Coal mine goaf karst tunnel construction method

Abstract

The invention discloses a coal mine goaf karst tunnel construction method. The coal mine goaf karst tunnel construction method comprises the following steps that firstly, advance geological forecast is conducted; 2) treating a coal mine goaf and a karst cave; (3) harmful gas in the tunnel is monitored in real time, and ventilation is conducted; 4) monitoring vital signs in real time; and 5) fusing and analyzing various data. The method is convenient to operate, high in parameter integration, processing and analysis capability and high in data transmission efficiency, the construction quality and personnel safety of the karst tunnel in the goaf of the coal mine can be well guaranteed, the timeliness of background data acquisition can be guaranteed, and a decision maker is helped to make a judgment in time. According to the method, the problem of slow decision caused by low efficiency of information transmission between original steps is solved, the construction safety is ensured and the construction efficiency is improved through preprocessing of excellent materials, establishment of a mature, stable and efficient data transmission system and real-time monitoring of various parameters, and the method has wide application prospects and commercial value.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a tunnel construction method, in particular to a karst tunnel construction method in a coal mine goaf area. Background Art

[0002] China is one of the countries with the richest coal resources in the world, with large reserves, complete varieties and wide distribution of coal resources. At the same time, the development of coal resources has also produced a large number of goafs that are difficult to manage. The distribution of goafs in China's coal mines shows that there are a large number of old goafs and small kiln goafs, and the coverage area of ​​new goafs and planned quasi-goafs is increasing. The expansion of the goaf range seriously threatens tunnel construction. There is serious water accumulation in the goaf caverns, the surrounding rock is weak and broken, it is very easy to weather and peel off, and it has no self-stabilizing ability. It is very easy to collapse after excavation. How to safely cross the goaf has always been a key problem in the field of tunnel construction. In addition, a large number of long and large tunnels built in karst areas have pushed the scale of tunnel construction in my country to a new climax. 80% of tunnel construction in karst areas will encounter water disasters. The construction geological disasters caused by hydrological and geological problems cause downtime, accounting for about 30% of the total construction period. Tunnel water and mud inrush have become common and extremely harmful geological disasters during construction.

[0003] At present, the tunnel construction technology for single geological conditions in karst areas and coal mine goafs is relatively mature, but there is little research on tunnel construction technology for more complex geological conditions that combine the two. It is of great significance to accurately locate the location of goafs, karst and fissure water, study the prediction of goaf collapse, large-scale filling caves, underground rivers, and extremely large water inrush during tunnel construction, monitor harmful gases and ventilation, and monitor vital signs in real time. Summary of the invention

[0004] In order to improve the shortcomings of the existing technology and overcome the limitations of the existing technology, the present invention provides a comprehensive, safe and efficient method for the construction of karst tunnels in coal mine goaf areas. The method is easy to operate, has strong parameter integration and processing analysis capabilities, and has high data transmission efficiency. It can well ensure the construction quality and personnel safety of karst tunnels in coal mine goaf areas, and can also ensure the timeliness of background data acquisition, helping decision makers to make timely judgments.

[0005] The objective of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0006] A method for constructing a karst tunnel in a coal mine goaf area comprises the following steps:

[0007] Step 1) Advanced geological forecast:

[0008] Step 11) Collect original geological data of the construction site;

[0009] Step 12) Using geophysical prospecting to obtain sampling data in the drill pipe, advanced horizontal drilling results, TSP method three-dimensional data and two-dimensional geological radar detection for advanced geological prediction;

[0010] Step 2) Treatment of coal mine goaf and caves:

[0011] Step 21) Coal mine goaf treatment:

[0012] Step 2101) Determine the location of the coal mine goaf using drilling and geophysical methods;

[0013] Step 2102) burying the grouting pipe into the goaf and pouring the empty pipe;

[0014] Step 2103) injecting slurry through the borehole;

[0015] Step 22) Cave treatment:

[0016] Step 2201) Performing geological structural analysis on the soil to be mined to obtain relevant information about the karst caves therein;

[0017] Step 2202) excavating the soil and performing initial lining of the tunnel;

[0018] Step 2203) pre-burying a drainage pipe at the bottom of the cave, and introducing a grouting pipe from the top of the cave;

[0019] Step 2204) injecting the slurry into the cave through the grouting pipe, and draining the water inside the cave through the drainage pipe;

