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This invention discloses a method for preparing modified high-silica fiber-reinforced SiO2 aerogel composite materials, comprising the following preparation steps: First, high-silica fibers are oxidized, then immersed in KH-550 and KH-560 hydrolysates respectively, and vacuum dried to obtain modified high-silica fibers; then, using methoxytrimethylsilane and tetraethyl silicate as silicon source co-precursors, the modified high-silica fibers are added to the silicon source co-precursors, and a sol-gel freeze-drying process is used to prepare the modified high-silica fiber-reinforced SiO2 aerogel composite material. This invention allows the high-silica fibers to form more Si-O-Si bonds with the SiO2 aerogel, thereby improving the mechanical and thermal properties of the aerogel composite material. This fiber-reinforced aerogel preparation process is simple, low-cost, and exhibits excellent overall performance.