed with soil solidifier - flattening soil mixed with soil solidifier - spraying soil solidifier on soil again - flattening soil mixed with soil solidifier again.

[0067] Soil solidifier has a solidifying effect on the soil. As the flattening work proceeds, the compaction of the soil increases and the solidification effect becomes more obvious. By repeating the steps of spraying soil solidifier on the soil and flattening the soil mixed with soil solidifier, the soil can be further solidified, which helps to reduce the size of pores on the soil surface, increase the compaction of the soil, improve the smoothness and sealing of the surface of the shaping layer, and improve the compactness of the soil, thereby improving the waterproofing and frost resistance of the site.

[0068] Flatten the soil mixed with soil stabilizer to form a fixed layer on the soil surface. You can use a roller to flatten the site. The roller should roll the soil in the site at least twice to make the surface bright and without edges after rolling. The soil surface is dense and smooth, meeting the requirements, thereby preventing the hidden danger of settlement in the later stage.

[0069] In a possible implementation, after step S10, shaping the natural soil, and before step S20, spraying the soil curing agent on the soil in the shaped site, the method further includes: S80, performing at least one rotary tillage operation on the soil in the site, the depth of which is 5 cm to 30 cm. By performing at least one rotary tillage operation on the soil, the soil curing agent is fully and evenly integrated with the soil surface, and the operation can be performed using a rotary tiller, which improves construction efficiency, reduces manpower, and facilitates wide promotion and application.

[0070] It is easy to understand that if the depth of the rotary tillage is too small, the mixing depth of the soil stabilizer and the soil will be too shallow, which is not conducive to improving the stability of the soil; if the depth of the rotary tillage is too large, the demand for the amount of soil stabilizer will increase, resulting in increased construction costs. In this application, the depth of the rotary tillage is 5cm to 30cm, which is conducive to increasing the mixing depth of the soil stabilizer and the soil, thereby improving the stability of the soil.

[0071] In a possible implementation, the depth of the rotary tillage is 5 cm to 30 cm, for example, the depth of the rotary tillage can be 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm or 30 cm. This can improve the stability of the soil while saving the amount of soil stabilizer and saving costs, thus achieving a better overall effect.

[0072] In one possible implementation, reference Figure 4 As shown, step S40, spraying a soil solidifying agent onto the shaping layer to solidify the soil, comprises:

[0073] S41, covering the shaping layer sprayed with the soil solidifying agent with a moisturizing film;

[0074] S42, leaving the shaping layer covered with the moisturizing film to stand for a preset time.

[0075] In a possible implementation, the preset time may be greater than or equal to 120 hours, for example, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days or 10 days, so as to ensure the solidification effect of the soil.

[0076] A moisturizing film is covered on the setting layer sprayed with the soil solidifier. The moisturizing film can be a plastic film or other film layer to prevent water vapor from passing through the moisturizing film, which is beneficial to prevent water loss in the soil and prevent shrinkage, cracking, peeling and other problems of the setting layer caused by water loss, thereby improving the stability of the setting layer and ensuring the soil solidification effect.

[0077] In a possible implementation, stirring the soil sprayed with the soil stabilizer to mix the soil stabilizer and the soil includes: performing at least one rotary tillage operation on the soil, the rotary tillage depth of the soil being 5 cm to 30 cm.

[0078] Through rotary tillage, the soil is stirred and fully mixed with the solidifying agent sprayed on the soil surface. Multiple rotary tillage operations are helpful to improve the uniformity of soil mixing.

[0079] In a possible implementation, the soil stabilizer includes a highly aggregated ion soil stabilizer to improve the soil's own bonding strength and reduce the possibility of soil being washed away by rainwater.

[0080] In one possible implementation, the amount of soil stabilizer is 0.1 kg / m 2 ~5kg / m 2 When using soil solidifier, according to the dryness and wetness of the soil, mix the right amount of water to ensure uniform spraying. Use 0.06 kg of cyclocondensate per square meter and 10.2 kg of cement per square meter. After mixing, use a sprayer to evenly spray the diluted soil solidifier onto the soil surface. The cyclocondensate has the effect of sealing the soil surface.