[0020] Step 3) Real-time monitoring and ventilation of harmful gases in the tunnel:

[0021] During the advanced geological forecast and tunnel construction process, harmful gas monitoring in the tunnel is carried out. The specific steps are as follows:

[0022] Step 31) Advanced geological forecast of harmful gas monitoring:

[0023] Step 3101) using an improved drill bit to predict gas in advance and perform real-time gas monitoring while drilling;

[0024] Step 3102) monitor the temperature near the probe in real time, and if it is too high, cut off the current and stop drilling, and continue after cooling;

[0025] Step 3103) CO, O 2 , CH 4 When CO, O 2 , CH 4When the indicator exceeds the threshold, the data will be transmitted back to the memory and the leakage position will be scanned and located. At the same time, the alarm system will be activated, the exhaust system will automatically adjust the exhaust volume according to the leakage amount, and the drilling machine will automatically shut down and stop working, waiting for further analysis to determine whether it meets the requirements for continuing drilling. If conditions permit, the operation will continue;

[0026] Step 32) Monitoring of harmful gases in the tunnel:

[0027] Step 3201) Arrange sensor sealed boxes at equal intervals along the entire length of the tunnel. The sensor sealed boxes contain: CO, O 2 , CH 4 Concentration sensor, temperature sensor, alarm, gas sensor, thermistor, infrared sensor;

[0028] Step 3202) When the concentration of harmful gases reaches the threshold, the resistance of the gas sensor decreases, the current through the alarm and ventilation system increases, the system alarms, the ventilation volume increases in stages, and the monitoring data is transmitted back to the data center;

[0029] Step 3202) When the temperature exceeds the threshold, the thermistor resistance drops, the current through the alarm and ventilation system increases, the system alarms, the ventilation volume increases in stages, and the monitoring data is transmitted back to the data center;

[0030] Step 3203) When the system alarms, the internal environment of the tunnel is scanned, the internal data of the tunnel is collected, and the data is sent back to the command center for analysis and judgment of the construction conditions;

[0031] Step 4) Real-time monitoring of vital signs:

[0032] Step 41) Arrange radar and receiving antenna in the tunnel;

[0033] Step 42) integrating the medical heart rate detection element, the blood oxygen detection element, and the displacement sensor into one device;

[0034] Step 43) The data is collected and analyzed by the medical heart rate detection element, the blood oxygen detection element and the displacement sensor, and then transmitted to the memory. Finally, the codec processes the vital sign data. If there is danger, the controller is activated to sound an alarm. At the same time, the vital sign data is transmitted from the codec to the modem, and sent to the receiving antenna via millimeter waves. The receiving antenna decodes and transmits the obtained data. When the main control room receives the data, it determines whether there is danger. If there is danger, the main control room triggers the switch to activate the transmission to the dangerous person, so as to provide a second reminder.

[0035] Step 5) Data fusion and analysis:

[0036] The data obtained from the advanced geological forecast, harmful gas monitoring in the tunnel, and real-time monitoring of vital signs are integrated and analyzed. The specific steps are as follows:

[0037] Step 51) The advanced geological prediction data, the harmful gas monitoring data in the tunnel and the real-time monitoring data of vital signs are transmitted to the alarm system through the system self-checking on the one hand, and output to the big data collection-processing system on the other hand;

[0038] Step 52) The big data collection and processing system will conduct a comprehensive analysis of the deformation, harmful gases, and water permeability data of the filled caves and coal mine goafs, the advanced geological prediction data, the harmful gas monitoring data in the tunnel, and the real-time monitoring data of vital signs. If a risk occurs, the early warning signal will be transmitted to the alarm system for risk warning; at the same time, the risk assessment results together with the data will be transmitted to the manual department, who will manually review the data and conduct a secondary assessment. If the manual results are consistent with the system assessment results, the system will prevail. Otherwise, manual intervention will be performed to interfere with the alarm system for prompting.

[0039] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0040] 1. The construction is simple and the construction steps are easy to understand;

[0041] 2. It has a wide range of applications and is suitable for the construction of karst tunnels in coal mine goaf areas under various conditions;

[0042] 3. The continuity between processes is easy to ensure, and intelligent integration technology is used to accurately control the progress of each step to ensure close connection between each step;

[0043] 4. High construction safety. The invention aims to strictly detect risk parameters, timely assess risks, and actively avoid risks. In addition, the invention monitors relevant parameters in the early stage of treatment of karst caves and coal mine goafs and during construction to ensure the stability of the combination of karst caves, coal mine goafs and tunnels, and avoid damage outside the tunnel first.

