Hydraulic pulse expansion type sleeve stepless repair device

Abstract

A hydraulic pulse expansion type sleeve stepless repair device relates to the technical field of sleeve repair devices, and comprises an expansion part, a hydraulic power part, an overflow pressure regulating part and a hydraulic oil pipe anchor which are sequentially connected from bottom to top, the special-shaped guide inclined section can enter the deformation part of the casing more easily, and the expansion block of the expansion part can expand and rebound, so that the problem that a well is stuck by the device is avoided; the expansion block can also be used for performing stepless repair on casing pipes with different specifications; the central pipe of the hydraulic power part and the impact shaft of the expansion part move synchronously, and when the impact shaft is reset, the central pipe is also reset to prepare for the next impact; the overflow pressure regulating part can achieve the pressure regulating function and can also achieve the pulse pressure relief function, the pulse power enables the casing pipe repairing tool to have more impact force, and it is guaranteed that the casing pipe repairing tool is more practical and more efficient when used.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model belongs to the technical field of casing repair devices, and in particular relates to a hydraulic pulse expansion type stepless casing repair device. Background Art

[0002] During downhole operations, casing deformation often affects well production. Failure to promptly repair and control this deformation can even render the well useless. Existing expansion tools are not practical or efficient solutions to this problem. Furthermore, common problems with these tools include: First, they can easily become stuck in the well, preventing the well from being pulled up. Second, a single expansion tool can only repair casing of one internal diameter. Therefore, repairing casing of varying diameters requires multiple expansion tools, making existing expansion tools inapplicable. Utility Model Content

[0003] To address the problems in the prior art, the present invention provides a hydraulic pulse expansion-type stepless casing repair device. This device uses hydraulic pressure to expand the casing. When hydraulic pressure is applied, the expansion block expands, creating a stepless repair process. When hydraulic pressure is removed, the expansion block contracts, eliminating the problem of expansion tool sticking in the well.

