Inertization of material surfaces by functionalized perfluorinated molecules

Abstract

The invention preferably relates to a method for inertizing material surfaces, preferably ceramic surfaces, metal surfaces or plastic surfaces, by means of functionalized perfluorinated compounds to form highly hydrophobic structures. The inert surfaces produced or producible in this way have extremely low surface energies, are resistant to the deposition of substances or cells, and have extremely low coefficients of friction. Furthermore, the invention also relates to practical application possibilities of the inert surfaces.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention preferably relates to a method for inertizing material surfaces, preferably ceramic surfaces, metal surfaces or plastic surfaces, by means of functionalized perfluorinated compounds to produce superhydrophobic surfaces. In addition to the conventional repellent properties of the fluorinated surfaces, the inert surfaces produced or producible therefrom have an additional superhydrophobic structure (see Figure 1 ), these superhydrophobic structures greatly enhance these properties through the additional lotus effect. Background Art

[0002] Ceramics and high-performance ceramics as well as metals generally have a relatively high surface energy. Many plastics also have a relatively high surface energy due to the presence of heteroatoms or functional groups. On the other hand, other plastics have a relatively low surface energy due to their hydrophobic structure. However, all these types of plastics have in common that substances or cells can generally be deposited on the surface.

[0003] Many applications in industry, medicine or medical engineering, electrical engineering or electronics or other fields require inert surfaces on which material accumulation is avoided or which have a particularly low coefficient of friction. Since the further development of 3D printing technology, plastics have become increasingly important in these fields, where non-inert properties can lead to undesired effects.

[0004] For example, in the field of medicine or medical engineering, relatively high surface energies of ceramics, metals or plastics can lead to cell accumulation. In some applications, such as in the field of medical implants, cell accumulation, in particular non-specific cell accumulation, should be suppressed.

[0005] Therefore, it is highly desirable to modify the corresponding surface so that it is largely inert to the environment. In particular, it is desirable that the surface of the medical product does not establish a mutual relationship with lipophilic or hydrophilic substances, or only establishes a very low mutual relationship with them, so that no cell accumulation or accumulation of substances occurs on the surface. For example, in heart machines, deposition of coagulation factors and coagulation proteins may occur on surfaces that are not sufficiently inert, which can lead to plaque formation. The shedding of such plaques can cause myocardial infarction or stroke, and thus presents a high medical risk. The friction between the two surfaces should also often be reduced.

[0006] Especially for biological applications, WO 2012 / 100100A2 discloses a method in which a coating consisting of a polyfluorinated or perfluorinated polymer (e.g. Teflon) is applied to the surface. The coating is attached by adhesion. In a second step, a liquid perfluorocarbon (PFC) without functional groups (i.e., a PFC usually consisting only of C and F) is applied or mixed on the first layer. This second layer is also retained by adhesion, because PFC behaves very lipophilically in an aqueous environment and accumulates on the lipophilic structure of the first layer. Inert surfaces are thus prepared.

[0007] Although the method described in WO 2012 / 100100A2 is characterized by simple preparation, the PFC is located on the surface only by adhesion. Over time, this will cause it to fall off. It is known that PFC is only mixed with preferably the same type, and after a certain period of time, different PFCs will dissociate from each other. The more similar the PFCs are to each other, the longer the time to dissociate is. The more different the PFCs in the mixture are, the faster they dissociate. Therefore, the interaction between the molecules of the applied liquid PFC layer is greater than the interaction between them and the first (e.g. Teflon) layer, which should be mediated between the substrate and the liquid PFC. Therefore, it can be expected that different phases (phases, Phasen) will be formed over time, wherein the homogeneous liquid PFC layer is destroyed and the inert properties are damaged due to the formation of condensates. Therefore, the inert layer prepared in WO 2012 / 100100A2 lacks long-term durability.

[0008] Currently, in the prior art, the inertization of plastic surfaces has a number of disadvantages. Fuming plastic surfaces with hydrogen fluoride (HF) is known. Although inertization occurs here, it is not very effective because only a single hydrogen atom (H) is replaced by a single fluorine atom (F).

[0009] It is also known to coat plastic surfaces with polyfluorinated or perfluorinated polymers (plastics) such as Teflon. Even with these polyfluorinated or perfluorinated polymers, only a single hydrogen atom is replaced by a single fluorine atom. Similar to the treatment with hydrogen fluoride, the perfluorinated structures thus obtained are very small and the inert properties thus obtained are low compared to the combination of perfluorinated chains.

[0010] Although it is conceivable to incorporate perfluorinated compounds as early as during the production of the plastic (e.g. by grafting copolymers or copolymers, blends), this would lead to undesirable mechanical properties, primarily with regard to wear resistance. For example, implants with Teflon coatings must be removed after several years because wear particles can cause inflammation in the patient.

[0011] The binding of perfluorinated compounds to the surface of plastics is known for XPS (photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis methods ("Chemical Derivatization for Quantifying Functional Groups" J. Friedrich, R. Mix, A. Meyer-Plath, S. Hanelt). In this process, undetectable functional groups of the plastic are converted into fluorine derivatives in order to be able to determine functional groups that are otherwise unambiguously quantifiable by means of fluorine concentration determination. In this way, inertization is not possible.

[0012] In the field of tool technology for ceramic and metal surfaces, in particular under high mechanical loads, for example for tableting tools, anti-stick coatings with a wear-resistant surface are also desirable.

[0013] Therefore, in the prior art it is known to pursue surface modifications which are particularly inert, ie have low adhesion to foreign matter and at the same time have high wear resistance.

[0014] In a list by the Fraunhofer Institute for Layer and Surface Technology (Fraunhofer IST) in Braunschweig (https: / / www.ist.fraunhofer.de / content / dam / ist / de / documents / produktblatt / Produktblatt_Verschlei%C3%9Ffeste_Antihaftschichten.pdf), commercially available coatings for reducing surface energy are compared:

[0015]

[0016]

[0017] As shown in the list, Teflon is characterized by a particularly low surface energy, which results in an inert surface. However, problems with Teflon coatings are, on the one hand, the lack of resistance to high temperatures (above 260° C.) and, on the other hand, the lack of stability against wear.

[0018] When Teflon is used for artificial acetabular sockets, particles and thus granulomas are formed due to abrasion, which can lead to the removal of the prosthesis. Foreign body reactions and loosening of implants using Teflon protoplasts in the temporomandibular joint have also been described (Ga-Young Park, "Osteoblastspezifische und mechanische Eigenschaften von etablierten und nichtetablierten Polymeren im Hinblick auf den Einsatz als ”, PhD thesis mWN., Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2012, published at http: / / www-brs.ub.ruhr-uni-bochum.de / netahtml / HSS / Diss / ParkGaYoung / diss.pdf)

[0019] Due to the existing disadvantages, it is very necessary to find new coatings that are usable at high temperatures and have high wear resistance in the prior art.

[0020] For the coatings that can be considered so far, as listed in the table above, the coating is applied to the surface by adhesion, which reduces the wear resistance. Moreover, the coatings that replace Teflon cannot achieve the low surface energy value of 18.5 mN / m.

[0021] Patent US2007 / 0172666 A1 uses perfluorocarbon chains C1 to C6 without functional groups for bonding. Only plasma treatment leads to functionalized fragments of these compounds, which then react. The fragments thus generated are generated in a fortuitous manner during the plasma treatment and thus cannot represent any homogeneous molecular grouping, which is however necessary for orderly accumulation on the surface of the material into a superhydrophobic structure similar to a lotus flower.

[0022] Patent WO 2007 / 025293 shows a method in which perfluoropropyl ether is acid-derivatized and subsequently crosslinked on the material surface via the functional groups generated in this process. Subsequently, the acid component is removed from the system. In this process, a perfluorinated layer is generated, which is located on the underlying material only by adhesion and is non-covalently bonded, which deteriorates the wear resistance. Moreover, the hydrophobic properties are also reduced: the functional groups that maintain the perfluorinated units are not located in a shielded manner between the material surface and the perfluorinated layer, but are directly located on the plane of the perfluorinated layer. Therefore, hydrophilic interactions occur in these areas, which reduces the hydrophobic properties. In the method of patent US000005242995A, the polyurethane surface is activated by isocyanate groups or by alkaline treatment. The fluorinated compound preferably has a hydroxyl group or a carbonyl group, or has a halogen atom. In contrast, in the novel method disclosed here, the polyurethane surface is not activated in the preparation stage, but is immediately subjected to perfluorination of the surface. The functionalized perfluorinated compounds used for this purpose are acid chlorides and sulfonyl chlorides, which are inherently reactive enough to react with polyurethane surfaces without prior activation. The process disclosed here therefore represents a shortened and simplified process for the perfluorination of polyurethane surfaces.