[0044] 5. Fast construction speed. New fast-hardening materials are used when filling the caves to avoid delays in tunnel construction until the tunnels are completely solidified.

[0045] 6. The labor cost is low, and less manual on-site intervention is required during the construction process, which provides a guarantee for its wide promotion. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0046] Figure 1 This is a flow chart of the construction method of karst tunnel in coal mine goaf;

[0047] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the process of advanced geological prediction;

[0048] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the synthesis of three-dimensional coordinate data for advanced geological prediction;

[0049] Figure 4Schematic diagram of harmful gas monitoring technology for advanced geological forecast;

[0050] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the harmful gas monitoring technology in the tunnel;

[0051] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the data transmission process for real-time monitoring of vital signs;

[0052] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of data fusion processing and analysis technology. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] The technical solution of the present invention is further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but is not limited thereto. Any modification or equivalent replacement of the technical solution of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

[0054] The present invention provides a method for constructing karst tunnels in coal mine goafs that is highly comprehensive, responsive, and intelligent. The method has strong on-site operability, breaks the fragmentation between the original technologies, and monitors and summarizes multiple parameters in real time, which not only ensures safety but also improves construction efficiency. Figure 1 As shown, the specific implementation steps are as follows:

[0055] Step 1) Advanced geological forecast:

[0056] Step 11) Collect the original geological data of the construction site. The specific steps are as follows:

[0057] Step 1101) Drilling the surface of the construction section, determining the properties of the surrounding rock in front according to the rock and soil structure, structure and hydrogeology in the drill pipe, and obtaining surrounding rock data;

[0058] Step 1102) using laser radar to collect surrounding environment information and establish a geological three-dimensional model map;

[0059] Step 1103) Use the TSP method to monitor and locate adverse geological conditions and obtain three-dimensional spatial points.

[0060] Step 12) Use geophysical prospecting to obtain sampling data in the drill pipe, advanced horizontal drilling results, TSP method three-dimensional data and two-dimensional geological radar detection to perform advanced geological prediction. The specific steps are as follows:

[0061] Step 1201) Drilling samples on the surface to analyze groundwater;

[0062] Step 1202) Use the "Feng Yi" of the Chongqing Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology to scan the top of the tunnel, obtain the three-dimensional features of the terrain, establish a three-dimensional topographic map of the tunnel and transmit it back to the data center in a timely manner;

[0063] Step 1203) using the TSP method to analyze the surrounding rock properties, joint and fissure distribution, weak rock layers, coal mine goaf and karst cave locations, and perform three-dimensional spatial positioning;

[0064] Step 1204) If unfavorable geological conditions are detected ahead, drilling is stopped. When the detection point is 300m away from the danger point, the tunnel is scanned again using the "Feng Yi" of the Chongqing Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology, with a focus on complete 3D modeling of the danger point and determination of coordinate information, which is then transmitted back to the data center in real time. Figure 2 , Figure 3 .

[0065] Step 2) Treatment of coal mine goaf and caves:

[0066] Step 21) Coal mine goaf treatment:

[0067] Step 2101) Determine the location of the coal mine goaf using drilling and geophysical methods;

[0068] Step 2102) burying the grouting pipe into the goaf and pouring the empty pipe;

[0069] Step 2103) Slurry is injected through the drill hole. The slurry selects fly ash and cement as the main raw materials, and then various additives are added. The ratio of each material is: 70% high-strength cement, 30% fly ash. At the same time, a small amount of additives such as polymers, glass fibers, coupling agents, etc. are added as appropriate according to the on-site conditions.

[0070] Step 22) Cave treatment:

[0071] Step 2201) Performing geological structural analysis on the soil to be mined to obtain relevant information about the karst caves therein;

[0072] Step 2202) excavating the soil and performing initial lining of the tunnel;

[0073] Step 2203) pre-burying a drainage pipe at the bottom of the cave, and introducing a grouting pipe from the top of the cave;

[0074] Step 2204) prepares slurry, injects the slurry into the cave through the grouting pipe, and discharges the water in the cave through the drainage pipe. The slurry includes water, foaming agent, curing agent and cement, and the mass ratio of each component of the slurry is water: foaming agent: curing agent: cement = 10:1:9.5:9.5.

