Full duplex downlink and uplink directions

Abstract

Full duplex downlink and uplink directions are shown. Specifically, a user equipment (UE) for performing uplink and downlink communications is disclosed, the UE being allocated with a specific resource group, the specific resource group being a resource group of a first UE cluster, the UE being configured for full duplex communication, FDC, with a base station, BS based on at least one of uplink / downlink resource allocation and traffic requirements, the UE is configured to perform uplink communication while a second UE cluster performs downlink communication in a corresponding dedicated resource, the dedicated resource being a second resource group different from the specific resource group used by the UE in the uplink, and / or performing downlink communication while a second UE cluster performs uplink communication in the corresponding dedicated resource, the dedicated resource being a second resource group different from the specific resource group used by the UE in the downlink.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of an application with an application date of May 18, 2018, an international application number of PCT / EP2018 / 063175, a Chinese application number of "201880044538.9", and an invention name of "Full-duplex downlink and uplink directions". Technical Field

[0002] The example relates to a communication network between a user equipment UE and a base station BS.

[0003] Examples relate to communication devices such as UE and / or BS, and systems including UE and BS. Background Art

[0004] The communication network may require transmission and reception in an uplink UL and / or downlink DL between a user equipment UE and a base station BS.

[0005] For example, interference may occur between transmission and / or reception of different UEs to the same BS.

[0006] Prior art

[0007] There may be a problem of obtaining cell-specific dynamic UL / DL reconfiguration and resource allocation. When the total resources are consumed in the virtual frame, there may be a problem of reducing the total resources. Therefore, the overall cell total throughput is reduced. Generally speaking, in the prior art, only the more selective neighboring cells may have certain UL / DL traffic conditions and interference conditions.

[0008] In TDD-LTE according to the prior art, the 3GPP community provides a frame structure that provides flexibility in allocating UL / DL resources. Therefore, each base station (BS) or evolved node (eNB) flexibly / or coordinately selects one of the following 7 different UL / DL configuration modes (until Release 14) shown in Table 1:

[0009] Table 1: Uplink-downlink allocation

[0010]

[0011] However, the interference caused by this dynamic switching between different configurations needs to be managed. First, the introduced interference can be the first cross-slot interference caused by transmitting in different directions at the same time (see Fig.13 , which refers to the prior art and illustrates cross-slot interference and signal transmission in a cellular network). Second, uniform directional interference, which is usually caused by transmissions in the same UL / DL direction.

[0012] The challenge here is to mitigate this interference using one or more of the following techniques:

[0013] - Accurate coordination and synchronization: frame and UL / DL configuration patterns using techniques such as inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC);

[0014] - Disturbance mitigation depending on scheduling;

[0015] -Cell cluster interference mitigation;

[0016] -Power control and silent subframes.

[0017] Another concept to enhance resource management through virtual cell formation is to use resources from more than one BS (e.g., eNB). In this case, it is possible to use it to solve the pseudo-congestion problem caused by the primary cell being overloaded in one direction than the other (UL or DL). Therefore, multiple connectivity (or dual connectivity) can be used to obtain resources from neighboring eNBs in opposite transmission duplex directions. For more details, see Fig.14 (About virtual cell / virtual frame concept and UL / DL multiple connections).

[0018] In the prior art, several solutions have been proposed:

[0019] - a virtual frame with selected resources from neighboring cells;

[0020] -Clustering users at the cell edge to serve them with special resources;

[0021] - Dual / multiple connections within the same wireless standard (from different cells) or between different wireless standards;

[0022] -3GPP dynamic TDD frame structure / frame reconfiguration / TDD uplink / special subframe / full flexible TDD (with custom frame configuration);

[0023] - Cellular interference mitigation, such as, but not limited to, power control and silent subframes, interference scheduling-dependent techniques, and cell clustering interference mitigation mechanisms;

[0024] - Full-duplex communication over TDD / FDD or full-duplex communication alone (FDC);

[0025] -Self-interference mitigation techniques in FDC, such as but not limited to passive, active analog and active digital. Summary of the invention

[0026] According to an example, a method is provided comprising the following full-duplex communication FDC procedure:

[0027] pairing a first user equipment UE or a first group of UEs with a second UE or a second group of UEs; and

[0028] defining dedicated resources for communication between a base station BS and the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group,

[0029] To enable an uplink UL from the first UE or the first group to the BS

[0030] direction and full duplex in a downlink DL direction from the BS to the second UE or the second group, or vice versa,

[0031] The method comprises:

[0032] A decision is made whether to perform the FDC process based on at least one parameter having at least one component, the at least one component being based on at least one of:

[0033] the expected services;

[0034] Quality of Service (QoS);

[0035] Quality of experience (QoE);

[0036] Switching points based on system throughput, outage probability, and / or user geographic location.

