Simulation System and Method for the Erosion Effect of High-Pressure, High-Voltage Water Flow on Shotcrete

Abstract

This invention provides a simulation system and method for the erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow. The system includes a water pump, a velocimeter, a pressure gauge, at least two pH meters, and at least four valves. The method involves fixing a cement specimen inside an experimental pipeline to withstand the erosion of the high-pressure, high-velocity water flow. Finally, the measured water flow velocity and pressure data are transmitted to a monitoring system, and the flow velocity and pressure are controlled via the valves. This invention aims to understand the erosion mechanism of high-pressure, high-velocity water flow on cement materials in the specific environment of mountain tunnels, thereby better understanding the erosion process and influencing factors. Simulated experimental data can help engineers optimize tunnel structural design, improve the stability and service life of tunnel projects, and develop preventative maintenance strategies. By understanding the degree and rate of erosion, reasonable maintenance plans and measures can be formulated to reduce maintenance costs and risks during tunnel operation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of tunnel cement erosion simulation technology, and in particular to a simulation system and method for simulating the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow. Background Technology

[0002] During the construction and operation of mountain tunnels, high-pressure, high-velocity water flows generated by environmental factors increasingly pose a threat to the erosion of the tunnel's cement structure. To ensure the safety and stability of mountain tunnels, research on the erosion effect of high-pressure, high-velocity water flows on cement is of great significance. However, existing experimental devices cannot realistically simulate the high-pressure, high-velocity water flow environment in mountain tunnels, leading to significant discrepancies between experimental results and actual working conditions. Therefore, developing a device capable of simulating the erosion effect of high-pressure, high-velocity water flows on cement in mountain tunnels has high practical value.

[0003] In the technical field of tunnel cement erosion simulation, the simulation of shotcrete erosion has been widely used. For example, experimental devices simulating groundwater erosion of shotcrete are mainly used for erosion resistance testing of shotcrete in tunnels. By simulating the erosive effect of groundwater on shotcrete, the crystallization and blockage problems of tunnel drainage systems are studied, as well as the calcium dissolution and permeation problems of shotcrete under groundwater erosion conditions. Another type is a tunnel shotcrete crystallization simulation experimental device under soft water erosion conditions. Its design aims to simulate the crystallization process of shotcrete in soft water erosion environments and is suitable for soft water erosion crystallization simulation experiments. However, existing technologies cannot fully simulate the complex conditions of high-pressure, high-velocity water flow in actual tunnels. The simulated data differs significantly from the actual results, leading to many misjudgments and incorrect assessments, resulting in excessive and unnecessary cost inputs during shotcrete curing.

[0004] Existing technology 1, application number: CN201910463746.9, discloses a simulation test device and method for crystallization of shotcrete in tunnels under soft water erosion environment. An adjustable support is installed at the lower part of the water tank platform, and a water storage tank is installed at the upper part of the platform. The inlet of the water storage tank is connected to a water supply tank via an inlet pipe, and a water pump is installed on the inlet pipe. The outlet of the water storage tank is connected to a water pipe connector via a water supply pipe, and a main valve is installed on the water supply pipe. The water pipe connector is at least a two-way connector and is connected to a seepage test device. A leaching water drainage device is installed at the lower part of the seepage test device, and the leaching water drainage device is connected to a leaching water filtration and collection device. Although it has advantages such as cost-saving, controllable osmotic pressure, and the ability to conduct tests on concrete samples with various mix proportions, and can be widely applied to soft water erosion crystallization simulation experiments, it is only suitable for simulating the erosion of shotcrete by soft water. It has certain limitations for simulating high flow rates and high fluid pressure conditions in mountainous areas.

[0005] Prior art two, application number: CN202021862562.4, discloses an experimental device for shotcrete under erosion. A water supply pipe supplies water to a water tank, and a metering pump is installed on the water supply pipe. The water tank is connected to a concentration adjustment device via a flexible hose, and a micro-metering pump is installed on the flexible hose. At least two sets of inlet pipes are installed inside the water tank, each with a water pump. The outlet end of the inlet pipe is located inside the test chamber, and a seepage device is installed at the end of the inlet pipe. During the test, shotcrete forms a test model inside the test chamber. The test chamber is mounted on a test chamber support, and an outlet pipe is installed on one side wall of the test chamber, connected to a drainage pipe. The drainage pipe is connected to a collection tank, and a waste liquid outlet is installed at one end of the collection tank. Although it can realistically simulate the seepage process of groundwater in the initial support concrete and the crystallization and blockage process of the drainage pipe, and can be applied to the field of simulation experimental devices for tunnel drainage systems in water-rich areas, it cannot precisely adjust and control the flow velocity and pressure of the water. Therefore, a device is needed to simulate high-pressure, high-velocity water flow during the construction and operation of mountain tunnels to ensure tunnel safety and stability. Researching the effects of high-pressure, high-velocity water flow on cement erosion is of great significance. Developing a device capable of simulating the effects of high-pressure, high-velocity water flow on cement erosion in mountain tunnels has high practical value.

[0006] Current technologies 1 and 2 suffer from limitations in simulating the erosion of shotcrete. These technologies rely on relatively simple structures and primarily test soft water, failing to accurately simulate and control high-pressure, high-velocity water flows. Therefore, this invention provides a system and method for simulating the erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flows. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a simulation system for the erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow, comprising: a water pump, a tachometer, a pressure gauge, at least two pH meters, and at least four valves;

[0008] The water pump is connected to the valve via a water pipe, and a speed meter is installed on the water pipe. The sample is placed in the sample stage, and a pressure gauge is installed at the front end of the sample stage. A pH meter is installed at the rear end of the sample stage and in the water storage tank.

[0009] Optionally, the water pump is connected to the first valve via a water supply pipe, the first valve is connected to the inlet end of the water supply tank, and the outlet end of the water supply tank is connected to the sample via the first water pipe and the second valve. A speed meter is installed on the first water pipe.

[0010] Optionally, a first pH meter is installed at the rear end of the sample stage, and a second water pipe is installed in the middle of the sample stage. The second water pipe is connected to the water storage tank through a third valve.

[0011] Optionally, a second pH meter is installed at the rear end of the water tank, and a drain pipe is installed in the middle of the second pH meter, with a fourth valve arranged on the drain pipe.

[0012] This invention provides a method for simulating the erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow, comprising the following steps:

[0013] According to the erosion cycle requirements, set the corresponding high-pressure, high-velocity fluid simulation time; place the specimen to be tested for erosion degree in the test area, and establish the connection relationship between the various components in the test area; start the water pump, obtain the fluid flow rate, obtain the fluid pressure according to the modified Bernoulli equation, and compare it with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure.

