A hardware stamping and bending device

Abstract

The present invention relates to the technical field of hardware stamping and bending, and in particular to a hardware stamping and bending device, comprising a bottom template, a first die base, a second die base and a lifting frame, wherein the bottom template is arranged horizontally, and two first die bases are slidably arranged on the upper surface of the bottom template, so that the lateral width of the stamping groove formed between the two first die bases is adjustable. The present invention makes the lateral width of the stamping groove formed between the two first die bases adjustable, and makes the lateral width of the second die base adjustable, so that after the workpiece is formed, the two first die bases can be controlled to synchronously move away from the workpiece to prevent friction between the workpiece and the two first die bases, and also prevent friction between the workpiece and the second die base. In this way, friction between the workpiece and the mold can be effectively avoided during material cutting, which reduces the difficulty of material cutting and reduces the wear of the mold, so that the mold can maintain a long-term high-precision stamping and bending operation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of hardware stamping and bending, in particular to a hardware stamping and bending device. Background Art

[0002] Hardware refers to tools made of gold, silver, copper, iron, tin and other metals through processing and casting, which are used to fix things, process things, and decorate. Hardware stamping and bending is a process of bending metal sheets at a certain angle. During the bending process, the cross-section of the sheet in the bending deformation zone will change. The smaller the ratio of the bending radius to the plate thickness, the greater the change in the cross-sectional shape. At the same time, springback will occur during bending. The larger the ratio of the bending radius to the plate thickness, the greater the springback. Therefore, it is necessary to select a suitable bending radius in the bending process and take appropriate measures to reduce springback to ensure the accuracy and quality of the parts.

[0003] A Chinese patent document with announcement number CN207494336U discloses a "J"-shaped bending mold, comprising an upper mold assembly and a lower mold assembly; the upper mold assembly comprises an upper punch and an upper stripper plate; the lower end face of the upper punch is provided with a first molding groove, and the internal space of the first molding groove forms a U-shaped processing space; the upper stripper plate can be slidably installed in the first molding groove; the lower mold assembly comprises a lower mold base and a lower punch, the lower mold base is provided with a second molding groove, and the lower punch can be slidably installed in the second molding groove; the lower punch comprises a bending block, and the bending block matches the first molding groove; the space between the end faces on both sides of the bending block along the width extension direction and the groove wall surface of the second molding groove forms a pressing edge processing space, which can complete the molding of the "J"-shaped product in one stroke, and there is no need to adjust the product workstation during the processing, which is easy to use.

[0004] Among them, since the workpiece will fit tightly with the mold body after stamping and bending, it is easy for the workpiece to be difficult to unload due to excessive friction between the workpiece and the mold, or even the workpiece to get stuck, causing inconvenience to actual production. In addition, due to the excessive friction between the workpiece and the mold, the workpiece is easily worn during the unloading process (long-term stamping and bending can easily cause the mold to be in a high temperature state, which is more prone to wear). The accuracy of the mold will be seriously reduced after long-term use. Summary of the invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a hardware stamping and bending device to solve the problems raised in the above background technology.

[0006] To achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a hardware stamping and bending device, comprising a bottom template, a first die base, a second die base and a lifting frame, wherein the bottom template is arranged transversely, and two first die bases are slidably arranged on the upper surface of the bottom template, so that the transverse width of the stamping groove formed between the two first die bases can be adjusted;

[0007] The second die base is fixedly mounted on the bottom of the lifting frame and is lifted and lowered together with the lifting frame to switch between a standby position located directly above the punching slot and a punching position located inside the punching slot;

[0008] The workpiece is arranged between the first die base and the second die base, and in the process of the second die base being converted from the standby position to the punching position, the workpiece is converted from a support plate shape to a bent shape;

[0009] The second mold base includes a middle mold and side molds symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides of the middle mold, wherein the side molds are slidably connected to the oblique side surfaces of the middle mold, so that the lateral width of the second mold base is adjustable.

[0010] Preferably, the lifting frame comprises a first extrusion plate, and a first inclined surface is provided at the bottom of a side surface of the first extrusion plate close to the second mold base;

[0011] The first die base is provided with a first extrusion hole corresponding to the first extrusion plate.