[0075] Step 3) Real-time monitoring and ventilation of harmful gases in the tunnel:

[0076] During the advanced geological forecast and tunnel construction process, harmful gas monitoring must be carried out in the tunnel to ensure the safety of the project and personnel.

[0077] Step 31) Advanced geological forecast of harmful gas monitoring:

[0078] Advanced geological prediction is also extremely important for gas detection. The present invention uses an improved drill bit for advanced gas prediction. The drill bit includes a gas concentration sensor, a flow rate sensor, a thermistor, and a gas resistor, which monitor the gas in real time while drilling, avoiding time waste caused by monitoring after drilling, and saving construction period. At the same time, a miniature camera is installed next to the drill bit to observe the situation at the drill mouth in real time. The drill bit consists of two parts. The left half is a traditional down-the-hole drill, and the right half is a ceramic conduit containing a gas concentration sensor, a flow rate sensor, a thermistor, and a gas resistor. The conduit is protected by high-strength steel with holes. The ceramic conduit is always kept 2m behind the drill bit to avoid the high temperature of the drill bit affecting the measurement. The ceramic conduit monitors the temperature near the probe in real time. If it is too high, the current is cut off to stop drilling, and drilling continues after cooling. The ceramic conduit detects nearby gases, with key monitoring objects being CO, O 2 , CH 4 , when CO, O 2 , CH 4 When the indicator exceeds the threshold, the data will be sent back to the memory and the leak location will be scanned and located. At the same time, the alarm system will be activated, the exhaust system will automatically adjust the exhaust volume according to the leak, and the drilling machine will automatically shut down and stop working. Wait for further analysis to determine whether it meets the requirements for continued drilling. If conditions permit, continue the operation. Figure 4 .

[0079] Step 32) Monitoring of harmful gases in the tunnel:

[0080] Gas concentration detection in the tunnel should not be neglected. Sensor sealed boxes are arranged at equal intervals along the entire length of the tunnel. The sensor sealed boxes contain: CO, O 2 , CH 4 Concentration sensor, temperature sensor, alarm, gas resistor, thermistor, infrared sensor. When the concentration of harmful gases reaches the threshold, the resistance of the gas sensor decreases, the current through the alarm and ventilation system increases, the system alarm and ventilation volume increase in stages, and the monitoring data is transmitted back to the data center. When the temperature exceeds the threshold, the thermistor drops, the current through the alarm and ventilation system increases, the system alarm and ventilation volume increase in stages, and the monitoring data is transmitted back to the data center. When the system alarms, use the "Feng Yi" of the Chongqing Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology to scan the internal environment of the tunnel, collect data inside the tunnel, and transmit it back to the command center for analysis and judgment of construction conditions. See the specific implementation method. Figure 5 .

[0081] Step 4) Real-time monitoring of vital signs:

[0082] During tunnel construction, the life safety of workers is also of vital importance. Now, with the continuous development of intelligent and integrated technologies, the equipment carried by construction workers is gradually developing towards lightweight and portability. The vital signs technology described in the present invention has the above-mentioned excellent characteristics and is worthy of promotion and application. Combining FRID identity recognition technology with millimeter waves, using the characteristics of FRID that can uniquely encode objects and the accuracy of millimeter wave measurements, integrating medical blood oxygen detection elements, heart rate detection elements, displacement sensors, etc., real-time monitoring of construction workers' vital signs, dangerous actions, etc., and timely warnings when risks exist. See the specific implementation method. Figure 6 , the steps are as follows:

[0083] Step 41) Arrange radars and receiving antennas every 60 meters in the tunnel. The distance should not be too short to avoid affecting the secondary detection of the position, speed, acceleration and angle of the personnel by the millimeter wave;

[0084] Step 42) The medical heart rate detection element, the blood oxygen detection element, and the displacement sensor are integrated into one device using existing technology;

[0085] Step 43) The medical heart rate detection element, blood oxygen detection element and displacement sensor first analyze the collected data, then transmit the data to the storage device, and finally the codec processes the vital signs data, such as blood oxygen concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, movement posture, etc. If there is any danger, the controller will be activated to sound an alarm. At the same time, the vital signs data is transmitted from the codec to the modem and sent to the receiving antenna via millimeter waves. The receiving antenna decodes and transmits the obtained data. When the main control room receives the data, it can judge whether there is any danger manually or by the large database. If there is any danger, the main control room will trigger the switch to activate the transmission to the dangerous person to provide a second reminder.

