Method for cleaning a surface of a cdte-based thin film layer after an activation treatment, method for forming a photovoltaic device and photovoltaic device
The use of selenous acid to clean CdTe-based thin film layers after activation treatment addresses the issue of surface alteration, maintaining the layer's integrity and enhancing device efficiency by introducing selenium to passivate grain boundaries.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/087470
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-12
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-16
AI Technical Summary
Existing cleaning methods for CdTe-based thin film layers after activation treatment alter the structure and stoichiometry of the surface, leading to oxidation or reduction, which is disadvantageous for further processing and reduces the efficiency of photovoltaic devices.
A cleaning method using selenous acid (H2SeO3) to remove activation residues, forming a hydrophobic surface and introducing selenium to occupy traps at grain boundaries, thereby preserving the stoichiometry and improving the surface for further processing.
The method maintains the CdTe-based thin film layer's structure and stoichiometry, enhances its hydrophobicity, and improves the efficiency of photovoltaic devices by passivating grain boundaries with selenium.
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Figure CN2024087470_16102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment, method for forming a photovoltaic device and photovoltaic device
[0001] The present invention relates to a method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment, for instance a CdTe-based thin film absorber layer of a photovoltaic device. The present invention further relates to a method for forming a photovoltaic device and to a photovoltaic device formed by this method.
[0002] CdTe-based thin film layers are widely used in different device, for instance in photovoltaic devices as an absorber layer. A CdTe-based thin film layer according to the invention is any layer comprising cadmium and tellurium and may comprise other elements in an alloy or as a doping element. For instance, the following alloys should be understood as a CdTe-based layer: CdSexTe1-x, CdSxTe1-x CdZnxTe1-x, CdMgxTe1-x, CdMnxTe1-x, CdHgxTe1-x, wherein x may vary between 0 (zero) and a value smaller 1 (0≤x<1) . Doping elements may be, for instance, Cu, As, Sb, N, Ag, Li, Na, P.
[0003] CdTe-based thin film layers are usually formed by physical vapour deposition, e.g. by sputtering, thermal evaporation or sublimation, for instance close-space sublimation (CSS) . According to the state of the art, aprocess called activation is performed after depositing the CdTe-based thin film layer. This process comprises a thermal treatment usually under presence of an activation agent, for instance a liquid agent like CdCl2, and results in an intermixing of different material layers, if the CdTe-based thin film layer is formed as a layer stack comprising different materials like, for instance, CdSe and CdTe, thereby forming a defined concentration gradient of the different elements within the CdTe-based thin film layer. Furthermore, defects within the CdTe-based thin film layer are at least partially cured and a diffusion of doping materials may take place. However, the activation treatment leaves Cd-based residues on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer, which have to be removed before further processing a semi-finished product the CdTe-based thin film layer being a part of.
[0004] Different cleaning methods for removing the residues being water-insoluble are described in the state of the art. For instance, the CdTe-based thin film layer is cleaned after activation with an oxidizing agent, like a nitric / phosphoric-based acid (NP etch) or bromine in methanol (BM etch) as described in US 2014 / 0273407 A1. This cleaning results in forming a Te-rich surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer. WO 2011 / 031666 A1 disclosed among others the use of complexing agents, like ethylene diamine, and of an acidic solution, e.g. oxalic acid. Furthermore, the use of a light hydrochloric acid or of a hydroiodic acid is known, for instance from Awni et al.: “The effects of Hydrogen Iodide Back Surface Treatment on CdTe Solar Cells” , Sol. RRL 2019, 3, 1800304.
[0005] A drawback of some of these cleaning agents is that the structure and stochiometric composition of the CdTe-based thin film layer is changed in a region near the surface, and that the surface is oxidized or reduced which may be disadvantageous for further processing, for instance for depositing a back contact layer on the CdTe-based thin film layer.
[0006] The object is therefore to provide a further method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film after an activation treatment, wherein the further method may reduce some of the negative effects of the methods according to the state of the art. The object is further to provide a method for forming a photovoltaic device having improved efficiency and to provide such a photovoltaic device.
[0007] According to the invention, the object is solved by the methods and the device according to the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are indicated in the dependent claims.
[0008] A first aspect of the invention provides a method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment. This method comprises a step of forming a CdTe-based thin film layer, astep of performing an activation treatment under the presence of an activation agent, and a step of cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer with a solution comprising selenous acid (H2SeO3) . The steps of forming a CdTe-based thin film layer and of performing an activation treatment are known from the state of the art. As an activation agent known compounds like CdCl2 or other halogenides may be used as known from the state of the art. Further, the activation treatment usually comprises a temperature treatment with temperatures in the range of 350℃ to 450℃. The solution comprising selenous acid removes residues of the activation agent resulting from the activation treatment, wherein also Cd-based residues are removed.