[0004] The technical solution provided by the utility model is: a hydraulic pulse expansion type casing stepless repair device, comprising an expansion part, a hydraulic power part, an overflow pressure regulating part and a hydraulic oil pipe anchor connected in sequence from bottom to top; the expansion part comprises an impact shaft, the outer wall of the impact shaft has at least three cone sections, and at least three expansion blocks are arranged on the outside of each cone section. When the cone section slides downward relative to the expansion block, the expansion block expands outward under the action of the cone surface. In order to limit the expansion block, limiting sleeves are respectively arranged on the outside of both ends of the expansion block, a support sleeve is provided on the impact shaft, the limiting sleeve is fixedly connected to the support sleeve, a limiting spring is arranged between the inner side of the limiting sleeve and the outer side of the expansion block, and the upper part of the impact shaft An impact swinging head is provided at the end, and an impact head limiting sleeve is provided on the outer side of the impact swinging head. The impact swinging head and the impact head limiting sleeve have a clearance fit, so that the impact swinging head can swing relative to the impact limiting sleeve; a reset spring is provided between the top support sleeve and the impact head limiting sleeve. Under the push of the reset spring, the support sleeve, the limiting sleeve and the expansion block move downward relative to the impact shaft, and the lower end of the impact shaft is connected with a locking cap A. The lower end surface of the bottom support sleeve is limited by the locking cap A. The outer side of the bottom support sleeve is fixedly connected to an impact jacket, and a retaining ring is fixedly connected to the inner side of the lower end of the impact jacket. A swing telescopic shaft is inserted into the inner gap of the retaining ring, and the upper end of the swing telescopic shaft is adjacent to the impact shaft The upper part of the swing telescopic shaft is fixedly connected with a lock cap B, a buffer spring is arranged between the retaining ring and the lock cap B, and the upper end of the swing telescopic shaft is fixedly connected with a special-shaped guide and inclined section; the hydraulic power part includes a hydraulic cylinder outer sleeve, a center tube and a hydraulic piston, the hydraulic piston is located between the hydraulic cylinder body and the center tube, the hydraulic piston is fixedly connected to the center tube, the hydraulic piston and the hydraulic cylinder body are movably sealed, a pressure transmission hole is arranged on the center tube above the hydraulic piston, and a hydraulic balance hole is processed on the hydraulic cylinder outer sleeve; the overflow pressure regulating part includes a valve outer sleeve, the upper end of the valve outer sleeve is connected with the valve upper joint, the lower end of the valve outer sleeve is connected with the valve lower joint, and a valve inner sleeve is fixedly arranged in the valve outer sleeve between the valve upper joint and the valve lower joint, and the valve inner sleeve A pressure-regulating piston is provided for sliding sealing on the inner side of the sleeve, a pressure-regulating sleeve is threadedly connected to the lower joint of the valve, a pressure-regulating spring is provided between the pressure-regulating sleeve and the pressure-regulating piston, and the pressure-regulating piston has a tendency to move away from the pressure-regulating sleeve under the elastic force of the pressure-regulating spring, the upper end of the pressure-regulating piston is provided with a ball seat, and the lower end of the upper joint of the valve is also provided with a ball seat, a valve ball is provided between the pressure-regulating piston and the upper joint of the valve, a radial external pressure relief hole is provided on the outer sleeve of the valve, a radial internal pressure relief hole is provided on the inner sleeve of the valve, the external pressure relief hole and the internal pressure relief hole are always in a connected state, an overflow channel is provided on the wall of the inner sleeve of the valve, and the two ports of the overflow channel are respectively located at the upper and lower parts of the inner sleeve of the valve, and the internal pressure relief hole and the overflow channel are at different phase angles of the inner sleeve of the valve;A radial flow hole is provided at the lower part of the pressure-regulating piston. In the initial state of the pressure-regulating piston, the flow hole is connected to the internal pressure relief hole, and the pressure-regulating piston blocks the upper port of the flow channel. The lower limit position of the valve inner sleeve is located above the lower port of the flow channel. When the valve inner sleeve descends to the lower limit position, the pressure-regulating piston releases its blockage of the upper port of the flow channel, and the flow channel is open. At this time, the internal pressure relief hole is blocked by the pressure-regulating piston and is in a closed circuit. The upper part of the impact head limit sleeve in the expansion part is directly or indirectly connected to the center pipe in the hydraulic power part, so that the impact shaft and the center pipe move synchronously. The outer sleeve of the hydraulic cylinder in the hydraulic power part is directly or indirectly connected to the lower joint of the valve in the overflow pressure regulating part. The upper joint of the valve in the overflow pressure regulating part is connected to the lower end of the hydraulic oil pipe anchor.

[0005] A further technical solution is: there are at least two hydraulic pistons in the hydraulic power part, and each hydraulic piston is equipped with a pressure transmission hole, thereby forming a parallel multi-stage hydraulic power.

[0006] A further technical solution is that after all the expansion blocks on the three cone sections are expanded, the entire circumference of the casing is expanded to fill the entire casing, so that no dead corners are missed during the expansion and repair of the entire casing.

[0007] A further technical solution is that the central cavity of the pressure regulating sleeve is provided with an inner hexagon, thereby facilitating the rotation of the pressure regulating sleeve.

[0008] A further technical solution is that a cutting section is provided between the swing telescopic shaft and the special-shaped guide bevel section.

[0009] 1. The expansion block in the present invention can expand and contract, so there is no well jam after the casing is repaired. Moreover, the present invention can perform stepless repair on casings of different specifications and has a wide applicability.

[0010] 2. The utility model can generate pulsed hydraulic power with greater impact strength, and is more capable of expanding and repairing casing that is severely deformed and difficult to repair.

[0011] 3. The swinging telescopic shaft of the utility model can swing relative to the impact sleeve, and the impact shaft can swing relative to the impact head limit sleeve, that is, the entire expansion part can swing relative to the hydraulic part. Therefore, the special-shaped guiding and beveling section can more easily find the entry port in the deformation section of the casing, thereby improving the performance of the repair tool. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1 It is a cross-sectional view of the expanded part of the utility model.

[0013] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 FF's directional view.

[0014] Figure 3 yes Figure 1 View in the G direction.

[0015] Figure 4 yes Figure 1 Position distribution diagram of the AA expansion block in the middle.

[0016] Figure 5 yes Figure 1 Position distribution diagram of the expansion blocks in the middle BB direction.