[0037] The at least one parameter may have at least one component based on at least one of:

[0038] Measurements related to power consumption;

[0039] The relative position of the BS and all UEs;

[0040] The required signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio SINR or interference-plus-noise ratio INR at each UE;

[0041] Application / service / business / business forecast priority type;

[0042] Business forecasting;

[0043] The degree of business asymmetry;

[0044] Cyclic redundancy code CRC calculation.

[0045] According to an example, a method is provided, comprising:

[0046] pairing a first user equipment UE or a first group of UEs with a second UE or a second group of UEs; and

[0047] defining dedicated resources for communication between a base station BS and the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group,

[0048] to make the uplink UL direction from the first UE or the first group to the BS and the downlink DL direction from the BS to the second UE or the second group full duplex, or vice versa,

[0049] The method comprises:

[0050] Dedicated resources are identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs or groups based on the assigned priority value to selectively increase uplink dedicated resources and / or downlink dedicated resources for higher priority communications.

[0051] The method may further include sending, from the UE, at least one of the following data:

[0052] Data on required resources;

[0053] data on communication priorities;

[0054] Regional data;

[0055] Data about the business.

[0056] The method may further include sending handover signaling from the BS to all UEs that are to change operation to FDC.

[0057] The method may further include: sending signaling to the UE to notify the UE of FDC switching control information, wherein the UE signals the following information:

[0058] UE priority type; and / or

[0059] UE service priority, predicted service priority; and / or

[0060] UE area and location information.

[0061] The method may further include: based on the user priority type, the service priority and the UE area and / or positioning information, switching some / all users to FDC communication based on at least one of the following conditions:

[0062] Whether there are UE pairs separated enough to reduce mutual UE-UE interference;

[0063] Compared with the traditional TDD / FDD, and / or spatial multiplexing in TDD / FDD,

[0064] Whether the system throughput is increased.

[0065] The method may further include: saving the throughput switching point, and storing the throughput switching point in a lookup table.

[0066] The method may further include:

[0067] Based at least on the urgency of communication, the first UE and the second UE or the first group of UEs and the second group of UEs are coupled in real time.

[0068] The method may further include:

[0069] Based at least on the quality of experience, the first UE and the second UE or the first group of UEs and the second group of UEs are coupled in real time.

[0070] The method may further include:

[0071] The first UE and the second UE or the first group of UEs and the second group of UEs are coupled in real time based at least on a mutual distance between the UEs or clusters.

[0072] The method may further include:

[0073] Based at least on the quality of service, the first UE and the second UE or the first group of UEs and the second group of UEs are coupled in real time.

[0074] The method may further include:

[0075] The first UE and the second UE or the first group of UEs and the second group of UEs are coupled in real time based at least on parameters related to expected, estimated and / or calculated interference between the UEs or clusters.

[0076] The method may further include: a self-interference mitigation mechanism at the BS.

[0077] The dedicated resources may include at least one or more spatial channels.

[0078] The dedicated resources may include at least one or more power intensity levels.

[0079] The dedicated resources may include at least one or more code dimensions.

[0080] Dedicated resources may include a combination of one or more time slots, one or more frequency bands, one or more spatial channels, one or more power intensity levels, and one or more code dimensions.

[0081] The method may further include:

[0082] Dedicated resources are identified based on a parameter having a component related to measured and / or estimated and / or predicted interference and / or Quality of Service QoS and / or Quality of Experience QoE between the UEs or groups so as to pair the UEs or groups to reduce interference and / or improve the QoS.

[0083] The method may further include:

[0084] The first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs based on a parameter having a component related to measured and / or estimated and / or predicted interference and / or Quality of Service QoS and / or Quality of Experience QoE between the UEs or groups, so as to pair the UEs or groups to reduce interference and / or improve the QoS.

[0085] The method may further include:

[0086] Based on a parameter having a component associated with the Quality of Experience (QoE), dedicated resources are identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs to pair the UEs or groups to reduce interference and / or improve the QoS.

[0087] The method may further include:

[0088] Identifying dedicated resources and / or selecting the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group from a plurality of UEs based on a parameter having a component associated with measured and / or estimated and / or predicted interference between the UEs or groups so as to pair the UEs or groups to reduce interference and / or improve the QoS.

