Consensus method based on block chain under Internet of Vehicles

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of consensus mechanism methods, in particular to a block chain-based consensus method under Internet of Vehicles, which specifically comprises the following steps: S1, constructing a block chain-based Internet of Vehicles system which is mainly composed of a vehicle, a road side unit and an absolutely trusted mechanism; s2, a message format and a communication process of PoRT are designed, a vehicle obtains a position signature from an RSU on a moving path of the vehicle, and a PoRT protocol helps a TA and the RSU to determine a vehicle reputation value and a position signature sent by a V2I (Vehicle to Internet, Vehicle-to-Network) message shared by the vehicle for certification; s3, establishing a travel proof signature set of the vehicle, wherein the travel proof signature set is used for calculating the verifiable travelled distance of the vehicle moving along the motion trail RSU of the vehicle in the period T; according to the method, the dependence on a trusted center is reduced, the calculation and communication overhead of the system is remarkably reduced, and the overall security is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of blockchain, and specifically relates to a consensus method based on blockchain in an Internet of Vehicles. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, consensus mechanism, as the core part of blockchain technology, has developed rapidly. As the backbone of the blockchain network, the consensus mechanism ensures the integrity and consistency of the blockchain network and also provides security for the blockchain protocol. The consensus mechanism of traditional blockchain can mostly be divided into two categories, proof-based and voting-based protocols, among which PoW is widely known as the mainstream protocol. Some of its derived protocols, including PoS, DPoS, etc., are also used in many scenarios.

[0003] Some of these protocols are universal, while others are designed for specific network structures. The academic community has proposed many consensus mechanisms for the application scenario of blockchain + IoT. However, due to the particularity of the nodes in the Internet of Vehicles, the traditional consensus mechanisms applicable to other scenarios cannot meet the requirements of low latency and high throughput of the Internet of Vehicles. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the consensus mechanism based on blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles and ensure the efficient and confidential transmission of information during the information transmission process.

[0004] Scholars have proposed different consensus mechanisms to deal with possible malicious attacks in the Internet of Vehicles. These solutions are mainly divided into centralized and distributed solutions. Regarding traditional centralized solutions, most solutions use SDN controllers or cloud servers as terminals. Vehicles or RSUs transmit messages to the terminals, which are processed uniformly and then returned to the RSU or vehicle to perform corresponding operations. However, centralized message processing methods are gradually overwhelmed in today's environment of massive information growth. Especially at the moment when artificial intelligence is gradually maturing, the use of large language models such as Transformer has caused the computing power requirements of cloud servers to increase dramatically, so the centralized information processing method is gradually not adopted by scholars.

[0005] At the same time, with the rise of blockchain technology in the global academic field, distributed solutions have gradually become mainstream, and more and more scholars have participated in it and proposed relevant solutions. For example, some scholars have proposed a consensus mechanism improved by the DPoS consensus mechanism under the traditional blockchain, which combines the information stored in the system with blockchain technology, so that each entity records the information on the corresponding blockchain after evaluating it, and ensures the security of information through the immutability of blockchain to prevent invasion by various means of attack. However, when adding a new block to the distributed record of the blockchain, each node initiates a consensus and broadcasts it after reaching a consensus, and finally the records are packaged into blocks and uploaded to the blockchain. This process takes a certain amount of time, so this also leads to extremely high latency requirements for the Internet of Vehicles system under the blockchain.

[0006] In summary, although a variety of consensus mechanisms have been proposed to adapt to the needs of the Internet of Vehicles, especially in the application of blockchain technology, the existing mechanisms still face challenges in dealing with requirements such as low latency and high throughput. Summary of the invention

[0007] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a consensus method based on blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles, which specifically includes the following steps:

[0008] S1. Build a blockchain-based Internet of Vehicles system, which mainly consists of three parts: vehicles, road side units (RSU), and trust authorities (TA);

[0009] S2. Design the message format and communication process of PoRT (Proof of Reputation Value Based on Travel Verification). The vehicle obtains the location signature from the RSU on its moving path. The PoRT protocol helps TA and RSU determine the vehicle reputation value and the location signature sent by the shared V2I (Vehicle to Internet) message for proof.