[0009] The method according to the invention provides some advantages: The solution comprising selenous acid forms a hydrophobic absorber surface after cleaning, which is advantageous for further processing a semi-finished product comprising the CdTe-based thin film layer. In comparison to a solution comprising hydrochloric acid, which is often used for cleaning after activation, the solution comprising selenous acid etches the CdTe-based material of the CdTe-based thin film layer, in particular along the grain boundaries, less. Moreover, the solution comprising selenous acid is not corrosive and–if at all–only very light oxidizing, does not comprise aggressive chloride ions and does not form gaseous aggressive or toxic compositions as a solution comprising hydrochloric acid produces. Therefore, requirements to processing equipment with respect to resistance to hydrochloric acid or chloride can be relaxed. Furthermore, the properties of the solution comprising selenous acid, e.g. pH-value, may be adjusted such that the stoichiometry of the CdTe-based thin film layer is not changed at its surface, i.e. the surface is neither oxidized resulting in a Te-rich surface layer nor reduced resulting in a Cd-rich surface layer. If wanted, the properties of the solution comprising selenous acid may be adjusted such that selenium and / or a selenium compound, e.g. selenium oxide, is provided from the solution comprising selenous acid to the CdTe-based thin film layer. The selenium and / or selenium compound may be bound at the grain boundaries of the CdTe-based thin film layer, thereby occupying traps or defect states at the grain boundaries and passivating them.
[0010] In embodiments, the solution comprising selenous acid is generated by solving isolated selenous acid or isolated selenium oxide in an aqueous or an aqueous-organic solution. That is, isolated selenous acid or isolated selenium oxide is dissolved in water or in a mixture of water and at least one further organic compound, e.g. ethanol, methanol or others. The use of short-chain alcohols allows a fast drying of the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer after cleaning or a self-limitation of the residence time of the solution on the CdTe-based thin film layer. Long-chain or branched alcohols, e.g. glycerol, allow the formation of paste-like, viscous solutions with longer residence times of the solution on the CdTe-based thin film layer. In special embodiments, the isolated selenous acid or isolated selenium oxide is dissolved in a solution comprising further compounds, as will be explained later.
[0011] In embodiments, the solution comprising selenous acid comprises selenous acid in the range of 0.5%to 20%, in particular in the range between 1%and 5%for longer residence times of the solution comprising selenous acid on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer and between 15%and 20%for shorter residence times as useful in industrial applications.
[0012] In embodiments, the solution comprising selenous acid has a pH-value in the range of 0 to 6. The pH-value may be adjusted by including further compounds into the solution comprising selenous acid. For instance, NH4OH may be added to the solution as a buffer in a ratio of 1: 1.
[0013] In embodiments, the step of cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer with a solution comprising selenous acid is performed for a time period in the range of 10 s to 60 s, in particular in the range of 10 s to 30 s for use in industrial applications and in the range of 20 s to 60 s in other applications.
[0014] In embodiments, the solution comprising selenous acid has a temperature in the range of 20℃to 60℃ during the step of cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer, in particular in the range of 20℃ to 30℃.
[0015] In embodiments, the CdTe-based thin film layer has a temperature in the range of 20℃ to 40℃during the step of cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer, in particular in the range of 20℃ to 30℃. Since the activation treatment is performed usually at elevated temperatures, the CdTe-based thin film layer should cool down before performing the cleaning step.
[0016] In embodiments, the solution comprising selenous acid is applied to the CdTe-based thin film layer by spraying, rinsing or roller-coating, or by dipping the CdTe-based thin film layer at least with its surface to be cleaned into the solution. All of these methods are known to a person skilled in the art.
[0017] A further aspect of the invention refers to a method for forming a photovoltaic device comprising the steps of providing a substrate comprising a first electrode, performing the above described method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer is formed on the substrate, and forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer after performing the method for cleaning the surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment. In other words, the method comprises providing a substrate comprising a first electrode, forming a CdTe-based thin film layer on the first electrode, performing an activation treatment under the presence of an activation agent, cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer with a solution comprising selenous acid after activation as described above, and forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer, wherein the steps are performed in the given sequence. Furthermore, several cleaning steps, temperature treatment steps and further intermediate steps may be performed between different of the mentioned steps.