[0017] Figure 6 yes Figure 1 Position distribution diagram of the expansion blocks in the middle CC direction.

[0018] Figure 7 yes Figure 1 A partial enlarged view of point I in the middle.

[0019] Figure 8 It is a cross-sectional view of the hydraulic power part of the utility model.

[0020] Figure 9 It is a cross-sectional view of the overflow pressure regulating part of the utility model.

[0021] Figure 10 yes Figure 9 Sectional view in the DD direction.

[0022] Figure 11 yes Figure 9 Middle EE direction valve inner sleeve view.

[0023] Figure 12 This is a cross-sectional view of one type of hydraulic oil pipe anchor.

[0024] In the figure: 1. Special-shaped guide and beveling section; 2. Cutting section; 3. Retaining ring; 4. Buffer spring; 5. Impact sleeve; 6. Swinging telescopic shaft; 7. Locking cap B; 8. Locking cap A; 9. Support sleeve; 10. Limit sleeve; 11. Expansion block; 12. Limit spring; 13. Conical section; 14. Impact shaft; 15. Return spring; 16. Impact head limit sleeve; 17. Impact swing head; 18. Hydraulic balance hole; 19. Center tube; 20. Hydraulic cylinder sleeve; 21. Hydraulic piston; 22. Pressure transmission hole; 23. Valve lower joint; 24. Pressure regulating sleeve; 25. Pressure regulating spring; 26. Valve sleeve; 27. Flow channel; 28. External pressure relief hole; 29. Internal pressure relief hole; 30. Valve inner sleeve; 31. Valve upper joint; 32. Flow hole; 33. Pressure regulating piston; 34. Valve ball. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] In order to help those skilled in the art better understand the present invention, the following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the embodiments described are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] This embodiment includes four parts, namely the expansion part, the hydraulic power part, the overflow pressure regulating part and the hydraulic oil pipe anchor, which are connected in sequence from top to bottom. The four parts will be explained one by one below.

[0027] 1. Expansion Section: This section includes an impact shaft 14, the outer wall of which has at least three conical sections 13. Each conical section 13 is equipped with at least three expansion blocks 11. When the conical section 13 slides downward relative to the expansion block 11, the expansion block 11 expands outward under the action of the conical surface. To limit the expansion block 11, a limit sleeve 10 is provided on the outer side of each end of the expansion block 11. The impact shaft 14 is provided with a support sleeve 9, which can be two half-rings welded together to the impact shaft 14. The limit sleeve 10 is fixedly connected to the support sleeve 9. A limit spring 12 is provided between the inner side of the limit sleeve 10 and the outer side of the expansion block 11. When the expansion block 11 expands outward, the limit spring 12 is compressed. The upper end of the impact shaft 14 is provided with an impact swing head 17, and an impact head limit sleeve 16 is mounted on the outer side of the impact swing head 17. The impact swing head 17 and the impact head limit sleeve 16 are loosely matched, allowing the impact swing head 17 to swing relative to the impact limit sleeve 10. A return spring 15 is provided between the uppermost support sleeve 9 and the impact head limit sleeve 16. Under the push of the return spring 15, the support sleeve 9, the limit sleeve 10, and the expansion block 11 move downward relative to the impact shaft 14. That is, when the impact force is removed, the expansion block 11 will retract under the action of the return spring 15. Therefore, after the expansion sleeve is expanded, this embodiment will not cause the well to get stuck. The lower end of the impact shaft 14 is connected to a locking cap A8, and the lower end surface of the lowermost support sleeve 9 is limited by the locking cap A8. The outer side of the bottom support sleeve 9 is fixed with an impact sleeve 5, and the inner side of the lower end of the impact sleeve 5 is fixed with a retaining ring 3. The inner gap of the retaining ring 3 is inserted with a swing telescopic shaft 6. The upper end of the swing telescopic shaft 6 is adjacent to the impact shaft 14, and the impact shaft 14 forms an impact on the swing telescopic shaft 6. The upper part of the swing telescopic shaft 6 is fixed with a locking cap B7, and the swing telescopic shaft 6 can swing relative to the impact sleeve 5. A buffer spring 4 is provided between the retaining ring 3 and the locking cap B7. The upper end of the swing telescopic shaft 6 is fixed with a special-shaped guide bevel section 1. Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the front end of the special-shaped guiding and oblique section 1 is an oblique tip.

