Fullerene nanoparticles and uses thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure related to compositions and methods of multifunctional fullerene nanoparticles.

Description

[0001]Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) TITLE Fullerene Nanoparticles and Uses Thereof CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application no.63 / 624,552, filed January 24, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH This invention was made with government support under grant number GM151131- 01 awarded by the National Institutes of Health, grant number DE-SC0020260 awarded by the Department of Energy, and grant number 2238629 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention. BACKGROUND Nature synthesizes complex structures with precise macromolecules to achieve macroscale functionality. In future chemical biology, the bottom-up molecular approach to synthesize “designer nanoparticles” is extremely attractive. Recent advancements in nanoparticles have yielded biomedical tools that excel in navigating the heterogeneous biological systems, microenvironments, and cellular barriers to achieve powerful probes, diagnostics, and therapeutics. In particular, the multivalency effect of nanoparticles allows for anchoring a large swath of biological ligands ranging from targeting agents, fluorescent dyes, and multimodal diagnostic tools into one entity. However, conventional nanoparticles are inherently polydisperse and the outlook of precise molecular platforms is hence highly promising. Precise molecular design principles would enable quantitative understanding of the structure-property correlations, ensure uniform performance, and facilitate quality control in scaling-up and storage in future applications. Specific to the stringent requirements in biological and medical research, precise synthesis conceptually and practically offers more robust quantification, reproducibility, and ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) studies. Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a close relative of fullerenes, have a unique structure with metal ions / clusters encapsulated in a carbon cage, which provides an ideal interface for organic chemists to operate on metal elements, and opens the door to metallodrugs with definitively sealed heavy metal ions. The application of Gd EMFs as MRI - 1 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) contrast agents is a perfect case in point. Clinical contrast-enhanced MRI exams use gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) of Gd complexes; however, the Gd3+ions can escape from the chelates under physiological conditions, which causes serious safety concerns, including kidney dysfunction (nephrogenic systemic fibrosis) and Gd3+deposition in the brain. EMFs represent an ultimate solution for precluding the release of Gd3+ions by physically confining them in a cage. Although various high T1 relaxivity (r1) EMF GBCAs have been developed, existing surface modifications to solubilize hydrophobic EMFs in water result in mixtures with heterogeneous number and random regiochemistry of hydrophilic groups, posing serious challenges in characterization and reproducibility. Additionally, EMF aggregation in water driven by the surface hydrophilic groups would conceal these groups, which hinders further introduction of biological ligands. Precise water-soluble EMFs for safe MRI contrast agents and metallodrugs in general are in critical demand. There is a need in the art for improved nanotechnologies that can be used to address various industrial, medical, and mechanical problems. This disclosure provides solutions to such needs through derivatives of fullerenes. BRIEF SUMMARY The disclosure provides a (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene compound hexakis-substituted with one G1group and five independently selected G2groups, or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof: G2 G2; wherein G1and G2are The disclosure provides a (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene compound hexakis-substituted with six independently selected G1groups, or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof: - 2 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) ; wherein G1and G2are The disclosure a compound contemplated herein. The disclosure provides a method of imaging a cell, tissue, or organ in a subject, the method comprising: administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound contemplated herein, wherein the compound comprises a detectable cargo; and detecting whether the compound is present in a cell, tissue, or organ in the subject, thereby imaging the cell, tissue, or organ of the subject. The disclosure provides a method of imaging a cell, tissue, or organ, the method comprising: contacting the cell, tissue, or organ with an effective amount of a compound contemplated herein, wherein the compound comprises a detectable cargo; and detecting whether the compound is present in a cell, tissue, or organ, thereby imaging the cell, tissue, or organ. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments of the present application. The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. FIG.1a depicts using C60hexakisadducts as a modular scaffold synthesized through exemplary reactants via Bingel-Hirsch reactants. FIG.1b depicts schematic representation of different molecular arrangements on a modular scaffold. - 3 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) FIG.2 depicts synthesis of azido-ethylene-saccharide ligands which can be connected to the connected to the MBT cores via CuAAC. FIG.3a depicts an example of cell viability assay between normal, cancerous, and stem cell lines for Lu containing MBTs 8b, 8b’, and 8c. FIG.3b depicts an example of MRI of Gadolinium based contrast agent (GBCA) solutions on a 1.0 T scanner. The measured relaxivity of each compound is shown in paranthesis. FIG.4 depicts schematic illustration of the synthetic route of hydrophilic MBTs. FIG.5a depicts synthetic route towards MBTs with different ligands, including endohedral metallofullerene (EMF) comprising either Gd or Lu. FIG.5b depicts building biochemically specific ligands including Metallobuckytrio MRI probes comprising Gadolinium based Contrast Agents (GBCAs), MBTs with a “10 + 2” design, Internalizing Arg-Gly-Asp (iRGD) peptide and its fluorescent analogue, 6- Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-iRGD ligand, and Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) ligand. FIG.6 depicts an in situ hybridization probe on an MBT scaffold. FIG.7a depicts pH sensitive dyes arranged within a 6 + 6 MBT design with pairs of activatable and reference dyes for precise signal amplification. FIG.7b depicts structure of the Alexa 680 and BODIPY dye activation by pH environment. FIG.8 depicts a tridecad MBT with structural variables: L1 and L2 are linkers and M1 are functionalized or loaded fullerenes. FIG.9 depicts long-range charge separation due to charge transport in porphyrin rich microphase, with ligands omitted for clarity. FIG.10 depicts an example of transient absorption spectrum of a mixture of 8c and 16b excited at 438 nm with the decay of 670 nm (top) and 900 nm (bottom) on the right, assigned to the ZnP*+radical cation and Lu3N@C80*+radican anion, respectively. FIG.11a depicts absorption redshift of the 2pPDI from Perylene diimide (PDI) ligand. FIG.11b depicts examples of estimated energy levels of Perylene diimide (PDI), fullerene, and Endohedral Metallofullerene (EMF) derivatives. FIG.11c depicts synthetic route of the MBT ligand of 17 with varyling ethylene glycol subunit length. FIG.12 depicts an example of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) quantification of Type I and Type II Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation using stable spin traps. - 4 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) FIG.13 depicts NMR characterization of Compound 8 precursor comprising TMS protection of alkyne ligand attachment group. FIG.14 depicts capacity in ESR hydroxyl radical quenching experiments and magnetic field properties of C60fullerene core. FIG.15 depicts C60 fullerene core control and tests of antioxidant in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, examples of which are illustrated in part in the accompanying drawings. While the disclosed subject matter will be described in conjunction with the enumerated claims, it will be understood that the exemplified subject matter is not intended to limit the claims to the disclosed subject matter. Throughout this document, values expressed in a range format should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a range of “about 0.1% to about 5%” or “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not just about 0.1% to about 5%, but also the individual values (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range. The statement “about X to Y” has the same meaning as “about X to about Y,” unless indicated otherwise. Likewise, the statement “about X, Y, or about Z” has the same meaning as “about X, about Y, or about Z,” unless indicated otherwise. In this document, the terms “a,” “an,” or “the” are used to include one or more than one unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated. The statement “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” has the same meaning as “A, B, or A and B.” In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein, and not otherwise defined, is for the purpose of description only and not of limitation. Any use of section headings is intended to aid reading of the document and is not to be interpreted as limiting; information that is relevant to a section heading may occur within or outside of that particular section. All publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by - 5 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) reference, the usage in the incorporated reference should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls. In the methods described herein, the acts can be carried out in any order, except when a temporal or operational sequence is explicitly recited. Furthermore, specified acts can be carried out concurrently unless explicit claim language recites that they be carried out separately. For example, a claimed act of doing X and a claimed act of doing Y can be conducted simultaneously within a single operation, and the resulting process will fall within the literal scope of the claimed process. Definitions The term “about” as used herein can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range, and includes the exact stated value or range. The term “substantially” as used herein refers to a majority of, or mostly, as in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more, or 100%. The term “substantially free of” as used herein can mean having none or having a trivial amount of, such that the amount of material present does not affect the material properties of the composition including the material, such that the composition is about 0 wt% to about 5 wt% of the material, or about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 5 wt% or less, or less than, equal to, or greater than about 4.5 wt%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001 wt% or less. The term “substantially free of” can mean having a trivial amount of, such that a composition is about 0 wt% to about 5 wt% of the material, or about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 5 wt% or less, or less than, equal to, or greater than about 4.5 wt%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001 wt% or less, or about 0 wt%. The term “organic group” as used herein refers to any carbon-containing functional group. Examples can include an oxygen-containing group such as an alkoxy group, aryloxy group, aralkyloxy group, oxo(carbonyl) group; a carboxyl group including a carboxylic acid, carboxylate, and a carboxylate ester; a sulfur-containing group such as an alkyl and aryl sulfide group; and other heteroatom-containing groups. Non-limiting examples of organic groups include OR, OOR, OC(O)N(R)2, CN, CF3, OCF3, R, C(O), methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, N(R)2, SR, SOR, SO2R, SO2N(R)2, SO3R, C(O)R, C(O)C(O)R, C(O)CH2C(O)R, C(S)R, C(O)OR, OC(O)R, C(O)N(R)2, OC(O)N(R)2, C(S)N(R)2, (CH2)0-2N(R)C(O)R, (CH2)0-2N(R)N(R)2, N(R)N(R)C(O)R, N(R)N(R)C(O)OR, N(R)N(R)CON(R)2, - 6 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) N(R)SO2R, N(R)SO2N(R)2, N(R)C(O)OR, N(R)C(O)R, N(R)C(S)R, N(R)C(O)N(R)2, N(R)C(S)N(R)2, N(COR)COR, N(OR)R, C(=NH)N(R)2, C(O)N(OR)R, C(=NOR)R, and substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C100)hydrocarbyl, wherein R can be hydrogen (in examples that include other carbon atoms) or a carbon-based moiety, and wherein the carbon-based moiety can be substituted or unsubstituted. The term “substituted” as used herein in conjunction with a molecule or an organic group as defined herein refers to the state in which one or more hydrogen atoms contained therein are replaced by one or more non-hydrogen atoms. The substitution can be direct substitution, whereby the hydrogen atom is replaced by a functional group or substituent, or an indirect substitution, whereby an intervening linker group replaces the hydrogen atom, and the substituent or functional group is bonded to the intervening linker group. A non-limiting example of direct substitution is: RR-H ^ RR-Cl, wherein RR is an organic moiety / fragment / molecule. A non-limiting example of indirect substitution is: RR-H ^ RR- (LL)zz-Cl, wherein RR is an organic moiety / fragment / molecule, LL is an intervening linker group, and ‘zz’ is an integer from 0 to 100 inclusive. When zz is 0, LL is absent, and direct substitution results. The intervening linker group LL is at each occurrence independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -O-, -OR, -S-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, -SR, -N(R)-, - NR2, -CR=, -C^^^-CH2-, -CHR-, -CR2-, -CH3, -C(=O)-, -C(=NR)-, and combinations thereof. (LL)zz can be linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, and combinations thereof. The term “functional group” or “substituent” as used herein refers to a group that can be or is substituted onto a molecule or onto an organic group. Examples of substituents or functional groups include, but are not limited to, a halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, and I); an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, aralkyloxy groups, oxo(carbonyl) groups, carboxyl groups including carboxylic acids, carboxylates, and carboxylate esters; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, alkyl and aryl sulfide groups, sulfoxide groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfonamide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, hydroxyamines, nitriles, nitro groups, N-oxides, hydrazides, azides, and enamines; and other heteroatoms in various other groups. Non-limiting examples of substituents that can be bonded to a substituted carbon (or other) atom include F, Cl, Br, I, OR, OC(O)N(R)2, CN, NO, NO2, ONO2, azido, CF3, OCF3, R, O (oxo), S (thiono), C(O), S(O), methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, N(R)2, SR, SOR, SO2R, SO2N(R)2, SO3R, C(O)R, C(O)C(O)R, C(O)CH2C(O)R, C(S)R, C(O)OR, OC(O)R, C(O)N(R)2, OC(O)N(R)2, C(S)N(R)2, (CH2)0-2N(R)C(O)R, (CH2)0-2N(R)N(R)2, N(R)N(R)C(O)R, N(R)N(R)C(O)OR, - 7 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) N(R)N(R)CON(R)2, N(R)SO2R, N(R)SO2N(R)2, N(R)C(O)OR, N(R)C(O)R, N(R)C(S)R, N(R)C(O)N(R)2, N(R)C(S)N(R)2, N(COR)COR, N(OR)R, C(=NH)N(R)2, C(O)N(OR)R, and C(=NOR)R, wherein R can be hydrogen or a carbon-based moiety; for example, R can be hydrogen, (C1-C100)hydrocarbyl, alkyl, acyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; or wherein two R groups bonded to a nitrogen atom or to adjacent nitrogen atoms can together with the nitrogen atom or atoms form a heterocyclyl. The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to straight chain and branched alkyl groups and cycloalkyl groups having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of straight chain alkyl groups include those with from 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2- dimethylpropyl groups. As used herein, the term “alkyl” encompasses n-alkyl, isoalkyl, and anteisoalkyl groups as well as other branched chain forms of alkyl. Representative substituted alkyl groups can be substituted one or more times with any of the groups listed herein, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups. The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to straight and branched chain and cyclic alkyl groups as defined herein, except that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms. Thus, alkenyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, or 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or 2 to 12 carbon atoms or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to vinyl, -CH=C=CCH2, -CH=CH(CH3), - CH=C(CH3)2, -C(CH3)=CH2, -C(CH3)=CH(CH3), -C(CH2CH3)=CH2, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, and hexadienyl among others. The term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to straight and branched chain alkyl groups, except that at least one triple bond exists between two carbon atoms. Thus, alkynyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or from 2 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to – C^CH, -C^C(CH3), -C^C(CH2CH3), -CH2C^CH, -CH2C^C(CH3), and -CH2C^C(CH2CH3) among others. The term “acyl” as used herein refers to a group containing a carbonyl moiety wherein the group is bonded via the carbonyl carbon atom. The carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen forming a “formyl” group or is bonded to another carbon atom, which can be part of an alkyl, aryl, aralkyl cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, - 8 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl group or the like. An acyl group can include 0 to about 12, 0 to about 20, or 0 to about 40 additional carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl group. An acyl group can include double or triple bonds within the meaning herein. An acryloyl group is an example of an acyl group. An acyl group can also include heteroatoms within the meaning herein. A nicotinoyl group (pyridyl-3-carbonyl) is an example of an acyl group within the meaning herein. Other examples include acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl, pyridylacetyl, cinnamoyl, and acryloyl groups and the like. When the group containing the carbon atom that is bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom contains a halogen, the group is termed a “haloacyl” group. An example is a trifluoroacetyl group. The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to cyclic alkyl groups such as, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group can have 3 to about 8-12 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 4, 5, 6, or 7. Cycloalkyl groups further include polycyclic cycloalkyl groups such as, but not limited to, norbornyl, adamantyl, bornyl, camphenyl, isocamphenyl, and carenyl groups, and fused rings such as, but not limited to, decalinyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups also include rings that are substituted with straight or branched chain alkyl groups as defined herein. Representative substituted cycloalkyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, 2,2-, 2,3-, 2,4- 2,5- or 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groups or mono-, di- or tri-substituted norbornyl or cycloheptyl groups, which can be substituted with, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups. The term “cycloalkenyl” alone or in combination denotes a cyclic alkenyl group. The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a cycloalkyl group as defined herein in which one or more carbon atoms in the ring are replaced by a heteroatom such as O, N, S, P, and the like, each of which may be substituted as described herein if an open valence is present, and each may be in any suitable stable oxidation state. The term “aryl” as used herein refers to cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups that do not contain heteroatoms in the ring. Thus aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indacenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, naphthacenyl, chrysenyl, biphenylenyl, anthracenyl, and naphthyl groups. In some embodiments, aryl groups contain about 6 to about 14 carbons in the ring portions of the groups. Aryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, as defined herein. Representative substituted aryl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, a phenyl group substituted at any one or more of 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions of - 9 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) the phenyl ring, or a naphthyl group substituted at any one or more of 2- to 8-positions thereof. The term “aralkyl” as used herein refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined herein. Representative aralkyl groups include benzyl and phenylethyl groups and fused (cycloalkylaryl)alkyl groups such as 4-ethyl-indanyl. Aralkenyl groups are alkenyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined herein. The term “heterocyclyl” as used herein refers to aromatic and non-aromatic ring compounds containing three or more ring members, of which one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S. Thus, a heterocyclyl can be a cycloheteroalkyl, or a heteroaryl, or if polycyclic, any combination thereof. In some embodiments, heterocyclyl groups include 3 to about 20 ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to about 15 ring members. The term heterocyclyl includes rings where a CH2group in the ring is replaced by one or more C=O groups, such as found in cyclic ketones, lactones, and lactams. Examples of heterocyclyl groups containing a C=O group include, but are not limited to, β- propiolactam, γ-butyrolactam, δ-valerolactam, and ε-caprolactam, as well as the corresponding lactones. A heterocyclyl group designated as a C2-heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth. Likewise a C4-heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth. The number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms equals the total number of ring atoms. A heterocyclyl ring can also include one or more double bonds. A heteroaryl ring is an embodiment of a heterocyclyl group. The phrase “heterocyclyl group” includes fused ring species including those that include fused aromatic and non-aromatic groups. For example, a dioxolanyl ring and a benzdioxolanyl ring system (methylenedioxyphenyl ring system) are both heterocyclyl groups within the meaning herein. The phrase also includes polycyclic ring systems containing a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, quinuclidyl. Heterocyclyl groups can be unsubstituted, or can be substituted as discussed herein. Heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, indolyl, dihydroindolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, - 10 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups. Representative substituted heterocyclyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, piperidinyl or quinolinyl groups, which are 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6- substituted, or disubstituted with groups such as those listed herein. The term “heteroaryl” as used herein refers to aromatic ring compounds containing 5 or more ring members, of which, one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S; for instance, heteroaryl rings can have 5 to about 8-12 ring members. A heteroaryl group is a variety of a heterocyclyl group that possesses an aromatic electronic structure. A heteroaryl group designated as a C2-heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth. Likewise a C4-heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth. The number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms sums up to equal the total number of ring atoms. A heterocyclyl ring designated Cx-y can be any ring containing ‘x’ members up to ‘y’ members, including all intermediate integers between ‘x’ and ‘y’ and that contains one or more heteroatoms, as defined herein. In a ring designated Cx-y, all non- heteroatom members are carbon. Heterocyclyl rings designated Cx-y can also be polycyclic ring systems, such as bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems. Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups. Heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted, or can be substituted with groups as is discussed herein. Representative substituted heteroaryl groups can be substituted one or more times with groups such as those listed herein. Additional examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl, biphenyl, indenyl, naphthyl (1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl), N-hydroxytetrazolyl, N- hydroxytriazolyl, N-hydroxyimidazolyl, anthracenyl (1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl, 3- anthracenyl), thiophenyl (2-thienyl, 3-thienyl), furyl (2-furyl, 3-furyl) , indolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, fluorenyl, xanthenyl, isoindanyl, benzhydryl, acridinyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl (2-pyrrolyl), pyrazolyl (3-pyrazolyl), imidazolyl (1-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl), triazolyl (1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, 1,2,3-triazol-2-yl 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl), oxazolyl (2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl), thiazolyl (2-thiazolyl, 4- thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl), pyridyl (2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl), pyrimidinyl (2-pyrimidinyl, - 11 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl), pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl (3- pyridazinyl, 4- pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl), quinolyl (2-quinolyl, 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl, 5-quinolyl, 6- quinolyl, 7-quinolyl, 8-quinolyl), isoquinolyl (1-isoquinolyl, 3-isoquinolyl, 4-isoquinolyl, 5- isoquinolyl, 6-isoquinolyl, 7-isoquinolyl, 8-isoquinolyl), benzo[b]furanyl (2-benzo[b]furanyl, 3-benzo[b]furanyl, 4-benzo[b]furanyl, 5-benzo[b]furanyl, 6-benzo[b]furanyl, 7- benzo[b]furanyl), 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl (2-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 3-(2,3- dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 4-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 5-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 6-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 7-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), benzo[b]thiophenyl (2- benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 4-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 5-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 6- benzo[b]thiophenyl, 7-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, (2-(2,3- dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 3-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 4-(2,3-dihydro- benzo[b]thiophenyl), 5-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 6-(2,3-dihydro- benzo[b]thiophenyl), 7-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), indolyl (1-indolyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 4-indolyl, 5-indolyl, 6-indolyl, 7-indolyl), indazole (1-indazolyl, 3-indazolyl, 4-indazolyl, 5-indazolyl, 6-indazolyl, 7-indazolyl), benzimidazolyl (1-benzimidazolyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 4-benzimidazolyl, 5-benzimidazolyl, 6-benzimidazolyl, 7-benzimidazolyl, 8-benzimidazolyl), benzoxazolyl (1-benzoxazolyl, 2-benzoxazolyl), benzothiazolyl (1- benzothiazolyl, 2-benzothiazolyl, 4-benzothiazolyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, 6-benzothiazolyl, 7-benzothiazolyl), carbazolyl (1-carbazolyl, 2-carbazolyl, 3-carbazolyl, 4-carbazolyl), 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (5H-dibenz[b,f]azepin-1-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-2-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-3-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-4-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-yl), 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-1-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-2-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-3-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-4-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-yl), and the like. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” as used herein refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group as defined herein is replaced with a bond to a heterocyclyl group as defined herein. Representative heterocyclyl alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, furan-2-yl methyl, furan-3-yl methyl, pyridine-3-yl methyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl ethyl, and indol-2-yl propyl. The term “heteroarylalkyl” as used herein refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a heteroaryl group as defined herein. The term “alkoxy” as used herein refers to an oxygen atom connected to an alkyl - 12 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) group, including a cycloalkyl group, as are defined herein. Examples of linear alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, and the like. Examples of branched alkoxy include but are not limited to isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, isopentyloxy, isohexyloxy, and the like. Examples of cyclic alkoxy include but are not limited to cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like. An alkoxy group can include about 1 to about 12, about 1 to about 20, or about 1 to about 40 carbon atoms bonded to the oxygen atom, and can further include double or triple bonds, and can also include heteroatoms. For example, an allyloxy group or a methoxyethoxy group is also an alkoxy group within the meaning herein, as is a methylenedioxy group in a context where two adjacent atoms of a structure are substituted therewith. The term “amine” as used herein refers to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines having, e.g., the formula N(group)3wherein each group can independently be H or non-H, such as alkyl, aryl, and the like. Amines include but are not limited to R-NH2, for example, alkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines; R2NH wherein each R is independently selected, such as dialkylamines, diarylamines, aralkylamines, heterocyclylamines and the like; and R3N wherein each R is independently selected, such as trialkylamines, dialkylarylamines, alkyldiarylamines, triarylamines, and the like. The term “amine” also includes ammonium ions as used herein. The term “amino group” as used herein refers to a substituent of the form -NH2, - NHR, -NR2, -NR3+, wherein each R is independently selected, and protonated forms of each, except for -NR3+, which cannot be protonated. Accordingly, any compound substituted with an amino group can be viewed as an amine. An “amino group” within the meaning herein can be a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amino group. An “alkylamino” group includes a monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, and trialkylamino group. The terms “halo,” “halogen,” or “halide” group, as used herein, by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. The term “haloalkyl” group, as used herein, includes mono-halo alkyl groups, poly- halo alkyl groups wherein all halo atoms can be the same or different, and per-halo alkyl groups, wherein all hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms, such as fluoro. Examples of haloalkyl include trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dichloroethyl, 1,2-dichloroethyl, 1,3-dibromo-3,3- difluoropropyl, perfluorobutyl, and the like. The term “monovalent” as used herein refers to a substituent connecting via a single bond to a substituted molecule. When a substituent is monovalent, such as, for example, F or - 13 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) Cl, it is bonded to the atom it is substituting by a single bond. The term “hydrocarbon” or “hydrocarbyl” as used herein refers to a molecule or functional group that includes carbon and hydrogen atoms. The term can also refer to a molecule or functional group that normally includes both carbon and hydrogen atoms but wherein all the hydrogen atoms are substituted with other functional groups. As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl” refers to a functional group derived from a straight chain, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon, and can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, or any combination thereof. Hydrocarbyl groups can be shown as (Ca- Cb)hydrocarbyl, wherein a and b are integers and mean having any of a to b number of carbon atoms. For example, (C1-C4)hydrocarbyl means the hydrocarbyl group can be methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), propyl (C3), or butyl (C4), and (C0-Cb)hydrocarbyl means in certain embodiments there is no hydrocarbyl group. As used herein, the term “C6-10-5-6 membered heterobiaryl” means a C6-10 aryl moiety covalently bonded through a single bond to a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl moiety. The C6-10aryl moiety and the 5-6-membered heteroaryl moiety can be any of the suitable aryl and heteroaryl groups described herein. Non-limiting examples of a C6-10-5-6 membered heterobiaryl include . When the C6-10-5-6 (e.g., as an “R” group), the C6-10-5-6 membered heterobiaryl is bonded to the rest of the molecule through the C6-10 moiety. As used herein, the term “5-6 membered- C6-10 heterobiaryl” is the same as a C6-10-5-6 membered heterobiaryl, except that when the 5-6 membered- C6-10heterobiaryl is listed as a substituent (e.g., as an “R” group), the 5-6 membered- C6-10 heterobiaryl is bonded to the rest of the molecule through the 5-6-membered heteroaryl moiety. As used herein, the term “C6-10- C6-10 biaryl” means a C6-10 aryl moiety covalently bonded through a single bond to another C6-10 aryl moiety. The C6-10 aryl moiety can be any of the suitable aryl groups described herein. Non-limiting example of a C6-10- C6-10biaryl include biphenyl and binaphthyl. The term “solvent” as used herein refers to a liquid that can dissolve a solid, liquid, or - 14 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) gas. Non-limiting examples of solvents are silicones, organic compounds, water, alcohols, ionic liquids, and supercritical fluids. The term “independently selected from” as used herein refers to referenced groups being the same, different, or a mixture thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, under this definition, the phrase “X1, X2, and X3are independently selected from noble gases” would include the scenario where, for example, X1, X2, and X3are all the same, where X1, X2, and X3are all different, where X1and X2are the same but X3is different, and other analogous permutations. The term “room temperature” as used herein refers to a temperature of about 15 °C to 28 °C. The term “standard temperature and pressure” as used herein refers to 20 °C and 101 kPa. As used herein, the term “composition” or “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of at least one compound described herein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to a patient or subject. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to, intravenous, oral, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary and topical administration. A “disease” is a state of health of an animal wherein the animal cannot maintain homeostasis, and wherein if the disease is not ameliorated then the animal’s health continues to deteriorate. In contrast, a “disorder” in an animal is a state of health in which the animal is able to maintain homeostasis, but in which the animal’s state of health is less favorable than it would be in the absence of the disorder. Left untreated, a disorder does not necessarily cause a further decrease in the animal’s state of health. As used herein, the terms “effective amount,” “pharmaceutically effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” refer to a nontoxic but sufficient amount of an agent to provide the desired biological result. That result may be reduction and / or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. An appropriate therapeutic amount in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation. As used herein, the term “efficacy” refers to the maximal effect (Emax) achieved within an assay. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material, such as a - 15 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively non-toxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained. As used herein, the language “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of the administered compounds prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases, including inorganic acids or bases, organic acids or bases, solvates, hydrates, or clathrates thereof. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric (including sulfate and hydrogen sulfate), and phosphoric acids (including hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate). Appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, malonic, saccharin, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, alginic, β-hydroxybutyric, salicylic, galactaric and galacturonic acid. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds described herein include, for example, ammonium salts, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, N,N’-dibenzylethylene-diamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine. All of these salts may be prepared from the corresponding compound by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with the compound. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or carrier, such as a liquid or solid filler, stabilizer, dispersing agent, suspending agent, diluent, excipient, thickening agent, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a compound described herein within or to the patient such that it may perform its intended function. Typically, such constructs are carried or transported from one organ, or - 16 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation, including the compound(s) described herein, and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials that may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; surface active agents; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer’s solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” also includes any and all coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are compatible with the activity of the compound(s) described herein, and are physiologically acceptable to the patient. Supplementary active compounds may also be incorporated into the compositions. The “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound(s) described herein. Other additional ingredients that may be included in the pharmaceutical compositions used with the methods or compounds described herein are known in the art and described, for example in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (Genaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., 1985, Easton, PA), which is incorporated herein by reference. The terms “patient,” “subject,” or “individual” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to any animal, or cells thereof whether in vitro or in situ, amenable to the methods described herein. In a non-limiting embodiment, the patient, subject or individual is a human. As used herein, the term “potency” refers to the dose needed to produce half the maximal response (ED50). A “therapeutic” treatment is a treatment administered to a subject who exhibits signs of pathology, for the purpose of diminishing or eliminating those signs. As used herein, the term “treatment” or “treating” is defined as the application or administration of a therapeutic agent, i.e., a compound or compounds as described herein (alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical agent), to a patient, or application or administration of a therapeutic agent to an isolated tissue or cell line from a patient (e.g., for - 17 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) diagnosis or ex vivo applications), who has a condition contemplated herein or a symptom of a condition contemplated herein, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect a condition contemplated herein, or the symptoms of a condition contemplated herein. Such treatments may be specifically tailored or modified, based on knowledge obtained from the field of pharmacogenomics. Compositions Compounds of the disclosure herein relate to compounds comprising fullerene metallobuckytrio (MBT) derivatives further functionalized with certain ligands, nucleotides, and other molecular entities. In some embodiments, the compounds form a nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the compounds comprise a tridecad structure. In some embodiments, the compounds comprise a probe or nanoprobe. In some embodiments, the compounds form a micelle or micellar structure. In one aspect, provided herein is a (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene compound hexakis- substituted with one G1group and five independently selected G2groups, or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof: G2G2; wherein: G1is: ; each occurrence of G2is each occurrence of A1, A2, selected from the group - 18 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) consisting of -C(=O)-, -CH(OH)-, -CF2-, -CFH-, and C1-C3 alkanediyl; L1is -R1a- R1b-*, wherein L1is bound to X through the bond marked as *; L2is -R2a- R2b-*, wherein L2is bound to Y through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of L3is independently -R3a- R3b-*, wherein L3is bound to Z1through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of L4is independently -R4a- R4b-*, wherein L4is bound to Z2through the bond marked as *; X is -R5a- R5b-Cargox; Y is -R6a- R6b-Cargoy; each occurrence of Z1is independently -R7a- R7b-Cargoz1; each occurrence of Z2is independently -R8a- R8b-Cargoz2; wherein: each occurrence of R1a, R2a, R3a, and R4ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R1b, R2b, R3b, and R4bis independently -NH-, - C(=O)-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, or C1-C3 alkanediyl; each occurrence of R5a, R6a, R7a, and R8ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R5b, R6b, R7b, and R8bis independently -NH-, - C(=O)-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, -(CH2CH2O)t-, -(OCH2CH2)t-, - (OCH2CH2)tNH-, optionally substituted C1-C8alkanediyl, optionally substituted C3-C8 heterocyclediyl, optionally substituted C5-C10 arenediyl, or optionally substituted C5-C10heteroarenediyl, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20; each occurrence of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is an independently selected cargo group, such that: Cargoxis different from Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2, and Cargoyis different from Cargox, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2. In some aspects, provided herein is a (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene compound hexakis- substituted with six independently selected G1groups, or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof: - 19 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) ; each occurrence ; each occurrence of A1and A2selected from the group consisting of -CH2-, -C(=O)-, -CH(OH)-, -CF2-, - , alkanediyl; each occurrence of L1is independently -R1a- R1b-*, wherein L1is bound to X through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of L2is independently -R2a- R2b-*, wherein L2is bound to Y through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of X is independently -R5a- R5b-Cargox; each occurrence of Y is independently -R6a- R6b-Cargoy; wherein: each occurrence of R1aand R2ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R1band R2bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)-, -O-, - S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, C1-C3 alkanediyl; each occurrence of R5aand R6ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R5band R6bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)-, -O-, - S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, -(CH2CH2O)t-, -(OCH2CH2)t-, -(OCH2CH2)tNH-, optionally substituted C1-C8 alkanediyl, optionally substituted C3-C8 heterocyclediyl, optionally substituted C5-C10arenediyl, or optionally substituted C5-C10 heteroarenediyl, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20; - 20 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) each occurrence of Cargoxand Cargoyis an independently selected cargo groups, wherein each Cargoxis different from each Cargoy. In some embodiments, A1and A2are -C(=O)-. In one aspect, the compounds of the disclosure comprise a linker. The linkers contemplated in any aspect of the disclosure can be any linker known in the art, as long as they do not significantly disturb or modify the biological activity of the components of the construct in which they are included. Non-limiting examples of linkers include amino acids, peptides, peptidomimetics, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, hydrocarbon-based chains (which may include alkyl chains, alkenyl chains, alkynyl chains, cycloalkyl chains, aryl chains, heteroaryl chains, heterocyclyl chains, and so on, and any combinations thereof). In certain embodiments, the linker of the present disclosure is a bond. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises from about 1 to about 50 residues selected from O, CH2, CH2CH2, -C(=O)NH-, CH(CH3)CH2, CH2CH2O, and C(CH3)CH2O. In some embodiments, at least one linker group independently one or more - CH2CH2O-, -OCH2CH2-, -OCH(CH3)CH2-, -OCH2CH(CH3)-, CH(CH3)CH2O-, - CH2CH(CH3)O-, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least one linker group is independently a polymer of polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, at least one linker group is independently a polymer of polypropylene glycol. In certain embodiments, a linker can be an amino acid spacer including 1-50 amino acids. Suitable peptide spacers are known in the art, and include, for example, peptide linkers containing flexible amino acid residues such as glycine, alanine, and serine. In certain embodiments, the linker is a polypeptide comprising 11-50, 1-40, 1-30, 1-20, 1-10, and / or 1-5 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises Gly and / or Ser amino acids. In certain embodiments, the linker of the present disclosure has the formula: -(CH2)m1-X4-[(CH2)m4X5]m2-(CH2)m3-(X6)- (VI’) or -(X6)-(CH2)m3-[X5(CH2)m4]m2-X4-(CH2)m1- (VI’’). In certain embodiments, each m1, m2, and m3 is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. In certain embodiments, each m4 is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, each X4, X5, and X6is independently absent (a bond), - O-, -S-, -N(R1)-, -C(=O)-N(R1)-, or -N(R1)-C(=O)-, wherein each R1is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted C3-C8cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted C3-C8 cycloheteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, the linker does - 21 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) not comprises a -O-O- or a -S-S bond. In other embodiments, the linker of the present disclosure corresponds to formula: -(CH2)m1-O-(CH2-CH2-O)m2-(CH2)m3-C(O)- (VII’) or -C(O)-(CH2)m3-(O-CH2-CH2)m2-O-(CH2)m1- (VII’’). Each m1, m2, and m3 is defined elsewhere herein. In certain embodiments, each m1, m2, and m3 is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. In yet other embodiments, the linker of the present disclosure corresponds to formula: -(CHR21)m1-O-(CHR22-CHR23-O)m2-(CHR24)m3-C(O)- (VIII’) or -C(O)-(CHR24)m3-(O- CHR23-CHR22)m2-O-(CHR21)m1- (VIII’’). In certain embodiments, each m1, m2, and m3 is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. In certain embodiments, each R21, R22, R23, and R24 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted C3- C8cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted C3-C8cycloheteroalkyl. In yet other embodiments, the linker of the present disclosure comprises a polyethylene glycol chain ranging in size from about 1 to about 12 ethylene glycol units, from about 1 to about 10 ethylene glycol units, from about 2 to about 6 ethylene glycol units, from about 2 to about 5 ethylene glycol units, or from about 2 to about 4 ethylene glycol units. In additional embodiments, the linker group is optionally substituted (poly)ethyleneglycol having between 1 and about 100 ethylene glycol units, between about 1 and about 50 ethylene glycol units, between 1 and about 25 ethylene glycol units, between about 1 and about 10 ethylene glycol units, between 1 and about 8 ethylene glycol units, between 1 and about 6 ethylene glycol units, between 2 and about 4 ethylene glycol units, or optionally substituted alkyl groups interdispersed with optionally substituted, O, N, S, P or Si atoms. In certain embodiments, the linker is substituted with an aryl, phenyl, benzyl, alkyl, alkylene, or heterocycle group. In yet other embodiments, the linker of the present disclosure corresponds to: -(D-CON-D)m1- (IX), wherein each D is independently a bond (absent), or –(CH2)m1-Y-C(O)-Y-(CH2)m1-; wherein m1 is defined elsewhere herein; Y is O, S or N-R4; CON is a bond (absent), an optionally substituted C3-C8 cycloheteroalkyl, piperazinyl or a group selected from the group consisting of the following chemical structures: - 22 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 2, -S(O)2O, -OS(O)2, X3is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CHR4, and NR4; and R4is selected from the group consisting of H and a C1-C3alkyl group optionally substituted with one or two hydroxyl groups. In certain embodiments, the linker is a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C1-45 hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-10 methylene units of the hydrocarbon are independently replaced with -O-, -S-, -N(R*)-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, - N(R*)S(O)2-, -S(O)2N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(O)-, -C(O)N(R*)-, -OC(O)N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(O)O-, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein R* represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, or C3-6cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, the linker has the following formula: wherein: X represents independently for each occurrence a bond, -O-, or -N(R1)-; R1represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl; R is hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, the linker has the following formula: , wherein R is hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl, and n is 0, In some embodiments, R is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl. In certain embodiments, the linker has the following formula: Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) comprises polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a combination of polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol. In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, n is 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, the linker has the following In certain embodiments, the linker has the following . In certain embodiments, the linker has the following embodiments, the linker has the following embodiments, the linker has the following In some embodiments, each occurrence of G1is independently a structure of formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), formula (VI), formula (VII), or formula (VIII): ; ; ; 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) formula (V) ; wherein: m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, each occurrence of G2is independently a structure of formula (IX), formula (X), formula (XI), formula (XII), formula (XIII), or formula (XIV): ; ; ; 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) formula (XIII) ; wherein: each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 100; and each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 100. In some embodiments, each occurrence of -L1-X is independently selected from the group consisting of: , , In some selected from the group consisting of: , , In some selected from the group consisting of: , 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) , and . In some selected from the group consisting of: , , . In some selected from the group consisting of: . consisting of: N . group consisting of: . - 27 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) group consisting of: . consisting of 2, 3, and 4. In some embodiments, m and n are independently selected from the group consisting of 3, 4, 5, and 6. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R1a, R2a, R3a, and R4ais independently a polyethylene glycol chain from 1 to 100 units long, C1-C8 alkanediyl, C5-C10 arenediyl, or C5-C10heteroarenediyl. In some embodiments, each occurrence of R1b, R2b, R3b, and R4bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)NH-, or -NHC(=O)-. In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5a, R6a, R7a, and R8ais independently -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, or triazinediyl. In some embodiments, at least one of occurrence of R5b, R6b, R7b, and R8bis –(CH2CH2O)t-, - (OCH2CH2)t-, -(OCH2CH2)tNH-, or -NH(CH2CH2O)t-, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20. In some embodiments, Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is independently a compound selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid; peptide; protein; oligosaccharide; oligomer comprising polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or combinations thereof; polymer comprising polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or combinations thereof; lipid; glycolipid; lipoprotein; small molecule compound; carbohydrate; fluorescent label; radioactive label; imaging label; and diagnostic agent. In some embodiments, one or more Cargo groups comprise a polymer of polypropylene glycol and / or polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, one or more Cargo groups comprise a polymer of polypropylene glycol. In some embodiments, one or more Cargo groups comprise a polymer of polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, one or more Cargo groups comprise a co-polymer of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is independently a polymer of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is independently a polymer of polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, Cargoxis a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises - 28 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) polypropylene glycol and / or polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, Cargoyis a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises polypropylene glycol and / or polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, Cargoz1is a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises polypropylene glycol and / or polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, Cargoz2is a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises polypropylene glycol and / or polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the polymer of propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol comprises from 3 to 30 units of the corresponding monomer. In some embodiments, the polymer of propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol comprises 3 to 300 units of the corresponding monomer. In some embodiments, the polymer of propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol comprises from 10 to 1,000 units of the corresponding monomer. In some embodiments, the polymer of propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol comprises from 10 to 10,000 units of the corresponding monomer. In some embodiments, the polymer of propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol comprises from 10 to 100,000 units of the corresponding monomer. In some embodiments, the peptide comprises an enzyme, an antibody, an antibody fragment, or an antigen. In certain embodiments, the cargo moiety comprises a label, such as a dye or a radioactively labeled compound. In other embodiments, the cargo moiety comprises rhodamine. In yet other embodiments, the cargo moiety comprises a marker, such as green fluorescent protein, blue fluorescent protein, yellow fluorescent protein, biotin or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the fluorescent label, radioactive label, or imaging label comprises a phosphorescent label, a biofluorescent label, a luminescent dye, a chemiluminescent label, an electrochemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a fluorophore labeled DNA dendrimer, a porphyrin, a quantum dot, a tandem dye, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) dye, a heavy atom, a metal particle, a heavy metal chelate, a magnetic particle, a stable isotope, a spin label, a radioactive isotope, a nanoparticle, a light scattering nanoparticle or microsphere, a microbarcode particle, a radio frequency identification particle, a light-diffracting particle, a Raman-active particle, or combinations or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the fluorescent label is selected from the group consisting of perylene diimide (PDI) or an optionally substituted derivative thereof; di-pyrrolidyl perylene diimide, 5(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) or an optionally substituted derivative thereof; or combinations or derivatives thereof. - 29 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) In some embodiments, the imaging label comprises an endohedral metallofullerene or an endohedral metallofullerenol, or combinations or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or a ribonucleic acid (RNA), or an analogue thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA is a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. In some embodiments, the RNA hybridizes to a gene target or has a complementary sequence to a gene target. A non-limiting example of a non-naturally occurring nucleic acid is a nucleic acid sequence containing non-naturally occurring nucleoside analogs or phosphorothioate bonds that link the nucleotides and protect against degradation by nucleases. A ribonucleotide containing a 2-methyl group, instead of the normal hydroxyl group, bonded to the 2’-carbon atom of ribose residues, is an example of a non-naturally occurring RNA molecule that is resistant to enzymatic and chemical degradation. Other examples of non-naturally occurring organic molecules include RNA containing 2’-aminopyrimidines (wherein such RNA is 1,000 times more stable in human serum and urine as compared to naturally occurring RNA; Lin et al., 1994, Nucl. Acids Res.22:5229-5234, and Jellinek et al., 1995, Biochemistry, 34:11363-11372). In certain embodiments, the cargo moiety comprises a DNA, a RNA or a nucleic acid analog. The DNA or RNA may be an oligo(deoxy)nucleotide of any length. Such nucleic acid molecules may be linear, circular or supercoiled; may be single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA; or may be a DNA / RNA hybrid. Nucleic acid analogs include charged and uncharged backbone analogs, such as phosphonates (e.g., methyl phosphonates), phosphoramidates (N3’ or N5’), thiophosphates, uncharged morpholino-based polymers, and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). Such molecules may be used in a variety of therapeutic regimens, including enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy and anti-sense therapy, for example. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are analogs of DNA. The backbone of a PNA is formed by peptide bonds rather than phosphate esters, making it well-suited for anti-sense applications. Since the backbone is uncharged, PNA / DNA or PNA / RNA duplexes exhibit greater than normal thermal stability. PNAs have the additional advantage that they are not recognized by nucleases or proteases. PNAs may be synthesized on an automated peptides synthesizer using standard t-Boc chemistry. The PNA may be linked to a transport peptide of the disclosure using known methods in the art. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a carbohydrate. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate comprises glucose, beta-D-glucose, beta-D-maltose, maltotriose, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, alpha cyclodextrin, beta - 30 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is an optionally substituted metallofullerene from C60 to C90, wherein the metallofullerene encapsulates one or more metal atoms. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (A): wherein S1and S2are each a comprising 1 to 10,000 monosaccharide units. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (B): wherein: M is a metal atom; p is an integer ranging from 1 to 100; and r is an integer ranging from 1 to 10. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (C): - 31 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) O O p O NO wherein p is an integer ranging In some embodiments, at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a polyethylene glycol comprising 1 to 10,000 oxyethylene units. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargoz1is a fluorescent label. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargoxor Cargoyis a fluorescent label. In some embodiments, the fluorescent label is rhodamine, green fluorescent protein, blue fluorescent protein, or yellow fluorescent protein. In some embodiments, at least one of Cargoxand Cargoyis selected from the group consisting of: , The compositions containing the compound(s) described herein include a - 32 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound as described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certain embodiments, the composition is formulated for an administration route such as oral or parenteral, for example, transdermal, transmucosal (e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and perivaginally), (intra)nasal and (trans)rectal, intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrabronchial, inhalation, and topical administration. In some aspects, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound provided herein and further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Preparation of Compounds Compounds described herein can be prepared by the general schemes described herein, using the synthetic method known by those skilled in the art. The following examples illustrate non-limiting embodiments of the compound(s) described herein and their preparation. The compounds described herein can possess one or more stereocenters, and each stereocenter can exist independently in either the (R) or (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are present in optically active or racemic forms. It is to be understood that the compounds described herein encompass racemic, optically-active, regioisomeric and stereoisomeric forms, or combinations thereof that possess the therapeutically useful properties described herein. Preparation of optically active forms is achieved in any suitable manner, including by way of non-limiting example, by resolution of the racemic form with recrystallization techniques, synthesis from optically-active starting materials, chiral synthesis, or chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase. In certain embodiments, a mixture of one or more isomer is utilized as the therapeutic compound described herein. In other embodiments, compounds described herein contain one or more chiral centers. These compounds are prepared by any means, including stereoselective synthesis, enantioselective synthesis and / or separation of a mixture of enantiomers and / or diastereomers. Resolution of compounds and isomers thereof is achieved by any means including, by way of non-limiting example, chemical processes, enzymatic processes, fractional crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. The methods and formulations described herein include the use of N-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), solvates, amorphous phases, and / or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds having the structure of any - 33 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) compound(s) described herein, as well as metabolites and active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity. Solvates include water, ether (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether) or alcohol (e.g., ethanol) solvates, acetates and the like. In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, and ethanol. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form. In certain embodiments, the compound(s) described herein can exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs. A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. In other embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. In certain embodiments, sites on, for example, the aromatic ring portion of compound(s) described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions. Incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures may reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway. In certain embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a deuterium, a halogen, or an alkyl group. Compounds described herein also include isotopically-labeled compounds wherein one or more atoms is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds described herein include and are not limited to2H,3H,11C,13C,14C,36Cl,18F,123I,125I,13N,15N,15O,17O,18O,32P, and35S. In certain embodiments, isotopically-labeled compounds are useful in drug and / or substrate tissue distribution studies. In other embodiments, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium affords greater metabolic stability (for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements). In yet other embodiments, substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as11C,18F,15O and13N, is useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy. Isotopically-labeled compounds are prepared by any suitable method or by processes using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed. In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein are labeled by other means, - 34 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels. The compounds described herein, and other related compounds having different substituents are synthesized using techniques and materials described herein and as described, for example, in Fieser & Fieser’s Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), Larock’s Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989), March, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4thEd., (Wiley 1992); Carey & Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4th Ed., Vols. A and B (Plenum 2000,2001), and Green & Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 3rd Ed., (Wiley 1999) (all of which are incorporated by reference for such disclosure). General methods for the preparation of compound as described herein are modified by the use of appropriate reagents and conditions, for the introduction of the various moieties found in the formula as provided herein. Compounds described herein are synthesized using any suitable procedures starting from compounds that are available from commercial sources, or are prepared using procedures described herein. In certain embodiments, reactive functional groups, such as hydroxyl, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, are protected in order to avoid their unwanted participation in reactions. Protecting groups are used to block some or all of the reactive moieties and prevent such groups from participating in chemical reactions until the protective group is removed. In other embodiments, each protective group is removable by a different means. Protective groups that are cleaved under totally disparate reaction conditions fulfill the requirement of differential removal. In certain embodiments, protective groups are removed by acid, base, reducing conditions (such as, for example, hydrogenolysis), and / or oxidative conditions. Groups such as trityl, dimethoxytrityl, acetal and t-butyldimethylsilyl are acid labile and are used to protect carboxy and hydroxy reactive moieties in the presence of amino groups protected with Cbz groups, which are removable by hydrogenolysis, and Fmoc groups, which are base labile. Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked with base labile groups such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl, in the presence of amines that are blocked with acid labile groups, such as t-butyl carbamate, or with carbamates that are both acid and base stable but hydrolytically removable. In certain embodiments, carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked - 35 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) with hydrolytically removable protective groups such as the benzyl group, while amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding with acids are blocked with base labile groups such as Fmoc. Carboxylic acid reactive moieties are protected by conversion to simple ester compounds as exemplified herein, which include conversion to alkyl esters, or are blocked with oxidatively-removable protective groups such as 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, while co- existing amino groups are blocked with fluoride labile silyl carbamates. Allyl blocking groups are useful in the presence of acid- and base- protecting groups since the former are stable and are subsequently removed by metal or pi-acid catalysts. For example, an allyl-blocked carboxylic acid is deprotected with a palladium-catalyzed reaction in the presence of acid labile t-butyl carbamate or base-labile acetate amine protecting groups. Yet another form of protecting group is a resin to which a compound or intermediate is attached. As long as the residue is attached to the resin, that functional group is blocked and does not react. Once released from the resin, the functional group is available to react. Typically blocking / protecting groups may be selected from: . to the creation of protecting groups and their removal are described in Greene & Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Verlag, New York, NY, 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for such disclosure. Methods In some aspects, provided herein is a method of imaging a cell, tissue, and / or organ. - 36 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) In certain embodiments, the cell, tissue, and / or organ is in a subject. In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting the cell, tissue, and / or organ with an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, wherein in at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2is a detectable cargo. In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, wherein in at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2is a detectable cargo. In certain embodiments, the method comprises detecting whether the compound is present in the cell, tissue, and / or organ in vitro, ex vivo, and / or in vivo. In certain embodiments, the cell, tissue, and / or organ is imaged in the subject. In some embodiments, the method comprises imaging a cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises imaging an organ. In some embodiments, the method comprises imaging a tissue. In some embodiments, the method comprises imaging via single-molecule FRET. In some embodiments, the method comprises imaging via photobleaching. In some embodiments, the imaging further comprises diagnosis of a disease or disease state. In some embodiments, a therapeutic regimen is based on the diagnosis of the disease or disease state. In some embodiments, the detectable cargo is a phosphorescent label, a biofluorescent label, a luminescent dye, a chemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a fluorophore labeled DNA dendrimer, a porphyrin, a quantum dot, a tandem dye, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) dye, a heavy atom, a metal particle, a heavy metal chelate, a magnetic particle, a stable isotope, a spin label, a radioactive isotope, a nanoparticle, a radio frequency identification particle, a light-diffracting particle, a Raman-active particle, or combinations or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the imaging is performed using magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission imaging, radiographic imaging, fluoroscopy, scintigraphy, ultrasound imaging, elastography imaging, photoacoustic imaging, tomography, magnetic particle imaging, infrared imaging, ultraviolet imaging, visible light imaging, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the imaging is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In some embodiments, the imaging is positron emission tomography (PET). In some embodiments, the detectable cargo comprises a contrast agent. In some embodiments, the detectable cargo comprises a metallic contrast agent. In some embodiments, the detectable cargo comprises a gadolinium based contrast agent. In some embodiments, the imaging comprises detection of a contrast agent. In some embodiments, the imaging comprises detection of a metal chelate. In some embodiments, the imaging comprises detection of a metal based contrast agent. In some embodiments, the - 37 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) imaging comprises detection of gadolinium based contrast agent. In some embodiments, the imaging comprises detection of molecular hybridization. In some embodiments, the imaging comprises detection of in situ molecular hybridization. In some embodiments, the imaging comprises detection of fluorescent resonance energy transfer. In some embodiments, the imaging comprises detection of positron emission. In some embodiments, the imaging comprises detection of Förster resonance energy transfer. In some embodiments, the detection step comprises hybridization of a nucleic acid from the subject with at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2. In some embodiments, the imaging allows for detection of a lesion or disorder in a subject. In some embodiments, the imaging allows for detection of a specific gene or gene products such as a messenger RNA (mRNA). In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a therapeutic agent to the subject to treat and / or ameliorate the lesion or disorder. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a mouse. In some embodiments, the subject is a rat. In some embodiments, the mammal is human. The disclosure includes a method of treating or ameliorating a disease state using the compounds disclosed herein. Non-limiting examples of disease state include cancer, inflammation, bacterial or fungal infection. In some embodiments, the method of treating or ameliorating comprises photodynamic therapy (PDT) of a subject. In some embodiments, the PDT is within a specific tissue or organ. In some embodiments, the PDT is within the blood. In some embodiments, the method of treating or ameliorating a disease state comprises performing PDT with a photosensitizer. In some embodiments, the photosensitizer is a compound of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the method of treating or ameliorating a disease state comprises performing PDT towards a subject’s skin. In some embodiments, the method of treatment comprises brachytherapy. The methods described herein include administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound described herein, which is optionally formulated in a pharmaceutical composition. In various embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound described herein present in a pharmaceutical composition is the only therapeutically active compound in a pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent that treats a disease state. In certain embodiments, administering the compound(s) described herein to the subject allows for administering a lower dose of the additional therapeutic agent as compared - 38 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) to the dose of the additional therapeutic agent alone that is required to achieve similar results in treating a disease state in the subject. For example, in certain embodiments, the compound(s) described herein enhance(s) the activity of the additional therapeutic compound, thereby allowing for a lower dose of the additional therapeutic compound to provide the same effect. In certain embodiments, the compound(s) described herein and the therapeutic agent are co-administered to the subject. In other embodiments, the compound(s) described herein and the therapeutic agent are coformulated and co-administered to the subject. In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In other embodiments, the mammal is a human Combination Administration and Treatment In various embodiments, a synergistic effect is observed when a compound as described herein is administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents or compounds. A synergistic effect may be calculated, for example, using suitable methods such as, for example, the Sigmoid-Emax equation (Holford & Scheiner, 1981, Clin. Pharmacokinet. 6:429-453), the equation of Loewe additivity (Loewe & Muischnek, 1926, Arch. Exp. Pathol Pharmacol.114:313-326) and the median-effect equation (Chou & Talalay, 1984, Adv. Enzyme Regul.22:27-55). Each equation referred to above may be applied to experimental data to generate a corresponding graph to aid in assessing the effects of the drug combination. The corresponding graphs associated with the equations referred to above are the concentration-effect curve, isobologram curve and combination index curve, respectively. Administration / Dosage / Formulations The regimen of administration may affect what constitutes an effective amount. The therapeutic formulations may be administered to the subject either prior to or after the onset of a disease state. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages may be administered daily or sequentially, or the dose may be continuously infused, or may be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the therapeutic formulations may be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation. Administration of the compositions described herein to a patient, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human, may be carried out using known procedures, at dosages and for periods of time effective to treat a disease state in the patient. An effective amount of - 39 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) the therapeutic compound necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect may vary according to factors such as the state of the disease or disorder in the patient; the age, sex, and weight of the patient; and the ability of the therapeutic compound to treat a disease state in the patient. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. A non-limiting example of an effective dose range for a therapeutic compound described herein is from about 1 and 5,000 mg / kg of body weight / per day. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the relevant factors and make the determination regarding the effective amount of the therapeutic compound without undue experimentation. Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. In particular, the selected dosage level depends upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound employed, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds or materials used in combination with the compound, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well, known in the medical arts. A medical doctor, e.g., physician or veterinarian, having ordinary skill in the art may readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds described herein employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. In particular embodiments, it is especially advantageous to formulate the compound in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the patients to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of therapeutic compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical vehicle. The dosage unit forms of the compound(s) described herein are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the therapeutic compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of - 40 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) compounding / formulating such a therapeutic compound. In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein are formulated using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier may be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it is preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, or polyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions may be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate or gelatin. In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein are administered to the patient in dosages that range from one to five times per day or more. In other embodiments, the compositions described herein are administered to the patient in range of dosages that include, but are not limited to, once every day, every two, days, every three days to once a week, and once every two weeks. It is readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the frequency of administration of the various combination compositions described herein varies from individual to individual depending on many factors including, but not limited to, age, disease or disorder to be treated, gender, overall health, and other factors. Thus, administration of the compounds and compositions described herein should not be construed to be limited to any particular dosage regime and the precise dosage and composition to be administered to any patient is determined by the attending physician taking all other factors about the patient into account. The compound(s) described herein for administration may be in the range of from about 1 µg to about 10,000 mg, about 20 µg to about 9,500 mg, about 40 µg to about 9,000 mg, about 75 µg to about 8,500 mg, about 150 µg to about 7,500 mg, about 200 µg to about 7,000 mg, about 350 µg to about 6,000 mg, about 500 µg to about 5,000 mg, about 750 µg to about 4,000 mg, about 1 mg to about 3,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 2,500 mg, about 20 mg to about 2,000 mg, about 25 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 30 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 40 - 41 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) mg to about 900 mg, about 50 mg to about 800 mg, about 60 mg to about 750 mg, about 70 mg to about 600 mg, about 80 mg to about 500 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments therebetween. In some embodiments, the dose of a compound described herein is from about 1 mg and about 2,500 mg. In some embodiments, a dose of a compound described herein used in compositions described herein is less than about 10,000 mg, or less than about 8,000 mg, or less than about 6,000 mg, or less than about 5,000 mg, or less than about 3,000 mg, or less than about 2,000 mg, or less than about 1,000 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 50 mg. Similarly, in some embodiments, a dose of a second compound as described herein is less than about 1,000 mg, or less than about 800 mg, or less than about 600 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 400 mg, or less than about 300 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 100 mg, or less than about 50 mg, or less than about 40 mg, or less than about 30 mg, or less than about 25 mg, or less than about 20 mg, or less than about 15 mg, or less than about 10 mg, or less than about 5 mg, or less than about 2 mg, or less than about 1 mg, or less than about 0.5 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments thereof. In various embodiments, the compound(s) described herein can be administered to a subject in an amount ranging from about 0.01 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg, or about 0.5 mg / kg to about 190 mg / kg, or about 0.75 mg / kg to about 180 mg / kg, or about 1 mg / kg to about 170 mg / kg, or about 1.5 mg / kg to about 160 mg / kg, or about 2 mg / kg to about 150 mg / kg, or about 2.5 mg / kg to about 140 mg / kg, or about 3 mg / kg to about 130 mg / kg, or about 3.5 mg / kg to about 120 mg / kg, or about 4 mg / kg to about 110 mg / kg, or about 4.5 mg / kg to about 100 mg / kg, or about 5 mg / kg to about 95 mg / kg, or about 5.5 mg / kg to about 90 mg / kg, or about 6 mg / kg to about 85 mg / kg, or about 6.5 mg / kg to about 80 mg / kg, or about 7 mg / kg to about 75 mg / kg, or about 7.5 mg / kg to about 70 mg / kg, or about 8 mg / kg to about 65 mg / kg, or about 8.5 mg / kg to about 60 mg / kg, or about 9 mg / kg to about 55 mg / kg or about 9.5 mg / kg to about 50 mg / kg, or about 10 mg / kg to about 45 mg / kg. In various embodiments, the compound(s) described herein can be administered to a subject in an amount that is less than, equal to, or greater than about 0.01 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.25 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.75 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 1.5 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 3.5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 4.5 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 5.5 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 6.5 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 7.5 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 8.5 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 9.5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 12 mg / kg, 14 mg / kg, 16 mg / kg, 18 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 25 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 35 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 45 mg / kg, 50 mg / kg, 55 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 65 mg / kg, 70 mg / kg, 75 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg, 85 mg / kg, 90 mg / kg, 100 - 42 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) mg / kg, 105 mg / kg, 110 mg / kg, 115 mg / kg, 120 mg / kg, 125 mg / kg, 130 mg / kg, 140 mg / kg, 145 mg / kg, 150 mg / kg, 155 mg / kg, 160 mg / kg, 170 mg / kg, 175 mg / kg, 180 mg / kg, 185 mg / kg, 190 mg / kg, 195 mg / kg, or 200 mg / kg. In certain embodiments, a composition as described herein is a packaged pharmaceutical composition comprising a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, alone or in combination with a second pharmaceutical agent; and instructions for using the compound to treat, prevent, or reduce one or more symptoms of a disease state or disorder in a patient. Formulations may be employed in admixtures with conventional excipients, i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for oral, parenteral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous, enteral, or any other suitable mode of administration, known to the art. The pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure buffers, coloring, flavoring and / or aromatic substances and the like. They may also be combined where desired with other active agents, e.g., other analgesic agents. Routes of administration of any of the compositions described herein include oral, nasal, rectal, intravaginal, parenteral, buccal, sublingual or topical. The compounds for use in the compositions described herein can be formulated for administration by any suitable route, such as for oral or parenteral, for example, transdermal, transmucosal (e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and perivaginally), (intra)nasal and (trans)rectal), intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrabronchial, inhalation, and topical administration. Suitable compositions and dosage forms include, for example, tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, gel caps, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, syrups, granules, beads, transdermal patches, gels, powders, pellets, magmas, lozenges, creams, pastes, plasters, lotions, discs, suppositories, liquid sprays for nasal or oral administration, dry powder or aerosolized formulations for inhalation, compositions and formulations for intravesical administration and the like. It should be understood that the formulations and compositions described herein are not limited to the particular formulations and compositions that are described herein. Oral Administration For oral application, particularly suitable are tablets, dragees, liquids, drops, - 43 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) suppositories, or capsules, caplets and gelcaps. The compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known in the art and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of inert, non-toxic pharmaceutically excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. Such excipients include, for example an inert diluent such as lactose; granulating and disintegrating agents such as cornstarch; binding agents such as starch; and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques for elegance or to delay the release of the active ingredients. Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert diluent. For oral administration, the compound(s) described herein can be in the form of tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., cornstarch, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, or silica); disintegrates (e.g., sodium starch glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). If desired, the tablets may be coated using suitable methods and coating materials such as OPADRY™ film coating systems available from Colorcon, West Point, Pa. (e.g., OPADRY™ OY Type, OYC Type, Organic Enteric OY-P Type, Aqueous Enteric OY-A Type, OY-PM Type and OPADRY™ White, 32K18400). Liquid preparation for oral administration may be in the form of solutions, syrups or suspensions. The liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agent (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters or ethyl alcohol); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl p-hydroxy benzoates or sorbic acid). Compositions as described herein can be prepared, packaged, or sold in a formulation suitable for oral or buccal administration. A tablet that includes a compound as described herein can, for example, be made by compressing or molding the active ingredient, optionally with one or more additional ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable device, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granular preparation, optionally mixed with one or more of a binder, a lubricant, an excipient, a surface active agent, and a dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding, in a suitable device, a mixture of the active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and at least sufficient liquid to moisten the mixture. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture of tablets include, but are not limited to, inert - 44 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) diluents, granulating and disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, surface-active agents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, and lubricating agents. Suitable dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, potato starch, sodium starch glycollate, poloxamer 407, or poloxamer 188. One or more dispersing agents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of about 0.01% w / w to about 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. One or more dispersing agents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of at least, greater than, or less than about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. Surface-active agents (surfactants) include cationic, anionic, or non-ionic surfactants, or combinations thereof. Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, behentrimonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzododecinium bromide, carbethopendecinium bromide, cetalkonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, cetrimonium chloride, cetylpyridine chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide, dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride, domiphen bromide, lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyl dimonium chloride, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, thonzonium bromide, stearalkonium chloride, octenidine dihydrochloride, olaflur, N-oleyl-1,3-propanediamine, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, alkylbenzene sulfonates, ammonium lauryl sulfate, ammonium perfluorononanoate, docusate, disodium cocoamphodiacetate, magnesium laureth sulfate, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, potassium lauryl sulfate, sodium alkyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium laurate, sodium laureth sulfate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium myreth sulfate, sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, sodium pareth sulfate, sodium stearate, sodium sulfosuccinate esters, cetomacrogol 1000, cetostearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, cocamide diethanolamine, cocamide monoethanolamine, decyl glucoside, decyl polyglucose, glycerol monostearate, octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol CA-630, isoceteth-20, lauryl glucoside, octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol P-40, Nonoxynol-9, Nonoxynols, nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol (NP-40), octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, N-octyl beta- D-thioglucopyranoside, octyl glucoside, oleyl alcohol, PEG-10 sunflower glycerides, pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, polidocanol, poloxamer, poloxamer 407, polyethoxylated tallow amine, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, polysorbate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, sorbitan, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, - 45 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) stearyl alcohol, surfactin, Triton X-100, and Tween 80. One or more surfactants can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of about 0.01% w / w to about 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. One or more surfactants can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of at least, greater than, or less than about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, sodium carbonate, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium phosphate, Cellactose ® 80 (75 % ^- lactose monohydrate and 25 % cellulose powder), mannitol, pre-gelatinized starch, starch, sucrose, sodium chloride, talc, anhydrous lactose, and granulated lactose. One or more diluents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of about 0.01% w / w to about 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. One or more diluents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of at least, greater than, or less than about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. Suitable granulating and disintegrating agents include, but are not limited to, sucrose, copovidone, corn starch, microcrystalline cellulose, methyl cellulose, sodium starch glycollate, pregelatinized starch, povidone, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, citric acid, croscarmellose sodium, cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, colloidal silicone dioxide, crosspovidone and alginic acid. One or more granulating or disintegrating agents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of about 0.01% w / w to about 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. One or more granulating or disintegrating agents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of at least, greater than, or less than about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. Suitable binding agents include, but are not limited to, gelatin, acacia, pre-gelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, anhydrous lactose, lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, povidone, polyacrylamides, sucrose, dextrose, maltose, gelatin, polyethylene glycol. One or more binding agents can each be individually present in - 46 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) the composition in an amount of about 0.01% w / w to about 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. One or more binding agents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of at least, greater than, or less than about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. Suitable lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, hydrogenated castor oil, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl behenate, mineral oil, polyethylene glycol, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, sodium laureth sulfate, sodium benzoate, stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, silica, and talc. One or more lubricating agents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of about 0.01% w / w to about 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. One or more lubricating agents can each be individually present in the composition in an amount of at least, greater than, or less than about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% w / w relative to weight of the dosage form. Tablets can be non-coated or they may be coated using known methods to achieve delayed disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, thereby providing sustained release and absorption of the active ingredient. By way of example, a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used to coat tablets. Further by way of example, tablets may be coated using methods described in U.S. Patent Nos.4,256,108; 4,160,452; and 4,265,874 to form osmotically controlled release tablets. Tablets may further comprise a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent, a coloring agent, a preservative, or some combination of these in order to provide for pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparation. Tablets can also be enterically coated such that the coating begins to dissolve at a certain pH, such as at about pH 5.0 to about pH 7.5, thereby releasing a compound as described herein. The coating can contain, for example, EUDRAGIT ® L, S, FS, and / or E polymers with acidic or alkaline groups to allow release of a compound as described herein in a particular location, including in any desired section(s) of the intestine. The coating can also contain, for example, EUDRAGIT ® RL and / or RS polymers with cationic or neutral groups to allow for time controlled release of a compound as described herein by pH-independent swelling. Parenteral Administration For parenteral administration, the compounds as described herein may be formulated - 47 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) for injection or infusion, for example, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection or infusion, or for administration in a bolus dose and / or continuous infusion. Suspensions, solutions or emulsions in an oily or aqueous vehicle, optionally containing other formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and / or dispersing agents may be used. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions described herein may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as such as lauryl, stearyl, or oleyl alcohols, or similar alcohol. Additional Administration Forms Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein include dosage forms as described in U.S. Patents Nos.6,340,475; 6,488,962; 6,451,808; 5,972,389; 5,582,837; and 5,007,790. Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein also include dosage forms as described in U.S. Patent Applications Nos.20030147952; 20030104062; 20030104053; 20030044466; 20030039688; and 20020051820. Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein also include dosage forms as described in PCT Applications Nos. WO 03 / 35041; WO 03 / 35040; WO 03 / 35029; WO 03 / 35177; WO 03 / 35039; WO 02 / 96404; WO 02 / 32416; WO 01 / 97783; WO 01 / 56544; WO 01 / 32217; WO 98 / 55107; WO 98 / 11879; WO 97 / 47285; WO 93 / 18755; and WO 90 / 11757. Controlled Release Formulations and Drug Delivery Systems In certain embodiments, the formulations described herein can be, but are not limited to, short-term, rapid-offset, as well as controlled, for example, sustained release, delayed release and pulsatile release formulations. - 48 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) The term sustained release is used in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for gradual release of a drug over an extended period of time, and that may, although not necessarily, result in substantially constant blood levels of a drug over an extended time period. The period of time may be as long as a month or more and should be a release which is longer that the same amount of agent administered in bolus form. For sustained release, the compounds may be formulated with a suitable polymer or hydrophobic material which provides sustained release properties to the compounds. As such, the compounds for use with the method(s) described herein may be administered in the form of microparticles, for example, by injection or in the form of wafers or discs by implantation. In some cases, the dosage forms to be used can be provided as slow or controlled- release of one or more active ingredients therein using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, or microspheres or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the pharmaceutical compositions described herein. Thus, single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration, such as tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets, that are adapted for controlled-release are encompassed by the compositions and dosage forms described herein. Most controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled counterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designed controlled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled-release formulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition, controlled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood level of the drug, and thus can affect the occurrence of side effects. Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of other amounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic effect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain this constant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug being metabolized and excreted from the body. - 49 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) Controlled-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various inducers, for example pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or compounds. The term “controlled-release component” is defined herein as a compound or compounds, including, but not limited to, polymers, polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, liposomes, or microspheres or a combination thereof that facilitates the controlled-release of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, the compound(s) described herein are administered to a patient, alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical agent, using a sustained release formulation. In some embodiments, the compound(s) described herein are administered to a patient, alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical agent, using a sustained release formulation. The term delayed release is used herein in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for an initial release of the drug after some delay following drug administration and that mat, although not necessarily, includes a delay of from about 10 minutes up to about 12 hours. The term pulsatile release is used herein in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides release of the drug in such a way as to produce pulsed plasma profiles of the drug after drug administration. The term immediate release is used in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for release of the drug immediately after drug administration. As used herein, short-term refers to any period of time up to and including about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes, or about 10 minutes and any or all whole or partial increments thereof after drug administration after drug administration. As used herein, rapid-offset refers to any period of time up to and including about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes, or about 10 minutes, and any and all whole or partial increments thereof after drug administration. Dosing The therapeutically effective amount or dose of a compound described herein depends on the age, sex and weight of the patient, the current medical condition of the patient and the progression of a disease state in the patient being treated. The skilled artisan is able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors. A suitable dose of a compound described herein can be in the range of from about - 50 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 0.01 mg to about 5,000 mg per day, such as from about 0.1 mg to about 1,000 mg, for example, from about 1 mg to about 500 mg, such as about 5 mg to about 250 mg per day. The dose may be administered in a single dosage or in multiple dosages, for example from 1 to 4 or more times per day. When multiple dosages are used, the amount of each dosage may be the same or different. For example, a dose of 1 mg per day may be administered as two 0.5 mg doses, with about a 12-hour interval between doses. It is understood that the amount of compound dosed per day may be administered, in non-limiting examples, every day, every other day, every 2 days, every 3 days, every 4 days, or every 5 days. For example, with every other day administration, a 5 mg per day dose may be initiated on Monday with a first subsequent 5 mg per day dose administered on Wednesday, a second subsequent 5 mg per day dose administered on Friday, and so on. In the case wherein the patient’s status does improve, upon the doctor’s discretion the administration of the compound(s) described herein is optionally given continuously; alternatively, the dose of drug being administered is temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a “drug holiday”). The length of the drug holiday optionally varies between 2 days and 1 year, including by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, 35 days, 50 days, 70 days, 100 days, 120 days, 150 days, 180 days, 200 days, 250 days, 280 days, 300 days, 320 days, 350 days, or 365 days. The dose reduction during a drug holiday includes from 10%-100%, including, by way of example only, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. Once improvement of the patient’s conditions has occurred, a maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, is reduced to a level at which the improved disease is retained. In certain embodiments, patients require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms and / or infection. The compounds described herein can be formulated in unit dosage form. The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for patients undergoing treatment, with each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, optionally in association with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. The unit dosage form may be for a single daily dose or one of multiple daily doses (e.g., about 1 to 4 or more times per day). When multiple daily doses are used, the unit dosage form may be the same or different for each dose. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens are optionally - 51 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) determined in cell cultures or experimental animals, including, but not limited to, the determination of the LD50(the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50(the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between the toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which is expressed as the ratio between LD50and ED50. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies are optionally used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with minimal toxicity. The dosage optionally varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. EXAMPLES Various embodiments of the present application can be better understood by reference to the following Examples which are offered by way of illustration. The scope of the present application is not limited to the Examples given herein. Example 1 – Preparation of fullerene-based constructs comprising ligands In fullerene chemistry, a hexakis Bingel-Hirsch reaction on C60 stands out as a multiaddition to turn fullerenes into “nanoparticle-like” scaffolds (FIG.4). The hexakisadducts are isomerically pure with an Ohsymmetry, with 12 ligands pointing towards different directions, allowing for the incorporation of even very bulky ligands, such as porphyrins, fullerenes, and DNA strands. Using fullerenes as precise scaffolds to carry different ligands is a viable strategy for bottom-up molecular design, which can enable many multivalent, multifunctional chemical probes and nanomedicines. Unlike all existing approaches, the MBT design decouples the functionalization of EMF and the introduction of solubilizing groups into separate operations. Instead of making multiadducts, monoadducts of EMF are connected to a C60 hexakisadduct core to form platform molecules that can be scaled up, clearly characterized, and stored for an extended time. One example structure of the MBT platforms synthesized with this strategy is shown in FIG.5 as MBT 8. These MBTs can be unambiguously characterized by mass-spec,1H,13C, and various 2D NMR spectra (with diamagnetic Lu3+metal instead of paramagnetic Gd3+to prevent peak broadening). The13C NMR and peak assignments corresponding to the structure drawn are shown in FIG.13. Covalently connecting one fullerene and one EMF as in MBT compound 8 has provided valuable13C NMR data on EMF-C60conjugates. These MBT platform molecules can be optimized for water-solubility, but can be derived with 10 hydrophilic ligands by choice for - 52 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) both aqueous solubility and desired functions, to form water-soluble MBTs. Water soluble EMF Water-soluble EMF derivatives can be developed with Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry and oligoethylene glycol (OEG) ligands. One method of analyzing biological suitability performed cytotoxicity studies with three representative, namely, NIH-3T3 (normal), HeLa (cancer) and induced pluripotent cell-neural stem cell (iPSC-NSC) cell lines. The MBTs did not show any toxicity across the board, which confirmed that the structural scaffold has high biocompatibility and biosafety. The performance of Gd MBTs were tested as MRI contrast agents, and observed superior r1 compared to a representative clinical GBCA gadodiamide (OmniscanTM) with one order of magnitude enhancement (r1 of three versions of MBTs ranging from 36-60 mM-1s-1, compared to 4.4 mM-1s-1of gadodiamide). The MRI images of these MBTs and gadodiamide solutions on a 1.0T scanner are displayed in FIG.3b, directly showing the stronger contrast of the MBTs. Click-type conjugation approaches for flexible synthetic design provides alternative strategies for potential pitfalls or new requirements, which may include 1) some functional ligands being unavailable in alkynyl or azido forms; 2) systems where CuAAC is inefficient; 3) systems requiring metal-free orthogonal conjugations. Finally, simple conjugation chemistry enables a wide selection of ligands without synthetic complications. Expanding the chemistry of the MBT may proceed with various ligands, including Bingel-Hirsch reactants. Examples of Bingel-Hirsch reactants are shown in FIG.1a. These ligands can be used in different conjugation reactions (Table A), including between alkyne and azide (CuAAC), cyclooctyne and azide (strain promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition, SPAAC), acid and amine (via activated esters such as N-hydroxysucciamide, NHS, and pentafluorophenol, PFP), trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and tetrazine (IEDDA), to form “10+2”, “10+1+1”, and “6+6” structures (FIG.1b). The ligand structures are designed based on functional group compatibility of Bingel-Hirsch reactions, storage stability, balance of steric challenge in the hexakisaddition and the subsequent step, and finally, commercial sources for reasonable synthetic labor and cost. Refining and modularizing the chemistry of “fullerene nanoparticle” provides new methodology and fuel for research worldwide. Installation of particular ligands, nucleotides, or other molecular moieties on fullerene metallobuckytrio (MBT) scaffolds can tune the properties and applications. Several themes are possible using the MBT scaffold. Table A shows how general approaches can be used to synthesize MBT scaffold. FIG.1b depicts the overall architecture of the C60 hexakis - 53 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) substituted compound comprising formula (I) and formula (II). FIG.4 depicts how endohedral metallofullerenes can serve as ligands of MBTs. The synthetic route of the water soluble MBTs is shown In FIG.5a. Briefly, C60 was reacted with malonate 1 to afford 2, which directly reacted with excess malonate 3 to afford hexakisadduct 4. Then, the product was mixed with monoderivatives of Lu3N(C80) and Gd3N(C80) 6a-6e under CuAAC conditions to form the MBT platforms 7a-7e. The compounds were first characterized with MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy (MS) to check the molecular weight; then, UV-Vis spectra to confirm the shared conjugated structures, permitting focus on the NMR study of diamagnetic Lu MBTs 7a-7c as the structural probes, which were studied by1H,13C, DEPT13C, HMQC, and HMBC NMR. The characterization data is partially shown for compound 7c, including13C NMR. With context of information of DEPT-13513C, HMQC, HMBC NMR, and comparison with precursor, the peaks were assigned as shown in FIG.13. All the non-aromatic signals and aromatic signals with proton attachment were labeled corresponding to the molecular structure. The characterization confirms the 2 fold symmetry of compound 7c. With the limitations of current GBCAs, for future MRI probes, the key sought-after features are a) safe-seal of Gd3+ion, b) high r1, and c) biochemical specificity. The prepared MBTs (FIG.5) are highly promising as they have 2 of the 3 features: definitively confine Gd3+ions in a cage; have excellent contrast compared to typical Gd complexes; and meanwhile overcome the precision issue in old EMF GBCA mixtures. Building on the MBT platform, introducing targeting ligands can enrich the GBCAs in cancer cells. Targeting ligands Biochemically specific MRI probes can significantly enhance imaging sensitivity with a higher local concentration in the target cells. Additionally, when the probes are bound to receptors, their r1 can also increase via receptor-induced magnetization enhancement (RIME). One challenge in these MRI probes, other than aforementioned Gd leak, is to target the biomarkers in low (sometimes sub μM) concentration. In this regard, unlike MRI probes connected to singular targeting ligands, the MBT design can use multivalent targeting on a “10+2” template (FIG.1b) to enhance the specificity significantly. MBT compound 8a is an intermediate designed with 2 EMFs and 10 para-fluorophenyl (PFP) groups (FIG.5) with two ligands respectively: commercially available iRGD peptide 9 (FIG.5) that is capable of targeting αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins overexpressed by various cancer cells and penetrate tumors; and a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting urea 11 (FIG.5) that can be synthesized from 10 with desirable PEG extensions. The MBT compound 8a replaces the - 54 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) TMS alkynyl groups with PFP groups for conjugation with primary amino groups in compound 9 and 11. The products can be structurally characterized by NMR (Lu equivalents), STEM, DLS, and the r1 values can be measured prior to biological studies. To demonstrate specificity, a comparison of the contrast enhancement in MRI of different cell lines cultured with the new MBT probes. MDA-MB-231 cell line of human breast cancer origin with high expression of αv integrins, and HUVEC cell line, can be used to study iRGD-MBT (product of compound 8a+9); and prostate cancer cell line LNCaP that overexpresses PSMA, and prostate epithelial cell line hPrEC, can be used to study the urea- MBT (product of compound 8a+11). After the imaging, ICP-MS can be performed to quantify the retention of GBCAs in cells after lysis. Furthermore, to directly visualize and quantify the selectivity with MRI pairs of cells in a transwell with the MBT GBCAs can be cultured together. Fullerene fluorescence A fluorescent variant of compound 9, compound 9’ (FIG.5b), can be mixed with 9 to react with core 8a in a separate trial, to generate a fluorescent MBT GBCA, which can be used to understand the uptake and subcellular localization of the MBT GBCAs. Additionally, an evaluation of the in vivo performance of the MRI probes can be performed using an ethically compliant animal research facility. This modular approach for specific MRI probes with interchangeable ligands can be used for various targets as appropriate. The usage of two targeting ligands (iRGD and PSMA), provides better coverage of targeting capabilities. If the synthesis of compound 8a has complications, then the alternative TMS version MBT compound 8b can be used, which is based on an MBT system. In this case, commercially available azido-ethylene glycol-N-Hydroxysuccinimide linker(s) can be used to convert the NH2 groups in compound 9 and 11 to N3. Fullerene fluorescence in situ hybridization Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is a widely used fluorescence technique to image native nucleic acids in cells and tissues, and in particular, single-molecule RNA-FISH enables the understanding of RNA abundance and location in single cells. Usually, a tile of dye-labeled oligonucleotide probes are hybridized to individual long RNA molecules to have enough local signal over the background. However, the signals from short or low-abundance RNA species have low intensity and require amplification. Based on the “10+1+1” platform, a new technology, dubbed “FullerFISH”, is described herein to realize fast and precise signal amplification. The “10+1+1” design (FIG.1b, FIG.6) can contain 10 dyes, 1 single strand nucleic - 55 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) acid to hybridize with the RNA of interest, and 1 additional PEG ligand to suppress non- specific binding in the cell. Compared to C60, the hexakisadducts with significantly raised energy levels are no long efficient fluorescent quencher. Meanwhile, the geometry of the core ensures a relatively large spatial distance among the dyes preventing their aggregation. An example of the synthesis is to attach 1 equivalent of ligand 6 and 5 equivalents of ligand 4 to C60, then use amide coupling to introduce the PEG, SPAAC to introduce the 10 dyes, and finally, CuAAC to introduce the RNA. While directly conjugating 10 dyes to the C60 core can amplify the signal 10-folds, further amplification can be realized with tribranched ethylene glycol to provide 30-folds signal increase. Single molecule fluorescence energy transfer Live cell imaging / tracking is a vital tool for studying molecular and cellular events, and understanding dynamic spatiotemporal cell-cell and cell-microenvironment interactions. Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) imaging tracks the FRET interaction between a pair of energy donor and acceptor dyes bound to one biomacromolecule, to study molecular events such as DNA conformation change, protein folding, complexation, which provides crucial dynamic information to complement static structural studies (e.g. cryoEM). They are different imaging approaches, but share a common challenge: photobleaching. Live cell imaging is often limited by oxidative photobleaching of the dye over long-term imaging and phototoxicity to the cells. Therefore, it can significantly benefit from multivalent probes that allow for more frames / longer imaging time, or reduce phototoxicity by using weaker illumination intensity. In a similar fashion, photobleaching of dyes in smFRET imaging often happens within only 10-30 seconds of illumination, limiting the imaging duration. In this case, even conventional nanoparticles cannot help because they are too large for the extreme (1-10 nm) spatial resolution of smFRET. Probes that can address the unmet needs of amplifying the signal and reducing the oxidation are highly desirable. Intriguingly, in the study of antioxidant behavior study of fullerenes, it was discovered that the C60core compound 12, a hexakisadduct with PEG1000 ligands: - 56 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay showed the antioxidant capacity of 15 μM compound 12 solution is equivalent 105 μM of well-known antioxidant Trolox (FIG.15). Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra showed that compound 12 reduced •OH radicals (a major reactive oxygen species, ROS, in biological systems) generated by the classical Fenton reaction in a dose-dependent manner (FIG.14), that 10 μM and 40 μM compound 12 reduced the signal to 77% and 26%, respectively, measured with a spin trap method. Further study was performed on the antioxidative behavior in cells by incubating RAW 264.7 macrophage cells (FIG.15) in 0 μM (control), 1 μM, or 10 μM solution of compound 12 for 12h, before inducing oxidative stress with H2O2for 1h. cells were then stained with H2DCFDA (fluorescence upon oxidation by ROS) and washed with DPBS buffer. The 1 μM and 10 μM compound 12 conditions reduced the fluorescence intensity in macrophages to 38% and 10% of the control, respectively. Using a similar design shown in FIG.7a, for live cell imaging wherein a fullerene is substituted with a first ligand to target a first set of surface receptors and a second or third set of ligands to facilitate subcellular membrane penetrations. The smFRET probe designs can bind to various biomacromolecules. One can optimize these probes with dye substitution in various imaging scenarios. Ratiometric probes - 57 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) Ratiometric imaging probes are powerful tools for sensing and tracking biological events, with clear advantages over conventional imaging probes based on absolute readouts: with a pair of bioresponsive and reference probes, ratiometric probes are self-calibrated for various unavoidable influences, including different local concentrations (from uneven uptake, incomplete washout, variation in permeability, etc.) and instrumental settings (focus, detection distance, illumination angle, etc.). Among ratiometric designs, nanoprobes (often nanoparticle-based) have advantages over molecular probes due to their signal amplification, prolonged circulation time, enhanced permeation and retention (EPR), and multiplexity. However, nanoprobes suffer from new issues arisen, such as the inaccurate ratio between the dye pairs, uneven distribution of dyes on the particles, lower stability (for example, Au-S vs C-C bond), independent functioning of individual dyes when they are densely grafted. To this end, nanoprobes based on a fullerene platform are highly appealing with multivalency, precision, tunable size, and resistance to photobleaching. Via a “6+6” (FIG.1b, FIG.7a) template made with ligands 6 or 7 to introduce two dyes with accurate 1:1 ratio and exact colocation as precise nanoprobes. For example, to selectively image the acidic intracellular environment in cancer cells, an “always-on” red Alexa 680 dye can be conjugated, and a green aniline-BODIPY dye only turned on upon protonation, to a C60 core with ligand 6 (FIG.1a, FIG.7b). The reference dye was selected to have no spectral overlap or FRET interaction with the BODIPY. The structural parameters of the nanoprobes can be optimized with HeLa and HUVEC cell assays, and then tested via in vivo cancer imaging . The same design principle can be applied to many ratiometric nanoprobes to track biological changes or diagnose diseases, and specific or targeting ligands can further be added to the fullerene nanoprobes. The increasing commercial availability of many small-molecule dyes (Alexa, TAMRA, Cyanine series, etc.) with various functional groups (azido, amino, TCO etc.) provides flexibility in both design and synthesis. An alternative multivalent antioxidative probe can also be used to modify fullerenol. Fullerenols can be activated to take 3-6 dyes. With this alternate approach one can trade off molecular precision in exchange for low cost and guaranteed synthesis. Table A. Particle templates and eligible complimentary ligand groups. Entry Particle template Complimentary group on ligands 1 10+2 alkyne, cyclooctyne - 58 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 2 10+2 azide 3 10+2 azide (copper free) 4 10+2 carboxylic acid 5a, 5b 10+2 primary amine 6 10+1+1; 6+6 primary amine and azide 7 10+1+1; 6+6 TCO and alkyne / cyclooctyne Carbohydrate ligands Fullerene derivatives can be functionalized with carbohydrates to yield cellular specificity and targeting precision across biological applications. FIG.2 demonstrates synthetic methods to yield carbohydrate ligands which can be installed on the MBT scaffold. Ethylene glycol units can connect carbohydrate moieties with the MBT scaffold, which can vary between one saccharide subunit or even an alpha-cyclodextrin moiety. The relaxivity can be compared and optimized for medical, biological, or chemical applications. Metal containing ligands Metal containing ligands can be used to create ultra-stable complexes with electronically or physically useful properties, including artificial photosynthesis mechanisms and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agents. FIG.4 and FIG.5 show examples of a ligand comprising endohedral metallofullerenes conjugated to the MBT scaffold. Dye containing ligands Ligands which are dyes can serve multiple functions on the MBT scaffold, including indication of the presence of a chemical or biological feature. The absorption and emission ranges of dyes are considered in the design and application of the MBT scaffold and can be measured in a variety of ways including UV spectroscopy. Dyes can help image the localization of the MBT scaffold in cells and in vivo. Dyes may also help study of the molecular properties of MBT scaffolds with different substituents, protonation states, conformations, and so forth. FIG.5, FIG.6, FIG.7a, FIG.7b, FIG.8, and FIG.11c show the structure and connectivity of dyes on the MBT scaffold. Example 2: Physical characterization of MBT constructs Fluorescence quenching and absorption spectra Detectability of fluorescence quenching is important to standardizing applications of fullerene derivatives. Different methods of detection can provide different benefits to - 59 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) Triple quantum yield and lifetime The electronic properties of MBT constructs can be characterized for their quantum properties including triple quantum yield and lifetime of species. These properties may be advantageous for photodynamic therapy as well as diagnostic value of MBT Constructs. Dynamic Light Scattering Dynamic light scattering experiments can further characterize the molecular arrangement and distribution of MBT constructs, which can vary in branching and rigidity. Ligands which form aggregates or other undesirable arrangements can be screened via DLS measurement. The solubility can also be assessed through the DLS characterization. Carbohydrate ligands solubility effect can also be assessed in this manner. Charge separation and redox properties Artificial photosynthesis is a desirable nanomaterial property, and fullerene constructs represent reasonable molecular scaffolds for design of photosystems with useful reduction- oxidation properties. Antioxidant capacity can also be studied to see how the fullerene or fullerenol MBT construct compares with the known antioxidant capacity of fullerene. Cell viability assay of MBT MRI constructs Fullerene derivatives can be tested for safety and activity via cellular assays. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sensitive constructs can be confirmed via T1 relaxivity by 60 MHz NMR at 1.4 T, 300 MHz NMR at 1.0 T, as well as ICP-MS. The toxicity of MBT constructs and feasibility for MRI imaging applications can be surveyed in both normal, cancerous, and stem cell-based assays. One cell assay is HeLa cell survivability. Results are shown in FIG.3a, which compares NIH-3T3 cell line, HeLa cell line, and induced pluripotent stem cell NSC, shows good viability for normal cells at the concentrations tested. Example 3 – pH sensitive MBT dye constructs MBT derivatives have been designed which can be used to probe pH environments in vitro, in situ and in vivo. FIG.7a and FIG.7b demonstrate an MBT construct with a 6 + 6 design comprising Alexa 680 and BODIPY dyes arranged on the surface of a C60 fullerene. The pH sensitivity of the probe can be adjusted by changing the precise dye used to construct the MBT. The efficacy of signal can be validated in vitro and in vivo. Example 4 – Fluorescence in situ hybridization probe assay Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique which can be used to image native nucleic acids in cells and tissues, including single molecule RNA. A major challenge is - 60 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) the duration of signals as well as the abundance of fluorescence. Based on the 10+1+1 MBT platform, a new faster and more precise signal can be generated for FISH applications. A fullerene derivative comprising one RNA ligand, a PEG ligand, and detectable cargo as shown in FIG.6. The efficacy of hybridization and signal generation can be validated in vitro and in vivo. MBT derivatives for FISH A novel probe for FISH has been designed which can be used to produce much better resolution and clarity during application. FIG.6 depicts the molecular arrangement of a FISH probe generated by Bingel-Hirsch reaction and further functionalization. The dye moieties, nucleic acid strand, and secondary ligands can be optimized for precise signal amplification with highly specific binding to nucleic acid strands of interest. Efficacy for particular moieties can be supported by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Example 5 – Photoinduced charge separation Artificial photosynthesis remains a route towards greener more sustainable energy and materials production. The electron transfer properties of C60 fullerene derivatives such as MBT designed herein can function as catalysts of valuable chemical processes, including synthetic photosynthesis. Charge separation and charge recombination of a molecular moiety can indicate a long lived charge separated state (CSS), which can characterize good catalytic system or photoinduced charge separation. Since EMFs can transport metals, the electronic properties can be tuned significantly between choice of EMFs, ligands, and other features of the C60 fullerene derivative. Controllable electron transfer is planned for useful substrates. Ultrafast spectroscopy can partially measure photoinduced charge transfer, as well as molecular modeling. Porphyrin ligands Porphyrin derivatives are good starting points for characterization of CSS. One example of a porphyrin ligand is the design of a 10-substituted porphyrin fullerene with 2 EMF moieties. FIG.8 shows a tridecad with 10 porphyrin moieties and 2 EMF moieties. It is postulated porphyrin rich microphases can form special electronic environments. FIG.9 shows an example of a molecular model with ligands omitted of a porphyrin microphase and theoretical charge transfer across extended distance with EMF. Photocatalysts can be tuned for water or organic solvent based catalysis. As shown in FIG.8, the tridecad comprise 5 structural variables within the synthetic platform: the metal M1 in the EMF, the linker L1 between C60 and EMF, the linker L2 - 61 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) between C60 and dye, the structure of the dye, and metal M2 in the dye if applicable, such as for porphyrin-metal complexes. Photocatalytic capability can be characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, time resolved electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence upconversion, or fs transient absorption spectroscopy. Zinc Porphyrin model In a model Zinc Porphyrin (ZnP), the radical ion pair ZnP*+-Sc3N-C80 CSS has a higher energy than the triplet excited states, so the charge recombination yielded a triplet state rather than the ground state. Lu3N-C80 can serve as a stable donor-acceptor pair. FIG.10 shows the results of compound 16b formed from the tridecad platform with Zn as the coordinated metal. Scheme 1. Preparation of porphyrin ligands for click reaction with MBT platform. An and Compound 16b. An aqueous solution of Lu MBT 8c was added in increments of 0.2 equivalents of Compound 16b and fluorescence spectra were monitored through the course of titration. Both absorption and fluorescence spectra suggest maximum ZnP-MBT interaction was reached at 1.5 eq. of Compound 8c as shown in FIG.10. Strong peaks emerged at 670 nm and 900 nm, along with weaker peaks at 550 nm and 595 nm. The reduced conjugation in the hexakis C60 core led to its low extinction coefficient and high LUMO. Both strong peaks reached their maximum in < 300 fs and were fit with biexponential decay curves. The smaller, fast component showed lifetimes of 13± 1ps at 670 nm and 14.2±2 ps at 900 nm, respectively. The larger, slow components tracked at these two wavelengths exhibited 550± 37 ps and 643± 112 ps lifetimes, respectively. Notably, the lifetime of the radical ion pair is over one - 62 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) order of magnitude longer than the covalent dyad forming similar ion pair ZnP*+-Sc3N-C80 in toluene (42 ps) and benzonitrile (49 ps). This result verified the strong affinity between ZnP and EMF, and slower charge recombination in polar media. Microphases of porphyrin can be optimized for ideal porphyrin-EMF distance for charge recombination properties via swapping metal ions, dyes, and EMFs. Example 6 – Combinatory photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) PDT is a less invasive, low side effect, targeted therapeutic approach to treat cancer and other disease. Upon irradiation of light, PDT utilizes photosensitizers (PS) to convert tissue oxygen to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are cytotoxic. The photophysical pathway to generate ROS is depicted in Scheme 2 below. Scheme 2. triplet state followed by either an electron transfer process, Type I, to generate superoxide anion, or an EnT process, Type II, reacting with molecular oxygen to generate singlet oxygen. MBT also have low optical band gaps that enables utility of long wavelength light with better tissue penetration for PDT applications. EMFs also have favorable contribution for PDT due to capacity to carry heavy metals without their toxicity. MBTs have improved water solubility and can exhibit ultra-long lived triplet states. MBTs can also be designed to target subcellular compartments such as the nucleus which is also valuable for PDT. Förster resonance energy transfer can be combined to pair complementary features such as a dye with high extinction coefficient in long wavelength, and EMF with efficient ISC. Perylene diimide Perylene Diimide can be used as a dye for fluorescence imaging in biological imaging. FIG.11a shows the effect of pyrrolidine electron donating property on perylene diimide substituted with 2 pyrrolidone groups (2pPDI), which may be favorable in biological systems. FIG.11b shows A. FIG.11c shows the synthetic route of 2pPDI-EMF MBT tridecad compound 17a, compound 17b, and compound 17c. Compounds can be characterized by fluorescence quenching, triplet quantum yield and lifetime. Spin trap experiments can delineate between Type I and Type II ROS generation. Biological testing can include in vitro HeLa cell imaging of fluorescence of MBT, and comparing the dark and - 63 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) red-light illuminated cell viability. FIG.12 depicts EPR quantification of Type I and Type II ROS generation using stable spin traps. Results MBTs compound 8a, compound 8b, and compound 8c were tested as photosensitizers with a spin trap method. Solutions for each compound with dissolved oxygen were mixed the solution a spin trap, either 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone (“4-oxo-TEMP), or 5- (diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO), then irradiated with 532 nm laser in a lighting chamber to induce the photoreactions. Then, the solutions with stable spins were subject to EPR measurements to determine the amount of Type I and Type II ROS. The type I measurements were performed with L-histidine to correct for the Type I ROS generated indirectly from subsequent reactions of singlet oxygen not directly from the photophysical process. Both spin trap systems yielded strong and quantifiable EPR signals as seen in FIG.12. Chlorophyll A analogs are planned for additional testing, as well as metals such as Sc, Y, and Er. The terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the embodiments of the present application. Thus, it should be understood that although the present application describes specific embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the compositions, methods, and concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those of ordinary skill in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of embodiments of the present application. Enumerated Embodiments The following enumerated embodiments are provided, the numbering of which is not to be construed as designating levels of importance: Embodiment 1: A (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene compound hexakis-substituted with one G1group and five independently selected G2groups, or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof: - 64 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) G2 G2; wherein: G1is: ; each occurrence of G2is independently: each occurrence of A1, A2, selected from the group consisting of -C(=O)-, -CH(OH)-, -CF2-, -CFH-, and C1-C3alkanediyl; L1is -R1a- R1b-*, wherein L1is bound to X through the bond marked as *; L2is -R2a- R2b-*, wherein L2is bound to Y through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of L3is independently -R3a- R3b-*, wherein L3is bound to Z1through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of L4is independently -R4a- R4b-*, wherein L4is bound to Z2through the bond marked as *; X is -R5a- R5b-Cargox; Y is -R6a- R6b-Cargoy; each occurrence of Z1is independently -R7a- R7b-Cargoz1; each occurrence of Z2is independently -R8a- R8b-Cargoz2; wherein: each occurrence of R1a, R2a, R3a, and R4ais an independently selected linker group; - 65 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) each occurrence of R1b, R2b, R3b, and R4bis independently -NH-, - C(=O)-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, or C1-C3alkanediyl; each occurrence of R5a, R6a, R7a, and R8ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R5b, R6b, R7b, and R8bis independently -NH-, - C(=O)-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, -(CH2CH2O)t-, -(OCH2CH2)t-, - (OCH2CH2)tNH-, optionally substituted C1-C8 alkanediyl, optionally substituted C3-C8heterocyclediyl, optionally substituted C5-C10arenediyl, or optionally substituted C5-C10 heteroarenediyl, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20; each occurrence of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is an independently selected cargo group, such that: Cargoxis different from Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2, and Cargoyis different from Cargox, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2. Embodiment 2: A (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene compound hexakis-substituted with six independently selected G1groups, or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof: ; wherein: each occurrence of G1is independently: ; each occurrence of A1and A2 selected from the group consisting of -C(=O)-, -CH(OH)-, -CF2-, -CFH-, and C1-C3alkanediyl; each occurrence of L1is independently -R1a- R1b-*, wherein L1is bound to X through the bond marked as *; - 66 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) each occurrence of L2is independently -R2a- R2b-*, wherein L2is bound to Y through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of X is independently -R5a- R5b-Cargox; each occurrence of Y is independently -R6a- R6b-Cargoy; wherein: each occurrence of R1aand R2ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R1band R2bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)-, -O-, - S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, or C1-C3 alkanediyl; each occurrence of R5aand R6ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R5band R6bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)-, -O-, - S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, -(CH2CH2O)t-, -(OCH2CH2)t-, -(OCH2CH2)tNH-, optionally substituted C1-C8alkanediyl, optionally substituted C3-C8heterocyclediyl, optionally substituted C5-C10 arenediyl, or optionally substituted C5-C10 heteroarenediyl, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20; each occurrence of Cargoxand Cargoyis an independently selected cargo groups, wherein each Cargoxis different from each Cargoy. Embodiment 3: The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein A1and A2are - C(=O)-. Embodiment 4: The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of G1is independently a structure of formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), formula (VI), formula (VII), or formula (VIII): ; ; ; 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) formula (V) ; wherein: m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Embodiment 5: The compound of embodiment 1, wherein each occurrence of G2is independently a structure of formula (IX), formula (X), formula (XI), formula (XII), formula (XIII), or formula (XIV): ; ; ; ; - 68 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) ; wherein: each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 100; and each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 100. Embodiment 6: The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of - L1-X is independently selected from the group consisting of: , , Embodiment 7: each occurrence of - L2-Y is independently selected from the group consisting of: , , Embodiment 8: each occurrence of -L3-Z1is independently selected from the group consisting of: , 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) , . Embodiment 9: each occurrence of -L4-Z2 is independently selected group , , . Embodiment 10: wherein each occurrence of X is independently selected from the group consisting of: . of Y is independently selected from the group consisting of: N . is independently selected from the group consisting of: - 70 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) . is . Embodiment 15: The compound of embodiment 4 or 5, wherein m and n are independently selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 4. Embodiment 16: The compound of embodiment 4 or 5, wherein m and n are independently selected from the group consisting of 3, 4, 5, and 6. Embodiment 17: The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein at least one occurrence of R1a, R2a, R3a, and R4ais independently a polyethylene glycol chain from 1 to 100 units long, C1-C8 alkanediyl, C5-C10 arenediyl, or C5-C10 heteroarenediyl. Embodiment 18: The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of R1b, R2b, R3b, and R4bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)NH-, or -NHC(=O)-. Embodiment 19: The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of R5a, R6a, R7a, and R8ais independently -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, or triazinediyl. Embodiment 20: The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein at least one of occurrence of R5b, R6b, R7b, and R8bis -(CH2CH2O)t-, -(OCH2CH2)t-, -(OCH2CH2)tNH-, or - NH(CH2CH2O)t-, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20. Embodiment 21: The compound of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is independently a compound selected from the group consisting of: a nucleic acid; peptide; protein; oligosaccharide; oligomer comprising polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or combinations thereof; polymer comprising polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or combinations thereof; lipid; glycolipid; lipoprotein; small molecule compound; carbohydrate; fluorescent label; radioactive label; imaging label; and diagnostic agent. - 71 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) Embodiment 22: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein the peptide comprises an enzyme, an antibody, an antibody fragment, or an antigen. Embodiment 23: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein the fluorescent label, radioactive label, or imaging label comprises a phosphorescent label, a biofluorescent label, a luminescent dye, a chemiluminescent label, an electrochemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a fluorophore labeled DNA dendrimer, a porphyrin, a quantum dot, a tandem dye, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer dye, a heavy atom, a metal particle, a heavy metal chelate, a magnetic particle, a stable isotope, a spin label, a radioactive isotope, a nanoparticle, a light scattering nanoparticle or microsphere, a microbarcode particle, a radio frequency identification particle, a light-diffracting particle, a Raman-active particle, or combinations or derivatives thereof. Embodiment 24: The compound of embodiment 23, wherein the fluorescent label is selected from the group consisting of perylene diimide (PDI) or an optionally substituted derivative thereof; di-pyrrolidyl perylene diimide, 5(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) or an optionally substituted derivative thereof; or combinations or derivatives thereof. Embodiment 25: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein the imaging label comprises an endohedral metallofullerene or an endohedral metallofullerenol, or combinations or derivatives thereof. Embodiment 26: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein the nucleic acid is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or a ribonucleic acid (RNA), or an analogue thereof. Embodiment 27: The compound of embodiment 26, wherein the RNA is a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Embodiment 28: The compound of embodiment 26, wherein the RNA hybridizes to a gene target or has a complementary sequence to a gene target. Embodiment 29: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a carbohydrate. Embodiment 30: The compound of embodiment 29, wherein the carbohydrate comprises glucose, beta-D-glucose, beta-D-maltose, maltotriose, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin. Embodiment 31: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is an optionally substituted metallofullerene from C60 to C90, wherein the metallofullerene encapsulates one or more metal atoms. Embodiment 32: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, - 72 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (A): wherein S1 and S2 are each comprising 1 to 10,000 monosaccharide units. Embodiment 33: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (B): wherein: M is a metal atom; p is an integer ranging from 1 to 100; and r is an integer ranging from 1 to 10. Embodiment 34: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (C): O O p 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) formula (C) wherein p is an integer ranging from 1 to 10,000. Embodiment 35: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a polyethylene glycol comprising 1 to 10,000 oxyethylene units. Embodiment 36: The compound of any one of embodiments 1-35, wherein at least one of Cargoz1is a fluorescent label. Embodiment 37: The compound of any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein at least one of Cargoxor Cargoyis a fluorescent label. Embodiment 38: The compound of embodiment 21, wherein the fluorescent label is rhodamine, green fluorescent protein, blue fluorescent protein, or yellow fluorescent protein. Embodiment 39: The compound of any one of embodiments 1-38, wherein at least one of Cargoxand Cargoyis selected from the group consisting of: , of any one of embodiments 1-39, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Embodiment 41: A method of imaging a cell, tissue, or organ in a subject, the method comprising: administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2is a detectable cargo; and detecting whether the compound is present in a cell, tissue, or organ in the subject, thereby imaging the cell, tissue, or organ of the subject. - 74 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) Embodiment 42: The method of embodiment 41, wherein the detectable cargo is a phosphorescent label, a biofluorescent label, a luminescent dye, a chemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a fluorophore labeled DNA dendrimer, a porphyrin, a quantum dot, a tandem dye, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) dye, a heavy atom, a metal particle, a heavy metal chelate, a magnetic particle, a stable isotope, a spin label, a radioactive isotope, a nanoparticle, a radio frequency identification particle, a light-diffracting particle, a Raman-active particle, or combinations or derivatives thereof. Embodiment 43: The method of embodiment 41, wherein the imaging is performed using magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission imaging, radiographic imaging, fluoroscopy, scintigraphy, ultrasound imaging, elastography imaging, photoacoustic imaging, tomography, magnetic particle imaging, infrared imaging, ultraviolet imaging, visible light imaging, or combinations thereof. Embodiment 44: The method of embodiment 41, wherein the detection step comprises hybridization of a nucleic acid from the subject with at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2. Embodiment 45: The method of embodiment 41, wherein the imaging allows for detection of a lesion or disorder in a subject. Embodiment 46: The method of embodiment 45, further comprising administering a therapeutic agent to the subject to treat and / or ameliorate the lesion or disorder. Embodiment 47: The method of any one of embodiments 41-46, wherein the subject is a mammal. Embodiment 48: The method of embodiment 47, wherein the mammal is human. Emobodiment 49: A method of imaging a cell, tissue, or organ, the method comprising: contacting the cell, tissue, or organ with an effective amount of a compound of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2is a detectable cargo; and detecting whether the compound is present in the cell, tissue, or organ, thereby imaging the cell, tissue, or organ. Other Embodiments The recitation of a listing of elements in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single element or combination (or sub-combination) of listed elements. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof. The disclosures of each and every patent, patent application, and publication cited - 75 - 53759585.2 Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. While this disclosure has been disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, it is apparent that other embodiments and variations of this disclosure may be devised by others skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the disclosure. The appended claims are intended to be construed to include all such embodiments and equivalent variations. - 76 - 53759585.2