[0089] The method may further include:

[0090] Dedicated resources are identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs based on the quality of service QoS so as to pair the UEs or groups to reduce interference and / or improve the QoS.

[0091] The method may further include:

[0092] The dedicated resource is identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs based on counting the number of received / transmitted good frames.

[0093] The method may further include:

[0094] Dedicated resources are identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs by measuring a signal to interference plus noise ratio SINR.

[0095] The method may further include:

[0096] By measuring an interference plus noise ratio INR, dedicated resources are identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs.

[0097] The method may further include:

[0098] Dedicated resources are identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs by measuring background noise.

[0099] The method may further include:

[0100] Dedicated resources are identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or the first group and the second group are selected from a plurality of UEs by measuring background interference.

[0101] The method may further include:

[0102] A first UE or group and a second UE or group are selected from a plurality of UEs or groups based on a parameter having a component associated with a mutual distance between the UEs or groups so that the first UE or group and the second UE or group are paired if the distance between the first UE or group and the second UE or group is greater than a threshold.

[0103] The method may further include:

[0104] The first group and the second group are generated according to a plurality of UEs based on at least one of mutual distances between UEs, UL / DL resource allocation, and traffic demand.

[0105] The method may further include:

[0106] In the case where a UE requests emergency communication, a UE or a UE group to be paired with the requesting UE is retrieved.

[0107] The method may further include:

[0108] The time of arrival (TOA) technique is used to detect the location of the UE.

[0109] The method may further include:

[0110] The angle of arrival (AOA) technique is used to detect the location of the UE.

[0111] The method may further include:

[0112] The Phase Difference of Arrival (PDOA) technique is used to detect the location of the UE.

[0113] The method may further include:

[0114] The time difference of arrival (TDOA) technique is used to detect the location of the UE.

[0115] The method may also include operating with multiple connections.

[0116] The method may further include:

[0117] In the event that a decision is made not to operate with FDC, a decision is made to operate with multiple connections as a fallback.

[0118] The base station BS may be configured as:

[0119] operating in full duplex communication FDC by using dedicated resources to simultaneously communicate with a first user equipment UE or a first UE cluster in an uplink UL and with a second user equipment UE or a second UE cluster in a downlink DL; and

[0120] A decision as to whether to perform the FDC communication is made based on at least one parameter having at least one component, the at least one component being based on at least one of:

[0121] the expected services;

[0122] Quality of Service (QoS);

[0123] Quality of experience (QoE);

[0124] Switching point based on system throughput, outage probability and / or user geographic location. The base station BS can be configured as:

[0125] Using dedicated resources to simultaneously communicate with a first user equipment UE or a first UE cluster in an uplink UL and with a second user equipment UE or a second UE cluster in a downlink DL; and

[0126] Dedicated resources are identified and / or the first UE and the second UE or a first group of UEs and a second group of UEs are selected from a plurality of UEs or groups based on an assigned priority value to selectively increase uplink dedicated resources and / or downlink dedicated resources for higher priority communications.

[0127] The BS can be configured as:

[0128] The first UE and the second UE or the first UE cluster and the second UE cluster are coupled in real time based on the mutual distance between the UEs or clusters, the urgency of the communication, the quality of service, the quality of experience and / or parameters related to the expected, estimated and / or calculated interference between the UEs or clusters.

[0129] The BS can be configured as:

[0130] Communications with the first UE and the second UE or the first UE cluster and the second UE cluster are scheduled based on parameters associated with interference between transmissions, locations of UEs or clusters and / or priority values ​​associated with transmissions to identify dedicated resources for simultaneous communications.

[0131] The BS can be configured as:

[0132] generating the first cluster and / or the second cluster, each cluster including UEs within a distance threshold, or UEs selected based on UL / DL resource allocation or service demand, and

[0133] Communicate with UEs of the first cluster and / or the second cluster at the same time.

[0134] The BS can be configured as:

[0135] The multiple connectivity mode is selected and / or deselected based on parameters associated with interference, location of the UE or cluster, quality of service, quality of experience and / or priority values ​​associated with transmissions.

[0136] The BS can be configured as:

[0137] Interference measurement and / or position measurement and / or distance calculation between the first UE and the second UE or the first UE cluster and the second UE cluster is performed.