[0028] Since the swing telescopic shaft 6 can swing relative to the impact shaft 14, and the impact shaft 14 can also swing relative to the hydraulic power part, the special-shaped guide and inclined section 1 of this embodiment can more easily find the entrance in the deformation section of the casing, thereby improving the performance of the repair tool.

[0029] After entering the sleeve change section, the casing restricts the downward movement of the impact sleeve 5 and the expansion block 11. While the impact shaft 14 continues downward under the hydraulic pressure, the expansion block 11 expands outward under the action of the impact shaft 14's tapered section 13, exerting a radial expansion force on the casing wall, thereby repairing the sleeve change. In this embodiment, after all the expansion blocks 11 on the three tapered sections 13 are fully expanded, they fill the entire circumference of the casing, ensuring that the entire casing expansion repair is completed without missing any blind spots.

[0030] 2. Hydraulic power section: This section includes a hydraulic cylinder housing 20, a center tube 19, and a hydraulic piston 21. The hydraulic piston 21 is located between the hydraulic cylinder body and the center tube 19. The hydraulic piston 21 is fixedly connected to the center tube 19 and is in a movable, sealed relationship with the hydraulic cylinder body. A pressure transmission hole 22 is provided on the center tube 19 above the hydraulic piston 21, and a hydraulic balance hole 18 is machined into the hydraulic cylinder housing 20. When pressure is applied to the center tube 19, liquid enters the pressure transmission hole 22, pushing the piston and center tube 19 downward. At this time, the hydraulic cylinder housing 20 remains stationary. At least two hydraulic pistons 21 are provided in the hydraulic power section, each equipped with a pressure transmission hole 22, thereby forming a parallel multi-stage hydraulic power.

[0031] The upper portion of the impact head limiting sleeve 16 in the expansion portion is directly or indirectly connected to the central tube 19 in the hydraulic power portion, so that the impact shaft 14 and the central tube 19 move synchronously.

[0032] 3. Overflow pressure regulating part: It includes a valve outer sleeve 26, the upper end of the valve outer sleeve 26 is connected to the valve upper joint 31, and the lower end of the valve outer sleeve 26 is connected to the valve lower joint 23. A valve inner sleeve 30 is fixedly arranged in the valve outer sleeve 26 between the valve upper joint 31 and the valve lower joint 23, and a pressure regulating piston 33 is provided on the inner side of the valve inner sleeve 30 for sliding sealing. The valve lower joint 23 is threadedly connected to the pressure regulating sleeve 24, and the central cavity of the pressure regulating sleeve 24 has an inner hexagon, so as to facilitate the rotation of the pressure regulating sleeve 24. A pressure-regulating spring 25 is provided between the pressure-regulating sleeve 24 and the pressure-regulating piston 33. Under the elastic force of the pressure-regulating spring 25, the pressure-regulating piston 33 has a tendency to move away from the pressure-regulating sleeve 24. The upper end of the pressure-regulating piston 33 is provided with a ball seat, and the lower end of the valve upper joint 31 is also provided with a ball seat. A valve ball 34 is provided between the pressure-regulating piston 33 and the valve upper joint 31. A radial external pressure relief hole 28 is provided on the valve outer sleeve 26, and a radial internal pressure relief hole 29 is provided on the valve inner sleeve 30. The external pressure relief hole 28 and the internal pressure relief hole 29 are always in a connected state. An overflow channel 27 is provided on the wall of the valve inner sleeve 30. The two ports of the overflow channel 27 are respectively located at the upper and lower parts of the valve inner sleeve 30. The internal pressure relief hole 29 and the overflow channel 27 are at different phase angles of the valve inner sleeve 30. A radial flow hole 32 is provided at the bottom of the pressure-regulating piston 33. In its initial state, the flow hole 32 communicates with the internal pressure relief hole 29, and the pressure-regulating piston 33 blocks the upper end of the flow channel 27. The lower limit of the downward movement of the valve inner sleeve 30 is located above the lower end of the flow channel 27. When the valve inner sleeve 30 descends to the lower limit, the pressure-regulating piston 33 releases its blockage of the upper end of the flow channel 27, leaving the flow channel 27 open. At this point, the internal pressure relief hole 29 is blocked by the pressure-regulating piston 33 and is disconnected. The hydraulic cylinder outer sleeve 20 in the hydraulic power section is directly or indirectly connected to the valve lower connector 23 in the overflow pressure-regulating section.