[0023] In the prior art, especially on ceramic surfaces, such a good super-hydrophobic surface or structure has not been formed. Summary of the invention

[0024] The object of the present invention is to provide a method for inerting surfaces, in particular ceramic surfaces, and chemical compounds, which eliminates the disadvantages of the prior art. In particular, the object of the present invention is to significantly improve the hydrophobic properties of previously fluorinated surfaces (see also fluorinated surfaces) by additionally creating superhydrophobic structures. Figure 1 ). Firstly, the object of the present invention is in particular to inertize ceramic surfaces, wherein a functionalized perfluoro compound is provided, wherein the functionalized perfluoro compound comprises a perfluoro compound and a functional group, wherein the perfluoro compound comprises up to 20 fully fluorinated atoms. In addition, the object of the present invention is to ensure the wear resistance of the layer by covalent bonds, and considering that the plastic surface contains heteroatoms (such as polyurethane, polyamide, polyester, etc.), a pretreatment of the activated surface (such as plasma treatment or corona treatment or acid bath) becomes superfluous, and the method is thus simplified. The object of the present invention is also to provide a method for inertizing ceramic surfaces, metal surfaces or plastic surfaces and an inertized ceramic surface, metal surface or plastic surface, characterized by low surface energy and high wear resistance and resistance to chemical degradation or enzymatic degradation.

[0025] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0026] According to the invention, this object is achieved by a method according to the invention for inerting a material surface, an inerted material surface according to the invention and the use of the inerted material surface.

[0027] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for inertizing a material surface, the method comprising the following steps:

[0028] a) Provide material surface, especially ceramic surface

[0029] b) Providing a functionalized perfluorinated compound

[0030] c) reacting the functionalized perfluorinated compound with the surface of the material to form a covalent bond, an ionic relationship or a metallic bond between the perfluorinated compound and the surface of the material, wherein preferably,

[0031] d) Functionalized perfluorinated compounds comprise a perfluorinated compound and a functional group, wherein the perfluorinated compound comprises up to 20 fully fluorinated atoms.

[0032] The method according to the invention firstly causes the generation of a superhydrophobic structure by arranging the functionalized perfluorinated compound used on the surface of the material. In particular, on the ceramic surface using a perfluorinated compound containing up to 20 fully fluorinated atoms, surprisingly a particularly good superhydrophobic surface or structure is obtained.

[0033] In the sense of the present invention, the inertization of a material surface is preferably understood as a modification of the surface, which makes the modified surface have low adhesion or wettability to foreign bodies. Preferably, the inertization of the material surface described corresponds to a reduction in surface energy achieved by the action of two factors; on the one hand, by perfluorination of the surface, and on the other hand, by the construction of a superhydrophobic structure similar to the lotus effect. As a result, the interaction with other molecules (such as proteins, cells or other substances) is reduced to a minimum and a highly inert superhydrophobic surface is produced.

[0034] For the purpose of inertization, preferably a sufficient surface density of the perfluorinated compound is achieved so that the material surface is isolated from external molecules by the perfluorinated compound. For derivatization for analytical methods, this is not the case when the perfluorinated compound is bound to the plastic.

[0035] At the molecular level, this can be partly explained by the effect of the perfluorinated compound on the electric field above the material surface (L. Mayrhofer J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2016, 138 (12), pp. 4018-4028). Due to the sufficient surface density of the perfluorinated compound, a rapid drop in the electric field above the material surface occurs. This results in other molecules (such as platelets or dirt) that are trapped in the electric field above the surface in the non-perfluorinated surface can no longer find an electric field in which they can fall in the perfluorinated surface. In a preferred embodiment, more than 50%, preferably more than 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the material surface is covered with a perfluorinated compound.

[0036] Furthermore, the formation of covalent bonds ensures particularly stable bonding of the perfluorinated compound, so that even over a long period of time, the inert surface properties are maintained.

[0037] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the material surface is a metal surface, a ceramic surface or a plastic surface. However, other material surfaces (such as glass surfaces) can also be inertized by means of the described method, particularly preferably ceramic surfaces.

[0038] It is particularly preferred that, by this method, a direct covalent bond is produced between the material surface and the perfluorinated compound. However, in other embodiments of the invention, it is also preferred that an intermediate layer is first applied to the material surface, and the perfluorinated compound is covalently bonded to the intermediate layer.

[0039] In order to promote covalent bonds, the pre-determined perfluorinated compound can be functionalized. In the sense of the present invention, a functionalized perfluorinated compound preferably describes a perfluorinated compound having at least one functional group. The functional group preferably promotes covalent bonds with atoms of the material surface, preferably with atoms of the ceramic surface, metal surface or glass surface or of the intermediate layer. In another bonding variant between the ceramic surface or metal surface and the perfluorinated compound, a strong ionic relationship or a metallic bond is possible.

[0040] In chemistry, covalent bonds are used to form molecules. Here, the atomic shells of at least two atoms overlap so that the electromagnetic attraction between electrons and the nuclei plays a role. When bonding, the repulsive Coulomb force between itself and every two nuclei or between electrons is in a state of equilibrium. If there is an electronegativity difference (electronegativity as a scale of the ability of atoms to attract electrons) (maximum about 1.5) between bonding partners, then preferably a polar bond. When the electronegativity difference is particularly high (from about 1.5), the limiting case of covalent bonds works, i.e. ionic bonds. This is mainly based on the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

[0041] In the case of the ceramics mentioned in the subject matter of the invention, there is usually an electronegativity difference of>1.5. However, in terms of its solubility in water, it does not have the same properties as for substances with similar differences (mainly salts). Salts such as sodium chloride (mostly present in an ionic lattice state) can be easily hydrated in water because the lattice energy of the ionic lattice of the salt is overcome in the process. For ceramics, this phenomenon is avoided by correspondingly adjusting the manufacturing process. For example, by a firing process and / or glazing, it is avoided to dissolve in water later. Since ceramics are inert to most solvents due to the manufacturing method, it is difficult to coat other substances on their surface, so that suitable functional groups can be selected, and reaction types such as nucleophilic substitution are particularly preferred to chemically change the surface.

[0042] Thus, the functional groups of the functionalized perfluoro compound preferably allow addition, substitution, esterification, esterification, condensation or other types of coupling reactions in order to establish covalent linkages or ionic relationships or metallic bonds.

[0043] The person skilled in the art knows various functionalities or functional groups by means of which covalent bonding reactions can be established.

[0044] Preferred functional groups or functionalities are selected from the group comprising: halogenated alkanes, hydroxyl groups, ether groups, amino groups, sulfhydryl groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, carboxyl groups, ester groups and amide groups; groups having free radicals or ions; and molecules derived from the following substance groups, namely carboxylic acids, peroxycarboxylic acids, thiocarboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, sulfinic acids, sulfenic acids, sulfoxides, carboxylates, sulfonates, sulfinates, sulfenates, carboxylic anhydrides, carboxylic esters, sulfonate esters, carboxylic acid halides (carboxylic acid halides, ), sulfonic acid halides (sulfonic acid halides, ), carboxylic acid amides, sulfonamides, carboxylic acid hydrazines, nitriles, aldehydes, thioaldehydes, ketones, thioketones, oximes, alcohols, phenols, thiols, amines, imines, hydrazines, ethers, esters, thioethers, thioesters, hydrogen halides, nitro compounds, nitroso compounds, azo compounds, diazo compounds, diazonium salts, isocyanates (isocyanate, Isocyanaten), cyanates (cyanate, Cyanaten), isocyanides, thiocyanates (thiocyanate, Thiocyanaten), isothiocyanates (isothiocyanate, Isothiocyanaten), hydroperoxides, peroxides, 2'-carbamates, ethers, amides and thioethers or compounds that may be active due to their multiple bonds.

[0045] Heteroatoms such as Br, I, Cl, H, Si, N, O, S, P, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, halogenated alkane, carboxylic acid amide, alcohol, hydrazine, isocyanate (isocyanate, Isocyanaten), thiocyanate (thiocyanate, Thiocyanaten) and amide are particularly preferred.

[0046] In a preferred embodiment, a functionalized perfluorinated compound suitable for nucleophilic substitution is used. Preferably, the functional group is a nucleophilic leaving group that allows nucleophilic substitution.

[0047] Here, nucleophilic substitution means that a group or an atom (hereinafter referred to as leaving group) is replaced by a new group or a new atom. For this purpose, the nucleophilicity of the leaving group should be lower than the nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile. Here, nucleophiles are molecules with a negative charge (electron pair donor) or a partial charge, or molecules that conform to the classical concept of a Lewis base. To determine the nucleophilicity, the electronegativity and the resulting dipole or monopole are observed. In this case, it applies: the greater the electronegativity, the stronger the nucleophile.

[0048] In nucleophilic substitution, a nucleophile attacks an organic chemical molecule at the C atom where the leaving group is located. Two types of reactions are used here, namely, unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S N 1) and bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S N 2). The differences are as follows:

[0049] General Mechanism S N 1:

[0050]

[0051] General Mechanism S N 2:

[0052]

[0053] For the perfluorocarbons used here, the functional groups are regarded as nucleophiles, either because they are already suitable for use as nucleophiles via a single strongly electronegative atom, as in the case of the OH group, or because they can be easily deprotonated and thereby acquire a negative charge, as in the case of the COOH group or the SO3H group.

[0054] In another embodiment, the functionalized perfluoro compound is bonded to the surface via free radical substitution, free radical addition, or other free radical reactions.

[0055] In another embodiment, the functionalized perfluoro compound is bonded to the surface via UV activation or via activation with the aid of other energy sources.

[0056] Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method is characterized in that the functionalized perfluoro compound is a perfluoro compound having at least one functional group, which contains at least one double bond and can be bonded by UV crosslinking; a perfluoro compound having at least one functional group that can be bonded to a free radical or a proton, wherein the free radical or the proton is preferably generated after plasma treatment or corona treatment of the material surface; and / or a perfluoro compound having at least one functional group suitable for a cycloaddition reaction.