[0138] A user equipment UE for performing uplink operation and downlink operation, the UE may be configured to:

[0139] coupling with a counterpart UE or a group of counterpart UEs to perform full-duplex communication FDC with a base station BS; and

[0140] performing an uplink operation while the corresponding UE or the group of corresponding UEs performs a downlink operation corresponding to the dedicated resources,

[0141] The UE is configured to receive signaling from the BS regarding whether to operate in FDC based on at least one parameter having at least one component based on at least one of the following items:

[0142] the expected services;

[0143] Quality of Service (QoS);

[0144] Quality of experience (QoE);

[0145] Switching points based on system throughput, outage probability, and / or user geographic location.

[0146] A user equipment UE for performing uplink operation and downlink operation may be configured as follows:

[0147] coupling with a counterpart UE or a group of counterpart UEs to perform full-duplex communication FDC with a base station BS; and

[0148] performing an uplink operation while the corresponding UE or the group of corresponding UEs performs a downlink operation corresponding to the dedicated resources,

[0149] Wherein, the UE is configured to receive signaling from the BS, which identifies dedicated resources and / or selects a first UE or group and a second UE or group from multiple UEs or groups based on the assigned priority value, so as to selectively increase uplink dedicated resources and / or downlink dedicated resources for higher priority communications.

[0150] A non-transitory storage unit storing instructions which, when executed by a processor (122), cause the processor to perform one of the methods described above or below.

[0151] According to one aspect, there is provided a method comprising:

[0152] Pairing a first user equipment UE or a first group (cluster) of UEs with a second UE or a second group (cluster) of UEs; and

[0153] defining dedicated resources for communication between a base station BS and the first UE and the second UE,

[0154] To make the uplink UL direction from the first UE or the first group to the BS and the downlink DL direction from the BS to the second UE or the second group full-duplex, or vice versa.

[0155] For example, when a first UE or group transmits data (UL), a second UE or group receives data (DL), thereby reducing interference between the UEs or groups.

[0156] A dedicated resource (or resource block RB) may be defined by a combination of one or more time slots, one or more frequency bands, one or more spatial channels, one or more power intensity levels, and one or more code dimensions.

[0157] Thus, dedicated resources may be shared by different UEs in the UL or DL ​​in order to maximize the communications that may be performed simultaneously.

[0158] According to one aspect, a method may include identifying dedicated resources and / or selecting a first UE or group and a second UE or group from a plurality of UEs based on a parameter having a component related to measured and / or estimated and / or predicted interference and / or Quality of Service QoS and / or Quality of Experience QoE between the UEs or groups, so as to pair the UEs or groups to reduce interference and / or improve the QoS and / or QoE.

[0159] Thus, it can be determined whether conditions for full duplex communication (FDC) exist. It can be easily and automatically concluded which dedicated resource is most suitable. Different UEs or groups (clusters) can be easily and automatically paired with each other.

[0160] According to one aspect, a method may include selecting a first UE or group and a second UE or group from a plurality of UEs or groups based on a parameter having a component associated with a mutual distance between the UEs or groups so that the first UE or group and the second UE or group are paired if the distance between the first UE or group and the second UE or group is greater than a threshold.

[0161] Therefore, the most suitable UEs or clusters (eg, UEs or clusters with a larger distance) may be coupled to each other (eg, to minimize interference).

[0162] According to one aspect, a method may include identifying dedicated resources and / or selecting a first UE or group and a second UE or group from a plurality of UEs or groups based on an assigned priority value to selectively increase uplink dedicated resources and / or downlink dedicated resources for higher priority communications.

[0163] Therefore, different UEs or groups with higher priority can be coupled first, thereby improving the reliability of more important communications.

[0164] According to one aspect, a method may include operating with multiple connections. For example, the method may include: performing cooperation between a BS and another BS to control a second pairing of a second UE or group with a third UE or a third group of UEs so as to define in a second dedicated resource: a second full-duplex communication between a UL from the second UE or group to the other BS and a DL from the other BS to the third UE or group, or vice versa.

[0165] Therefore, the burden of one BS can be reduced while another BS can bear some of the effective load. It is worth noting that the above-mentioned inventive method is fully consistent with the multi-connection technology.

[0166] According to one aspect, the BS may be configured to simultaneously perform communication with a first user equipment UE or UE cluster in an uplink UL and with a second user equipment UE or a second UE cluster in a downlink DL (eg, in the same frequency band).

[0167] Therefore, interference between UEs (eg, different groups of UEs) may be reduced.

[0168] According to one aspect, the BS may be configured to couple the first UE and the second UE or the first UE cluster and the second UE cluster (e.g., in real time) based on the mutual distance between the UEs or clusters, the urgency of communication, quality of service QoE, QoS and / or parameters related to expected, estimated and / or calculated interference between the UEs or UE clusters.