[0033] The overflow pressure regulation of this embodiment is achieved through a device. When the hydraulic pressure can completely overcome the elastic force of the pressure regulating spring 25, when the pressure regulating piston 33 moves downward to the lower limit position, the entire overflow pressure regulating part is in a state that allows liquid to flow from top to bottom, and hydraulic power is formed in the central pipe 19 of the hydraulic mass transfer hydraulic power part.

[0034] In order to form a pulsed impact force, it is necessary to intermittently stop the injection of hydraulic pressure. When the hydraulic pressure cannot overcome the elastic force of the pressure-regulating spring 25, the pressure-regulating piston 33 is at the upper limit position and does not move. The hydraulic pressure below the pressure-regulating piston 33 enters the internal pressure relief hole 29 through the flow hole 32 and is discharged from the external pressure relief hole 28, thereby eliminating the hydraulic pressure of the entire hydraulic power part. Since the expansion block 11 cannot move downward due to the obstruction of the casing, it can only impact the shaft 14 and the center tube 19 upward. After the center tube 19 moves upward, the entire hydraulic power part is reset and waits for the next hydraulic impact.

[0035] A cutting section 2 is provided between the swing telescopic shaft 6 and the special-shaped guiding and beveling section 1. The cutting section 2 can form a preliminary expansion on the deformed part of the casing.

[0036] The upper joint 31 of the valve in the overflow pressure regulating part is connected to the lower end of the hydraulic oil pipe anchor.

[0037] 4. Hydraulic oil pipe anchor: Since the hydraulic oil pipe anchor is a mature existing technology, the hydraulic oil pipe anchor described in this embodiment is applicable to this embodiment as long as it can have the function of hydraulic anchoring casing. Figure 12 A cross-sectional view of one feasible hydraulic oil pipe anchor is provided. This embodiment does not require the specific structure of the hydraulic oil pipe anchor, so it will not be described in detail here.