[0012] Preferably, grooves are provided on the inclined surfaces on the left and right sides of the middle mold, and slide rails are fixedly installed inside the grooves. Slide blocks are slidably connected to the slide rails, and the slide blocks are fixedly connected to the side molds.

[0013] Preferably, the lifting frame further comprises a second extrusion plate, and a second inclined surface is provided at the bottom of a side surface of the second extrusion plate close to the second mold base;

[0014] The first die base is provided with a second extrusion hole corresponding to the second extrusion plate.

[0015] Preferably, a rear baffle is fixed to the upper surface of the bottom mold plate, and the rear side surface of the first mold base is in contact with the rear baffle;

[0016] The upper surface of the first mold base is provided with a receiving groove, and a conveyor belt is longitudinally arranged inside the receiving groove, and the conveyor belt is connected to the bottom mold plate through an elastic lifting part;

[0017] When the elastic lifting portion is in the original length state, the height of the upper surface of the conveyor belt is higher than the height of the upper surface of the first mold base.

[0018] Preferably, a vertically arranged rack is fixedly connected to the rear side of the lifting frame, a gear is coaxially fixed to one end of the active roller at the rear end of the conveyor belt, and the rack is meshed with the gear.

[0019] Preferably, the elastic lifting part comprises a vertical cylinder, a sliding sleeve, a vertical rod, a sliding member and a second compression spring;

[0020] The bottom end of the vertical cylinder is fixedly connected to the bottom template, the sliding sleeve is slidably mounted on the vertical rod, the sliding sleeve is coaxially fixed to the top end of the vertical cylinder, the bottom end of the vertical rod is fixedly connected to the sliding member, the top end of the vertical rod is fixedly connected to a mounting seat installed at the bottom of the conveyor belt, the sliding member is slidably connected to the inside of the vertical cylinder, and the upper and lower ends of the second compression spring are respectively fixedly connected to the sliding member and the bottom template.

[0021] Preferably, fixed plates are fixed at both ends of the bottom template, guide rods are fixed at both ends of the two first mold bases that are away from each other, the guide rods slide through the fixed plates and are fixedly connected to stop plates, and a first compression spring is arranged between the stop plate and the fixed plate.

[0022] Preferably, the lifting frame further comprises a flat plate, a force equalizing frame fixed on the top of the flat plate, and a lifting rod fixedly installed in the middle of the top of the force equalizing frame;

[0023] The first extrusion plate and the second extrusion plate are both fixedly connected to the flat plate.

[0024] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0025] The present invention makes the lateral width of the stamping groove formed between the two first die seats adjustable, and makes the lateral width of the second die seat adjustable, so that after the workpiece is formed, the two first die seats can be controlled to move away from the workpiece synchronously to prevent friction between the workpiece and the two first die seats, and friction between the workpiece and the second die seat can be prevented. In this way, friction between the workpiece and the mold can be effectively avoided during material cutting, which reduces the difficulty of material cutting and the wear of the mold, so that the mold can maintain long-term high-precision stamping and bending operations. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 The present invention is a schematic diagram of the standby position structure as a whole;

[0027] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the second mold base of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 4It is a schematic diagram of the front cross-sectional structure of the second mold base of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 5 The present invention is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional structure in which the entirety is a stamping station;

[0031] Figure 6 The schematic diagram of the front view structure of the present invention as a whole is a stamping position;

[0032] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of a partial three-dimensional structure of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 8 For the present invention Figure 7 A schematic diagram of a cross-sectional three-dimensional structure of the second extrusion hole;

[0034] Fig. 9 For the present invention Figure 7 A schematic diagram of a cross-sectional three-dimensional structure of the first extrusion hole;

[0035] Fig.10 For the present invention Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the front view structure of

[0036] Fig.11 For the present invention Fig. 9 A schematic diagram of the front view structure of

[0037] Fig.12 For the present invention Figure 2 The enlarged structural diagram at A in the middle;

[0038] Fig.13 It is a side view structural schematic diagram of the conveyor belt, rack and gear of the present invention;

[0039] Fig.14 For the present invention Fig.13 Schematic diagram of the enlarged cross-section structure at point B in the middle.