[0014] The fluid velocity and pressure changes were obtained to monitor the erosion process of the specimen, and the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen were recorded; the changes in the concentration of suspended particles and pH value during the erosion process were analyzed.

[0015] When the high-pressure, high-velocity fluid simulation time is reached, the depth of the erosion zone is measured, the area of ​​the erosion zone is calculated, and the surface morphology of the erosion zone is determined by scanning equipment. Based on the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen, and the changes in the depth, area, surface morphology, concentration of suspended particles and pH value of the erosion zone, the erosion rate, erosion mode and material properties are obtained.

[0016] Optionally, the process of comparing with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure includes the following steps:

[0017] The obtained fluid velocity is substituted into the modified Bernoulli equation to calculate the expected fluid pressure corresponding to the fluid velocity; the expected fluid pressure is correlated with the fluid velocity to obtain a correlation table of expected fluid pressure to be compared, with the fluid velocity as the index.

[0018] The real-time fluid pressure generated by the fluid velocity is measured using components within the test area to obtain the real-time fluid pressure value. The real-time fluid pressure value is then compared with the correlation table, and the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is obtained under the action of the index.

[0019] If the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is positive, the fluid speed valve will be adjusted according to the preset program; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is zero, the fluid speed valve does not need to be adjusted; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is negative, the water pump will be adjusted according to the preset program.

[0020] Optionally, the process of monitoring the erosion process of the specimen includes the following steps:

[0021] The high-pressure, high-velocity fluid simulation time is divided into several time nodes. The specimen erosion area image acquisition program is started according to the time nodes. The specimen erosion area image set under the current node is established with different time nodes as nodes.

[0022] Simultaneously, the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes at the current time node are obtained, with the fluid pressure change being the difference between the current time node and the previous adjacent time node; the correlation between the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes at the current time node and the node is established.

[0023] By using an erosion area image recognition model, the erosion area image of the specimen is analyzed to obtain the erosion morphology, speed, and extent of the specimen at the current time point.

[0024] Optionally, the process of analyzing the erosion area image of the specimen using an erosion area image recognition model includes the following steps:

[0025] The data input layer of the erosion area image recognition model receives images of the erosion area of ​​the specimen, converts the images of the erosion area of ​​the specimen into grayscale images, and uses histogram equalization to enhance the contrast of the erosion features.

[0026] The core layer of the convolutional neural network used to construct the erosion region image recognition model uses a 3x3 convolutional kernel and 32 filters in the initial layer, combined with the ReLU activation function to capture erosion edge features. The middle layer introduces dilated convolution to capture spatial features. An adaptive pooling layer is used to adjust the size of the pooling region.

[0027] Feature extraction and multi-task output layers are performed. The LSTM layer for feature extraction is used to capture the trend of erosion over time, while the 1D-CNN layer for pressure and velocity feature analysis and the attention mechanism layer are used to extract fluid pressure and velocity features, respectively. In the multi-task output layer, fully connected layers and softmax activation functions are used to classify erosion morphology features, while a custom temporal difference network is used to predict erosion velocity, and convolutional layers with sigmoid activation functions are used to perform pixel-level classification of erosion degree.

[0028] Optionally, the erosion rate is calculated based on the relationship between the depth of the eroded area and the simulation time of the high-pressure, high-velocity fluid; the main erosion modes are identified by combining the erosion morphology, speed and degree, surface morphology of the eroded area, concentration of suspended particles and changes in pH value; the performance of the eroded specimen is tested, and the performance data before and after erosion are compared to obtain the change law of material properties; a laser scattering sensor array is deployed to measure the concentration of suspended particles in real time; and a composite pH electrode is configured to synchronously collect the acidity and alkalinity of the solution.

[0029] Optionally, the process of obtaining the variation laws of erosion rate, erosion mode, and material properties includes the following steps:

[0030] Based on the principle of fluid mechanics-surface chemistry coupling, an integral differential equation for erosion rate is constructed, a basic erosion flux term is established, a multi-factor correction term is introduced, an exponential term describes the synergistic inhibitory effect of particle concentration and pH, and a hyperbolic tangent function characterizes the nonlinear saturation effect of pressure impact; the instantaneous rate is obtained by differentiating with respect to time.

[0031] Multimodal fusion calculations are performed by nonlinearly weighted fusion of surface morphology, chemical indices, and temporal characteristics.

[0032] An interactive model of mechanical properties, chemical damage, and geometric loss is established, including core damage factor, area loss correction term, nonlinear degradation transformation, and final performance loss rate.

[0033] This invention utilizes a high-pressure water pump to generate a high-speed water flow. By regulating the environmental fluid pressure and water velocity through a system adjustment mechanism, and simulating the high-pressure, high-velocity water flow environment inside a tunnel using a test chamber, erosion tests are conducted on shotcrete samples to evaluate their durability and erosion rate in a real tunnel environment. This approach allows for a better understanding of the performance of shotcrete under specific conditions, providing a scientific basis for tunnel design and construction. It also explores the erosion mechanism of high-pressure, high-velocity water flow on cement materials in the specific environment of mountain tunnels, enabling a better understanding of the erosion process and influencing factors. Simulated experimental data helps engineers optimize tunnel structural design, improving the stability and service life of tunnel projects. Furthermore, it facilitates the development of preventative maintenance strategies, allowing for the formulation of reasonable maintenance plans and measures based on the degree and rate of erosion, thereby reducing maintenance costs and risks during tunnel operation.

[0034] Other features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the following description, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practicing the invention. The objects and other advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the structures particularly pointed out in the written description and the accompanying drawings.

[0035] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0036] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used in conjunction with embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0037] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the simulation method for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 2 This is a process diagram comparing the water flow rate and fluid pressure with the set values ​​in Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating the process of adjusting the fluid velocity valve and water pump according to the preset program in Embodiment 3 of the present invention.

[0040] Figure 4 This is a process diagram illustrating the monitoring of the erosion process of the specimen in Embodiment 4 of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 5 This is a process diagram of analyzing the erosion area image of the specimen using an erosion area image recognition model in Embodiment 5 of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating the process of extracting fluid pressure and flow velocity characteristics in Embodiment 6 of the present invention.

[0043] Figure 7 This is a process diagram illustrating the changes in erosion rate, erosion mode, and material properties obtained in Example 7 of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the simulation system structure for the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow in Embodiment 8 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0045] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0046] The terminology used in the embodiments of this application is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the embodiments of this application. The singular forms “a,” “the,” and “the” used in the embodiments of this application are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be understood that the term “and / or” as used herein refers to and includes any or all possible combinations of one or more associated listed items.