[0057] The person skilled in the art is aware of various forms of functional groups which are suitable for UV crosslinking, binding to free radicals or protons or binding by means of cycloaddition reactions. The person skilled in the art is also aware of various nucleophilic substitutions and suitable nucleophilic leaving groups.

[0058] In a preferred embodiment, the functionalized perfluorinated compound is a perfluorinated compound having at least one functional group, wherein the functional group is preferably a nucleophilic leaving group, particularly preferably selected from the group comprising Br, I, Cl, H, N, O, S, P, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, carboxylic acid, thiocarboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, carboxylic acid halide, sulfonic acid halide, amide, carboxylic acid amide, alcohol, sulfonamide, phenol, hydrazines, thiols, amines, imines, hydrazines, isocyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate.

[0059] By means of the aforementioned preferred functional groups, in particular by means of the preferred nucleophilic leaving groups, a stable binding is reliably and reproducibly achieved. The surfaces modified in this way are also characterized by a particularly high abrasion resistance.

[0060] The functionalized perfluoro compound preferably comprises a molecular residue consisting of a perfluoro compound and a functional group, wherein the functional group is used to promote a covalent bond between the perfluoro compound and a material surface (preferably a ceramic surface, a metal surface or a plastic surface).

[0061] In the sense of the present invention, perfluorinated compounds are preferably described as linear or branched, acyclic or cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic aliphatic alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds or combinations thereof, or silanes in which all H atoms are substituted by F atoms, which optionally additionally have non-fluorinated or partially fluorinated substituents comprising one or more functional groups or heteroatoms (in particular Br, I, Cl, H, Al, N, O, S, P), or substituents which are combined with one or more other functional groups.

[0062] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the functionalized perfluoro compound is a functionalized perfluorocarbon (PFC).

[0063] The molecules selected from the group of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) preferably represent linear or branched, acyclic or cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic aliphatic alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds or combinations of these compounds, in which all H atoms are substituted by F atoms, which optionally additionally have at least one non-fluorinated or partially fluorinated substituent in the form of one or more functional groups, aliphatic chains or heteroatoms (in particular Br, I, Cl, H, Si, N, O, S, P), or which are combined with one or more other functional groups.

[0064] Particularly preferably, the perfluorocarbon (PFC) is selected from the group consisting of: C1-C 100 , preferably C1-C 50 , particularly preferably C1-C 30 , particularly preferably C1-C20, most preferably C1-C 20 Alkanes, alkenes or alkynes, which may be linear, branched, cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic; C6-C 50 , preferably C6-C 30 , particularly preferably C1-C 20 Aromatic or heteroaromatic systems may likewise be preferred. In the aforementioned compounds, the C atoms are preferably as fully perfluorinated as possible, particularly preferably completely perfluorinated.

[0065] In a preferred embodiment, the functionalized perfluorocarbon contains 1 to 50, preferably 1 to 20, particularly preferably 1 to 10, and very particularly preferably 2 to 10 perfluorinated C atoms. Preferably, the C atoms of the molecular residue of the perfluorocarbon (i.e. the component without functional groups) are fully fluorinated. Typically, within the framework of the present invention, it is possible to use a molecular residue selected from the group containing the following PFC groups: -(C n F (2n+2)-1 ), wherein n≥1, preferably n=1-20, such as -CF3, -C2F5, -C3F7, -C4F9, -C5F 11 etc.;-(C n F 2n-1 ), wherein n≥2, preferably n=2-20, such as -C2F3, -C3F5, -C4F7, etc.; -(-C n F (2n-2)-1 ), wherein n≥2, preferably n=2-20, such as -C2F, -C3F3, -C4F5, -C5F7, etc.

[0066] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the functionalized perfluoro compound comprises a perfluoro compound and a functional group, wherein the perfluoro compound comprises up to 20, particularly preferably up to 10 fully fluorinated atoms. These preferred functionalized perfluoro compounds lead to particularly good results (e.g. superhydrophobic structures, i.e., superhydrophobic properties of the surface in particular). If a solid surface is wetted with a liquid, the contact angle can be measured between the solid phase and the liquid phase. The larger the contact angle, the more hydrophobic (more water-repellent) the surface. If the contact angle is less than 90 degrees, the material is hydrophilic, i.e., absorbs water. The surface of such a material is wetted by water. If the contact angle is between 90 and 160 degrees, it can be said to be a hydrophobic material. It repels water; water drops slide off the surface and carry away dirt particles in the process. As a result, the surface itself is cleaned. However, if the contact angle is greater than 160 degrees, it is a superhydrophobic or superhydrophobic material. If the superhydrophobic substance also has a rough surface structure in the nanometer range, the water-repellent properties are further enhanced. If, in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the functionalized perfluorinated compound comprises a perfluorinated compound and a functional group, wherein the perfluorinated compound comprises up to 20, particularly preferably up to 10, fully fluorinated atoms, the superhydrophobic properties, in particular of ceramic surfaces, are exhibited particularly well.

[0067] Therefore, particularly preferred perfluorinated compounds as molecular residues are those of the general formula -(C n F 2n+1 ) wherein n≥1, preferably n=1-20, preferably n=2-20, most preferably n=2-10. Therefore, other particularly preferred perfluorinated compounds as molecular residues are those having the general formula Si n F 2n+1 wherein n≥1, preferably n=1-20, preferably n=2-20, most preferably n=2-10. These perfluorinated compounds are preferably also referred to as short-chain molecular residues.

[0068] In the prior art, preferably as long-chain perfluorocarbons as possible are used for the inertization of surfaces as macromolecules with more than 20 perfluorinated C atoms. However, the inventors have recognized that, with regard to functionalized perfluorocarbons covalently bonded to the surface, short-chain molecules surprisingly provide better results. As a result, particularly stable and durable coatings can be achieved, which still have excellent inert properties. In particular, by means of the aforementioned compounds, a covalent, particularly stable inertization of material surfaces can be achieved in a surprising manner, which leads to a reduction in the surface energy to a range of 20 mN / m or less. The preferred, functionalized compounds therefore combine the advantageous inert properties of Teflon with high chemical and mechanical durability in a special way.

[0069] Preferably, functionalized perfluorocarbon compounds suitable for nucleophilic substitution are utilized.

[0070] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the functionalized perfluorinated molecule is based on one of the following:

[0071] -F(CF2) n X, wherein n=1-50, preferably n=1-10, and X=Br, I, Cl, H, or X=Si, N, O, S, P, combined with a functional group, especially C8F 17 I、C8F 17 Br;

[0072] -F(CF2) n -(CH2) m X, wherein n=1-50, preferably n=1-10, m=1-26, preferably m=1-6, and X=Si, N, O, S, P, Br, I, H;

[0073] -F(CF2)nO b -CH=CH2, wherein n=1-50, preferably n=1-10, and b=0 or 1, preferably b=0;

[0074] -C6F 13 CH2CH2MgI,(C6F 13 CH2CH2)3SnPh, (C6F 13 CH2CH2)3SnBr,

[0075] (C6F 13 CH2CH2)3SnH;

[0076] -C2F5I, C3F7Br, C4F9I, C5F 11 Br, C6F 13 Br, C8F 15 Br, C 10 F 17 I;

[0077] -C4F9CH=CHC4F9、C8F 16 C l2 , C 10 F 19 N, C6F 19 Br, C9F 21 N, C 10 F 21 Br,

[0078] C 11 F 22 N2O2、C6F 13 CH=CHC6F13 , C 12 F 27 N, C 16 F 25 Br;

[0079] -C8F 17 I. C8F 17 Br

[0080] Metal organic radicals (eg organolithium) are also particularly preferred as functionalized perfluorinated molecules, ie perfluorinated carbon atom compounds, in which at least on the carbon atom there is a metal disposed.

[0081] Preferred modifications result in surfaces with very low surface energy and resulting properties such as chemical resistance, very low surface friction, prevention of the accumulation of hydrophilic or lipophilic substances or cells.

[0082] In addition, the modification is resistant to enzymatic degradation (e.g. by hydrolases or proteases), which makes it particularly suitable for medical applications. In addition, the modification can be used biocompatiblely and medically, since similar molecules are already used for other functions in medical applications, for example as contrast agents or as blood substitutes.

[0083] Preferred starting substances for the functionalized perfluorinated compounds from the radical of PFC which can be used within the framework of the present invention are:

[0084] - perfluorinated cholesteryl and adamantyl compounds, perfluorinated cis-eicosene, perfluorinated aromatic compounds, perfluorinated pyrene, perfluorinated glycerides; and

[0085]

[0086] For ionic bonding, the following PFCs can be used, for example:

[0087]

[0088] Where R = a perfluorocarbon residue or an aliphatic chain;

[0089]

[0090] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the perfluorinated compound is a perfluorinated silicon compound.

[0091] In this embodiment, the perfluorinated moieties or molecular residues are derived from a radical of a perfluorinated silicon compound comprising a linear or branched, acyclic or cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic aliphatic silane in which all H atoms are replaced by F atoms, which optionally additionally have non-fluorinated or partially fluorinated substituents comprising one or more functional groups or heteroatoms (in particular Br, I, Cl, H, Al, N, O, S, P), or substituents which are combined with one or more other functional groups.