[0086] Step 5) Data fusion and analysis:

[0087] The existing data processing and analysis technology is relatively fragmented, that is, each part is transmitted through its own channel, and the data is relatively scattered, resulting in delays in the transmission of different data. In order to eliminate the potential major accidents caused by the above reasons as much as possible and make the data collection, transmission and processing process more centralized, a method for integrating and analyzing the data obtained from the three modules of advanced geological prediction, harmful gas monitoring in tunnels, and real-time monitoring of vital signs is proposed. Figure 7, the steps are as follows: the aforementioned advanced geological prediction data, harmful gas monitoring data in the tunnel and real-time monitoring data of vital signs are transmitted to the alarm system through system self-check on the one hand; on the other hand, they are output to the big data collection-processing system. The big data collection-processing system will conduct a comprehensive analysis of the deformation, harmful gases, water permeability and other data of the filled caves and coal mine goaf together with the advanced geological prediction data, harmful gas monitoring data in the tunnel and real-time monitoring data of vital signs. If there is a risk, the early warning signal will be transmitted to the alarm system for risk warning; at the same time, the risk assessment results will be transmitted together with the data to the manual department, who will review the data and conduct a secondary assessment. If the manual result is consistent with the system assessment result, the system shall prevail. Otherwise, manual intervention will be required to intervene in the alarm system for prompting.

[0088] The present invention is conducive to overcoming the problem of slow decision-making caused by the low efficiency of information transmission between the original steps. Through the pretreatment of excellent materials and the construction of a mature, stable and efficient data transmission system, real-time monitoring of multiple parameters is carried out, which not only ensures construction safety but also improves construction efficiency. It has broad application prospects and commercial value.

Claims

1. A method for constructing a karst tunnel in a coal mine goaf, characterized in that The method comprises the following steps: Step 1) Advanced geological forecast: Step 11) Collect existing geological data of the construction site; Step 12) Using geophysical prospecting to obtain sampling data inside the drill pipe, advanced horizontal drilling results, TSP method three-dimensional data and two-dimensional geological radar detection to perform advanced geological prediction; Step 2) Treatment of coal mine goaf and caves: Step 21) Coal mine goaf processing: Step 2101) Determine the location of the coal mine goaf using drilling and geophysical methods; Step 2102) burying the grouting pipe into the goaf and pouring the empty pipe; Step 2103) injecting slurry through the drill hole; Step 22) Cave treatment: Step 2201) Performing geological structural analysis on the soil to be mined to obtain relevant information about the karst caves therein; Step 2202) excavating the soil and performing initial lining of the tunnel; Step 2203) pre-burying a drainage pipe at the bottom of the cave, and introducing a grouting pipe from the top of the cave; Step 2204) injecting the slurry into the cave through the grouting pipe, and draining the water inside the cave through the drainage pipe; Step 3) Real-time monitoring and ventilation of harmful gases in the tunnel: During the advanced geological forecast and tunnel construction process, harmful gas monitoring in the tunnel is carried out. The specific steps are as follows: Step 31) Advanced geological forecast of harmful gas monitoring: Step 3101) using the drill bit to perform advance gas prediction and perform real-time gas monitoring while drilling; Step 3102) Real-time monitoring of the temperature near the probe. If the temperature is too high, the current is cut off and drilling is stopped. The drilling is continued after the temperature has cooled down. Step 3103) CO, O2, and CH4 are tested. When the CO, O2, or CH4 indicators exceed the threshold, the data is transferred to the memory and the leak location is scanned and located. Simultaneously, the alarm system is activated, the exhaust system automatically adjusts the exhaust volume according to the amount of leakage, and the drilling machine automatically shuts down and stops working, pending further analysis to determine whether it meets the requirements for continuing drilling. If conditions permit, the operation continues; Step 32) Monitoring of harmful gases in the tunnel: Step 3201) Arrange sealed sensor boxes at equal intervals along the entire length of the tunnel, wherein the sealed sensor boxes contain: CO, O2, CH4 concentration sensors, temperature sensors, alarms, gas resistors, thermistors, and infrared sensors; Step 3202) When the concentration of harmful gases reaches a threshold, the resistance of the gas sensor decreases, the current through the alarm and ventilation system increases, the system alarms, the ventilation volume increases in stages, and the monitoring data is transmitted back to the data center; Step 3202) When the temperature exceeds the threshold, the thermistor resistance drops, the current through the alarm and ventilation system increases, the system alarms, the ventilation volume increases in stages, and the monitoring data is transmitted back to the data center; Step 3203) When the system alarms, the tunnel interior environment is scanned, the tunnel interior data is collected, and the data is sent back to the command center for analysis and judgment of the construction conditions; Step 4) Real-time monitoring of vital signs: Step 41) Arrange radar and receiving antenna in the tunnel; Step 42) integrating the medical heart rate detection element, the blood oxygen detection element, and the displacement sensor into one device; Step 43) Data is collected and analyzed by the medical heart rate detection element, blood oxygen detection element, and displacement sensor, and then transmitted to the memory. Finally, the codec processes the vital sign data. If there is a danger, the controller is activated to issue an alarm. At the same time, the vital sign data is transmitted from the codec to the modem and sent to the receiving antenna via millimeter waves. The receiving antenna decodes and transmits the obtained data. When the data is received in the main control room, it is determined whether there is a danger. If there is a danger, the main control room triggers a switch to activate the transmission to the dangerous person, providing a secondary warning. Step 5) Data integration and analysis: The data obtained from advanced geological forecasts, harmful gas monitoring in tunnels, and real-time monitoring of vital signs are integrated and analyzed.