[0018] The method according to the invention allows a very good removal of activation residuals and a reduced negative effect on the structure and stoichiometry of the CdTe-based thin film layer at the cleaned surface. It further provides a hydrophobic surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer being favorable for further processing, in particular for forming the second electrode on that surface. If the step of cleaning after activation treatment is performed such that selenium and / or a selenium compound, e.g. selenium oxide, is provided from the solution comprising selenous acid, selenium and / or the selenium compound, e.g. selenium oxide, may be introduced into the CdSexTe1-x layer from the surface to be cleaned. This elemental selenium and / or the selenium compound occupies traps and defect states at grain boundaries of the CdTe-based thin film layer instead of forming an alloy with the material itself within the grains.
[0019] In the result, the electronic properties and the efficiency of the formed photovoltaic device are improved.
[0020] In embodiments, the substrate is a transparent substrate and the first electrode is at least partially transparent, wherein “transparent” in each case refers at least to light having wavelengths being absorbed by the CdTe-based thin film layer. The first electrode may be an electrically conductive layer or may be a layer stack comprising such an electrically conductive layer and further layers, for instance buffer layers. The first electrode may comprise, for instance, a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode may be an electrically conductive layer, like for instance a metal, or may be a layer stack comprising such an electrically conductive layer and further layers, for instance contact layers like ZnTe, metal oxides or others. The second electrode may also be transparent and comprise a transparent conductive oxide as the electrically conductive layer. Furthermore, the first electrode may be opaque, when the second electrode is transparent. However, the inventive method is especially advantageous, if the first electrode is transparent and is a front electrode facing a light impinging side and the second electrode is a back electrode. Methods for forming the first and the second electrode as well as forming the CdTe-based thin film layer are known from the state of the art.
[0021] In embodiments, the CdTe-based thin film layer is a CdSexTe1-x layer which may have a selenium concentration gradient over the thickness of the CdSexTe1-x layer, wherein the selenium content, i.e. the selenium concentration, near the first electrode is higher than that near the second electrode, at least directly after forming the CdTe-based thin film layer. Such a layer may be formed by sequentially depositing a CdSe layer and a CdTe layer and then forming the CdSexTe1-x layer by a temperature treatment resulting in interdiffusion and alloying. Other methods for forming such a layer may include alternatively depositing CdSe and CdTe layers, wherein a CdSe layer is formed first at the first electrode and a CdTe layer is formed last and wherein the thickness of the individual CdSe layers may decrease with their ordinal number and / or the thickness of the individual CdTe layers may increase with their ordinal number. A further method is to use different source compositions during forming of the CdTe-based thin film layer in order to achieve the mentioned selenium concentration gradient. The cleaning of the CdSexTe1-x layer with a solution comprising selenous acid after activation does not significantly change this concentration gradient, at least with respect to selenium bound within the CdSexTe1-x crystal structure.
[0022] A further aspect of the invention refers to a photovoltaic device comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and a CdTe-based thin film layer as an absorber layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. At least one of the following two features is present: An atomic layer of selenium and / or of one or more selenium compounds, e.g. selenium oxide, is arranged at the interface of the CdTe-based thin film layer to the second electrode and / or the CdTe-based thin film layer comprises selenium and / or a selenium compound, e.g. selenium oxide, near the interface to the second electrode, the selenium and / or the selenium compound being at least partially situated at the grain boundaries and at least partially not affecting the grain crystal structure of the CdTe-based thin film layer. This atomic layer of selenium is formed and / or the selenium is introduced into the CdTe-based thin film layer by the method as described above, if the step of cleaning after activation treatment is performed such that selenium is provided from the solution comprising selenous acid.
[0023] It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0024] Exemplary embodiments
[0025] The following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosed subject matter in the context of one or more particular implementations. Various modifications to the disclosed implementations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the described or illustrated implementations, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
[0026] Implementations of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to accompanying drawings in which:
[0027] Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the method for forming a photovoltaic device including an embodiment of the method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment according to the present invention,
[0028] Fig. 2A shows an embodiment of the photovoltaic device according to the invention and
[0029] Fig. 2B shows a detail of Fig. 2A.