[0092] Preferably, a perfluorosilicon compound from the group comprising: Si1-Si 100 , preferably Si1-Si 50 , particularly preferably Si1-Si 30 , especially Si1-Si 20 , most preferably Si1-Si 20 Perfluorinated silicon compounds. Perfluorinated silicon compounds are also present in a form functionalized by suitable substituents, as in the case of PFCs. That is, the functionalized perfluorinated silicon compounds have a perfluorinated part or molecular residue as described above and additionally have at least one functional group for promoting a covalent bond.

[0093] In a preferred embodiment, the functionalized perfluorosilicon compound contains 1 to 50, preferably 1 to 20, particularly preferably 1 to 10, and very particularly preferably 2 to 10 perfluorinated Si atoms. Preferably, the Si atoms of the molecular residue (ie, the component without functional groups) are completely fluorinated.

[0094] Other preferred functionalized perfluorosilicon compounds may be selected from the following group:

[0095] -The general formula is -[-SiR2-O-] n -siloxane, wherein n≥1 and R=perfluorocarbon or F,

[0096] -Siloxane alcohol of the general formula HO-A-[-SiR3R4-O-]-SiR3R4R5, wherein R 3,4,5 =F or -F(CF2) n , where n = 1-10 and A = alkyl chain

[0097] - Perfluorosilicates, silicic acid, sodium silicate, polysilazane, silicide, silicon tetrahalide, silicone, silicone oil, zeolite, zirconium silicate.

[0098] -The general formula is X-CH2-Si(O R)3, wherein X is a leaving group suitable for nucleophilic substitution, wherein X = Cl, Br, I, H, OH or a functional group containing amino, vinyl, carbamate, glycidyloxy, methylalkoxy, phenyl or acetoxy, and R = F, or -F(CF2) n , where n = 1-10,

[0099] - silanes of the general formula X-Si(CF3)3 or X-Si(R)3, wherein X is a leaving group suitable for nucleophilic substitution, wherein X=Cl, Br, I, H, OH or a functional group such as amino, vinyl, carbamate, glycidyloxy, methylalkoxy, phenyl or acetoxy, and R=F or R=F(CF2) n , where n=1-10.

[0100] In another embodiment, the perfluorinated compound is selected from the group of other perfluorinated compounds, wherein the perfluorinated compound is selected from NF3, N2F4, SNF3, CF3SN, SF4, SF6, a perfluorinated nitrogen and sulfur compound.

[0101] In another embodiment, the perfluorinated molecular moiety consists of a fluorophosphorus compound or a fluoroaluminum compound.

[0102] In these cases, it is also particularly preferred that the perfluorinated compound be characterized by short chain molecules.

[0103] In a preferred embodiment, the functionalized perfluorinated compound contains 1 to 50, preferably 1 to 20, particularly preferably 1 to 10, very preferably 2 to 10 perfluorinated atoms, wherein the atoms are preferably also selected from the group of C, Si, S or N or combinations thereof (for example SN (nitrogen sulfur)).

[0104] Preferably, the atoms of the non-functional components of the perfluorinated compound are fully fluorinated, that is, all hydrogen bonds on the atoms are replaced by fluorine.

[0105] It may also be preferred that the perfluorinated compound contains two or more perfluorinated molecules selected from perfluorocarbons (PFCs), perfluorosilicones and other perfluorinated compounds.

[0106] Generally, the functionalized perfluorinated compounds described above can be combined into multiple units. As an example, the following molecules can be referred to:

[0107]

[0108] The binding of these molecules to other molecules contained in the compounds according to the invention can be achieved via NH2 groups or OH groups or other suitable groups.

[0109] Advantageously, a variety of different ceramic surfaces can be rendered inert by the disclosed functionalized perfluorinated compounds.

[0110] In the sense of the present invention, the term "ceramic" includes inorganic, non-metallic and polycrystalline ceramic materials.

[0111] The ceramic can, for example, be selected from the group containing: aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride or aluminum nitride, or other non-metallic or metallic substances, or dispersed ceramics and piezoelectric ceramics, porcelain, stoneware, steatite, glass ceramics, cordierite, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, beryllium oxide, magnesium oxide, uranium oxide, titanates, lead zirconate titanate, ferrite, carbon, nitrides, carbides, borides, silicides (silicon, boron, titanium, molybdenum).

[0112] High-performance ceramics or technical ceramics optimized for technical applications are particularly preferred. For example, they can have special hardness, electrical conductivity or temperature characteristics, etc., to meet the corresponding requirements of the desired application.

[0113] With the further development of 3D printing, materials for high-performance ceramics such as aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride or aluminum nitride, or other non-metallic or metallic substances, or dispersed ceramics and piezoelectric ceramics are becoming increasingly important. They also have increasing possibilities for use in the medical field (implants, dental technology) and in the field of high mechanical stresses and substrates stabilized in zirconium oxide. The particularly conductive or magnetic or diamagnetic properties of some of these substances have other interesting fields of application.

[0114] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the ceramic surface is formed by a ceramic selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride or aluminum nitride, or other non-metallic or metallic substances, or dispersed ceramics and piezoelectric ceramics, porcelain, stoneware, steatite, glass ceramics, cordierite, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, beryllium oxide, magnesium oxide, uranium oxide, titanate, lead zirconate titanate, ferrite, carbon, nitride, carbide, boride, silicide (silicon, boron, titanium, molybdenum), among which high-performance ceramics are particularly preferably aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride or aluminum nitride.

[0115] Excellent results can be achieved in particular for the last-mentioned high-performance ceramics, particularly preferably aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride or aluminum nitride. Not only can the functionalized perfluorinated compounds be covalently bonded thereto in a simple manner and stabilized, but also a particularly homogeneous coating and inertization is achieved by the compounds. Surprisingly, in particular in the case of short-chain perfluorinated molecular residues, the functionalized perfluorinated compounds acquire the usual advantageous properties that characterize high-performance ceramics, such as hardness, corrosion resistance, wear strength and abrasion resistance.

[0116] Exemplarily, the preferred ceramic compound further comprises the following particles: MgO, ZrO2, B4C, S3C, Si3N4, BN, Al2TiO5, Pb(Zr,Ti)O2, BaTiO3, AlN or Al2O3.

[0117] Additionally, various metal surfaces may also be advantageously rendered inert by the disclosed functionalized perfluorinated compounds.

[0118] In a preferred embodiment, the metal surface is formed of a metal selected from the group comprising titanium, aluminum, cadmium, chromium, iron, gold, iridium, cobalt, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, silver, zinc and tin and alloys thereof, such as titanium alloys or stainless steel. Particularly preferably, the metal surface is formed of titanium or a titanium alloy.

[0119] The metals mentioned as being preferred, in particular titanium, can be coated successfully with functionalized perfluorinated compounds in a similar manner to ceramics.

[0120] By inerting with the aid of the described functionalized perfluorinated compounds, metals can be used in a variety of ways. In particular, for medical applications, for example for implants with metal components, it can be ensured by covalent bonding of the functionalized perfluorinated compounds that no undesired accumulation of biomaterials or cells occurs.

[0121] In a preferred embodiment, the plastic surface is formed by a plastic selected from the group consisting of polyacetals, polyacrylates, polyamides, polyaryls, celluloses, polyesters, polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl chlorides, polyetherketones, polyaryletherketones, polylactic acids, amino resins, epoxy resins, polyether alcohols, butadiene elastomers, fluorocarbon elastomers, ester elastomers, isoprene elastomers, olefin elastomers, silicone elastomers, pentene elastomers, sulfide elastomers, polyurethane elastomers and vinyl chloride elastomers. For the aforementioned plastics, functionalized perfluorinated compounds can be stably bonded in a simple manner by the described method. The inertized plastic surface thus obtained can be used in a variety of ways and, for example, in medical products, but also in everyday products, where the accumulation of biological material or dirt particles is effectively prevented.

[0122] The inertization according to the invention by means of the functionalized perfluorinated compounds described can be achieved in various ways.

[0123] On the one hand, the ceramic or metal surface can be preactivated by acid (e.g. with sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid), by other reagents, by laser treatment, by corona or plasma treatment, by ozone treatment or other methods, and the subsequent reaction with the functionalized perfluoro compound to cause covalent bonding or ionic relationships or metallic bonds can also be provided. A direct reaction with the functionalized perfluoro compound (without preactivation) can also be provided. In addition, it can also be preferred that the ceramic or metal surface is coated with an intermediate layer, with which the functionalized perfluoro compound reacts.

[0124] In a preferred embodiment of the method, activation of the material surface is effected prior to the reaction of the functionalized perfluorinated compound, wherein the activation is preferably effected by acid treatment, laser treatment, corona treatment, ozone treatment or plasma treatment.

[0125] This embodiment is particularly preferred with regard to functionalized perfluorinated compounds having a nucleophilic leaving group as functional group.

[0126] Preferably, the activation of the material surface (preferably a ceramic surface, a metal surface or a plastic surface) causes it to become electrophilic or to form electrophilic groups. The nucleophilic substitution by means of the preferably functionalized perfluorinated compound attacks the electrophilic groups and causes covalent bonding.

[0127] Various methods for surface activation are known to those skilled in the art.

[0128] For example, it may be preferred to use acids for this purpose, particularly preferably hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) or sulfuric acid. However, other activations are also conceivable, for example by means of plasma or laser irradiation.