[0047] In the following description, when referring to the accompanying drawings, unless otherwise indicated, the same numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with this application. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatuses and methods consistent with some aspects of this application. In the description of this application, it should be understood that the terms "first," "second," "third," etc., are used only to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence, nor should they be construed as indicating or implying relative importance. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application according to the specific circumstances.

[0048] Example 1: As Figure 1As shown, this embodiment of the invention provides a method for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow, comprising the following steps:

[0049] S100: Set the corresponding high-pressure, high-velocity fluid simulation time according to the erosion cycle requirements; place the specimen to be tested for erosion degree in the test area, and establish the connection relationship between the various components in the test area; start the water pump, obtain the fluid velocity, obtain the fluid pressure according to the modified Bernoulli equation, and compare it with the set fluid velocity and fluid pressure.

[0050] S200: Acquire fluid velocity and pressure changes to monitor the erosion process of the specimen, record the erosion morphology, speed and extent; analyze the changes in suspended particle concentration and pH value during the erosion process;

[0051] S300: When the high-pressure, high-flow-rate fluid simulation time is reached, the depth of the erosion zone is measured, the area of ​​the erosion zone and the surface morphology of the erosion zone are calculated by scanning equipment; based on the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen and the changes in the depth, area, surface morphology, concentration of suspended particles and pH value of the erosion zone, the erosion rate, erosion mode and material properties change law are obtained.

[0052] The process involves calculating the erosion rate based on the relationship between the depth of the eroded area and the simulation time of the high-pressure, high-velocity fluid; identifying the main erosion patterns by combining the erosion morphology, speed and degree, surface morphology of the eroded area, concentration of suspended particles and changes in pH value; conducting performance tests on the eroded specimens and comparing the performance data before and after erosion to obtain the changes in material properties; deploying a laser scattering sensor array to measure the concentration of suspended particles in real time; and configuring a composite pH electrode to synchronously collect the acidity and alkalinity of the solution.

[0053] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Step S100, setting up and connecting components, forms the basis of the simulation experiment. The simulation time for the high-pressure, high-velocity fluid is set according to the requirements of the erosion cycle, ensuring that the simulation time range matches the actual usage environment. The specimen to be tested for erosion is placed in the test area, and the connection between each component is established to ensure the integrity and stability of the experimental system. After starting the water pump, the fluid velocity is measured, and the fluid pressure is obtained by applying the modified Bernoulli equation. The measured value is compared with the set value to ensure that the fluid parameters meet the experimental requirements. Step S200 involves real-time monitoring of the erosion process. By acquiring data on changes in fluid velocity and pressure, the erosion behavior of the specimen under the action of high-pressure, high-velocity fluid can be accurately tracked. The erosion morphology, speed, and degree of the specimen are recorded, providing detailed experimental data for subsequent analysis. Through dynamic monitoring, subtle changes on the surface and inside of the specimen during the erosion process are captured, ensuring the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the data. Step S300 involves a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the corrosion results. After the preset simulation time has elapsed, scanning equipment is used to measure the depth, area, and surface morphology of the eroded region. By quantifying these parameters, the corrosion rate can be calculated, thereby assessing the degree of impact of corrosion on the specimen. Combining the corrosion morphology, rate, and extent, the main corrosion modes, such as erosion, scouring, or dissolution, are identified. Performance tests are then performed on the eroded specimen, and the data before and after corrosion are compared to reveal the patterns of material performance changes. This not only provides a quantitative analysis of the degree of corrosion but also offers a scientific basis for material selection and improvement.

[0054] In summary, this embodiment ensures precise setting of experimental conditions, achieves real-time monitoring of the erosion process, and conducts comprehensive quantitative analysis and material performance evaluation of the erosion results. These three steps together constitute a complete technical system for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow. This embodiment uses a high-pressure water pump to generate high-speed water flow, controls the environmental fluid pressure and water flow rate through a regulating system, and simulates the high-pressure, high-velocity water flow environment inside a tunnel using a test chamber to conduct erosion tests on shotcrete samples to evaluate their durability and erosion rate in a real tunnel environment. This approach allows for a better understanding of the performance of shotcrete under specific conditions, thus providing a scientific basis for tunnel design and construction. It also helps to understand the erosion mechanism of cement materials by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow in the specific environment of mountain tunnels, enabling a better grasp of the erosion process and influencing factors. Simulated experimental data helps engineers optimize tunnel structural design, improve the stability and service life of tunnel projects, and develop preventative maintenance strategies. By understanding the degree and rate of erosion, reasonable maintenance plans and measures can be formulated to reduce maintenance costs and risks during tunnel operation.

[0055] Example 2: Figure 2As shown, based on Example 1, the process of comparing the fluid flow rate and fluid pressure provided in this embodiment of the invention includes the following steps:

[0056] S101: Substitute the obtained fluid velocity into the modified Bernoulli equation to calculate the desired fluid pressure corresponding to the fluid velocity; correlate the desired fluid pressure with the fluid velocity to obtain a correlation table of desired fluid pressure to be compared, with the correlation table indexed by fluid velocity;

[0057] The modified Bernoulli equation is expressed as follows:

[0058]

[0059] In the formula, P1 and P2 represent the fluid pressure at two different locations; ρ represents the fluid density; v1 and v2 represent the fluid velocity at two different locations; h1 and h2 represent the fluid height at two different locations; W represents the work done by the pump on the fluid; and f represents the friction loss of the fluid.

[0060] S102: The real-time fluid pressure generated by the fluid velocity is measured using components within the test area to obtain the real-time fluid pressure value. The real-time fluid pressure value is then compared with the correlation table, and the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is obtained under the index.

[0061] S103: If the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is positive, the fluid speed valve is adjusted according to the preset program; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is zero, the fluid speed valve does not need to be adjusted; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is negative, the water pump is adjusted according to the preset program.