[0030] Figure 1 shows an embodiment of the method for forming a photovoltaic device including an embodiment of the method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment according to the present invention. In a first step S10, a substrate with a first electrode on it is provided. A CdTe-based thin film layer is then formed on the first electrode, for instance by closed-space sublimation (CSS) , in a second step S20. This step may also comprise a temperature treatment subsequent to depositing one or more CdTe-based thin film layers in order to support intermixing of different layers and removing crystal defects within the deposited layer (s) . In a next step S30, an activation treatment is performed under the presence of an activation agent, e.g. CdCl2. This step leaves Cd-based residues on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer. After that, the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer is cleaned using a solution comprising selenous acid in step S40. The cleaning solution is formed from dissolving selenous oxide (SeO2) in water and comprises 2%selenous acid. The cleaning step is performed for 60 s, wherein the surface to be cleaned of the CdTe-based thin film layer is dipped into the solution. The solution comprising selenous acid has a temperature of 25℃ and the CdTe-based thin film layer has a temperature of 25℃. After the cleaning step, the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer is rinsed with deionized water. Finally, a second electrode is formed on the CdTe-based thin film layer in step S50.
[0031] Figure 2A shows an embodiment of the photovoltaic device 100 according to the invention and Figure 2B shows a detail D of Fig. 2A. The photovoltaic device 100 comprises a substrate 10 being transparent for incoming light indicated by the arrows, a first electrode 20 being a transparent front electrode of the photovoltaic device, a CdTe-based thin film layer 30 being a photoactive layer of the photovoltaic device and a second electrode 40 being a back electrode of the photovoltaic device. At a surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 facing the second electrode 40, an atomic layer 31 of selenium and / or of a selenium compound is present which results from the cleaning of the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 using a solution comprising selenous acid after activation. However, the atomic layer 31 of selenium may not be present in other embodiments, if this layer is removed after cleaning the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 with the solution comprising selenous acid and before forming the second electrode 40. Furthermore, no atomic layer 31 of selenium and / or of a selenium compound may be present if no such layer is formed during the cleaning of the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 using a solution comprising selenous acid after activation. As shown in Fig. 2B, the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 comprises grains 32 of the CdTe-based material, wherein the grains 32 have grain boundaries. Selenium 33 or a selenium compound resulting from the cleaning of the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 with the solution comprising selenous acid after activation is bound to the grain boundaries of the grains 32 to a depth d1 within the CdTe-based thin film layer 30. The depth d1 is measured from the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 facing the second electrode 40. The atomic layer 31 and / or the selenium 33 (and / or the selenium compound) bound to the grain boundaries are present in the photovoltaic device 100, if both the solution comprising selenous acid was provided and the cleaning step was performed such that selenium (in elemental form or in a compound form) was provided from the solution comprising selenous acid during the cleaning step. The selenium (and / or the selenium compound) not bound into the crystal structure of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 but to the grain boundaries may be proved by imaging methods, like for instance transmission electron microscopy.
[0032] List of reference signs 10 Substrate 20 First electrode 30 CdTe-based thin-film layer 31 Atomic layer of Se on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 32 Grains of the CdTe-based thin film layer 33 Se bound at the grain boundaries 40 Second electrode 100 Photovoltaic device d1 Depth of Se bound at the grain boundaries within the CdTe-based thin film layer
Claims
1.A method for cleaning a surface of a CdTe-based thin film layer after an activation treatment, the method comprising the steps of:a) forming a CdTe-based thin film layer andb) performing an activation treatment under the presence of an activation agent,c) cleaning the CdTe-based thin film layer with a solution comprising selenous acid.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the solution comprising selenous acid is generated by solving isolated selenous acid or isolated selenium oxide in an aqueous or an aqueous-organic solution.3.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the solution comprising selenous acid comprises selenous acid in a range of 0.5%to 20%.4.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the solution comprising selenous acid has a pH-value in a range of 0 to 6.5.The method according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein step c) is performed for a time period in the range of 10 s to 60 s.6.The method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the solution comprising selenous acid has a temperature in the range of 20℃ to 60℃ during step c) .7.The method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer has a temperature in the range of 20℃ to 40℃ during step c) .8.The method according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the solution comprising selenous acid is applied to the CdTe-based thin film layer by spraying, rinsing, roller-coating, or dipping into the solution.9.A method for forming a photovoltaic device comprising the steps of:- providing a substrate comprising a first electrode,- performing the method according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer is formed on the substrate, and- forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer after performing the method according to any of claims 1 to 8.10.A photovoltaic device comprising:- a first electrode,- a second electrode and- a CdTe-based thin film layer as an absorber layer between the first electrode and the second electrode,wherein an atomic layer of selenium and / or a selenium compound is arranged at the interface of the CdTe-based thin film layer to the second electrode and / or wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer comprises selenium and / or a selenium compound near the interface to the second electrode, the selenium and / or the selenium compound being at least partially situated at the grain boundaries and at least partially not affecting the crystal structure of the CdTe-based thin film layer.
Citation Information
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