[0040] In the figure:

[0041] 1. Bottom template;

[0042] 2. first die base; 21. first extrusion hole; 22. fixing plate; 23. guide rod; 24. stop plate; 25. first compression spring; 26. second extrusion hole; 27. receiving groove;

[0043] 3. Stamping groove;

[0044] 4. Second die base; 41. Middle die; 42. Side die; 43. Groove; 44. Slide rail; 45. Slider;

[0045] 5. Lifting frame; 51. First extrusion plate; 511. First inclined plane; 52. Second extrusion plate; 521. Second inclined plane; 53. Flat plate; 54. Force equalizing frame; 55. Lifting rod;

[0046] 6. Workpiece;

[0047] 7. Conveyor belt; 71. Rear baffle; 72. Rack; 73. Gear; 74. Mounting seat; 75. Elastic lifting part; 751. Vertical cylinder; 752. Sliding sleeve; 753. Vertical rod; 754. Sliding member; 755. Second compression spring. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0049] See also Figure 1-Figure 14 , the present invention provides a technical solution:

[0050] A hardware stamping and bending device includes a bottom template 1, a first die base 2, a second die base 4 and a lifting frame 5. As shown in the figure, the bottom template 1 is arranged horizontally, and two first die bases 2 are provided. The two first die bases 2 are slidably arranged on the upper surface of the bottom template 1, so that the lateral width of the stamping groove 3 formed between the two first die bases 2 can be adjusted. In this way, the two first die bases 2 can be controlled to synchronously move away from the workpiece 6 after the workpiece 6 is formed, so as to prevent friction between the workpiece 6 and the two first die bases 2.

[0051] The second die holder 4 is fixedly mounted at the bottom of the lifting frame 5 and is lifted and lowered together with the lifting frame 5 to switch between the standby position located directly above the punching slot 3 and the punching position located inside the punching slot 3. That is, the second die holder 4 has a standby position (such as Figure 1 as shown) and the punching position (as Figure 5 and Figure 6 The standby position and the punching position are adjusted by lifting the lifting frame 5.

[0052] The workpiece 6 is arranged between the first die base 2 and the second die base 4. During the process of converting the second die base 4 from the standby position to the stamping position, the workpiece 6 is converted from a support plate shape to a bent shape; that is, when in use, the workpiece 6 is placed between the first die base 2 and the second die base 4, and the position of the workpiece 6 is adjusted (the specific adjustment method will be described in detail below), and then the lifting frame 5 is used to push the second die base 4 downward, so that the middle part of the workpiece 6 can be squeezed into the inside of the stamping groove 3, thereby completing the stamping and bending operation of the workpiece 6.

[0053] The second die base 4 includes a middle die 41 and side dies 42 symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides of the middle die 41, wherein the side dies 42 are slidably connected to the oblique side surfaces of the middle die 41, so that the lateral width of the second die base 4 can be adjusted. In this way, the second die base 4 can be pulled up after the workpiece 6 is formed, so that the width of the second die base 4 in the left and right directions can be reduced, thereby preventing friction between the workpiece 6 and the second die base 4.

[0054] Fixed plates 22 are fixed at both ends of the bottom template 1, and guide rods 23 are fixed at both ends of the two first mold bases 2 that are away from each other. The guide rods 23 slide through the fixed plates 22 and are fixedly connected to stop plates 24. A first compression spring 25 is arranged between the stop plate 24 and the fixed plate 22. The first compression spring 25 is used to drive the two first mold bases 2 to gradually move away from each other after the lifting frame 5 moves up.

[0055] In the above scheme, by making the lateral width of the stamping groove 3 formed between the two first die bases 2 adjustable, and making the lateral width of the second die base 4 adjustable, after the workpiece 6 is formed, the two first die bases 2 can be controlled to move away from the workpiece 6 synchronously to prevent friction between the workpiece 6 and the two first die bases 2, and also to prevent friction between the workpiece 6 and the second die base 4. In this way, friction between the workpiece 6 and the mold can be effectively avoided during material cutting, which reduces the difficulty of material cutting and reduces the wear of the mold, so that the mold can maintain long-term high-precision stamping and bending operations.