[0081] Soil stabilizers can undergo ion exchange reactions with cations adsorbed on the surface of clay particles in the soil, reduce the thickness of the fixed layer on the surface of clay particles, increase the attraction between clay particles, reduce the repulsion between clay particles, and thus promote the aggregation and condensation of clay particles to form larger particles. Therefore, it is beneficial to make the soil denser, improve the mechanical strength of the soil, and improve the ability to resist rain erosion.

[0082] In this process, the lattice structure of clay minerals is not disintegrated and destroyed. This method can quickly treat the soil with soil stabilizers to obtain solidified soil that meets the requirements of the project. It has high efficiency, energy saving, low cost, less environmental damage and pollution, and can meet the needs of engineering construction development.

[0083] In one possible implementation, the amount of soil stabilizer can be 0.1 kg / m 2 , 0.5kg / m 2 , 1kg / m 2 , 1.5kg / m 2 , 2kg / m 2 , 3kg / m 2 , 4kg / m 2 or 5kg / m 2 .

[0084] In one possible implementation, the amount of soil stabilizer is 0.2 kg / m2 , that is, use 0.2 kg of soil stabilizer per square meter.

[0085] In a possible implementation, the thickness of the shaping layer is 1.2 cm to 7 cm.

[0086] In one possible implementation, the thickness of the shaping layer may be 1.2 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm or 7 cm.

[0087] In a possible implementation, flattening the soil mixed with the soil stabilizer includes: using a 0.5-ton to 50-ton roller to flatten the soil mixed with the soil stabilizer.

[0088] In a possible implementation, 0.5 tons, 1.5 tons, 3 tons, 10 tons, 20 tons or 50 tons may be used. The greater the pressure applied by the roller, the more conducive it is to improving the working efficiency. However, if the pressure applied by the roller is too large, the energy consumption is large and the problem of crushing the shape may occur easily. Therefore, in this embodiment, a roller of 0.5 tons to 50 tons is used to flatten the soil mixed with the soil solidifying agent, and the soil surface after compaction is bright and has no edges.

[0089] In a possible implementation, laying a lawn on the solidified soil surface includes: laying an artificial lawn embedded with sand or polymer particles on the solidified soil surface.

[0090] Artificial turf can be low-rebound artificial turf, which is embedded with sand or polymer particles to reduce the rebound of the golf ball when it falls from a high altitude and ensure smooth rolling.

[0091] In one possible implementation, reference Figure 3 As shown, before shaping on the natural soil, the process also includes: S00, piling up the natural soil to form a soil accumulation body.

[0092] In one possible implementation, the thickness of the soil accumulation body is 5 cm to 100 cm. The soil accumulation body is easier to shape, causes less damage to the environment, can meet the needs of site construction and development, and reduce costs.

[0093] In one possible implementation, the thickness of the soil accumulation body may be 5 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, 80 cm or 100 cm.

[0094] Natural soil refers to dry soil with a water content of 10% to 25%. In this example, the piled natural soil may be piled dry soil, which refers to soil with a water content of 10% to 25%.

[0095] The invention provides a method for constructing an artificial turf field foundation. The constructed field comprises an artificial turf layer, a shaping layer, a modeling layer and a base layer from top to bottom. The field has good stability and is conducive to improving the safety of sports.

[0096] The invention provides an artificial turf field foundation construction method, which can be used to construct tennis courts, football fields, rugby fields, rolling courts, hockey fields, golf greens, etc., and is convenient for breaking the restrictions of terrain and topography and saving construction costs.

[0097] The invention provides an artificial turf field foundation construction method, wherein the constructed field has the advantages of excellent frozen soil test and good shape retention after thawing, thereby enhancing the stability of artificial turf laying, reducing the impact of seasonal environmental changes on the artificial turf, and extending the service life of the field.