[0129] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, different activations are achieved for sub-areas of the material surface. Thus, different degrees of inertization can be achieved on the material surface in a controlled manner. For example, it may be preferred to activate certain sub-areas and not activate other sub-areas, so that the perfluorinated compound is bonded only at the activated sub-areas. Intermediate stages of different levels of activation may also be preset in order to generate coatings of the perfluorinated compound of different thicknesses.

[0130] By means of this selective surface treatment, i.e. the different activation of the zones, for example via laser treatment or via selectively generated print images and the associated accessibility or inaccessibility to reaction with functionalized perfluorinated compounds, it is advantageously possible to generate defined patterns between areas of different properties (e.g. high surface energy and very low surface energy).

[0131] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, different activations are achieved for sub-areas of the material surface according to a predetermined pattern, thereby achieving different inerting treatments of the ceramic surface or the metal surface according to the predetermined pattern.

[0132] For example, it is possible to selectively generate areas of high surface energy (high interaction with the environment) and areas of very low surface energy (low interaction with the environment) under physiological conditions. Alternatively, the friction between two subareas of a surface can be reduced in a targeted manner.

[0133] In a further preferred embodiment, the invention relates to an inertized ceramic or metal surface, wherein the perfluorinated compound is present in a covalently bonded form to the ceramic or metal surface.

[0134] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to an inert material surface, preferably a ceramic surface, a metal surface or a plastic surface, which can be prepared by or by the method according to the present invention or its preferred embodiments, so that the perfluorinated compound is present in the form of covalent bonding to the material surface (preferably a ceramic surface, a metal surface or a plastic surface).

[0135] In the sense of the present invention, an inertized material surface, preferably an inertized ceramic surface, metal surface or plastic surface preferably refers to a material surface which has low adhesion or wettability to foreign matter due to an inertization treatment. An inertized material surface, preferably an inertized ceramic surface, metal surface or plastic surface may also be referred to as an inert ceramic surface, metal surface or plastic surface.

[0136] The inertized material surface is characterized by the advantages described. In particular, the inertized material surface is characterized by an extremely low surface energy, which results in a high chemical resistance, low surface friction and reduced adhesion to foreign bodies. In particular, the accumulation of hydrophilic, lipophilic substances or cells is effectively prevented on the inertized material surface according to the invention, so that it is particularly suitable for medical applications.

[0137] Those skilled in the art recognize that the preferred embodiments and advantages described for the method for inertization of material surfaces are equally applicable to inertized material surfaces. For example, it is disclosed that functionalized PFCs are preferably used for the method. Those skilled in the art recognize that in a preferred embodiment, the inertized material surface is characterized by a covalent bond of a PFC as a perfluoro compound.

[0138] In a preferred embodiment, for the inertized material surface, preferably for the ceramic surface, metal surface or plastic surface, the perfluorinated compound can be connected to the surface of the material (preferably metal, ceramic or and plastic) via a linker molecule or a spacer molecule, which is selected, for example, from the group comprising, in particular: halogenated alkanes, hydroxyl groups, ether groups, amino groups, thiol groups, aldehyde groups, keto groups, carboxyl groups, ester groups and amide groups; groups with free radicals or ions; and molecules from the following substance groups, namely carboxylic acids, peroxycarboxylic acids, thiocarboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, sulfinic acids, sulfenic acids, sulfoxides, carboxylates, sulfonates, sulfenic acids, sulfenic acids, carboxylic anhydrides, carboxylic acid esters, sulfonic acid esters, carboxylic acid halides, sulfonic acid halides, carboxylic acid amides, sulfonamides, carboxylic acid hydrazines, nitriles, aldehydes, thioaldehydes, ketones, thioketones, oximes, alcohols, phenols, thiols , amines, imines, hydrazines, ethers, esters, thioethers, thioesters, hydrogen halides, nitro compounds, nitroso compounds, azo compounds, diazo compounds, diazonium salts, isocyanates, cyanates, isocyanides, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, hydroperoxides, peroxides or compounds which may be active due to their multiple bonds; or functionalized perfluorocarbons which contain iodine atoms, bromine atoms or sulfur atoms, carbamates, thioether groups or disulfide groups, glycerol, succinylglycerol, phosphate groups; and functionalized perfluorocarbons containing other groups or atoms through which a connection to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a nucleic acid, a modified nucleoside, a modified nucleotide, a modified oligonucleotide, a modified nucleic acid, a peptide nucleoside, a peptide nucleotide, a peptide oligonucleotide, a peptide nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical substance can be established.

[0139] Preferred linker molecules are based on hydroxyl or amino groups, carboxyl groups, esters, ethers, thioethers, thioesters, carboxylic acid amides, compounds with multiple bonds, carbamates, disulfide bonds and hydrazides, halogenated alkanes, sulfhydryl groups, aldehyde groups, keto groups, carboxyl groups, ester groups and amide groups, thiols, amines, imines, hydrazines or disulfide groups, glycerol, succinylglycerol, orthoesters, phosphodiester and vinyl ethers, of which ester and ether groups and disulfide bonds are particularly preferred.

[0140] In a preferred embodiment, the inertized material surface is characterized in that the covalent bonds are achieved via linker molecules or spacer molecules, wherein the linker molecules or spacer molecules are preferably based on hydroxyl or amino groups, carboxyl groups, esters, ethers, thioethers, thioesters, carboxylic acid amides, compounds with multiple bonds, carbamates, disulfide bonds and hydrazides, halogenated alkanes, sulfhydryl groups, aldehyde groups, keto groups, carboxyl groups, ester groups and amide groups, thiols, amines, imines, hydrazines or disulfide groups, glycerol, succinylglycerol, orthoesters, phosphodiester and vinyl ethers, wherein ester and ether groups and disulfide bonds are particularly preferred.

[0141] Linker molecules can advantageously be used to bind other functional molecules which, for example, generate conductivity or accelerate cell growth. Other examples are the binding of growth factors or of molecules carrying a function that is superior to environmental properties.

[0142] Suitable examples for this are molecules in the field of molecular electronics or sensors (ferrocene compounds, etc.), growth factors such as Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), etc., metal conductive compounds, or molecules at the biocompatible interface between inorganic and organic materials.

[0143] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of material surfaces (preferably ceramic surfaces, metal surfaces or plastic surfaces) made inert by the described method in medical products, preferably in implants in which cell accumulation is preferably completely or partially undesirable, particularly preferably in cardiac implants, in stents, in prostheses, in joints, in dental implants or in medical technical devices through which substances, in particular blood or blood components, flow.

[0144] Advantageously, medical products in which inertized material surfaces, preferably ceramic surfaces, metal surfaces or plastic surfaces, are used are distinguished by a particularly high biocompatibility and have an extremely low risk of complications.

[0145] In the sense of the present invention, an implant preferably describes a medical device that replaces, supports or improves a biological structure. A dental implant preferably describes an implant for the oral cavity or jaw cavity and can preferably both replace and support a tooth structure. A cardiac implant is preferably understood to be a device that simulates the function of a human heart, for example in order to bridge the time a patient has to wait for a donor heart.

[0146] Due to the inert properties of the ceramic or metal surface, the medical product is characterized by particularly low deposits and can therefore be worn in the body for a long time without complications due to deposits or wear.

[0147] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of inerted material surfaces (preferably ceramic surfaces or metal surfaces) in products of electrical engineering, in particular in products of microelectronics. In electrical engineering and microelectronics, high-performance ceramics and metals are used in various ways as materials for increasingly complex components. Due to electrostatic charges, material accumulation and dust accumulation usually occur here, which in itself reduces the performance and service life of the device as micro-accumulation. This can be effectively avoided by inerting the ceramic surface or metal surface according to the present invention. Advantageously, in particular when using short-chain perfluorinated compounds, the described method also ensures that the desired electrical properties of the ceramic surface or metal surface will not be changed due to the inerting. It is known that the electric field of the material that is usually present above the perfluorinated interface is relatively very small. As a result, electrostatic attraction does not occur.

[0148] In another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of inerted material surfaces in flat glass, furniture, sanitary facilities or buildings. Advantageously, the described method can also be used for the inerting of glass surfaces or ceramics commonly used in flat glass, furniture, sanitary facilities or buildings. The material surfaces inerted in this way are characterized in the aforementioned applications in that no or almost no dirt can accumulate on them. As a result, the cleaning costs can be significantly reduced. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0149] Hereinafter, the present invention shall be explained in more detail based on examples, but shall not be limited to these examples.

[0150] right Figure 1 Explanation: Superhydrophobic surfaces are perfluorinated surfaces that have an additional lotus-like structure through orderly bonded perfluorinated molecular chains. Unlike Teflon surfaces that have only a single fluorine atom away from the surface, the effectiveness of superhydrophobic surfaces is greatly improved. Perfluorinated surfaces that include bonded irregular perfluorinated chains cannot construct an ordered superhydrophobic structure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0151] It should be pointed out that various alternatives to the described embodiments of the invention can be used to implement the invention and to reach the solution according to the invention. Therefore, in its implementation, the method according to the invention and the inerting of ceramic and metal surfaces are not limited to the preferred embodiments mentioned. Rather, a large number of design variants are conceivable, which can differ from the solutions shown. The metered portions of the components are sometimes given with the abbreviation "portion".