[0056] The method of achieving the two first mold bases 2 approaching or moving away from each other is as follows: the lifting frame 5 includes a first extrusion plate 51, and a first inclined surface 511 is provided at the bottom of a side surface of the first extrusion plate 51 close to the second mold base 4; Fig.10It can be clearly seen that the high end of the first inclined surface 511 (i.e., the position where the first inclined surface 511 is closest to the flat plate 53 of the lifting frame 5) is significantly lower than the high end of the second inclined surface 521 (i.e., the position where the second inclined surface 521 is closest to the flat plate 53 of the lifting frame 5). Therefore, in the process of the lifting frame 5 moving downward, the first inclined surface 511 will contact the first mold base 2 before the second inclined surface 521; the first mold base 2 is provided with a first extrusion hole 21 corresponding to the first extrusion plate 51; the bottom mold plate 1 is provided with a first receiving hole corresponding to the position of the first extrusion hole 21, and the first receiving hole is used to receive the portion of the first extrusion plate 51 extending from the bottom surface of the first mold base 2. It should be noted that the size of the first receiving hole should allow the first extrusion plate 51 to be fully inserted into the inside of the first receiving hole. During actual use, when the lifting frame 5 moves downward, the first extrusion plate 51 will first contact the first die holder 2, and use the first inclined surface 511 to decompose the extrusion force exerted by the first extrusion plate 51 on the first die holder 2 into horizontal and vertical forces. The horizontal force will push the two first die holders 2 to gradually move closer to the middle, so that the left and right widths of the stamping groove 3 meet the requirements of stamping bending; in this embodiment, the vertical distance between the high end of the first inclined surface 511 and the upper surface of the first die holder 2 is smaller than the minimum vertical distance between the second die holder 4 in the standby position and the upper surface of the first die holder 2 (the side mold 42 of the second die holder 4 in the standby position is in the state as shown in the figure). Figure 1 and Figure 3 In the state shown, the minimum vertical distance between the second die base 4 and the upper surface of the first die base 2 is the vertical distance between the bottom surface of the side die 42 and the upper surface of the first die base 2). In this way, the first extrusion plate 51 can be used to adjust the left and right widths of the stamping groove 3 to the requirements of stamping and bending before the side die 42 contacts the workpiece 6.

[0057] The lifting frame 5 also includes a flat plate 53 , a force equalizing frame 54 fixed on the top of the flat plate 53 , and a lifting rod 55 fixedly installed in the middle of the top of the force equalizing frame 54 ; the first extrusion plate 51 and the second extrusion plate 52 are both fixedly connected to the flat plate 53 .

[0058] Further, such as Figure 4 As shown, grooves 43 are provided on the inclined surfaces on the left and right sides of the middle mold 41, and slide rails 44 are fixedly installed inside the grooves 43. Slide blocks 45 are slidably connected to the slide rails 44, and the slide blocks 45 are fixedly connected to the side molds 42.

[0059] The adjustment process of the position of the workpiece 6 is divided into two parts: left-right adjustment and front-back adjustment. Specifically, the left-right adjustment method of the position of the workpiece 6 is as follows: the lifting frame 5 also includes a second extrusion plate 52. The second extrusion plate 52 is close to the second die holder 4. The bottom of the side surface is provided with a second inclined surface 521. The second inclined surface 521 is used to contact the left end or the right end of the workpiece 6. The second inclined surface 521 can decompose the extrusion force of the second extrusion plate 52 on the workpiece 6 into horizontal and vertical forces, wherein the horizontal force can push the left end or the right end of the workpiece 6, so that the workpiece 6 It can be centered in the left-right direction (in other words, the contact areas between the left and right ends of the workpiece 6 and the two first die bases 2 can be made equal); the first die base 2 is provided with a second extrusion hole 26 corresponding to the second extrusion plate 52, and the second extrusion hole 26 is used to receive the second extrusion plate 52 that has moved downward; the bottom template 1 is provided with a second receiving hole corresponding to the position of the second extrusion hole 26, and the second receiving hole is used to receive the portion of the second extrusion plate 52 that extends from the bottom surface of the first die base 2. It should be noted that the size of the second receiving hole should allow the second extrusion plate 52 to be fully inserted into the interior of the second receiving hole.