[0062] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Step S101: Calculation and correlation of expected fluid pressure. Using the modified Bernoulli equation, fluid velocity is converted into the corresponding expected fluid pressure, establishing a theoretical relationship between fluid velocity and pressure. A correlation table of expected fluid pressure indexed by fluid velocity is generated, providing standardized reference data for comparison. Significance: Based on the theoretical foundation of fluid dynamics, quantifiable expected pressure values ​​are provided for the experiment, facilitating comparison with actual measured values. The generation of the correlation table improves data processing efficiency, making the comparison process more systematic and automated, reducing the possibility of manual intervention. Step S102: Measurement and difference calculation of real-time fluid pressure. Fluid pressure is measured in real-time by components within the test area to obtain actual operating fluid pressure data. The real-time measured value is compared with the expected value in the correlation table to calculate the pressure difference, reflecting the deviation between the actual pressure and the theoretical pressure. Significance: Real-time measurement ensures the dynamism and accuracy of experimental data, capturing transient changes in the fluid system. Difference calculation provides a quantitative basis for subsequent adjustments, helping to determine whether the system is in the target operating state. Step S103 involves system adjustment based on the pressure difference. Depending on the positive or negative value of the pressure difference, corresponding adjustment measures are taken: a positive difference: adjust the fluid velocity valve to reduce flow rate or increase pressure; a zero difference: maintain the current state without adjustment; a negative difference: adjust the pump output to increase pressure or improve flow supply. Automated adjustment is achieved through a preset program, reducing the time and cost of manual operation. Significance: It realizes closed-loop control of the fluid system, automatically corrects deviations, and ensures the system operates within the target parameter range; it improves the stability and accuracy of the system and optimizes the efficiency and safety performance of fluid transmission.

[0063] In summary, this embodiment combines theoretical calculations with actual measurements using a modified Bernoulli equation, ensuring the scientific validity of the system. Real-time pressure measurement and difference calculation enable dynamic monitoring of the system's operating status and timely detection of deviations. Automatic adjustment based on the difference reduces manual intervention and improves the system's response speed and accuracy. By adjusting valves and pumps, fluid pressure and flow rate are kept stable, enhancing the overall performance and reliability of the system.

[0064] Example 3: As Figure 3 As shown, based on Example 2, the process of adjusting the fluid velocity valve and adjusting the water pump using the preset program provided in this embodiment of the invention includes the following steps:

[0065] S1031: When the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is positive, it is necessary to reduce the flow rate by adjusting the fluid velocity valve, calculate the adjustment amount of the valve opening, and adjust the valve opening to make the fluid pressure tend to the desired value.

[0066] S1032: When the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is negative, the flow rate is increased by adjusting the output of the water pump, and the adjustment amount of the water pump flow rate is calculated; by calculating the adjustment amount of the water pump flow rate, the water pump flow rate is adjusted so that the fluid pressure tends to the desired value.

[0067] S1033: After adjusting the valves and water pumps, monitor the changes in fluid pressure and flow rate in real time. If the difference is close to zero, the adjustment is successful. If the difference still exceeds the allowable range, the adjustment coefficient needs to be recalibrated and the above steps need to be repeated until the ideal state is achieved.

[0068] The calculation formula for the valve that adjusts the fluid velocity is as follows:

[0069]

[0070] In the formula, ΔV represents the adjustment amount of the valve opening (in degrees); k1 represents the adjustment coefficient, which is determined by the system characteristics; P 实时 P represents the real-time measured fluid pressure (unit: Pa); 期望 P represents the desired fluid pressure (in Pa). 基准 The reference fluid pressure is represented by α (in Pa); the pressure adjustment index is typically 1.5; and the real-time fluid density is represented by ρ (in kg / m³). 3 ); ρ represents the reference fluid density (unit: kg / m³). 3 T0 represents the reference temperature (unit: K); T represents the real-time temperature (unit: K); v 基准 Indicates the reference fluid velocity (unit: m / s); v 实时 Indicates real-time fluid velocity (unit: m / s); C v Indicates the valve's flow coefficient; ΔP max Indicates the maximum permissible pressure difference (unit: Pa); A 阀门 Indicates the effective flow area of ​​the valve (unit: m). 2 A 管道 This indicates the cross-sectional area of ​​the pipe (unit: m). 2 );

[0071] Adjust the calculation formula for the water pump:

[0072]

[0073] In the formula, ΔQ represents the adjustment amount of the water pump flow rate (unit: m). 3 / s); k2 represents the adjustment coefficient, determined by the system characteristics; v 其他 Other factors affecting flow velocity (unit: m / s); Q max This indicates the maximum flow rate of the water pump (unit: m³ / s). 3 / s), determined by the pump specifications; H max The pump's maximum head (in meters) is determined by its specifications; η represents the pump's efficiency.

[0074] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Step S1031 reduces the flow rate by adjusting the fluid velocity valve, thereby reducing the positive difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure; calculates the adjustment amount of the valve opening, and achieves precise control of the fluid pressure by adjusting the valve opening; its significance lies in ensuring that pressure can be effectively reduced under high pressure conditions, avoiding equipment damage or system overload. Step S1032 increases the flow rate by adjusting the output of the water pump, thereby increasing the real-time fluid pressure to reduce the negative difference between it and the desired fluid pressure; calculates the adjustment amount of the water pump flow rate, and adjusts the water pump flow rate to achieve the target pressure; ensures that the system can quickly increase pressure under low pressure conditions and maintain stable system operation. Step S1033 monitors the changes in fluid pressure and flow rate in real time to ensure that the adjusted system state meets expectations; if the difference is close to zero, it indicates that the adjustment is successful and the system has reached the desired fluid pressure; if the difference still exceeds the allowable range, the adjustment coefficient needs to be recalibrated and the above steps repeated; through the feedback mechanism, the adjustment process is continuously optimized, ultimately achieving precise control and stable operation of the system.

[0075] In summary, this embodiment achieves precise control of fluid pressure through the coordinated adjustment of valves and water pumps, ensuring the stability and safety of the system, and jointly constructing a closed-loop control system, thereby improving the system's response speed and adjustment accuracy.

[0076] Example 4: Figure 4 As shown, based on Example 1, the process for monitoring the erosion process of a specimen provided in this embodiment of the invention includes the following steps:

[0077] S201: Divide the high-pressure, high-velocity fluid simulation time into several time nodes, start the specimen erosion area image acquisition program according to the time nodes, and establish a specimen erosion area image set under the current node with different time nodes as nodes.

[0078] S202: Simultaneously acquire the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes at the current time node. The fluid pressure change is the difference between the current time node and the previous adjacent time node. Relate the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes at the current time node to the node.

[0079] S203: Analyze the erosion area image of the specimen using the erosion area image recognition model to obtain the erosion morphology, speed and extent of the specimen at the current time point.