[0152] Examples of approaches to inerting ceramic and metal surfaces via functionalized perfluorinated compounds

[0153] Modification of ceramic and metal surfaces by functionalized perfluorinated compounds can be achieved in various ways:

[0154] 1) Pre-activation of the surface by acid (e.g. with sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid), by other reagents, by laser treatment, by corona, ozone or plasma treatment or other methods and subsequent reaction with the functionalized perfluorinated compound

[0155] 2) Direct reaction with functionalized perfluorinated compounds

[0156] 3) Coating with a layer on which the functionalized perfluorinated compound can react

[0157] By selective surface treatment (eg laser treatment) or by selectively generated print images and the associated accessibility or inaccessibility to reactions with functionalized perfluorinated compounds, defined patterns can be generated between areas with different properties (eg high surface energy and very low surface energy).

[0158] Regarding 1) and 2) - (pre)activation of the surface with sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid and subsequent reaction with the functionalized Fluorine compound reaction, or direct reaction:

[0159] Based on the illustrated unit cell of the crystal structure of zirconium (IV) oxide, various modification methods are possible, in which a plurality of reactions for changing the surface structure are available.

[0160]

[0161] Since high-performance ceramics made of zirconium (IV) oxide and the like have high chemical and thermal stability, it may be preferred to carry out the surface activation with the aid of hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) and / or concentrated sulfuric acid. However, in certain cases this can also be omitted (direct reaction).

[0162] By activation, the oxygen atoms on the surface are first protonated. If further protonation occurs, the oxygen atoms can be dissociated as water (see reaction equation 1).

[0163]

[0164] Reaction equation 1: Protonation of oxygen atoms of ZrO2

[0165] Through the dissociation of oxygen, zirconium atoms can be used as tetravalent ions (Zr 4+ ) are present and form ionic compounds (salts) with fluoride ions. The zirconium ions are thereby separated from the surface structure of the ceramic and are "flushed away".

[0166] Thus, in the pretreatment, various activated states of the ZrO2 surface structure can be generated. These states are starting points for modification by functionalized perfluorinated compounds.

[0167]

[0168] Reaction equation 2: Nucleophilic substitution on activated ceramic surface

[0169] As shown in reaction equation 2, the activated first protonated state of the ceramic can attack the positively charged perfluoromethyl iodide carbon nucleophilically, resulting in the accumulation of perfluoromethyl groups. For somatic cells, the formed perfluorinated "ether" is more difficult to cleave than the non-perfluorinated methyl group because the contained fluorine atom presents a poor leaving group due to its low relative atomic mass, high electronegativity and its small radius (ionic radius) and is therefore not dissociated.

[0170] Besides this, the methyl groups can form both van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds via their hydrogen atoms, which is significantly more difficult in perfluorinated residues.

[0171] Due to this situation, it is possible to also use other perfluorinated groups for modification, which bond to the activated ceramic surface via the underlying reaction mechanism.

[0172]

[0173] Reaction Equation 3: Activated ceramic surface as electrophile

[0174] As shown in reaction equation 3, the ionic, activated intermediate stage can also serve as an electrophilic reactant. Here, the zirconium ion is attacked nucleophilically by the perfluoroalcohol. Under conditions of dissociating hydrofluoric acid (which can re-enter the reaction process for further surface activation), a perfluorinated "diether" is formed.

[0175]

[0176] Reaction Equation 4: Activated ceramic surface as electrophile

[0177] Similar to reaction equation 3, reaction equation 4 also shows a reaction possibility in which the activated ceramic surface is used as an electrophilic reactant. Primary amines are used as nucleophilic reaction partners. Perfluorinated secondary amines can also satisfy this reaction type. Amines attack the positively charged zirconium with the help of the free electron pairs of nitrogen and bond with it. The proton (H + ) dissociates and forms HF with fluoride ions, which in turn can be used for surface activation.

[0178]

[0179] Reaction Equation 5: Binding of perfluorinated silane to activated ceramic surface

[0180] By reference to "siloxanes", perfluorinated silanes can be used. This type of reaction corresponds to a condensation, in which water is dissociated as a byproduct (see reaction equations 5 and 6). The silane oxygen attacks the positively polarized zirconium nucleophilically. H + And the OH group is dissociated as water.

[0181]

[0182] Reaction Equation 6: Binding of perfluorinated silane to activated ceramic surface

[0183] As shown in reaction equation 5, the silane oxygen nucleophilically attacks the zirconium, and H + And the OH group is dissociated as OH-, which forms water as a by-product.

[0184] The introduction of silanes or other semimetals or metals (doping) is used to increase the electrical conductivity. Zirconium (IV) oxide can electrolytically transport oxygen ions at high temperatures. This generates a voltage. By doping, an improvement in conductivity at lower temperatures is achieved.

[0185] By contrast, the placement of perfluorinated organic groups on the zirconium(IV) oxide surface reduces or prevents the conduction of electric current. This insulator effect makes it possible to precisely prepare guide systems for conducting electric current in electrical engineering (microelectronics).

[0186] HO-Zr 2+ +2H2+2CF2=C F →HO-Zr(CF2H-CF2H2)

[0187] Reaction equation 7: Addition and hydrogenation of tetrafluoroethylene on activated ceramic surface

[0188] The addition takes place via the double bond of tetrafluoroethylene onto the electrophilic zirconium. The subsequent hydrogenation (accumulation of H2) reduces the previous vinyl group.

[0189] The analogous situation for the first step of the Ziegler direct process is shown in reaction equation 7. In this process, tetrafluoroethylene accumulates additively on the surface of the activated zirconium oxide and is hydrogenated.

[0190]

[0191] Reaction Equation 8: Reaction of perfluorinated metal organic radical with activated ceramic surface

[0192] Reaction equation 8 shows the reaction of a perfluorinated metal organic radical (organolithium, copper lithium, for example, are also possible). The perfluorinated organic radical is a strong nucleophile, which attacks the positive zirconium ions on the activated ceramic surface nucleophilically. This reaction is additionally promoted by the formation of the salt LiF (lithium fluoride) with a strong negative lattice energy.

[0193] HO-Zr-OH+2LiCF3→LiO-Zr(CF3)2-OLi

[0194] Reaction equation 9: Reaction of the activated non-ionic state of the ceramic surface with the perfluorinated metal organic group (organic lithium)

[0195] It is also possible to carry out the reaction described in equation 8 in a non-ionic intermediate state on the activated zirconium oxide surface. In this process, further activation is achieved by metallization of the surface oxygen, where two perfluorinated organic residues have accumulated on the zirconium center. This lithiated surface is able to allow further nucleophilic reactions.

[0196] The reactions carried out above are also applicable in the same manner to other ceramics made of metal oxides and high-performance ceramics.

[0197] Therefore, the aluminum oxide used in the corundum structure is also suitable for these reactions.

[0198]

[0199] Reaction equation 10: Reaction of alumina ceramics with hydrofluoric acid

[0200] The oxygen of the surface structure of the ceramic is protonated by hydrofluoric acid, thereby producing Al(OH)3 and AlF3 as intermediate stages. Through further protonation of the OH groups, water is split and the more active AlF3 is produced.

[0201]

[0202] Reaction Equation 11: Reaction of activated ceramic surface with perfluorinated alkyl halide

[0203] The oxygen of Al(OH)3 attacks the positively polarized C atom of trifluoroiodomethane nucleophilically. Iodine is eliminated in the form of iodide and forms hydrogen iodide (HI) as a byproduct with the proton of the OH group.

[0204]

[0205] Reaction equation 12: Reaction of activated ceramic surface with perfluoroalcohol

[0206] The alcohol oxygen of the perfluoroalcohol attacks aluminum nucleophilically, cleaving off the OH group as OH- and the alcohol proton (H + ), which forms water as a by-product.

[0207]

[0208] Reaction Equation 13: Perfluorosilane binds to activated ceramic surface

[0209] The silane oxygen attacks the aluminum nucleophilically, cleaving off the OH- and protons of the silane-OH group, thereby forming water as a by-product.

[0210]

[0211] Reaction equation 14: Perfluorosilane binds to the activated ceramic surface

[0212] In reaction equation 14, the mechanism proceeds as in equation 13. Silane oxygen attacks aluminum nucleophilically, cleaving off OH- and the proton of the silane-OH group, thereby forming water as a byproduct.

[0213] Al(OH)3+3LiCF3→Al(CF3)3

[0214] Reaction equation 15: Reaction of activated ceramic surface with perfluoroorganic lithium

[0215] The organolithium shown in reaction equation 15 is strongly polarized. The negatively polarized organic carbon atom attacks the aluminum nucleophilically, dissociating OH - , and Li + LiOH is formed as a by-product.

[0216] Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) is another high-performance ceramic that can be modified by the reactions mentioned above.

[0217]

[0218] Reaction equation 16: Protonation of oxygen atoms of TiO2

[0219] HF is used to protonate the oxygen atoms on the TiO2 surface until the more active TIF4 is produced.

[0220]

[0221] Reaction Equation 17: Nucleophilic substitution on activated ceramic surface

[0222] The trifluoroiodomethane shown in reaction equation 17 is polarized, so that the oxygen on the activated ceramic surface nucleophilically attacks the positively polarized C atom of the trifluoroiodomethane and dissociates into iodide, which accumulates with the dissociated proton to form hydrogen iodide (HI) as a byproduct.