Claims

Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene compound hexakis-substituted with one G1group and five independently selected G2groups, or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof: G2 G2; wherein:G1is: ; each occurrence of G2iseach occurrence of A1, A2,selected from the group consisting of -C(=O)-, -CH(OH)-, -CF2-, -CFH-, and C1-C3 alkanediyl; L1is -R1a- R1b-*, wherein L1is bound to X through the bond marked as *; L2is -R2a- R2b-*, wherein L2is bound to Y through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of L3is independently -R3a- R3b-*, wherein L3is bound to Z1through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of L4is independently -R4a- R4b-*, wherein L4is bound to Z2through the bond marked as *; X is -R5a- R5b-Cargox; Y is -R6a- R6b-Cargoy; - 77 - 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) each occurrence of Z1is independently -R7a- R7b-Cargoz1; each occurrence of Z2is independently -R8a- R8b-Cargoz2; wherein: each occurrence of R1a, R2a, R3a, and R4ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R1b, R2b, R3b, and R4bis independently -NH-, - C(=O)-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, or C1-C3 alkanediyl; each occurrence of R5a, R6a, R7a, and R8ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R5b, R6b, R7b, and R8bis independently -NH-, - C(=O)-, -O-, -S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, -(CH2CH2O)t-, -(OCH2CH2)t-, - (OCH2CH2)tNH-, optionally substituted C1-C8alkanediyl, optionally substituted C3-C8 heterocyclediyl, optionally substituted C5-C10 arenediyl, or optionally substituted C5-C10heteroarenediyl, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20; each occurrence of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is an independently selected cargo group, such that: Cargoxis different from Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2, and Cargoyis different from Cargox, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2.

2. A (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene compound hexakis-substituted with six independently selected G1groups, or a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof: ; wherein:each occurrence of G1is independently: - 78 - 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) ; each occurrence of A1and A2selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -CH(OH)-, -CF2-, -CFH-, each occurrence of L1is independently -R1a- R1b-*, wherein L1is bound to X through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of L2is independently -R2a- R2b-*, wherein L2is bound to Y through the bond marked as *; each occurrence of X is independently -R5a- R5b-Cargox; each occurrence of Y is independently -R6a- R6b-Cargoy; wherein: each occurrence of R1aand R2ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R1band R2bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)-, -O-, - S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, or C1-C3alkanediyl; each occurrence of R5aand R6ais an independently selected linker group; each occurrence of R5band R6bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)-, -O-, - S-, -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, -(CH2CH2O)t-, -(OCH2CH2)t-, -(OCH2CH2)tNH-, optionally substituted C1-C8 alkanediyl, optionally substituted C3-C8 heterocyclediyl, optionally substituted C5-C10arenediyl, or optionally substituted C5-C10 heteroarenediyl, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20; each occurrence of Cargoxand Cargoyis an independently selected cargo groups, wherein each Cargoxis different from each Cargoy.

3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein A1and A2are -C(=O)-.

4. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of G1is independently a structure of formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), formula (VI), formula (VII), or formula (VIII): ; 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) formula (III) ; ; ;;wherein: m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

5. The compound of claim 1, wherein each occurrence of G2is independently a structure of formula (IX), formula (X), formula (XI), formula (XII), formula (XIII), or formula (XIV): ; ; 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263);wherein: each occurrence of m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 100; and each occurrence of n is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 100.

6. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of -L1-X is independently selected from the group consisting of: , ,7. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of -L2-Y is independently selected from the group consisting of: , , 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) , and8. The compound of occurrence -L3-Z1is independently selected from the group consisting of: , , .

9. The compound of claim 1, wherein each occurrence of -L4-Z2is independently selected from the group consisting of: , , .

10. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of X is independently selected from the group consisting of: .Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 11. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of Y is independently selected from the group consisting of: N N .from the group consisting of: .occurrence from the group consisting of: .

14. The compound of claim 4 or 5, wherein m and n are independently selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 4.

15. The compound of claim 4 or 5, wherein m and n are independently selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 4.

16. The compound of claim 4 or 5, wherein m and n are independently selected from the group consisting of 3, 4, 5, and 6.

17. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one occurrence of R1a, R2a, R3a, and R4ais independently a polyethylene glycol chain from 1 to 100 units long, C1-C8 alkanediyl, C5-C10 arenediyl, or C5-C10 heteroarenediyl. - 83 - 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 18. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of R1b, R2b, R3b, and R4bis independently -NH-, -C(=O)NH-, or -NHC(=O)-.

19. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein each occurrence of R5a, R6a, R7a, and R8ais independently -C(=O)NH-, -NHC(=O)-, or triazinediyl.

20. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one of occurrence of R5b, R6b, R7b, and R8bis -(CH2CH2O)t-, -(OCH2CH2)t-, -(OCH2CH2)tNH-, or -NH(CH2CH2O)t-, wherein each t is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20.

21. The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is independently a compound selected from the group consisting of: a nucleic acid; peptide; protein; oligosaccharide; oligomer comprising polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or combinations thereof; polymer comprising polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or combinations thereof; lipid; glycolipid; lipoprotein; small molecule compound; carbohydrate; fluorescent label; radioactive label; imaging label; and diagnostic agent.

22. The compound of claim 21, wherein the peptide comprises an enzyme, an antibody, an antibody fragment, or an antigen.

23. The compound of claim 21, wherein the fluorescent label, radioactive label, or imaging label comprises a phosphorescent label, a biofluorescent label, a luminescent dye, a chemiluminescent label, an electrochemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a fluorophore labeled DNA dendrimer, a porphyrin, a quantum dot, a tandem dye, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer dye, a heavy atom, a metal particle, a heavy metal chelate, a magnetic particle, a stable isotope, a spin label, a radioactive isotope, a nanoparticle, a light scattering nanoparticle or microsphere, a microbarcode particle, a radio frequency identification particle, a light-diffracting particle, a Raman-active particle, or combinations or derivatives thereof.

24. The compound of claim 23, wherein the fluorescent label is selected from the group consisting of perylene diimide (PDI) or an optionally substituted derivative thereof; di- pyrrolidyl perylene diimide, 5(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) or an optionally - 84 - 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) substituted derivative thereof; or combinations or derivatives thereof.

25. The compound of claim 21, wherein the imaging label comprises an endohedral metallofullerene or an endohedral metallofullerenol, or combinations or derivatives thereof.

26. The compound of claim 21, wherein the nucleic acid is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or a ribonucleic acid (RNA), or an analogue thereof.

27. The compound of claim 26, wherein the RNA is a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

28. The compound of claim 26, wherein the RNA hybridizes to a gene target or has a complementary sequence to a gene target.

29. The compound of claim 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a carbohydrate.

30. The compound of claim 29, wherein the carbohydrate comprises glucose, beta-D- glucose, beta-D-maltose, maltotriose, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin.

31. The compound of claim 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is an optionally substituted metallofullerene from C60to C90, wherein the metallofullerene encapsulates one or more metal atoms.

32. The compound of claim 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (A):wherein S1and S2are each independently a polysaccharide comprising 1 to 10,000 monosaccharide units. - 85 - 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 33. The compound of claim 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (B):wherein: M is a metal atom; p is an integer ranging from 1 to 100; and r is an integer ranging from 1 to 10.

34. The compound of claim 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a compound of formula (C): O O pwherein p is an integer ranging from 1 to 10,000.

35. The compound of claim 21, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, and Cargoz2is a polyethylene glycol comprising 1 to 10,000 oxyethylene units. - 86 - 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 36. The compound of any one of claims 1-35, wherein at least one of Cargoz1is a fluorescent label.

37. The compound of any one of claims 1-36, wherein at least one of Cargoxor Cargoyis a fluorescent label.

38. The compound of claim 21, wherein the fluorescent label is rhodamine, green fluorescent protein, blue fluorescent protein, or yellow fluorescent protein.

39. The compound of any one of claims 1-38, wherein at least one of Cargoxand Cargoyis selected from the group consisting of: , .

40. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-39, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

41. A method of imaging a cell, tissue, or organ in a subject, the method comprising: administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2is a detectable cargo; and detecting whether the compound is present in a cell, tissue, or organ in the subject, thereby imaging the cell, tissue, or organ of the subject. - 87 - 53759585.2Attorney Docket No.370602-7076WO1 (00263) 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the detectable cargo is a phosphorescent label, a biofluorescent label, a luminescent dye, a chemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a fluorophore labeled DNA dendrimer, a porphyrin, a quantum dot, a tandem dye, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) dye, a heavy atom, a metal particle, a heavy metal chelate, a magnetic particle, a stable isotope, a spin label, a radioactive isotope, a nanoparticle, a radio frequency identification particle, a light-diffracting particle, a Raman- active particle, or combinations or derivatives thereof.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein the imaging is performed using magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission imaging, radiographic imaging, fluoroscopy, scintigraphy, ultrasound imaging, elastography imaging, photoacoustic imaging, tomography, magnetic particle imaging, infrared imaging, ultraviolet imaging, visible light imaging, or combinations thereof.

44. The method of claim 41, wherein the detection step comprises hybridization of a nucleic acid from the subject with at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2.

45. The method of claim 41, wherein the imaging allows for detection of a lesion or disorder in a subject.

46. The method of claim 45, further comprising administering a therapeutic agent to the subject to treat and / or ameliorate the lesion or disorder.

47. The method of any one of claims 41-46, wherein the subject is a mammal.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the mammal is human.

49. A method of imaging a cell, tissue, or organ, the method comprising: contacting the cell, tissue, or organ with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein at least one of Cargox, Cargoy, Cargoz1, or Cargoz2is a detectable cargo; and detecting whether the compound is present in the cell, tissue, or organ, thereby imaging the cell, tissue, or organ. - 88 - 53759585.2

Images