[0080] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Step S201 divides the simulation time into several time nodes, enabling phased control and monitoring of the fluid erosion process; at each time node, an image acquisition program is initiated to obtain images of the eroded area of ​​the specimen, providing raw data for analysis; a set of images of the eroded area of ​​the specimen is established at different time nodes, facilitating comparative analysis of changes in the erosion process. Significance: It ensures the continuity and integrity of the erosion process, facilitating long-term monitoring and analysis; it can track changes in the eroded area over time, providing support for further research on erosion mechanisms. Step S202 simultaneously acquires fluid velocity and pressure change data, providing basic parameters for fluid dynamics analysis; it correlates fluid velocity and pressure changes with time nodes, providing a quantitative basis for the dynamic analysis of the interaction between the fluid and the specimen. Significance: Through changes in velocity and pressure, the influence of the fluid on the erosion of the specimen, as well as the changes in fluid dynamics during the erosion process, can be analyzed; it helps to understand the mechanism of fluid erosion of the specimen, especially the erosion behavior under different velocity and pressure conditions. Step S203 utilizes an image recognition model of the erosion area to analyze the image and extract information on the morphology, speed, and extent of the erosion area. At the current time point, it can accurately describe the erosion morphology of the specimen, as well as the speed and extent of erosion development. Significance: This achieves a quantitative description of erosion characteristics, providing a basis for quantitative analysis of the erosion process. Through the analysis of erosion characteristics, specimen design and erosion protection measures can be optimized, improving the service life and safety of materials.

[0081] In summary, this embodiment constitutes a complete specimen erosion monitoring and analysis process, which can not only provide detailed data on the erosion process, but also help to understand and predict erosion behavior, and has important technical significance for the fields of materials science and engineering applications.

[0082] Example 5: Figure 5 As shown, based on Example 4, the process of analyzing the erosion area image of the specimen using the erosion area image recognition model provided in this embodiment of the invention includes the following steps:

[0083] S2031: The data input layer of the erosion area image recognition model receives the erosion area image of the specimen, converts the erosion area image of the specimen into a grayscale image, and uses histogram equalization to enhance the contrast of the erosion features;

[0084] S2032: The core layer of the convolutional neural network that constructs the erosion region image recognition model. The initial layer uses a 3x3 convolutional kernel and 32 filters, combined with the ReLU activation function to capture erosion edge features. The middle layer introduces dilated convolution to capture spatial features. An adaptive pooling layer is used to adjust the size of the pooling region.

[0085] S2033: Feature extraction and design of multi-task output layer. The LSTM layer for feature extraction is used to capture the trend of erosion over time, while the 1D-CNN and attention mechanism layer for pressure and velocity feature analysis are used to extract fluid pressure and velocity features, respectively. In the multi-task output layer, fully connected layers and softmax activation functions are used to classify erosion morphology features, while a custom temporal difference network is used to predict erosion velocity, and convolutional layers with sigmoid activation functions are used to perform pixel-level classification of erosion degree.

[0086] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Step S2031: Data input layer and image preprocessing. The color image is converted to grayscale, and histogram equalization is used to enhance the image contrast, making the erosion features more obvious. Significance: In image recognition, improved contrast enhances feature recognizability, providing clearer image data for convolutional neural networks to identify eroded areas. Step S2032: Construction of the core layer of the convolutional neural network. The initial layer uses a 3x3 convolutional kernel and 32 filters, combined with the ReLU activation function, to effectively capture erosion edge features. The middle layer introduces dilated convolution to capture spatial features, and the adaptive pooling layer adjusts the size of the pooling region to adapt to images of different resolutions. Significance: Through convolutional kernels of different sizes and dilated convolution, the model can capture features at different scales, enhancing the ability to recognize details in eroded areas. The adaptive pooling layer ensures the model's adaptability to images of different sizes, improving the model's generalization ability. Step S2033: Feature extraction and multi-task output layer design. Fluid pressure and flow velocity features are extracted. Fully connected layers and softmax activation functions are used to classify erosion morphology features, a custom temporal difference network predicts erosion velocity, and convolutional layers with sigmoid activation functions perform pixel-level classification of erosion severity. Significance: By extracting and classifying different features, the model can comprehensively consider multiple dimensions such as the morphology, velocity, and severity of the eroded region, achieving a comprehensive assessment of the erosion state. The multi-task learning framework allows the model to learn other related tasks (such as erosion velocity prediction) while performing one task (e.g., erosion morphology classification), improving the model's efficiency and accuracy.

[0087] In summary, this embodiment achieves high-precision identification and multi-dimensional analysis of the eroded area of ​​the specimen by combining image preprocessing, deep convolutional networks, feature extraction, and multi-task learning techniques.

[0088] Example 6: As Figure 6 As shown, based on Example 5, the process for extracting fluid pressure and velocity characteristics provided in this embodiment of the invention includes the following steps:

[0089] S20331: Acquire the raw time series signals output by the pressure gauge and flow meter, linearly map the data of each channel, apply the Hanning window function to window the sequence, and set the window length to an integer multiple of the time node;

[0090] S20332: Configure multiple trainable filter banks to perform multi-scale convolution operations on pressure change signals and use max pooling layers for downsampling; construct a bidirectional LSTM network, including forward LSTM units and backward LSTM units, each LSTM unit including a forget gate, input gate, and output gate; concatenate the forward and backward hidden states to form a spatiotemporal fusion feature vector.

[0091] S20333: Define the learnable query matrix, key matrix, and value matrix; calculate the attention weights at each time step; concatenate the attention features with the original flow velocity signal; map the concatenation to the target space through a fully connected network; and perform end-to-end optimization using the Huber loss function.

[0092] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Step S20331 Signal preprocessing: Obtain the original time series signals output by the pressure gauge and flow meter. Normalize the data of each channel through linear mapping to ensure the consistency of data dimensions. Apply the Hanning window function to window the sequence to reduce spectral leakage caused by signal truncation. The window length is set to an integer multiple of the time node to maintain the periodicity of the signal. Significance: Provides high-quality input data for signal analysis and feature extraction, ensuring data consistency and stability. Step S20332 Multi-scale feature extraction and spatiotemporal fusion: Configure multiple trainable filter banks to perform multi-scale convolution operations on the pressure change signal, extracting local features at different time scales. Max pooling layers are used for downsampling, reducing computational complexity and retaining key features. The bidirectional LSTM network captures the contextual information of the time series through forward and backward LSTM units, concatenating the forward and backward hidden states to form a spatiotemporal fusion feature vector, enhancing the expressive power of the features. Significance: Enables multi-scale analysis and spatiotemporal feature fusion of pressure change signals, providing a more comprehensive and in-depth input for flow velocity feature extraction. Step S20333 involves attention mechanism and feature mapping. A learnable query matrix, key matrix, and value matrix are defined. Attention weights for each time step are calculated to highlight features at key time steps. The attention features are concatenated with the original flow velocity signal and mapped to the target space through a fully connected network, achieving high-dimensional representation and compression of the features. The Huber loss function is used for end-to-end optimization to improve the model's robustness. The significance is that the attention mechanism enhances the modeling ability for key time steps, and the fully connected network optimizes feature mapping, ultimately improving the overall model's performance and generalization ability.