[0060] The front-to-back adjustment method of the position of the workpiece 6 is as follows: a rear baffle 71 is fixed to the upper surface of the bottom template 1, and each first die base 2 is correspondingly provided with two rear baffles 71, and a channel is formed between the two rear baffles 71, and the rear side surface of the first die base 2 is in contact with the rear baffle 71; further, a receiving groove 27 is provided on the upper surface of the first die base 2, and the receiving groove 27 is long and arranged in the front-to-back direction, and a conveyor belt 7 is arranged longitudinally (front-to-back) inside the receiving groove 27, wherein, when the second die base 4 is in the standby position, the distance between the side surface of the conveyor belt 7 away from the stamping groove 3 and the inner wall surface of the side of the receiving groove 27 away from the stamping groove 3 should be greater than or equal to the first extrusion plate 51 drives the first die base 2 to move toward the middle distance, the conveyor belt 7 is connected to the bottom die plate 1 through the elastic lifting part 75, and the rear end of the conveyor belt 7 passes through the channel formed between the two rear baffles 71; when the elastic lifting part 75 is in the original length state, the upper surface height of the conveyor belt 7 is higher than the height of the upper surface of the first die base 2, that is, when the elastic lifting part 75 is in the original length state, the two conveyor belts 7 can lift the workpiece 6 so that there is a certain distance between the lower surface of the workpiece 6 and the upper surface of the first die base 2, and then the conveyor belt 7 is used to drive the workpiece 6 to move backward, so that the rear end of the workpiece 6 contacts the front side of the rear baffle 71, thereby completing the front-to-back adjustment of the position of the workpiece 6.

[0061] The driving method of the conveyor belt 7 is as follows: first, the conveyor belt 7 is formed by a combination of an endless belt and a plurality of conveyor rollers, and brackets are rotatably installed at both ends of the plurality of conveyor rollers, and the plurality of conveyor rollers tension the endless belt. Then, a vertically arranged rack 72 is fixedly connected to the rear side of the lifting frame 5, and a gear 73 is coaxially fixed to one end of the active roller (the active roller is one of the plurality of conveyor rollers) at the rear end of the conveyor belt 7, and the rack 72 is meshed with the gear 73. In the actual processing process, the lifting frame 5 drives the rack 72 to descend together. Since the rack 72 is meshed with the gear 73, the descent of the rack 72 can drive the gear 73 to rotate, so that the endless belt of the conveyor belt 7 conveys the workpiece 6 from front to back until the rear end of the workpiece 6 contacts the front side of the rear baffle 71. On the contrary, when the lifting frame 5 drives the rack 72 to rise together, the rotation of the gear 73 can drive the endless belt of the conveyor belt 7 to convey the workpiece 6 from back to front, which is conducive to pushing the formed workpiece out of the mold and realizing the unloading of the workpiece 6.

[0062] The elastic lifting part 75 includes a vertical cylinder 751, a sliding sleeve 752, a vertical rod 753, a sliding member 754 and a second compression spring 755; specifically, the bottom end of the vertical cylinder 751 is fixedly connected to the bottom template 1, the sliding sleeve 752 is slidably mounted on the vertical rod 753, the sliding sleeve 752 is coaxially fixed to the top of the vertical cylinder 751, the bottom end of the vertical rod 753 is fixedly connected to the sliding member 754, the top end of the vertical rod 753 is fixedly connected to the mounting seat 74 installed at the bottom of the conveyor belt 7, the sliding member 754 is slidably connected to the inside of the vertical cylinder 751, and the upper and lower ends of the second compression spring 755 are respectively fixedly connected to the sliding member 754 and the bottom template 1.