[0223]

[0224] Reaction Equation 18: Activated ceramic surface as electrophile

[0225] The activated ceramic surface shown in reaction equation 18 reacts as an electrophile and is attacked nucleophilically by the oxygen of the perfluoroalcohol as an electrophile. The proton (H + ), which accumulates with fluoride ions to form HF as a by-product, which in turn can be used for further surface activation.

[0226]

[0227] Reaction Equation 19: Activated ceramic surface as electrophile

[0228] In reaction equation 19, a perfluorinated primary amine acts as a nucleophile. The amine nitrogen attacks the orthotitanium nucleophilically. The amino group H is released. + , which is related to F - HF is formed as a by-product.

[0229]

[0230] Reaction Equation 20: Perfluorosilane binds to activated ceramic surface

[0231] In reaction equation 20, silane oxygen nucleophilically attacks titanium on the ceramic surface, dissociating OH - , which is related to H + Water is formed as a by-product.

[0232]

[0233] Reaction Equation 21: Perfluorosilane binds to activated ceramic surface

[0234] In reaction equation 21, silane oxygen nucleophilically attacks titanium on the ceramic surface, dissociating OH-, which reacts with H + Water is formed as a by-product.

[0235] HO-Ti 2+ +2H2+2CF2=CF2→HO-Ti(CF2H-CF2H)2

[0236] Reaction Equation 22: Addition and hydrogenation of tetrafluoroethylene on activated ceramic surfaces

[0237] The addition takes place via the double bond of tetrafluoroethylene onto the electrophilic titanium. By subsequent hydrogenation (accumulation of H2), the previous vinyl group is reduced to a tetrafluoroethane group.

[0238]

[0239] Reaction Equation 23: Reaction of perfluorinated metal organic radical with activated ceramic surface

[0240] The organic lithium shown in reaction equation 23 is strongly polarized. The negatively polar organic carbon atom attacks the titanium nucleophilically, dissociating OH-, which reacts with Li + LiOH is formed as a by-product.

[0241] HO-Ti-OH+2LiCF3→LiO-Ti(CF3)2-OLi

[0242] Reaction equation 24: Reaction of the activated non-ionic state of the ceramic surface with a perfluorinated metal organic group (organic lithium)

[0243] As shown in Equation 23, reaction Equation 24 shows that the negative polarity organic radical accumulates nucleophilically on titanium. + Additional bonding occurs on oxygen atoms on the ceramic surface, resulting in more active species.

[0244] Regarding 3) - coating with a layer on which the functionalized perfluorinated compound can react

[0245] Instead of activating the ceramic or metal surface for the reaction with the functionalized perfluorinated compound, a coating with accessible functional groups can be applied instead (see Examples 1 and 3 for exemplary approaches to the inertization of plastic surfaces by means of functionalized perfluorinated compounds).

[0246] Therefore, it may be preferred that the ceramic is coated with a polyurethane compound which contains OH groups and bonds well to the surface of the ceramic. Subsequently, a reaction with a functionalized perfluorinated compound can be initiated via the OH groups, wherein in this case a perfluorinated compound containing isocyanate groups is used.

[0247] In another embodiment, the ceramic is coated with a polymer compound that contains NH2 groups and is well bonded to the surface of the ceramic. Subsequently, the NH2 groups are used to induce a reaction with a functionalized perfluorinated compound, in this case a perfluorinated compound containing aldehyde groups.

[0248] In another embodiment, the ceramic is coated with a polymer compound that enables an azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The polymer compound contains an azide group, and the functionalized perfluorinated compound is bonded through the azide group via the alkyne group. Other variations of click chemistry can also be utilized.

[0249] Exemplary approaches to inerting plastic surfaces with the aid of functionalized perfluorinated compounds Plastic surfaces can be rendered inert in various ways:

[0250] 1) Direct chemical bonding of functionalized perfluorinated compounds through the functional groups of plastics

[0251] 2) Activation of the plastic surface (by plasma, corona or laser treatment, by X-ray radiation or UV irradiation, by HF irradiation or chemicals or other processes that can activate the plastic surface) and subsequent chemical bonding of the functionalized perfluorinated compound

[0252] 3) Coating the plastic with a layer accessible for chemical bonding of functionalized perfluorinated compounds, and subsequently bonding these molecules to this layer

[0253] By selective surface treatment (e.g. laser treatment etc.) or by selectively generated print images and the associated accessibility or inaccessibility to reactions with functionalized perfluorinated compounds, defined patterns can be generated between areas with different properties (e.g. high and low surface energy or other spatially distinct properties).

[0254] 1) Examples of functionalized perfluorinated compounds directly chemically bonded to functional groups on the plastic surface and 3) Examples of bonding on a layer accessible for chemical bonding of a functionalized perfluorinated compound:

[0255]

[0256]

[0257] Examples of the principle possibilities for the binding of functionalized perfluorinated compounds to functional groups on plastic surfaces or to coatings are also:

[0258]

[0259]

[0260] R or R' = functionalized perfluorinated compound

[0261] Another possibility is the crosslinking of functionalized perfluorinated compounds having double bonds (eg perfluorinated sulfonic acids, or perfluorinated carboxylic acids, or perfluorinated monomers of plastics, such as acrylates) with plastics likewise containing double bonds (eg polyesters) under UVA irradiation.

[0262] or or or and or or

[0263] Or other plastics with double bonds

[0264] 2) (by plasma, corona or laser treatment, by X-ray radiation or UV irradiation, by chemical substances or other processes that can activate the plastic surface) and subsequently chemically bind the functionalized perfluorinated compound Examples of things:

[0265] During the high-energy O2-plasma-UV irradiation process, for example, hydrogen atoms escape from the plastic surface. These hydrogen atoms are either replaced by oxygen atoms, which are usually present as free radicals, or form ions. The activated plastic surface can then react very well with functionalized perfluorinated compounds.

[0266] In principle, perfluorinated compounds or positively charged perfluorinated ions which can undergo nucleophilic attack at their functional groups are preferably suitable. However, other chemical compounds are also possible.

[0267] Examples of preferred functionalized perfluorinated compounds:

[0268]

[0269] In the absence of the perfluorinated molecular parts, the molecules shown are biodegradable. After binding to the plastic, the protruding perfluorinated chains shield the binding of degrading enzymes.

[0270] 3) Coating the plastic with a layer accessible for chemical bonding of the functionalized perfluorinated compound, followed by Examples of these molecules binding to this layer:

[0271] For example, a plastic is coated with a polyurethane compound containing OH groups. The OH groups are then used to initiate a reaction with a functionalized perfluorinated compound, as exemplified above in 1) / 3).

[0272] In another embodiment, the plastic is coated with a polyacrylamide compound containing NH2 groups. Subsequently, the NH2 groups are used to induce a reaction with a functionalized perfluorinated compound, as exemplified in 1) / 3) above.

[0273] In another embodiment, the plastic is coated with a layer that enables an azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The polymer compound contains an azide group, and the functionalized perfluorinated compound is bonded via the azide group via the alkyne group. Other variants of click chemistry can also be used.

[0274] Example - Nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonyl chloride bonded to polyurethane:

[0275] The polyurethane sheet was wetted with nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonyl chloride (Sigma Aldrich, Cat. No. 51974-1G-F) and incubated in a sealed container at room temperature for 30 minutes. The sheet was then washed in isopropanol and with distilled water and dried.

[0276] XPS measurements were performed to demonstrate covalent binding (see BAM measurements)

[0277] Example - Perfluorobutyryl chloride bound to glass:

[0278] Uncoated glass substrates were surface activated in a HF bath for 30 seconds and then washed in isopropanol and in distilled water and dried.

[0279] The glass surface was then wetted with perfluorobutyryl chloride (Sigma Aldrich, Cat. No. 257923-5G) and incubated in a sealed container at room temperature for 30 minutes. The glass substrate was then washed in isopropanol and dried.

[0280] XPS measurements were performed to demonstrate covalent binding (see BAM measurements)

[0281] Example - Perfluorobutyryl chloride bound to titanium:

[0282] Uncoated titanium substrates were surface activated in a HF bath for 30 seconds and then washed in isopropanol and in distilled water and dried.

[0283] The titanium surface was then wetted with perfluorobutyryl chloride (Sigma Aldrich, Cat. No. 257923-5G) and incubated in a sealed container at room temperature for 30 minutes. The titanium substrate was then washed in isopropanol and with distilled water and dried.

[0284] XPS measurements were performed to demonstrate covalent binding (see BAM measurements)

[0285] Example - Perfluorobutyryl chloride bound to steel:

[0286] Uncoated steel substrates were surface activated in an HF bath for 30 seconds and thereafter washed in isopropanol and in distilled water and dried.

[0287] The steel surface was then wetted with perfluorobutyryl chloride (Sigma Aldrich, Cat. No. 257923-5G) and incubated in a sealed container at room temperature for 30 minutes. The steel substrate was then washed in isopropanol and with distilled water and dried.

[0288] XPS measurements were performed to demonstrate covalent binding (see BAM measurements)

[0289] Example - Perfluorobutyryl chloride bonded to ceramic:

[0290] The ceramic substrates were surface activated in an HF bath for 30 seconds and then washed in isopropanol and in distilled water and dried.

[0291] The ceramic surface was then wetted with perfluorobutyryl chloride (Sigma Aldrich, Cat. No. 257923-5G) and incubated in a sealed container at room temperature for 30 minutes. The ceramic substrate was then washed in isopropanol and with distilled water and dried.