[0093] In summary, this embodiment gradually achieves efficient extraction and optimized modeling of fluid pressure and velocity features through signal preprocessing, multi-scale feature extraction, spatiotemporal fusion, and attention mechanisms.

[0094] Example 7: Figure 7 As shown, based on Example 1, the process for obtaining the variation law of erosion rate, erosion mode and material properties provided by the embodiments of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0095] S301: Based on the principle of fluid mechanics-surface chemistry coupling, an integral differential equation for erosion rate is constructed, a basic erosion flux term is established, a multi-factor correction term is introduced, an exponential term describes the synergistic inhibitory effect of particle concentration and pH, and a hyperbolic tangent function characterizes the nonlinear saturation effect of pressure shock; the instantaneous rate is obtained by differentiating with respect to time.

[0096] S302: Multimodal fusion calculation is performed by nonlinearly weighted fusion of surface morphology, chemical indicators and temporal characteristics;

[0097] S303: Establish an interactive model of mechanical properties, chemical damage, and geometric loss, including core damage factor, area loss correction term, nonlinear degradation transformation, and final performance loss rate.

[0098] The integral differential equation for the erosion rate is as follows:

[0099]

[0100] In the formula: E r (t) represents the real-time erosion rate (mm / s); h max Indicates the maximum erosion depth (mm); ρ c The apparent density of concrete (kg / m³) 3 );ρ w Indicates water flow density (kg / m³) 3 v(t) represents the time-varying velocity field intensity (m / s); g represents the gravitational acceleration (m / s²). 2 ); μ(T) represents the temperature-dependent hydrodynamic viscosity (Pa·s); κ represents the particle cooperability coefficient (0.28-1.45); C p (t) represents the mass concentration (g / L) of suspended particles at time t; C p0 The initial particle concentration reference value is 1.2 g / L; pH(t) represents the dynamic acidity / alkalinity index; n represents the pH reaction order (experimental fit value ≥ 1); P(t) represents the transient impact pressure (MPa); This indicates the critical failure pressure of the material (MPa).

[0101] Erosion mode discrimination function:

[0102]

[0103] Where: M type The index represents the erosion mode classification (>1.5 for impact wear, 0.8-1.5 for chemical corrosion, and <0.8 for combined erosion); w i Represents the morphological weighting coefficients (i = 1-5 corresponding to 5 surface morphological features);\S i Represents the fractal dimension of the i-th type of surface (calculated via laser scanning); R represents the surface roughness gradient (μm / mm); a0 The initial surface roughness (μm) is represented by erf; the error function is represented by ΔpH; the pH offset (relative to the neutral point) is represented by σ. pH Indicates the standard deviation of pH fluctuation; α j Represents the time window weighting coefficient (j = 1-3 corresponds to the early, middle, and late stages); E r,avg The average erosion rate is represented by β (mm / s); β represents the particle saturation effect factor; C p,sat Indicates the saturation concentration of suspended particles;

[0104] Coupled equations for the variation of material properties:

[0105]

[0106] In the formula: ΔΨ represents the material performance loss rate (%); Ψ0 represents the initial performance benchmark value (such as compressive strength in MPa); t total Indicates the total erosion time (h); δ c This indicates the critical erosion threshold (15mm). 3 / s); ζ represents the chemical corrosion enhancement coefficient (0.65-1.32); m represents the pH decay index (1.8-3.2); η represents the area loss correction factor (0.05 / mm). 2 A loss Indicates the cumulative erosion area (mm) 2 A0 represents the initial surface area of ​​the specimen (mm²). 2 ); k represents the nonlinear coefficient of material degradation (1.3-2.1).

[0107] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Step S301: Construction of the erosion rate integral differential equation. Based on the principle of fluid mechanics-surface chemistry coupling, an integral differential equation for the erosion rate is constructed. A basic erosion flux term and a multi-factor correction term are introduced to comprehensively consider factors such as particle concentration, pH value, and pressure impact, thereby improving the accuracy of the model. An exponential term describes the synergistic inhibitory effect of particle concentration and pH, and a hyperbolic tangent function characterizes the nonlinear saturation effect of pressure impact, dynamically capturing the instantaneous changes in the erosion rate. Significance: By establishing a high-precision mathematical model, the dynamic change law of the erosion rate is quantitatively described, providing a theoretical basis for the analysis of erosion modes and material properties. Step S302: Multimodal fusion calculation. Through nonlinear weighted fusion of surface morphology, chemical indicators, and temporal characteristics, a unified calculation of multi-dimensional data is achieved. Geometric features are extracted from surface morphology, reaction characteristics are extracted from chemical indicators, and dynamic evolution laws are extracted from temporal characteristics. Based on multimodal data fusion, the physicochemical behavior and interactions during the erosion process are comprehensively evaluated. Significance: By fusing multimodal data, a multi-dimensional comprehensive analysis of the erosion process was achieved, significantly improving the utilization efficiency of experimental data and the reliability of analysis results. Step S303: Interactive Model Establishment. An interactive model of mechanical properties, chemical damage, and geometric loss was established to comprehensively reflect the deterioration process of material properties. A core damage factor, area loss correction term, and nonlinear deterioration transformation were introduced to quantify the degree of material property loss. The final performance loss rate was used to comprehensively evaluate the durability and performance degradation law of the material under erosive conditions. Significance: The interactive model quantifies the material property deterioration process, providing important theoretical support for material durability assessment and optimization design, and has significant application value.

[0108] In summary, this embodiment systematically achieves quantitative analysis of erosion rate, erosion mode, and material performance variation patterns, from theoretical modeling and data fusion to performance evaluation; it provides a high-precision model for erosion rate; it comprehensively captures erosion characteristics through multimodal fusion; and it quantifies the degradation patterns of material performance. These steps work synergistically to provide a scientific basis for evaluating and optimizing the erosion resistance of materials, thus promoting technological progress in related fields.

