Biomass type hot melt adhesive

Abstract

The invention provides a biomass type hot melt adhesive which comprises an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, high density polyethylene and a biomass material, and the weight percentage concentration of the biomass type hot melt adhesive accounts for 10-65 wt% of the whole biomass type hot melt adhesive. The biomass type hot melt adhesive can still maintain the characteristics of rapid curing and high heat resistance under the condition of replacing petroleum resin and petroleum wax, not only can reduce carbon emission, but also can promote sustainable development of the environment, and has considerable positive significance for the whole industry.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a hot melt adhesive, in particular to a bio-based hot melt adhesive. Background Art

[0002] Traditional hot melt adhesives are all petrochemical hot melt adhesives, which are standard petrochemical products. The production and use of petrochemical products will cause multiple damages to the environment. First of all, the petrochemical industry is an industry with high energy consumption and high carbon emissions. Its production process consumes a large amount of petrochemical energy, such as oil, natural gas and coal. The collection, transportation and processing of these energy sources will cause pollution and damage to the environment.

[0003] Secondly, petrochemical products also have an impact on the environment during use. For example, the extensive use of plastic products has led to the generation of a large amount of plastic waste, which is difficult to degrade and exists in the natural environment for a long time, causing serious harm to the ecological environment and wild animals and plants.

[0004] It can be seen that there is a huge demand in the market for a hot melt adhesive that is friendly to the environment, reduces pollution and reduces carbon emissions. Summary of the invention

[0005] In order to reduce pollution, the present invention provides a biomass hot melt adhesive to reduce dependence on petrochemical products. The biomass hot melt adhesive is spherical or ingot-like, and comprises:

[0006] Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), with a weight percentage of 28 to 57% (wt%);

[0007] High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), with a weight percentage of 7 to 10% (wt%); and

[0008] A biomaterial comprises a bioresin obtained from nature, the weight percentage of which accounts for 10 to 65% (wt%) of the whole, wherein:

[0009] A release agent or a non-self-adhesive film is coated on one surface of the bio-based hot melt adhesive.

[0010] The biomass material comprises a biomass wax obtained from nature, and its weight percentage concentration accounts for 1 to 10 (wt%) of the whole.

[0011] The bio-resin is rosin resin; and the bio-wax is palm wax.

[0012] Furthermore, one of the production steps comprises:

[0013] Putting at least a portion of the biomass material and the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer into a mixing space and mixing them uniformly;

[0014] Adding the remaining biomass material and the high-density polyethylene in appropriate amounts or in batches;

[0015] Vacuuming is performed under the conditions of a molding temperature between 145 and 155° C. and a vacuum pressure between 45 and 75 cmHg to form a viscose blank; and

[0016] The adhesive blank is formed into a spherical shape or a quasi-gold shape, and a release agent or a non-self-adhesive film is coated on its surface.

[0017] The mixing space provides a stirring temperature between 145 and 155° C. and a stirring speed between 20 and 40 rpm.

[0018] When the bio-based hot melt adhesive is in the shape of a gold ingot, the non-self-adhesive film is coated on the outer layer of the bio-based hot melt adhesive by co-extrusion.

[0019] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0020] First, in order to reduce the impact of carbon emissions on the environment, researching and using biomass materials to replace petrochemical products has become a major trend in the future. These biomass materials can not only reduce carbon emissions, but also promote environmental sustainability, which has a very positive impact on the entire industry.

[0021] Second, the materials used in the present invention are all existing and have been commercially mass-produced. The present invention not only has multiple properties, but is also feasible and can be implemented in truly commercial mass production.

[0022] Third, the flexibility of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 is significantly improved compared to the traditional petrochemical hot melt adhesive.

[0023] Fourth, the present invention provides a variety of structural forms to meet the different needs of clients. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Figure 1 It is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the manufacturing method of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 2A It is a schematic diagram of the finished product of a preferred embodiment of the manufacturing method of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 2B It is a schematic diagram of the finished product of a preferred embodiment of the manufacturing method of the present invention.

[0027] Explanation of symbols:

[0028] 10 Bio-based hot melt adhesive

[0029] 11 Release agent

[0030] 12 No self-adhesive film

[0031] 13 adhesive blank

[0032] Steps S1-S6 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some examples or embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, the present invention can also be applied to other similar scenarios based on these drawings without creative work. Unless it is obvious from the language environment or otherwise explained, the same reference numerals in the figures represent the same structure or operation.