[0292] XPS measurements were performed to demonstrate covalent binding (see BAM measurements).

Claims

1. A method for inertizing a material surface, the method comprising the following steps: a) providing a material surface, wherein the material surface is a ceramic surface, a metal surface, a plastic surface or a glass surface, b) providing a functionalized perfluoro compound, wherein the functionalized perfluoro compound comprises a perfluoro compound and a functional group, wherein the perfluoro compound comprises up to 20 fully fluorinated atoms, c) reacting the functionalized perfluoro compound with the material surface to form a covalent bond, an ionic relationship or a metallic bond between the perfluoro compound and the material surface, wherein activation of the material surface is achieved before step c), wherein the activation is achieved by acid treatment, laser treatment, corona treatment or ozone treatment, and wherein different activations are achieved for different zones of the material surface.

2. The method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The functionalized perfluoro compound is a perfluoro compound having at least one functional group.

3. The method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The functionalized perfluoro compound is a perfluoro compound having at least one functional group, the functional group comprising at least one double bond and capable of being bonded by UV crosslinking; a perfluoro compound having at least one functional group capable of bonding to a free radical or a proton; and / or a perfluorinated compound having at least one functional group suitable for a cycloaddition reaction.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, It is characterized in that The perfluorinated compound is a perfluorocarbon (PFC).

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, It is characterized in that The functionalized perfluorinated compound is selected from the group comprising: -F(CF2) n X, wherein n=1-50, and X=Br, I, Cl, H, or X=a group containing Si, N, O, S, P -F(CF2) n -(CH2) m X, wherein n=1-50, m=1-26, and X=Si, N, O, S, P, Br, I, H; -F(CF2) n -O b -CH=CH2, wherein n=1-50, and b=0 or 1.

6. The method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The perfluorinated compound is a perfluorinated silicon compound.

7. The method according to claim 6, It is characterized in that The functionalized perfluorosilicon compound is selected from the group comprising: -The general formula is -[-SiR2-O-] n -siloxane, wherein n≥1 and R=perfluorocarbon or F, -Siloxane alcohol of the general formula HO-A-[-SiR3R4-O-]-SiR3R4R5, wherein R 3,4,5 =F or -F(CF2) n , where n = 1-10 and A = alkyl chain - perfluorosilicates, silicic acid, sodium silicate, polysilazane, silicide, silicon tetrahalide, silicone, silicone oil, zeolite, zirconium silicate, -The general formula is X-CH2-Si(O R )3, wherein X is a leaving group suitable for nucleophilic substitution, wherein X = Cl, Br, I, H, OH or a group containing amino, vinyl, carbamate, glycidyloxy, methylalkoxy, phenyl or acetoxy, and R = F, or -F(CF2) n , where n = 1-10, or - silanes of the general formula X-Si(CF3)3 or X-Si(R)3, wherein X is a leaving group suitable for said nucleophilic substitution, wherein X=Cl, Br, I, H, OH or a functional group selected from the group consisting of amino, vinyl, carbamate, glycidyloxy, methylalkoxy, phenyl or acetoxy, and R=F or R=F(CF2) n , where n=1-10.

8. The method according to claim 1 or 2, It is characterized in that - the material surface is a ceramic surface, and the ceramic surface is formed by ceramics selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride or aluminum nitride, or other non-metallic or metallic substances, or dispersed ceramics and piezoelectric ceramics, porcelain, stoneware, steatite, glass ceramics, cordierite, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, beryllium oxide, magnesium oxide, uranium oxide, titanate, lead zirconate titanate, ferrite, carbon, nitride, carbide, boride, silicide (silicon, boron, titanium, molybdenum), - the material surface is a metal surface, the metal surface is formed of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, cadmium, chromium, iron, gold, iridium, cobalt, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, silver, zinc and tin and alloys thereof, and / or - the material surface is a plastic surface, and the plastic surface is formed of a plastic selected from the group consisting of polyacetal, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyaryl, cellulose, polyester, polyolefin, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polyether ketone, polyaryletherketone, polylactic acid, amino resin, epoxy resin, polyether alcohol, butadiene elastomer, fluorocarbon elastomer, ester elastomer, isoprene elastomer, olefin elastomer, silicone elastomer, pentene elastomer, sulfide elastomer, polyurethane elastomer and vinyl chloride elastomer.

9. The method according to claim 2, It is characterized in that The functional group is a nucleophilic leaving group.

10. The method according to claim 2, It is characterized in that The functional group is selected from the group comprising: Br, I, Cl, H, N, O, S, P, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, carboxylic acid, thiocarboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, carboxylic acid halide, sulfonic acid halide, amide, carboxylic acid amide, sulfonamide, alcohol, phenol, hydrazines, thiols, amines, imines, hydrazines, isocyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate.

11. The method according to claim 3, It is characterized in that The free radicals or the protons are generated after the plasma treatment or the corona treatment on the surface of the material.

12. The method according to claim 4, It is characterized in that The perfluorocarbon compound is selected from the group consisting of: C1-C 100 Alkanes, alkenes or alkynes, which are linear, branched, cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic.

13. The method according to claim 4, It is characterized in that The perfluorocarbon compound is selected from the group consisting of: C1-C 50 Alkanes, alkenes or alkynes, which are linear, branched, cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic.

14. The method according to claim 4, It is characterized in that The perfluorocarbon compound is selected from the group consisting of: C1-C 30 Alkanes, alkenes or alkynes, which are linear, branched, cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic.

15. The method according to claim 4, It is characterized in that The perfluorocarbon compound is selected from the group consisting of: C1-C 20 Alkanes, alkenes or alkynes, which are linear, branched, cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic.

16. The method according to claim 4, It is characterized in that The perfluorocarbon compound is selected from the group consisting of: C1-C 10 Alkanes, alkenes or alkynes, which are linear, branched, cyclic, polycyclic or heterocyclic.

17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, It is characterized in that The functionalized perfluorinated compound is selected from the group comprising: -F(CF2) n X, wherein n=1-10, and X=Br, I, Cl, H, or X=a group containing Si, N, O, S, P -F(CF2) n -(CH2) m X, wherein n=1-10, m=1-6, and X=Si, N, O, S, P, Br, I, H; -F(CF2) n -O b -CH=CH2, wherein n=1-10, and b=0 or 1.

18. The method according to claim 6, It is characterized in that The perfluorosilicon compound is selected from the group consisting of: Si1-Si 100 Perfluorinated silicon compounds.

19. The method according to claim 6, It is characterized in that The perfluorosilicon compound is selected from the group consisting of: Si1-Si 50 Perfluorinated silicon compounds.

20. The method according to claim 6, It is characterized in that The perfluorosilicon compound is selected from the group consisting of: Si1-Si 30 Perfluorinated silicon compounds.

21. The method according to claim 6, It is characterized in that The perfluorosilicon compound is selected from the group consisting of: Si1-Si 20 Perfluorinated silicon compounds.

22. The method according to claim 6, It is characterized in that The perfluorosilicon compound is selected from the group consisting of: Si1-Si 10 Perfluorinated silicon compounds.

23. The method according to claim 8, It is characterized in that The ceramic is a high-performance ceramic.

24. The method according to claim 23, It is characterized in that The high performance ceramic is the aluminum oxide, the zirconium oxide, the titanium oxide, the aluminum titanate, the silicon carbide, the silicon nitride or the aluminum nitride.

25. The method according to claim 8, It is characterized in that The alloy is titanium alloy or stainless steel.

26. The method according to claim 8, It is characterized in that The metal surface is formed of titanium or a titanium alloy.

27. An inert material surface, which is obtainable by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, It is characterized in that The perfluorinated compound is present in a form bonded to the surface of the material covalently, through an ionic relationship or through a metallic bond.

28. The inerted material surface according to claim 27, It is characterized in that The covalent bond is achieved through a linker molecule or a spacer molecule.

29. The inerted material surface according to claim 28, It is characterized in that The linker molecule or the spacer molecule is based on hydroxyl or amino groups, carboxyl groups, esters, ethers, thioethers, thioesters, carboxylic acid amides, compounds with multiple bonds, carbamates, disulfide bonds and hydrazides, halogenated alkanes, sulfhydryl groups, aldehyde groups, keto groups, carboxyl groups, ester groups and amide groups, thiols, amines, imines, hydrazines or disulfide groups, glycerol, succinylglycerol, orthoesters, phosphodiester and vinyl ethers.

30. The inerted material surface according to claim 28, It is characterized in that The linker molecule or the spacer molecule is based on ester and ether groups or disulfide bonds.

31. The inerted material surface according to any one of claims 27 to 30. - use in medical products or in medical-technical devices through which substances flow, - Application in electrical engineering products, or - Application in flat glass, furniture, sanitary facilities or buildings.

32. Use of an inerted material surface according to any one of claims 27 to 30 in an implant.

33. Use of an inerted material surface according to any one of claims 27 to 30 in an implant in which a cell accumulation is completely or partially undesirable.

34. Use of an inerted material surface according to any one of claims 27 to 30 in cardiac implants, in stents, in prostheses, in joints, in dental implants.

35. Use of an inertized material surface according to any one of claims 27 to 30 in medical technology devices through which blood or blood components flow.

36. Use of an inerted material surface according to any one of claims 27 to 30 in microelectronic products.

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