2. The method for constructing a karst tunnel in a coal mine goaf according to claim 1, characterized in that The specific steps of step 11) are as follows: Step 1101) Drilling the surface of the construction section, determining the properties of the surrounding rock ahead based on the rock and soil structure, structure, and hydrogeology within the drill pipe, and obtaining surrounding rock data; Step 1102) Using laser radar to collect surrounding environment information and create a three-dimensional geological model map; Step 1103) Use the TSP method to monitor and locate adverse geological conditions and obtain three-dimensional spatial points.

3. The method for constructing a karst tunnel in a coal mine goaf according to claim 1, characterized in that The specific steps of step 12) are as follows: Step 1201) Drilling samples on the surface to analyze groundwater; Step 1202) Scan the area above the tunnel to obtain three-dimensional features of the terrain and topography, create a three-dimensional topographic map of the tunnel, and transmit it back to the data center in a timely manner; Step 1203) Using the TSP method to analyze the surrounding rock properties, joint and fissure distribution, weak rock layers, coal mine goaf and karst cave locations ahead, and perform three-dimensional spatial positioning; Step 1204) If adverse geological conditions are detected ahead, drilling is stopped. When the detection point is 300m away from the danger point, the tunnel is scanned again, focusing on complete 3D modeling of the danger point and determining the coordinate information, which is then transmitted back to the data center in real time.

4. The method for constructing a karst tunnel in a coal mine goaf according to claim 1, characterized in that The drill bit is composed of a down-the-hole drill and a ceramic tube, wherein: a gas concentration sensor, a flow rate sensor, a thermistor and a gas resistor are arranged inside the ceramic tube to monitor the gas in real time during drilling; a miniature camera is installed next to the drill bit to observe the situation at the drill mouth in real time.

5. The method for constructing a karst tunnel in a coal mine goaf according to claim 1, characterized in that The specific steps of step 5) are as follows: Step 51) The advanced geological prediction data, the harmful gas monitoring data in the tunnel, and the real-time monitoring data of vital signs are transmitted to the alarm system through system self-checking and output to the big data collection and processing system. Step 52) The big data collection and processing system simultaneously conducts a comprehensive analysis of the deformation, harmful gas, and water permeability data of the filled karst caves and coal mine goafs, as well as the advanced geological forecast data, the harmful gas monitoring data in the tunnel, and the real-time monitoring data of vital signs. If a risk is identified, an early warning signal is transmitted to the alarm system for risk warning. At the same time, the risk assessment results together with the data are transmitted to the manual department, who will review the data and conduct a second assessment. If the manual results are consistent with the system assessment results, the system will prevail. Otherwise, manual intervention will be required to interrupt the alarm system and issue a prompt.

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