[0034] It should be understood that the "system", "device", "unit" and / or "module" used herein are a method for distinguishing different components, assemblies, parts, portions or assemblies at different levels. However, if other words can achieve the same purpose, the words can be replaced by other expressions.

[0035] As shown in the present invention and claims, unless the context clearly indicates an exception, the words "a", "an", "an" and / or "the" do not refer to the singular, but also include the plural. Generally speaking, the terms "include" and "comprise" only indicate the inclusion of the steps and elements that have been clearly identified, and these steps and elements do not constitute an exclusive list, and the method or device may also include other steps or elements.

[0036] The present invention uses a flow chart to illustrate the operations performed by the system according to an embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood that the preceding or following operations are not necessarily performed precisely in order. On the contrary, the various steps may be processed in reverse order or simultaneously. At the same time, other operations may also be added to these processes, or one or more operations may be removed from these processes.

[0037] In the past, most hot melt adhesives were petrochemical hot melt adhesives, which consisted of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), petrochemical resins (such as C5 resin or C9 resin), and petroleum wax, all of which were petrochemical raw materials made from petroleum or natural gas. The petrochemical hot melt adhesive forms a tight structure and produces a bonding effect when it is quickly cooled through the interaction between the aromatic structure and the alkyl structure of the petrochemical resin. The petroleum wax is added as needed to adjust the melting point and heat resistance of the petrochemical hot melt adhesive.

[0038] However, when the above components of petrochemical hot melt adhesive are replaced by a bio-resin or a bio-wax obtained from nature, the problem of insufficient adhesion or heat resistance often occurs. Therefore, the present invention has developed a bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 with both adhesion and heat resistance through intensive research. The bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 may include a bio-based material with a weight percentage concentration of up to 10 to 65 (wt%). The bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 includes:

[0039] Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), with a weight percentage of 28 to 57% (wt%);

[0040] High-density polyethylene (HDPE), its weight percentage concentration is between 7 and 10% (wt%);

[0041] Carnauba wax, the weight percentage of which is between 0 and 10 (wt%); and

[0042] Rosin resin (Rosin), the weight percentage concentration of which accounts for 10 to 55 (wt%) of the whole, wherein the rosin resin may include the modified rosin resin, such as esterified rosin, hydrogenated rosin, esterified hydrogenated rosin and derivatives thereof, as required.

[0043] It is worth noting that the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 of the present invention specifically uses the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymerized from ethylene monomers. Because its molecular structure contains long-chain carbon-carbon bonds and short-chain branched structures. The high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has a high degree of crystallinity, and can be orderly arranged to form a compact crystalline structure during crystallization, so as to improve the curing speed and heat resistance of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10, and strengthen the structural strength of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 during curing (such as the colloid hardness of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10) and the structural stability between the colloid molecules, so as to meet the requirements of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 replacing petroleum resin and petroleum wax with the bio-based material (palm wax and rosin resin), while still maintaining the characteristics of rapid curing and high heat resistance.

[0044] The rosin resin itself has flexibility and adhesiveness, and when added to the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10, it can be used as a manifestation of the bonding strength of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 and will not change the physical properties of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 after curing. The material properties jointly exhibited by the rosin resin and the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) are the main factors for the good adhesiveness of the bio-based hot melt adhesive.

[0045] It is worth noting that since biomass materials directly use plants as raw materials, and the plants absorb carbon dioxide during their growth process, the total amount of carbon dioxide in the environment is reduced. Compared with products using petrochemical raw materials, which need to go through the process of mining and refining to continuously emit carbon dioxide, the biomass hot melt adhesive 10 provided by the present invention has the benefit of reducing carbon emissions since the raw materials are obtained. When the biomass material is combined with the high-density polyethylene, it can maintain the excellent physical properties and durability of the high-density polyethylene while being friendly to the environment, reducing pollution, and reducing the negative impact of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) on the environment, which has a considerable positive impact on the sustainable development of the environment.

[0046] It must be noted that since the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) will cause the colloid to become hard and brittle, and the adhesion will be greatly reduced, and since the addition of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in traditional petrochemical hot melt adhesives does not produce a better adhesion effect, the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is not added to traditional petrochemical hot melt adhesives. In the present invention, in order to increase the proportion of biomass materials in the hot melt adhesive and avoid the biomass materials affecting the function and properties of the biomass hot melt adhesive 10, the biomass hot melt adhesive 10 is developed through intensive research, which is a combination of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and the biomass materials (palm wax and rosin resin).