[0109] Example 8: As Figure 8 As shown, based on Examples 1-7, the simulation system for the degree of erosion of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow provided in this embodiment of the invention includes: a water pump 1, a first valve 2, a water supply tank 3, a first water pipe 4, a second valve 5, a speedometer 6, a sample 7, a sample stage 8, a pressure gauge 9, a first pH meter 10, a second water pipe 11, a third valve 12, a second pH meter 13, a water storage tank 14, and a fourth valve 15.

[0110] The water pump 1 is connected to the first valve 2 via a water supply pipe. The first valve 2 is connected to the inlet end of the water supply tank 3. The outlet end of the water supply tank 3 is connected to the sample 7 via the first water pipe 4 and the second valve 5. A speed meter 6 is installed on the first water pipe 4. The sample 7 is placed in the sample stage 8. A pressure gauge 9 is installed at the front end of the sample stage 8. A first pH meter 10 is installed at the rear end of the sample stage 8. A second water pipe 11 is installed in the middle of the sample stage 8. The second water pipe 11 is connected to the water storage tank 14 via the third valve 12. A second pH meter 13 is installed at the rear end of the water storage tank 14. A drain pipe is installed in the middle of the second pH meter 13. A fourth valve 15 is arranged on the drain pipe.

[0111] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Pump 1, as the power source of the system, pumps water into the water supply pipe, and the flow rate is regulated by the first valve 2 to ensure the water flow reaches the required pressure and velocity. After entering the water supply tank 3, the water flows through the first water pipe 4 and the second valve 5, ultimately acting on the sample 7. A velocimeter 6 installed on the first water pipe 4 can monitor the water flow velocity in real time, ensuring the accuracy of the simulation conditions. The sample 7 is placed in the sample stage 8, facing the impact of high-pressure, high-velocity water flow. A pressure gauge 9 is installed at the front end of the sample stage 8 to measure the impact pressure of the water flow on the sample, while a first pH meter 10 at the rear end monitors the pH value change of the water flow on the sample surface, reflecting the changes in the chemical environment during the erosion process. The water flows through the second water pipe 11 into the water storage tank 14, passing through the third valve 12 along the way, which can regulate the water collection speed. A second pH meter 13 at the rear end of the water storage tank 14 further analyzes the pH value of the water flow, providing data support for the chemical characteristics of the erosion process. A fourth valve 15 installed on the drain pipe is used to control the discharge of wastewater, ensuring the environmental friendliness of the system.

[0112] This embodiment, through the coordinated operation of a water pump, valves, and a velocimeter, can precisely control and regulate the pressure and flow rate of water, simulating a realistic erosion environment and providing reliable experimental conditions for the study of shotcrete erosion. The inclusion of pressure gauges, pH meters, and other equipment allows the system to comprehensively monitor and analyze the erosion process from both mechanical and chemical perspectives, providing rich data support for the research. The system design simplifies the operational procedures of the erosion experiment and improves experimental efficiency. Simultaneously, the adjustment of valves and the use of monitoring instruments ensure the consistency of experimental conditions and enhance the repeatability of experimental results. The system is equipped with a water storage tank and drainage pipe, which can effectively collect experimental wastewater and monitor its chemical properties using a pH meter, ensuring the environmental friendliness and safety of the experimental process. This provides an efficient and precise experimental platform for the study of high-pressure, high-velocity water flow erosion of shotcrete, possessing strong practical value and innovation.

[0113] In this embodiment, the water supply tank 3 is used to store experimental water. The water pump 1 draws water from the water supply tank 3 into the experimental pipeline (the water supply tank 3 is located on the side of the device and is equipped with a water inlet; the water pump 2 is connected to the water supply tank 3). The tachometer 6 is used to measure the water flow velocity in the experimental pipeline, and the pressure gauge 9 is used to measure the pressure in the experimental pipeline (the tachometer 6 is installed between the water pump 2 and the experimental pipeline, and the pressure gauge 9 is installed at an appropriate position in the experimental pipeline). The first valve 2, the second valve 5, and the third valve 12 are used to adjust the water flow velocity and pressure in the experimental pipeline (used in conjunction with the tachometer 6 to achieve the required water flow velocity). The first pH meter 10 and the second pH meter 13 are used to calculate the approximate degree of erosion of the sample. The experimental pipeline is made of transparent material to facilitate observation of the cement specimen erosion process. The cement specimen is fixed inside the experimental pipeline and withstands the erosion of high-pressure, high-velocity water flow. Finally, the measured water flow velocity and pressure data are transmitted to the monitoring system, and the flow velocity and pressure are controlled through the valves.

[0114] In this embodiment, the prepared cement specimen (sample 7) is placed in the test area of ​​the device, i.e., the sample platform 8; pressure is applied: the pressure is controlled by the water pump 2 to increase the pressure inside the container; water circulation: the water pump 2 is started to make the water flow through the test area and impact the cement specimen at a high flow rate; erosion process: under the action of high pressure and high flow rate water, the cement specimen will undergo an erosion process; it can be continuous or intermittent to simulate different erosion environments.

[0115] This embodiment uses an indoor simulation experiment to simulate the actual erosion of cement by water flow in mountain tunnels, which can realistically and effectively simulate the actual erosion conditions. The water flow velocity is controlled by a water valve, and the water pressure is obtained according to the modified Bernoulli equation. By controlling these two conditions simultaneously, the high flow velocity and high pressure water flow conditions required by the experiment can be achieved through the control of the water valve. This method is not only suitable for simulating high flow velocity and high water pressure conditions in mountain tunnels, but also for simulating the actual erosion of shotcrete by groundwater.

[0116] This embodiment has a simple structure and is easy to operate, and can realistically simulate the high-pressure, high-velocity water flow environment in a mountain tunnel; it adopts a modular design, and parameters such as water flow speed and pressure can be adjusted according to experimental needs; it is energy-saving and environmentally friendly, reducing experimental costs.

[0117] Example 9: Based on Example 8, the specific implementation process of the present invention is as follows:

[0118] A 1000L stainless steel water pump tank (water supply tank 3) is used; the inlet and outlet pipes are made of transparent organic material; the high-pressure water pump (pump 2) has a maximum flow rate of 100L / min and a maximum pressure of 10MPa; the pressure gauge has a range of 0-16MPa and an accuracy of ±0.5%. The cement test block (sample 7) has dimensions of 300mm*300mm*300mm; the drainage system includes drainage pipes and valves, and the required materials are assembled.

[0119] The specific implementation plan for this embodiment is as follows:

[0120] First, the shotcrete specimen is placed in a stainless steel water pump tank. The water pump is turned on, and the flow rate and pressure are adjusted to the required values. The valve device is opened to allow high-pressure, high-velocity water to spray onto the specimen. The erosion of the specimen is observed and recorded at regular intervals. After the test, the wastewater is discharged through the drainage system. This device can effectively simulate the erosion process of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water in tunnels, providing reliable data support for the study and evaluation of the erosion resistance of shotcrete.