[0169] Thus, it can be intelligently determined whether communication should be performed in FDC.The distance between two UEs or clusters is a parameter that can provide a lot of information about the likelihood of interference, noise, collisions between different transmissions.

[0170] According to one aspect, the BS may be configured to schedule communications with the first UE and the second UE based on parameters associated with interference between transmissions, locations of UEs or clusters, and / or priority values ​​associated with transmissions to identify dedicated resources for simultaneous communications.

[0171] By performing scheduling, the most suitable dedicated resources may be determined and / or signaled to the UE for FDC.

[0172] According to one aspect, the BS may be configured to communicate with an additional BS to perform a multiple connectivity mode for uplink and / or downlink with a second UE.

[0173] Therefore, a takeover of certain payload may be performed to relieve the first BS from the excessively high payload.

[0174] The BS can be, for example, an evolved Node B (eNB), a gNB (using the terminology of 5G), or generally a g / eNB. A coordinator / centralized controller or any intelligent function implemented in a hybrid manner of partially centralized and partially distributed can also be used.

[0175] According to one aspect, the BS may be configured to define (create, generate) a first cluster (group) and / or a second cluster (group), each cluster including UEs within a distance threshold or UEs selected based on UL / DL resource allocation or service demand, and communicate with UEs of the first cluster and / or the second cluster at the same time.

[0176] Therefore, it is easy to determine which UE is assigned to which cluster.

[0177] According to one aspect, the BS may be configured to select and / or deselect the multiple connectivity mode based on parameters associated with interference between transmissions, location of the UE or cluster, quality of service, quality of experience, and / or priority values ​​associated with transmissions.

[0178] Thus, the multi-connection mode is selected when needed and based on criteria that allow the necessity or advantage of the multi-connection mode to be easily determined.

[0179] According to one aspect, the BS may be configured to perform interference measurement and / or location measurement and / or distance calculation between the first UE and the second UE or the first UE cluster and the second UE cluster.

[0180] Therefore, it may be determined which is the best UE and / or group (cluster) for the purpose of pairing with each other.

[0181] According to one aspect, the user equipment UE can be used to perform uplink operations and downlink operations (e.g., communication, such as transmission / reception). The UE can be configured to: couple with a corresponding UE or a group of corresponding UEs to perform full-duplex communication with a base station BS; and perform uplink operations when the corresponding UE or a group of corresponding UEs performs downlink operations corresponding to dedicated resources, or vice versa.

[0182] Thus, a UE (or a group to which the UE participates) may transmit to a BS while another UE (or a group to which the UE or group is coupled) may receive from the same BS.

[0183] According to one aspect, the first group and the second group may be generated according to a plurality of UEs based on mutual distance and / or UL / DL resource allocation or traffic demand.

[0184] Thus, groups (clusters) may be created with UEs that share the same or similar attributes (eg, specific allocations or requirements). In some examples, UEs in the same group use different spatial channels.

[0185] According to one aspect, a user equipment UE may be configured to:

[0186] - determining measurements related to performance, interference, location, distance to other UEs or groups and / or base stations BS; and / or

[0187] - Providing data associated with the measurements, which will be used to calculate parameters for defining scheduling for uplink and / or downlink.

[0188] Therefore, the UE can provide data to the BS which allows a decision to be made whether to select FDC or not. Thus, the BS does not need to do all the measurements itself.

[0189] According to one aspect, there is provided a non-transitory storage unit storing instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to:

[0190] - pairing a first user equipment UE or a first group of UEs with a second UE or a second group of UEs; and

[0191] - Defining dedicated resources for full duplex communication between uplink from a first UE or a first group of UEs to the base station BS and downlink from the base station BS to a second UE or a second group of UEs, or vice versa.

[0192] Thus, interference between UEs is reduced: some UEs are transmitting while other UEs are receiving.

[0193] According to one aspect, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a communication is provided, wherein at least one UE is an IoT device or a communication device connected to an IoT device.

[0194] According to one aspect, a system including at least one BS is provided. The system may include at least two UEs (or at least two groups of UEs). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0195] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0196] Figure 1 A method according to one aspect of the invention is shown.

[0197] Figures 2 to 5 An example of a communication system according to an aspect of the present invention is shown.

[0198] Figure 6 A method according to one aspect of the invention is shown.

[0199] Figure 7 A method according to one aspect of the invention is shown.

[0200] Figures 8 to 10 An example of a communication method according to aspects of the present invention is shown.