[0010] S3. Establish a travel proof signature set for the vehicle, which is used to calculate the verifiable mileage of the vehicle moving along its motion trajectory RSU within the period T;

[0011] S4. Construct a reputation value judgment and update algorithm to update the reputation value of vehicles participating in information exchange or energy trading.

[0012] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0013] The PoRT consensus mechanism proposed in the present invention combines the characteristics of blockchain technology and is used to deal with the security issues of V2V, V2I information transmission or energy trading under the blockchain. By storing the verifiable mileage and location signature of the vehicle in the blockchain, the security, consistency and traceability of the information between RSUs in different regions are ensured, and it has a certain degree of resistance to various attacks. This storage method prevents external attackers from tampering with information and protects data integrity. At the same time, all nodes can verify the authenticity of the information and ensure the legitimacy of the transaction. Compared with traditional solutions, the present invention reduces the dependence on the trusted center, significantly reduces the computing and communication overhead of the system, and improves the overall security. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] Figure 1 is a flowchart of steps of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0015] Figure 2 This is a model diagram of a blockchain-based Internet of Vehicles system in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0016] Figure 3 This is a diagram of the PoRT consensus model of the Internet of Vehicles in an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0018] like Figure 1 As shown, a consensus method based on blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles includes the following steps:

[0019] S1: Build a blockchain-based Internet of Vehicles system, which mainly consists of three parts: vehicles, road side units (RSU), and trust authorities (TA).

[0020] like Figure 2 As shown, the system mainly consists of three parts: vehicle, road side unit (RSU), and trust authority (TA). The present invention constructs a vehicle network energy trading network based on travel proof under the blockchain. Under the blockchain network, each car needs to be authenticated and registered by RSU, and the authentication and registration results will be sent by RSU to TA and recorded in a dedicated database. Each car will obtain different authentication certificates and registration codes according to its serial number to ensure its unique identity.

[0021] The communication between RSU and TA is carried out by wired communication. The communication between vehicles and vehicles, and between vehicles and RSU is carried out by wireless communication. At the same time, the asymmetric encryption technology in the blockchain is used. Asymmetric encryption technology is an existing technology to ensure the authenticity and reliability of V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) or V2I (Vehicle to Internet) information exchange.

[0022] When a vehicle transmits data or applies for energy trading, it will send a consensus request to the nearest RSU, which will then evaluate the vehicle's reputation. Is there a standard for the reputation value? Or should a standard be established (the algorithm for updating the reputation value is designed in S4 later). Finally, after the process is completed, the results are packaged into blocks and recorded on the blockchain, and the behavior is recorded and uploaded to TA.

[0023] When a vehicle transmits data or applies for energy trading, it will send a consensus request containing transaction information to the nearest RSU. After receiving the request, the RSU will evaluate the reputation of the vehicle according to the reputation update algorithm. After the process is completed, the evaluation results will be packaged into blocks and recorded on the blockchain, and the record of this behavior will be uploaded to the TA.

[0024] Furthermore, the present invention constructs a blockchain-based vehicle network energy trading network system model, involving vehicles, roadside units (RSUs) and absolutely trusted organizations (TAs). Vehicles are authenticated and registered through RSUs, and identity verification is used to ensure the uniqueness of their identities, and wireless communication is used to exchange information with RSUs, and the exchanged information includes vehicle identity information, location signatures, data transmission requests, and energy trading requests.

[0025] The vehicle is authenticated and registered by the RSU to ensure its unique identity, and uses wireless communication to exchange information with the RSU. The exchanged information includes the vehicle's identity information, location signature, data transmission request, and energy transaction request. All information is secured through asymmetric encryption technology and recorded through blockchain. Vehicle behavior such as data transmission or energy transaction needs to be evaluated by the RSU and uploaded to the TA.

[0026] Preferably, by designing the PoRT protocol, it is defined how the vehicle obtains the location signature through the RSU to prove its driving trajectory and reputation value. At the same time, the location signature verified by the RSU helps to confirm the location and time of the vehicle, ensuring the authenticity and security of V2I and V2V communications.