[0047] Please refer to Figures 1 to 2B The present invention further provides a method for manufacturing the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10, please refer to Figure 1 , the steps include:

[0048] Step S1: Place at least a portion of the rosin resin and the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) in a mixing space and mix them uniformly. Preferably, the mixing space provides a stirring temperature between 145 and 155° C. and a stirring speed between 20 and 40 rpm.

[0049] Step S2: Add the palm wax into the mixing space and mix evenly. Preferably, in this step, the mixing space provides the same stirring temperature and stirring speed as in step 1, and performs a first stirring time of 5 to 15 minutes;

[0050] Step S3: Add the remaining rosin resin and the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in appropriate amounts or in batches. It is worth noting that, due to the poor material compatibility between the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), in this step, the rosin resin can also be used as a compatibility aid between the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) to maintain good compatibility during the reaction process. ;

[0051] Step S4: After the materials added in step S3 are added, a second stirring time is performed for 5 to 15 minutes;

[0052] Step S5: vacuuming for 30 minutes at a molding temperature between 145 and 155° C. and a vacuuming pressure between 45 and 75 cmHg, and then standing for 5 minutes to form a viscous body 13. In this step, vacuuming is performed to eliminate bubbles generated when the materials are stirred in steps S1 to S4, which helps to improve the quality of the colloid.

[0053] Step S6: The adhesive blank 13 is formed into a spherical shape or a quasi-gold shape as required, and a release agent 11 or a non-self-adhesive film 12 is coated on its surface to complete the production of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 .

[0054] When the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 is in a spherical shape, its dimensions are preferably between 3 mm and 7 mm in length, width and height.

[0055] When the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 is in the shape of a gold ingot, its dimensions are preferably between 3 and 15 cm (mm) in length, width and height.

[0056] The release agent 11 and the non-self-adhesive film 12 can prevent the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 from self-adhesively forming blocks when the temperature or pressure of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 changes. Moreover, the use of the release agent 11 and the non-self-adhesive film 12 will not affect the adhesion of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10, and the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 can be directly heated and used as an adhesive.

[0057] When the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 is in the shape of a gold ingot, the non-self-adhesive film 12 can be coated on the outer layer of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 by co-extrusion. Preferably, the non-self-adhesive film 12 is made of polyethylene (PE).

[0058] Please refer to Tables 1 to 6. The present invention further compares the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 Examples 1 to 3 made of the bio-based material at different proportions, and provides Comparative Examples 1 to 3 without the addition of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as a reference, and further compares the material properties tested in Examples 1 to 3 with the current hot melt adhesive specifications. Among them, the material properties include a viscosity tested by ASTM D3236; a softening point tested in accordance with the ASTM D36 specification; a hardness tested in accordance with the GB / T 531 specification; a tensile strength tested in accordance with the ASTM D638 specification, and an elongation tested in accordance with the ASTM D638 specification. Among them, tensile strength and elongation are important properties of the material. Tensile strength can be used as a basis for the cohesive force of the colloid during curing and bonding, while elongation can represent the overall flexibility of the colloid.

[0059] Among them, Table 1 shows the experimental group in which the proportion of the biomass material is greater than 60%. The esterified rosin is the rosin resin that has been esterified. The addition of the esterified rosin is more helpful to improve the heat aging resistance of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 and delay the carbonization and cross-linking behavior of the bio-based hot melt adhesive after long-term heating.

[0060] In Table 3, in addition to the experimental group designed with the biomass material ratio greater than 30%, the formula is further designed to be applied to the back glue of a book. Since the back glue needs to have a longer colloid open time when applied, the hot melt adhesive needs a longer sticking time after being coated on the surface of the book. Therefore, this formula will be adjusted by omitting palm wax. At the same time, it is verified that the biomass hot melt adhesive 10 can be adjusted with demand flexibility and applied to various industries. Among them, since the palm wax material is omitted in the formula, the rosin resin can be not limited to whether it is the modified rosin resin (such as the esterified rosin in Table 1).

[0061] In Table 5, in addition to the experimental group designed with the proportion of the biomass material greater than 10%, the formula is further designed for application in combination with traditional petrochemical colloids, so C5 resin and microcrystalline wax are added to form a composite hot melt adhesive. This verifies that the addition of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and the biomass material of the biomass hot melt adhesive 10 will not destroy the material properties of the composite hot melt adhesive, and echoes the description of the above paragraph of the present invention, so that the biomass hot melt adhesive 10 can be composited with traditional petrochemical colloids according to demand. It can be seen from the results in Tables 2, 4 and 6 that in each comparative example 1 to 3 without the addition of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE), whether it is viscosity, softening point, hardness, or tensile strength, it is significantly lower than that of each embodiment 1 to 3, and a higher elongation is shown, which echoes the addition and regulation of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in the previous paragraph.