[0201] Fig.11 A communication device according to an aspect of the invention is shown.

[0202] Fig.12 A processor system according to an aspect of the invention is shown.

[0203] Fig.13 Cross-slot interference and signal transmission on a cellular network according to the prior art is shown.

[0204] Fig.14 The virtual cell / virtual frame concept and uplink / downlink multiple connections are shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0205] A number of details are set forth to provide a more detailed explanation of embodiments of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form rather than specifically to avoid confusion with embodiments of the present invention. In addition, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the features of the different embodiments described below may be combined with each other.

[0206] Figure 1 A method 10 is shown. Method 10 can implement full duplex in a network (e.g., an evolving 5G network). Method 10 can start at step 12 and can include step 14 of pairing (associating) a first user equipment (UE) with a second UE (e.g., selected from a plurality of UEs). Method 10 may also include step 16 of defining dedicated resources (e.g., resource blocks RB) for communication (e.g., full duplex communication FDC) between a base station (BS) and the UE. Communication can be performed in an uplink (UL) from the first UE to the BS and in a downlink (DL) from the BS to the second UE. For example, the operations of step 14 and / or step 16 can be performed by a BS, by a network coordinator, by a master node or a master UE, or by a scheduler. Although steps 14 and 16 are represented as being in parallel, they can be performed sequentially. Each UE can be paired (associated) to multiple UEs. UEs can be grouped into groups or clusters. UEs of a cluster can be paired with UEs of another cluster (thus defining pairings or associations between different clusters). Clusters may be generated according to certain criteria, for example, to group UEs that share certain requirements, allocations, or attributes (e.g., distances below a predetermined threshold, low mutual interference, or the necessity to perform emergency communications). The method may end at step 18. A signaling procedure may be provided for communicating which are clustered and / or coupled UEs and / or dedicated resources selected for full-duplex communication. Method 10 may be repeated (e.g., iterated) for multiple UEs and / or for multiple dedicated resources to be allocated. For example, UL and DL communications may be performed at step 18.

[0207] The BS can be, for example, an evolved Node B (eNB), a gNB (using the terminology of 5G), or generally a g / eNB. A coordinator / centralized controller or any intelligent function implemented in a hybrid manner of partially centralized and partially distributed can also be used.

[0208] The communication may be performed using scheduling. The scheduling may provide for the transmission of periodic frames.

[0209] Time slots may be allocated to different UEs or different groups of UEs and / or BSs, for example, for UL and / or for DL ​​transmission. Each time slot may be a dedicated resource allocated to a specific UE or a specific group of UEs. Frequency bands (e.g., in different time slots) may be allocated to different UEs or different groups of UEs and / or BSs, for example, for UL and / or for DL ​​transmission. Each frequency band may be a dedicated resource allocated to a specific UE or a specific group of UEs. Spatial channels (e.g., in different time slots and / or in different frequency bands) may be allocated to different UEs or different groups of UEs and / or BSs, for example, for UL and / or DL ​​transmission. Each spatial channel may be a dedicated resource allocated to a specific UE or a specific group of UEs. Power levels (e.g., in different time slots and / or in different frequency bands and / or in different spatial channels) may be allocated to different UEs or different groups of UEs and / or BSs, for example, for UL and / or DL ​​transmission. Each power level may be a dedicated resource allocated to a specific UE or a specific group of UEs. Code dimensions may be allocated to different UEs or different groups of UEs and / or BSs (e.g., in different time slots and / or in different frequency bands and / or in different spatial channels and / or with different power levels), e.g., for UL and / or DL ​​transmissions. Each code dimension may be a dedicated resource allocated to a specific UE or a specific group of UEs. Any combination of time slots, frequency bands, spatial channels, power levels, and codes may be a dedicated resource that may be allocated to a specific UE or a specific group of UEs. Other dimensions may be used.

[0210] Full-duplex communication (FDC) may mean using the same time slot and the same frequency band for communication between one BS and two different UEs (or clusters) in different directions. Thus, the uplink UL direction from the first UE or group to the BS and the downlink DL direction from the BS to the second UE or group may be full-duplex, and vice versa.

[0211] Full-duplex communication may include sending bidirectional transmissions (e.g., messages) and performing functions intended to eliminate (or at least reduce) the self-interference caused (e.g., at each transceiver). By using self-interference mitigation mechanisms, base station self-interference may be reduced. Using wider separation distances between UEs may reduce UE-to-UE interference within a group. Different UEs in the same group may, for example, transmit on different spatial channels.