[0027] Preferably, the mileage verification of the vehicle is managed through a three-stage process. First, the vehicle obtains the initial location signature from the first RSU after joining the network; then, it continues to collect location signatures from each RSU during driving to form a complete proof chain; finally, the system uses this proof chain to verify the vehicle's mileage to ensure its legitimacy and credibility when exchanging information or trading energy. The entire process uses blockchain technology to achieve data security and immutability, thereby improving the overall trust and efficiency of the system.

[0028] Preferably, the PoRX reward and punishment mechanism in the blockchain is introduced in detail, emphasizing the importance of node reputation management and dynamic difficulty adjustment. By defining the node reputation value, the maximum reputation value, the global difficulty, and the conversion factor that affects the current difficulty, the mechanism adjusts the node's operational difficulty, thereby controlling the block generation speed and security. Specifically, nodes with high reputation values ​​will face lower operational difficulty, thereby speeding up the block generation speed, while nodes with low reputation values ​​will face higher operational difficulty, slowing down their block generation speed, thereby ensuring the security of the system. The reward and punishment system adjusts the reputation value according to the behavior of the node: nodes that successfully generate blocks will receive reputation rewards, while nodes that fail to generate blocks within the specified time will have their reputation values ​​reduced. The adjustment of the node reputation value is based on its performance within a certain period, and nodes with high reputation values ​​will have greater advantages in future block generation. In addition, the behavior of all nodes is recorded and stored in the corresponding database to support the transparency and traceability of transactions.

[0029] S2: Design the message format and communication process of PoRT (Proof of Reputation Value Based on Travel Verification) to facilitate the vehicle to obtain the location signature from the RSU on its moving path. The PoRT protocol helps TA and RSU determine the vehicle reputation value and the location signature sent by the shared V2I (Vehicle to Internet) message for proof.

[0030] like Figure 3 As shown, during the driving process of the vehicle, the location signature held by the vehicle will provide proof of the vehicle's trajectory, which will be used to increase or decrease the reputation value in the following text.

[0031] At t = t k Time Vehicle v i Reported to RSU j The position signature of the invention is defined as follows:

[0032]

[0033] in Yes RSU j The public key you hold, For vehicle v i The public and private key pair held, h e For vehicle v i A hash value of the reported information, Generate a digital signature for the corresponding information, h pre For vehicle v iThe hash value obtained from the previous RSU along its moving path. The hash value obtained from the previous RSU is included in the position signature at the next moment to prevent trajectory forgery.

[0034] To construct this position signature, RSU j Generate the corresponding digital signature based on the above content Right now:

[0035]

[0036] And send this content to v i And TA, Prove that a vehicle was at a specific location at a given time.

[0037] S3: Establish a travel proof signature set for the vehicle, which is used to calculate the verifiable mileage of the vehicle moving along its trajectory RSU within the period T.

[0038] In order to facilitate TA to process the location signature in the event of an emergency, the present invention defines a vehicle travel proof signature set Used to calculate the vehicle v i The verifiable mileage of each RSU along its trajectory within period T. Here, Indicates vehicle v i At time t0, RSU j The position signature generated when Indicates that the vehicle passes the RSU at time t1 j+1 The position signatures generated at each time are collected until the end of period T. These signature sets are used to track and verify the vehicle's driving trajectory through different RSUs at different time points.

[0039] The vehicle's verifiable mileage is mainly divided into three stages:

[0040] Phase 1: Initial proof generation phase

[0041] Starting from the first RSU (denoted as rsu1) encountered by the vehicle (denoted as v1) after joining the Internet of Vehicles, the vehicle sends a location signature request to it, which is denoted as:

[0042]

[0043] in, It is a location signature request, including the time when the vehicle passed rsu1 and its own identity authentication information, and the surrounding environment traffic information at time t1 Digitally sign the informationσ, real-time location information and the public key

[0044] The above information will be checked for rationality by rsu1. If rsu1 considers the information to be valid and authentic, it will generate a location signature and reply it to the vehicle.

[0045] The second stage: trajectory encoding acquisition stage

[0046] When the vehicle continues to drive and encounters the next RSU (denoted as rsu2) along the way, vehicle v1 sends the location signature request and the location signature generated by rsu1. Sent to rsu2 together.