[0062] Further observation of the material properties of each embodiment and each comparative example compared with the current hot melt adhesive specification shows that, as shown in Table 2, not only the softening point and hardness of Comparative Example 1 only meet the edge of the specification, but its tensile strength also fails to meet the standard. In Table 4, the softening point and hardness of Comparative Example 2 fail to meet the standard. And in Table 5, it can be seen that the hardness of Comparative Example 3 fails to meet the standard.

[0063] Table 1, the proportion of biomass material is greater than 60%

[0064] Composition (wt%) Example 1 Comparative Example 1 EVA 28 38 HDPE 10 0 Esterified rosin 35 35 Rosin resin 17 17 Palm wax 10 10

[0065] Table 2. Comparison of material properties of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1

[0066] Material properties Example 1 Comparative Example 1 Current Specifications for Hot Melt Adhesives for Packaging Viscosity (CPS / 180℃) 855 700 600～2800 Softening point(℃) 95 85 85～125 Hardness(Shore A) 89 80 80～90 Tensile strength(MPa) 3.68 2.20 >2.5 Elongation(%) 208 322 >100

[0067] Table 3, the proportion of biomass material is greater than 30%

[0068] Composition (wt%) Example 2 Comparative Example 2 EVA 57 67 HDPE 10 0 Rosin resin 33 33

[0069] Table 4. Comparison of material properties of Example 2 and Comparative Example 2

[0070]

[0071] Table 5, the proportion of biomass material is greater than 10%

[0072] Composition (wt%) Example 3 Comparative Example 3 EVA 28 35 HDPE 7 0 Esterified rosin 11 11 C5 resin 30 30 Microcrystalline wax 19 19

[0073] Table 6. Comparison of material properties of Example 3 and Comparative Example 3

[0074] Material properties Example 3 Comparative Example 3 Current Specifications for Hot Melt Adhesives for Packaging Viscosity (CPS / 180℃) 1030 900 600～2800 Softening point(℃) 88 80 85～120 Hardness(Shore A) 85 75 80～90 Tensile strength(MPa) 2.7 2.2 >2.5 Elongation(%) 120 155 >100

[0075] It can be seen from the above embodiments and comparative examples that:

[0076] 1. Since the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 with the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) added has better hardness, higher tensile strength and lower elongation than the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 without the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) added, it can be known that the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 with the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) added has better rigidity strength.

[0077] 2. Since the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 with the addition of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has a higher softening point than the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 without the addition of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE), it can be concluded that the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 with the addition of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has better heat resistance.

[0078] The present invention has the following characteristics:

[0079] First, in order to reduce the impact of carbon emissions on the environment, researching and using biomass materials to replace petrochemical products has become a major trend in the future. These biomass materials can not only reduce carbon emissions, but also promote environmental sustainability, which has a very positive impact on the entire industry.

[0080] Second, the materials used in the present invention are all existing and have been commercially mass-produced. The present invention not only has multiple properties, but is also feasible and can be implemented in truly commercial mass production.

[0081] Third, the flexibility of the bio-based hot melt adhesive 10 is significantly improved compared to the traditional petrochemical hot melt adhesive.

[0082] Fourth, the present invention provides a variety of structural forms to meet the different needs of clients.

[0083] In addition, unless explicitly stated in the claims, the order of the processing elements and sequences, the use of alphanumeric characters, or the use of other names described in the present invention are not intended to limit the order of the processes and methods of the present invention. Although the above disclosure discusses some invention embodiments that are currently considered useful through various examples, it should be understood that such details are only for illustrative purposes, and the attached claims are not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, the claims are intended to cover all modifications and equivalent combinations that are consistent with the essence and scope of the embodiments of the present invention.

[0084] Similarly, it should be noted that in order to simplify the description of the disclosed technology of the present invention and thus help understand one or more embodiments of the invention, in the above description of the embodiments of the present invention, sometimes multiple features are merged into one embodiment, drawing or description thereof. However, this disclosure method does not mean that the features required by the claimed object of protection of the present invention are more than the features mentioned in the embodiments. In fact, without compromising the efficacy of the present invention, the features in the claims may be less than all the features of the single embodiment disclosed above.