[0212] Figure 2A system 20 is shown, which may be, for example, a communication system between a BS 22 and UEs 24 and 26. System 20 may perform method 10. UEs 24 and 26 may be, for example, mobile phones, smart phones, mobile / portable terminals, mobile / portable computers, tablet computers, etc. At least one of UEs 24 and 26 may be an IoT device or a communication device connected to an IoT device. UEs 24 and 26 may be paired (associated) with each other: there is at least one dedicated resource where UE 24 transmits data (e.g., it performs UL) and UE 26 receives data (e.g., operates in DL). In some examples, UEs 24 and 26 are not necessarily separate: they may be part of a group (cluster) that may include other UEs. UEs in the same group may, for example, transmit / receive simultaneously at the same frequency in the same time slot.

[0213] The system 20 may provide communications under standards for mobile communications such as the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 4G, 5G, Long Term Evolution (LTE), etc. The communications may be performed in accordance with a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) or an evolved UTRAN (eUTRAN). The communications may be wireless. The communications may include time division duplex (TDD) transmissions (UL and / or DL ​​transmissions). The communications may include frequency division duplex (FDD) transmissions (UL and / or DL ​​transmissions). The base station may be an evolved node (eNB), a gNB (using 5G terminology), or generally denoted as g / eNB.

[0214] The dedicated resource shared by two UEs or two groups of UEs may be, for example, a time slot. For example, operation may be performed in TDD. The time slot may be used by UE 24 and 26 simultaneously. The frequency bands of communication 24' and 26' may be the same. However, no conflict occurs: when UE 24 operates in UL (24'), UE 26 operates in DL (26'). If UE 24 and 26 meet a criterion (e.g., mutual distance above a distance threshold, mutual interference below an interference threshold, satisfactory quality of service, QoS and / or QoS, etc.), they may be coupled to each other, which allows UL and DL operations to be performed on the same dedicated resource. The satisfaction of the criterion may be determined in real time, for example, by measurements and / or estimates performed on distance, location, physical quantity, interference data, QoS, etc., for example, by feedback.

[0215] The BS 22, which can operate in full duplex mode (FDM), can receive data from the UE 24 and transmit data to the UE 26 in the same frequency band at the same time. The time slot may be defined, for example, during a scheduling activity. The scheduling activity may be defined by the BS.

[0216] The dedicated resources (resource blocks RB) shared by two UEs or two groups of UEs can be, for example, a frequency band. It can be operated in FDD. It is worth noting that the frequency bands of communication 24' and 26' can be the same. However, no conflict occurs: when UE 24 operates in UL (24'), UE 26 operates in DL (26'). BS 22 capable of operating in FDM can receive data from UE 24 and send data to UE 26 in the same frequency band at the same time. The frequency band can be defined, for example, during a scheduling activity. The scheduling activity can be defined by the BS.

[0217] When dedicated resources are defined, specific time slots and / or specific communication frequencies and / or specific spatial channels and / or specific power levels and / or specific code dimensions may be defined. By sharing the same resources in different directions (UL and DL), payload may be increased and interference may be reduced.

[0218] Figure 3 A system 30 is shown that includes a first base station, which may be BS 22. BS 22 may be structurally fixed to the terrain. BS 22 may include an antenna or a multi-antenna system for wirelessly communicating with a UE.

[0219] The BS can be, for example, an evolved Node B (eNB), a gNB (using the terminology defined by 5G), or generally a g / eNB. A coordinator / centralized controller or any intelligent function implemented in a hybrid manner of partially centralized and partially distributed can also be used.

[0220] BS 22 may communicate (or communicate with acceptable reliability, QoS, QoS, etc.) within range 22'. At the moment depicted in the figure, UEs 31a-31c and 32a-32c are just within range 22'. These UEs are sending data to or receiving data from BS 22. In some examples, at least some of the UEs are IoT devices.

[0221] UEs may be grouped into different clusters (groups). For example, clusters may be created (generated) based on specific attributes shared by different UEs. For example, different UEs may share spatial proximity (e.g., a minimum threshold distance between each other), and / or may share specific UL / DL allocations (e.g., appropriateness) and / or service requirements.

[0222] For example, clusters 31' and 32' may be created based on proximity between different UEs. For example, UE 31a-31c may happen to be in cluster 31', while UE 32a-32c may happen to be in a different cluster 32'. Clusters may be defined based on the mutual locations of the UEs. For example, UEs whose mutual distance is less than a threshold may be grouped into clusters, while UEs whose distance to other clusters is greater than a threshold may be grouped into different clusters. Depending on the number of UEs at a particular location at a particular moment, a cluster may include a single UE or multiple UEs (the number of UEs in a cluster may be different if the clusters are created based on different criteria).