[0047] RSU2 first The verification criteria include verifying the authenticity of the signature, the validity of the timestamp, the rationality of the geographic location information, and the integrity of the signature information provided by the previous RSU. And send it to vehicle v1.

[0048] This process will be repeated until the vehicle collects enough location signatures to form a proof chain, which includes the geographic location information, time information, and signature information given by the RSU along the way.

[0049] Phase 3: Verifiable Mileage Verification Phase

[0050] From t = t k Until t = t k+1 Time, vehicle v i Verifiable driving mileage is defined as:

[0051]

[0052] in Indicates that the vehicle is in time interval t k to k+1 The verifiable mileage within d represents the distance function between the two location signatures. Through the proof chain generated in the second stage, when the vehicle participates in information exchange or energy trading, the system verifies the correctness of the proof chain held by the vehicle to ensure the legitimacy of the transaction. For vehicles participating in information exchange or energy trading for the first time, the system calculates the reputation value of the vehicle based on the location signature, and sends this reputation value to the vehicle and uploads it to the TA's reputation value distributed database. Subsequently, according to the reputation value judgment and update algorithm designed by S4, its reputation value is changed.

[0053] S4: Construct a reputation judgment and update algorithm to update the reputation of vehicles participating in information exchange or energy trading.

[0054] The present invention assumes that the node reputation value, the maximum reputation value and the global difficulty are denoted as R, Rm and D. In addition, the current difficulty of the node after being affected by reputation is D l , the conversion factor between reputation value and difficulty is R c .

[0055] If R≤R m , then the difficulty of calculating the node is:

[0056]

[0057] If R ≥ R m , then the node's reputation difficulty is:

[0058]

[0059] PoRX’s reward and punishment mechanism consists of the following rules:

[0060] (1) When a node wins the right to generate a block, generates a block successfully, and finally adds this block to the blockchain and verifies the legitimacy of all its past transactions, the node will receive a reputation reward. For example, if node A successfully generates a block and all transactions contained in the block are legal, node A will receive a 10-point reputation reward.

[0061] (2) When a node wins the right to generate a block but fails to generate a block within the given time, its reputation value will be reduced by the corresponding formula. For example, if node B wins the right to generate a block but fails to generate a block within the specified 10 minutes, its reputation value will be reduced by 5 points.

[0062] (3) If a node’s current reputation value is greater than or equal to R m , and the node has generated at least one block in the previous cycle, then if in the next cycle, the node obtains a generated block but did not generate a block in the first cycle, it can be exempted from a reduction in reputation. For example, the reputation value of node C is 50 points (greater than R m ), and successfully generated two blocks in the previous cycle. In this cycle, node C failed to successfully generate a block for the first time, but according to the rules, it can be exempted from a reduction in reputation value.

[0063] Assume that the reward cycle and competition cycle are represented by C r and C c Indicates that B is the number of blocks generated by a node in the reward cycle, and the maximum number of blocks generated by the node with the greatest reputation in the competition cycle is B max . Then the reward for good behavior is:

[0064]

[0065] E r represents the reward score that the node receives for good behavior. If E r ≥1, then:

[0066]

[0067] Where d is used for optimization and can be changed according to requirements.

[0068] Participating nodes with bad behavior will be punished in the penalty cycle. Let a node be punished in the penalty cycle C p The number of blocks produced in and the minimum number of blocks produced by the node with the largest reputation are respectively denoted by B p and B min express.

[0069] Node penalty E p Calculated as:

[0070]

[0071] E p represents the penalty score of the node due to bad behavior. If E p ≥1, then:

[0072]

[0073] Ultimately, whether the vehicle conducts a successful or failed energy transaction, TA and RSU will record the behavior and ultimately record it in the corresponding database.

[0074] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A consensus method based on blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles, characterized in that: include: S1. Construct a blockchain-based Internet of Vehicles system, which consists of three parts: vehicle, RSU, and absolutely trusted institution TA, where RSU stands for roadside unit and TA stands for absolutely trusted institution; S2. Design the message format and communication process of PoRT. The vehicle obtains the location signature from the RSU on its moving path. The PoRT protocol helps TA and RSU determine the vehicle reputation value and the location signature sent by the V2I message shared by the vehicle for proof. S3. Establish a travel proof signature set for the vehicle, which is used to calculate the verifiable mileage of the vehicle moving along its motion trajectory RSU within the period T; S4. Construct a reputation value judgment and update algorithm to update the reputation value of vehicles participating in information exchange or energy trading.