[0085] In some embodiments, numbers describing the number of components and attributes are used. It should be understood that such numbers used in the description of the embodiments are modified by the modifiers "about", "approximately" or "substantially" in some examples. Unless otherwise specified, "about", "approximately" or "substantially" indicate that the numbers are allowed to vary by ±20%. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters used in the specification and claims are approximate values, which may change according to the required features of individual embodiments. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should take into account the specified significant figures and adopt the general method of retaining digits. Although the numerical domains and parameters used to confirm the breadth of the range in some embodiments of the present invention are approximate values, in specific embodiments, the setting of such numerical values ​​is as accurate as possible within the feasible range.

[0086] Each patent, patent application, patent application disclosure, and other materials, such as articles, books, instructions, publications, documents, etc., cited in this invention are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Except for application history documents that are inconsistent with or conflicting with the present invention, documents that limit the broadest scope of the claims of the present invention (currently or later attached to the present invention) are also excluded. It should be noted that if the description, definition, and / or use of terms in the accompanying materials of the present invention are inconsistent or conflicting with the contents of the present invention, the description, definition, and / or use of terms of the present invention shall prevail.

[0087] Finally, it should be understood that the embodiments described in the present invention are only used to illustrate the principles of the embodiments of the present invention. Other variations may also fall within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, as an example and not a limitation, alternative configurations of the embodiments of the present invention may be considered consistent with the teachings of the present invention. Accordingly, the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the embodiments explicitly introduced and described in the present invention.

Claims

1. A bio-based hot melt adhesive, characterized in that: Include: Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), with a weight percentage of 28 to 57% (wt%); High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), with a weight percentage of 7 to 10% (wt%); and A biomaterial comprises a bioresin obtained from nature, the weight percentage of which accounts for 10 to 65% (wt%) of the whole, wherein: A release agent or a non-self-adhesive film is coated on one surface of the bio-based hot melt adhesive.

2. The bio-based hot melt adhesive according to claim 1, characterized in that: The biomass material comprises a biomass wax obtained from nature, and the weight percentage concentration of the biomass wax is between 1 and 10 (wt%) of the whole.

3. The bio-based hot melt adhesive according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The bioresin is a rosin resin.

4. The bio-based hot melt adhesive according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The biowax is palm wax.

5. The bio-based hot melt adhesive according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: One of the production steps includes: Putting at least a portion of the biomass material and the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer into a mixing space and mixing them uniformly; Adding the remaining biomass material and the high-density polyethylene in appropriate amounts or in batches; Vacuuming is performed under the conditions of a molding temperature between 145 and 155° C. and a vacuum pressure between 45 and 75 cmHg to form a viscose blank; and The adhesive blank is formed into a spherical shape or a quasi-gold shape, and a release agent or a non-self-adhesive film is coated on its surface.

6. The bio-based hot melt adhesive according to claim 5, characterized in that: The mixing space provides a stirring temperature between 145 and 155° C. and a stirring speed between 20 and 40 rpm.

7. The bio-based hot melt adhesive according to claim 5, characterized in that: When the bio-based hot melt adhesive is in the shape of a gold ingot, the non-self-adhesive film is coated on the outer layer of the bio-based hot melt adhesive by co-extrusion.

8. A bio-based hot melt adhesive, characterized in that: Include: Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), with a weight percentage of 28 to 57% (wt%); High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), with a weight percentage of 7 to 10% (wt%); and A biomaterial, a material obtained from nature, includes: A rosin resin, the weight percentage of which is between 10 and 55% (wt%) of the total; and A palm wax, whose weight percentage concentration is between 1 and 10 (wt%) of the whole.

9. The bio-based hot melt adhesive according to claim 8, characterized in that: One of the production steps includes: Putting at least a portion of the rosin resin and the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer into a mixing space and mixing them uniformly; Add the palm wax into the mixing space and mix evenly; Adding the remaining rosin resin and the high-density polyethylene in appropriate amounts or in batches; Vacuuming is performed under the conditions of a molding temperature between 145 and 155° C. and a vacuum pressure between 45 and 75 cmHg to form a viscose blank; and The adhesive blank is formed into a spherical shape or a quasi-gold shape, and a release agent or a non-self-adhesive film is coated on its surface.

10. The bio-based hot melt adhesive according to claim 8, characterized in that: The mixing space provides a stirring temperature between 145 and 155° C. and a stirring speed between 20 and 40 rpm.

11. A bio-based hot melt adhesive, characterized in that: The adhesive blank is formed into a spherical or ingot-like shape by mixing ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and a biogenic material. The surface of the adhesive blank is coated with a release agent or a non-self-adhesive film.

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