Claims

1. A hydraulic pulse expansion type casing stepless repair device, characterized by: It includes an expansion part, a hydraulic power part, an overflow pressure regulating part and a hydraulic oil pipe anchor connected in sequence from bottom to top; The expansion part includes an impact shaft (14), the outer wall of the impact shaft (14) has at least three cone sections (13), and at least three expansion blocks (11) are arranged on the outside of each cone section (13). When the cone section (13) slides downward relative to the expansion block (11), the expansion block (11) expands outward under the action of the cone surface. Limiting sleeves (10) are respectively arranged on the outside of both ends of the expansion block (11). A support sleeve (9) is provided on the impact shaft (14). The limiting sleeve (10) is fixedly connected to the support sleeve (9). A limiting spring (12) is arranged between the inner side of the limiting sleeve (10) and the outer side of the expansion block (11). The upper end of the impact shaft (14) is provided with an impact swing head (17). The outer side of the impact swing head (17) is provided with an impact head limiting sleeve (16). The impact swing head (17) The impact head limiting sleeve (16) is fitted with a clearance, a return spring (15) is provided between the uppermost support sleeve (9) and the impact head limiting sleeve (16), the lower end of the impact shaft (14) is connected to a lock cap A (8), and the lower end surface of the lowermost support sleeve (9) is limited by the lock cap A (8); the outer side of the lowermost support sleeve (9) is fixedly connected to the impact jacket (5), the inner side of the lower end of the impact jacket (5) is fixedly connected to a retaining ring (3), the inner gap of the retaining ring (3) is inserted with a swing telescopic shaft (6), the upper end of the swing telescopic shaft (6) is adjacent to the impact shaft (14), the upper part of the swing telescopic shaft (6) is fixedly connected to a lock cap B (7), a buffer spring (4) is provided between the retaining ring (3) and the lock cap B (7), and the upper end of the swing telescopic shaft (6) is fixedly connected to a special-shaped guide bevel section (1); The hydraulic power part includes a hydraulic cylinder outer shell (20), a center tube (19) and a hydraulic piston (21). The hydraulic piston (21) is located between the hydraulic cylinder body and the center tube (19). The hydraulic piston (21) is fixedly connected to the center tube (19). The hydraulic piston (21) and the hydraulic cylinder body are movably sealed. A pressure transmission hole (22) is provided on the center tube (19) above the hydraulic piston (21). A hydraulic balance hole (18) is processed on the hydraulic cylinder outer shell (20). The overflow pressure regulating part includes a valve outer sleeve (26), the upper end of the valve outer sleeve (26) is connected to the valve upper joint (31), the lower end of the valve outer sleeve (26) is connected to the valve lower joint (23), a valve inner sleeve (30) is fixedly provided in the valve outer sleeve (26) between the valve upper joint (31) and the valve lower joint (23), a pressure regulating piston (33) is provided in the sliding seal inside the valve inner sleeve (30), the valve lower joint (23) is threadedly connected to the pressure regulating sleeve (24), and the pressure regulating sleeve (24) is connected to the pressure regulating piston (33). A pressure regulating spring (25) is provided between the valve and the valve plug (33). Under the elastic force of the pressure regulating spring (25), the pressure regulating piston (33) has a tendency to move away from the pressure regulating sleeve (24). The upper end of the pressure regulating piston (33) is provided with a ball seat, and the lower end of the valve upper joint (31) is also provided with a ball seat. A valve ball (34) is provided between the pressure regulating piston (33) and the valve upper joint (31). A radial external pressure relief hole (28) is provided on the valve outer sleeve (26), and a radial internal pressure relief hole (28) is provided on the valve inner sleeve (30). The pressure relief hole (29), the external pressure relief hole (28) and the internal pressure relief hole (29) are always in a connected state. A flow channel (27) is provided on the wall of the valve inner sleeve (30). The two ports of the flow channel (27) are respectively located at the upper and lower parts of the valve inner sleeve (30). The internal pressure relief hole (29) and the flow channel (27) are at different phase angles of the valve inner sleeve (30). The lower part of the pressure regulating piston (33) is provided with a radial flow hole (32). In the initial state of the pressure regulating piston (33), the flow channel (27) is provided. The flow hole (32) is communicated with the internal pressure relief hole (29), and the pressure regulating piston (33) blocks the upper end of the flow channel (27). The lower limit position of the downward movement of the valve inner sleeve (30) is located above the lower end of the flow channel (27). When the valve inner sleeve (30) moves downward to the lower limit position, the pressure regulating piston (33) releases the blockage of the upper end of the flow channel (27), and the flow channel (27) is in a passage. At this time, the internal pressure relief hole (29) is blocked by the pressure regulating piston (33) and is in a circuit-breaking state. The upper portion of the impact head limiting sleeve (16) in the expansion portion is directly or indirectly connected to the central tube (19) in the hydraulic power portion, so that the impact shaft (14) and the central tube (19) move synchronously; the hydraulic cylinder outer sleeve (20) in the hydraulic power portion is directly or indirectly connected to the valve lower joint (23) in the overflow pressure regulating portion; and the valve upper joint (31) in the overflow pressure regulating portion is connected to the lower end of the hydraulic oil pipe anchor.

2. The hydraulic pulse expansion type casing stepless repair device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: There are at least two hydraulic pistons (21) in the hydraulic power part, and each hydraulic piston (21) is equipped with a pressure transmission hole (22), thereby forming a parallel multi-stage hydraulic power.

3. The hydraulic pulse expansion type casing stepless repair device according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the expansion blocks (11) on the three cone sections (13) are all expanded, the entire circumference of the casing is expanded, so that the entire casing expansion and repair does not miss any dead corners.

4. The hydraulic pulse expansion type casing stepless repair device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The central cavity of the pressure regulating sleeve (24) has an inner hexagon, so that the pressure regulating sleeve (24) can be easily rotated.

5. The hydraulic pulse expansion type casing stepless repair device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A cutting section (2) is provided between the swing telescopic shaft (6) and the special-shaped guiding and beveling section (1).

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