2. According to claim 1, a consensus method based on blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles is characterized in that: In the blockchain-based Internet of Vehicles system, the vehicle is authenticated and registered by the RSU. Each vehicle obtains different authentication certificates and registration codes according to its serial number to ensure its unique identity, and uses wireless communication to exchange information with the RSU. All information is encrypted by asymmetric encryption technology. The authentication and registration results will be sent by the RSU to the TA to record the blockchain record; at the same time, the vehicle behavior needs to be evaluated by the RSU and uploaded to the TA; the communication between the RSU and the TA is carried out by wired communication, and the communication between vehicles and vehicles and between vehicles and RSU is carried out by wireless communication; The vehicle behaviors include: data transmission and application for energy trading.

3. According to the consensus method based on blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: The location signature held by the vehicle will provide proof of the vehicle's trajectory, which will be used to increase or decrease the reputation value later; At t = t k Time Vehicle v i Reported to RSU j The position signature is defined as follows: in, For RSU j The public key you hold, For vehicle v i The public and private key pair held, h e For vehicle v i A hash value of the reported information, Generate a digital signature for the corresponding information, h pre For vehicle v i The hash value obtained from the previous RSU along its moving path; RSU j Generate the corresponding digital signature based on the above content And send this content to v i And TA, Prove that a vehicle was at a specific location at a given time.

4. The consensus method based on blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Vehicle i The travel certificate signature set is For vehiclesv i Calculation of verifiable mileage along its trajectory RSU during period T; The vehicle's verifiable mileage is mainly divided into three stages: Initial proof generation phase: Starting from the first RSU (denoted as rsu1) encountered by the vehicle (denoted as v1) after joining the Internet of Vehicles, the vehicle sends a location signature request to it, which is denoted as: in, It is a location signature request, including the time when the vehicle passed rsu1 and its own identity authentication information, and the surrounding environment traffic information at time t1 Digitally sign the informationσ, real-time location information and the public key The above information will be checked for rationality by rsu1. If rsu1 considers the information to be valid and authentic, it will generate a location signature and reply it to the vehicle; Trajectory encoding acquisition stage: When the vehicle continues to drive and encounters the next RSU (denoted as rsu2) along the way, vehicle v1 sends the location signature request and the location signature generated by rsu1. Send it to rsu2 together; RSU2 first The judgment and verification criteria include verifying the authenticity of the signature, the validity of the timestamp, the rationality of the geographic location information, and the integrity of the signature information provided by the previous RSU. After the verification is passed, a And send it to vehicle v1; This process will be repeated until the vehicle collects enough location signatures to form a proof chain, which includes the geographic location information, time information, and signature information given by the RSU along the way. Verifiable Mileage Verification Phase: From t = t k Until t = t k+1 Time, vehicle v i Verifiable driving mileage is defined as: in, Indicates that the vehicle is in time interval t k to k+1 The verifiable mileage within, d represents the distance function between the two location signatures. Through the proof chain generated in the second stage, when the vehicle participates in information exchange or energy trading, the system verifies the correctness of the proof chain held by the vehicle to ensure the legitimacy of the transaction. For vehicles participating in information exchange or energy trading for the first time, the system calculates the reputation value of the vehicle based on the location signature, and sends this reputation value to the vehicle and uploads it to the TA's reputation value distributed database. Subsequently, its reputation value is changed according to the reputation value judgment and update algorithm.

5. According to the consensus method based on blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: Construct a reputation value judgment and update algorithm, including: The node reputation value, maximum reputation value and global difficulty are denoted as R and R respectively. m and D, the current difficulty of the node after being affected by reputation is D l , the conversion factor between reputation value and difficulty is R c ; If R≤R m , then the difficulty of calculating the node is: If R ≥ R m , then the node's reputation difficulty is:

Images