[0121] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In summary, this embodiment has the advantages of reasonable structure, simple operation and realistic simulation effect, and provides an effective means for the study of the anti-erosion performance of sprayed concrete.

[0122] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this invention without departing from its spirit and scope. Therefore, if these modifications and variations fall within the scope of equivalents of this invention, this invention is also intended to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A method for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: According to the erosion cycle requirements, set the corresponding high-pressure, high-velocity fluid simulation time; place the specimen to be tested for erosion degree in the test area, and establish the connection relationship between the various components in the test area; start the water pump, obtain the fluid flow rate, obtain the fluid pressure according to the modified Bernoulli equation, and compare it with the set fluid flow rate and fluid pressure. The fluid velocity and pressure changes were obtained to monitor the erosion process of the specimen, and the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen were recorded; the changes in the concentration of suspended particles and pH value during the erosion process were analyzed. When the high-pressure, high-velocity fluid simulation time is reached, the depth of the erosion zone is measured, the area of ​​the erosion zone is calculated, and the surface morphology of the erosion zone is determined by scanning equipment. Based on the erosion morphology, speed and degree of the specimen, and the changes in the depth, area, surface morphology, concentration of suspended particles and pH value of the erosion zone, the erosion rate, erosion mode and material properties are obtained. The process of monitoring the erosion process of a specimen includes the following steps: The high-pressure, high-velocity fluid simulation time is divided into several time nodes. The specimen erosion area image acquisition program is started according to the time nodes. The specimen erosion area image set under the current node is established with different time nodes as nodes. Simultaneously, the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes at the current time node are obtained, with the fluid pressure change being the difference between the current time node and the previous adjacent time node; the correlation between the fluid velocity and fluid pressure changes at the current time node and the node is established. By using an erosion area image recognition model, the erosion area image of the specimen is analyzed to obtain the erosion morphology, speed, and extent of the specimen at the current time point; The process of analyzing the erosion area image of the specimen using the erosion area image recognition model includes the following steps: The data input layer of the erosion area image recognition model receives images of the erosion area of ​​the specimen, converts the images of the erosion area of ​​the specimen into grayscale images, and uses histogram equalization to enhance the contrast of the erosion features. The core layer of the convolutional neural network used to construct the erosion region image recognition model uses a 3x3 convolutional kernel and 32 filters in the initial layer, combined with the ReLU activation function to capture erosion edge features. The middle layer introduces dilated convolution to capture spatial features. An adaptive pooling layer is used to adjust the size of the pooling region. Feature extraction and multi-task output layers are performed. The LSTM layer for feature extraction is used to capture the trend of erosion over time, while the 1D-CNN layer for pressure and velocity feature analysis and the attention mechanism layer are used to extract fluid pressure and velocity features, respectively. In the multi-task output layer, fully connected layers and softmax activation functions are used to classify erosion morphology features, while a custom temporal difference network is used to predict erosion velocity, and convolutional layers with sigmoid activation functions are used to perform pixel-level classification of erosion degree.

2. The method for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The process of comparing the fluid flow rate and fluid pressure with the set parameters includes the following steps: The obtained fluid velocity is substituted into the modified Bernoulli equation to calculate the expected fluid pressure corresponding to the fluid velocity; the expected fluid pressure is correlated with the fluid velocity to obtain a correlation table of expected fluid pressure to be compared, with the fluid velocity as the index. The real-time fluid pressure generated by the fluid velocity is measured using components within the test area to obtain the real-time fluid pressure value. The real-time fluid pressure value is then compared with the correlation table, and the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the expected fluid pressure is obtained under the action of the index. If the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is positive, the fluid speed valve will be adjusted according to the preset program; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is zero, the fluid speed valve does not need to be adjusted; if the difference between the real-time fluid pressure and the desired fluid pressure is negative, the water pump will be adjusted according to the preset program.

3. The method for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow as described in claim 1, characterized in that, in, The erosion rate is calculated based on the relationship between the depth of the eroded area and the simulation time of high-pressure, high-velocity fluid. The main erosion modes are identified by combining the erosion morphology, speed and degree, surface morphology of the eroded area, concentration of suspended particles and changes in pH value. The performance of the eroded specimens is tested, and the performance data before and after erosion are compared to obtain the change law of material properties. Among them, a laser scattering sensor array is deployed to measure the concentration of suspended particles in real time, and a composite pH electrode is configured to collect the acidity and alkalinity of the solution simultaneously.

4. The method for simulating the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The process of obtaining the variation laws of erosion rate, erosion mode, and material properties includes the following steps: Based on the principle of fluid mechanics-surface chemistry coupling, an integral differential equation for erosion rate is constructed, a basic erosion flux term is established, a multi-factor correction term is introduced, an exponential term describes the synergistic inhibitory effect of particle concentration and pH, and a hyperbolic tangent function characterizes the nonlinear saturation effect of pressure shock. The instantaneous rate is obtained by taking the derivative with respect to time. Multimodal fusion calculations are performed by nonlinearly weighted fusion of surface morphology, chemical indices, and temporal characteristics. An interactive model of mechanical properties, chemical damage, and geometric loss is established, including core damage factor, area loss correction term, nonlinear degradation transformation, and final performance loss rate.

5. A simulation system for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow, used to implement the simulation method for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow as described in any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, Includes: water pump, tachometer, pressure gauge, at least two pH meters and at least four valves; The water pump is connected to the valve via a water pipe, and a speed meter is installed on the water pipe. The sample is placed in the sample stage, and a pressure gauge is installed at the front end of the sample stage. A pH meter is installed at the rear end of the sample stage and in the water storage tank.

6. The simulation system for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The water pump is connected to the first valve through a water delivery pipe. The first valve is connected to the inlet end of the water supply tank. The outlet end of the water supply tank is connected to the sample through the first water pipe and the second valve. A speed meter is installed on the first water pipe.

7. The simulation system for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The first pH meter is installed at the rear end of the sample stage, and the second water pipe is installed in the middle of the sample stage. The second water pipe is connected to the water storage tank through the third valve.

8. The simulation system for the erosion degree of shotcrete by high-pressure, high-velocity water flow as described in claim 7, characterized in that, A second pH meter is installed at the rear of the water storage tank, and a drain pipe is installed in the middle of the second pH meter. A fourth valve is arranged on the drain pipe.

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