[0063] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A hardware stamping and bending device, comprising a bottom mold plate, a first mold base, a second mold base and a lifting frame, characterized in that: The bottom template is arranged transversely, and the two first die seats are slidably arranged on the upper surface of the bottom template, so that the transverse width of the punching groove formed between the two first die seats is adjustable; The second die base is fixedly mounted on the bottom of the lifting frame and is lifted and lowered together with the lifting frame to switch between a standby position located directly above the punching slot and a punching position located inside the punching slot; The workpiece is arranged between the first die base and the second die base, and in the process of the second die base being converted from the standby position to the punching position, the workpiece is converted from a support plate shape to a bent shape; The second mold base includes a middle mold and side molds symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides of the middle mold, wherein the side molds are slidably connected to the oblique side surfaces of the middle mold, so that the lateral width of the second mold base is adjustable; The lifting frame includes a first extrusion plate, and a first inclined surface is provided at the bottom of a side surface of the first extrusion plate close to the second die seat; when the lifting frame moves downward, the first extrusion plate will first contact the first die seat, and push the two first die seats to gradually move closer to the middle, so that the left and right widths of the stamping groove meet the requirements of stamping bending; The first die base is provided with a first extrusion hole corresponding to the first extrusion plate; The inclined surfaces on the left and right sides of the middle mold are provided with grooves, and the inside of the grooves is fixedly installed with a slide rail, and the slide rail is slidably connected with a slider, and the slider is fixedly connected to the side molds; The lifting frame further comprises a second extrusion plate, and a second inclined surface is provided at the bottom of a side surface of the second extrusion plate close to the second die base; the second inclined surface is used to contact the left end or the right end of the workpiece; The first die base is provided with a second extrusion hole corresponding to the second extrusion plate; A rear baffle is fixed on the upper surface of the bottom mold plate, and the rear side surface of the first mold base is in contact with the rear baffle; The upper surface of the first mold base is provided with a receiving groove, and a conveyor belt is longitudinally arranged inside the receiving groove, and the conveyor belt is connected to the bottom mold plate through an elastic lifting part; When the elastic lifting part is in the original length state, the height of the upper surface of the conveyor belt is higher than the height of the upper surface of the first mold base; A vertically arranged rack is fixedly connected to the rear side of the lifting frame, and a gear is coaxially fixed to one end of the active roller at the rear end of the conveyor belt, and the rack is meshed with the gear; when the lifting frame drives the rack to descend, the endless belt of the conveyor belt conveys the workpiece from front to back until the rear end of the workpiece contacts the front side of the rear baffle; when the lifting frame drives the rack to rise, the endless belt of the conveyor belt conveys the workpiece from back to front, thereby realizing the unloading of the workpiece.

2. A hardware stamping and bending device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The elastic lifting part includes a vertical cylinder, a sliding sleeve, a vertical rod, a sliding member and a second compression spring; The bottom end of the vertical cylinder is fixedly connected to the bottom template, the sliding sleeve is slidably mounted on the vertical rod, the sliding sleeve is coaxially fixed to the top end of the vertical cylinder, the bottom end of the vertical rod is fixedly connected to the sliding member, the top end of the vertical rod is fixedly connected to a mounting seat installed at the bottom of the conveyor belt, the sliding member is slidably connected to the inside of the vertical cylinder, and the upper and lower ends of the second compression spring are respectively fixedly connected to the sliding member and the bottom template.

3. A hardware stamping and bending device according to claim 1, characterized in that: Both ends of the bottom template are fixed with fixed plates, and both ends of the two first mold bases that are far away from each other are fixed with guide rods. The guide rods slide through the fixed plates and are fixedly connected with stop plates. A first compression spring is arranged between the stop plates and the fixed plates.

4. A hardware stamping and bending device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lifting frame also includes a flat plate, a force equalizing frame fixed on the top of the flat plate, and a lifting rod fixedly installed in the middle of the top of the force equalizing frame; The first extrusion plate and the second extrusion plate are both fixedly connected to the flat plate.

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