[0098] The invention provides a method for constructing a foundation for an artificial turf field. The constructed field can withstand repeated trampling by people and construction by light machinery without deformation. After the turf is laid, it has good resistance to rain erosion, and the service life of the artificial turf will not be affected even if it is soaked in rain and snow for 6 hours.

[0099] It should be noted here that the numerical values ​​and numerical ranges involved in this application are approximate values ​​and may have a certain range of errors, which can be considered negligible by those skilled in the art.

[0100] In the description of the present invention, it is necessary to understand that the terms used such as “center”, “length”, “width”, “thickness”, “top”, “bottom”, “up”, “down”, “left”, “right”, “front”, “back”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “inside”, “outside”, “axial”, “circumferential”, etc. to indicate directions or positional relationships are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the referred position or component must have a specific direction, a specific structure and operation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0101] In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of the indicated technical features. Therefore, the features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present invention, the meaning of "plurality" is at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined.

[0102] In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", "connected", "fixed" and the like should be understood in a broad sense, for example, they can be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrated; they can be mechanically connected, electrically connected, or can communicate with each other; they can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, so that the internal communication of two elements or the interaction relationship between two elements can be achieved. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0103] In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, a first feature being "above" or "below" a second feature may include that the first and second features are in direct contact, or may include that the first and second features are not in direct contact but are in contact through another feature between them. Moreover, a first feature being "above", "above" and "above" a second feature includes that the first feature is directly above and obliquely above the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is higher in level than the second feature. A first feature being "below", "below" and "below" a second feature includes that the first feature is directly below and obliquely below the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is lower in level than the second feature.

[0104] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. However, these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for constructing an artificial turf field foundation, characterized in that: include: Modeling on natural soil; Spraying soil stabilizer on the soil in the site with the shape; Stirring the soil sprayed with the soil stabilizer to mix the soil stabilizer and the soil; Flatten the soil mixed with soil stabilizer to form a fixed layer on the surface of the flattened soil; Spraying a soil solidifying agent onto the shaping layer to solidify the soil; Lay the turf on top of the solidified soil.

2. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the soil solidifying agent is stirred and sprayed to mix the soil solidifying agent and the soil, and before the soil solidifying agent is flattened to form a fixed layer on the surface of the flattened soil, the method further includes: Repeat the soil improvement operation at least once; The single soil improvement operation includes: flattening the soil mixed with a soil stabilizer, and spraying the soil stabilizer on the soil.

3. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to claim 2, characterized in that: After the shaping is performed on the natural soil and before the soil curing agent is sprayed on the soil in the field with the shaping, the method further comprises: The soil in the site is tilled at least once, and the depth of the tillage is 5cm to 30cm.

4. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step of spraying a soil solidifying agent onto the shaping layer to solidify the soil comprises: Covering the shaping layer sprayed with the soil solidifying agent with a moisture retaining film; The shaping layer covered with the moisturizing film is left to stand for a preset time.

5. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The stirring and spraying of the soil solidifying agent on the soil to mix the soil solidifying agent and the soil comprises: The soil is rotary tilled at least once, and the depth of the rotary tillage is 5 cm to 30 cm.

6. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The shaping on natural soil comprises: Loosen the soil on site; Rough shaping of the soil within the site; Fine shape the coarsely shaped soil.

7. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The soil solidifying agent comprises a highly aggregated ion soil solidifying agent; and / or, The dosage of the soil solidifier is 0.1kg / m 2 ~5kg / m 2 .

8. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The thickness of the shaping layer is 1.2 cm to 7 cm.

9. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The laying of lawn on the solidified soil surface comprises: laying artificial lawn embedded with sand or polymer particles on the solidified soil surface.

10. The artificial turf field foundation construction method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: Before shaping on natural soil, the method further includes: Natural soil is accumulated to form a soil deposit.

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