[0223] The data sent / received may be organized (e.g., by scheduling) according to a frame (e.g., a periodic frame) defined for the communication (e.g., frame 33). The frame composition may follow a standard. The scheduling may vary according to different conditions of the network. The frame may have a time length that may be defined by a standard. For example, 3GPP defines frames with a time length of 5 ms and 10 ms, but other time lengths are also possible.

[0224] Each frame can be subdivided into different subframes, which can be sent / received during time slots associated with the time frame. In each time slot, a signal (e.g., a radio frequency RF signal) can be in the same frequency band. A time slot can be, for example, the time elapsed during the transmission of a subframe of a periodic frame defined (scheduled) for communication between a BS and a UE. During a time slot, communication activities can be performed. For example, in a DL time slot 33c, a DL transmission can be performed. In a UL time slot 33d, for example, a UL transmission can be performed. S time slot 33e can support special purposes (e.g., defined by a communication standard). FDC time slots 33a (the third time slot in frame 33) and 33b (the sixth time slot in frame 33) can be used for UL for some UEs and for DL ​​for other UEs, for example, using FDC.

[0225] exist Figure 3 In the figure, the UEs of cluster 31' perform UL in time slot 33a, while the UEs of cluster 32' perform DL. Figure 2 UE 24, while UE 32a-32c act as Figure 2 UE 26 of cell 31'. Timeslot 33a is a dedicated resource (eg, defined at step 16) that is used by different UEs for both UL and DL. UE of cell 31' is paired with UE of cell 32' (see step 14).

[0226] Similarly, the UEs of cluster 31′ perform DL in the sixth time slot 33b, while the UEs of cluster 32′ perform UL at the same time. In this case, UEs 32a-32c act as Figure 2UE 24, while UE 31a-31c act as Figure 2 UE 26 of cell 31'. Timeslot 33b is a dedicated resource (eg, defined at step 16) that is used by different UEs for both UL and DL. UE of cell 31' is paired (associated) with UE of cell 32' (see step 14).

[0227] The reason for pairing (associating) UE 31a-31c with UE 32a-32c may be, for example, to reduce the possibility of interference between UE 31a-31c and UE 32a-32c. The strategy for deciding which UE (or cluster) should be paired with which other UE (or cluster) may include detecting the mutual distance between different UEs. For example, if the distance d between UE 31a-31c and UE 32a-32c is 1 If (e.g., the distance between cluster 31' and cluster 32') is greater than a distance threshold, it may allow a conclusion to be drawn that, for example, interference between UEs will be reduced when FDC is used. The distance threshold may vary depending on different environments, geographic conditions, meteorological conditions, number of UEs, payload, QoS, QoE, etc. In some examples, the distance threshold may be determined by testing and / or simulation.

[0228] The creation of clusters and the pairing between clusters may be interrelated processes: clusters may be created from UEs by determining those UEs that share similar attributes or goals in order to generate the most suitable clusters to be paired with each other. For example, it may be possible to generate clusters from UEs that are close to each other in space (e.g., by comparing the mutual distance to a threshold) to pair clusters that are far away from each other, thereby reducing interference between UEs of different clusters.

[0229] Figure 3 A second BS 34 according to some examples is also shown. The second BS 34 may have the same or similar structure or functionality as BS 22. The second BS 34 may be placed at a location different from that of BS 22. In particular, the range 34′ of the second BS 34 may be significantly different from the range 22′ of BS 22. Ranges 22′ and 34′ may partially overlap. Some UEs happen to be grouped in cluster 35′, while some other UEs may be grouped in cluster 36′ (more than two clusters may also be defined). The operation of BSs 22 and 34 may provide spatial continuity: if a UE moves from range 22′ to range 34′, it will communicate with BS 22 and then with the second BS 34.

[0230] exist Figure 3In the frame 37, the second BS 34 communicates according to the FDC strategy. In particular, several time slots are defined for UL / DL communication with some UEs. A first time slot 37a can be selected from the frame 37 (e.g., in step 16) to support DL of some UEs (e.g., UEs of cluster 35') and simultaneously support UL of some UEs (e.g., UEs of cluster 36'). A third time slot 37b can be selected (e.g., in step 16) to support DL of some UEs (e.g., UEs of cluster 35'). The time slots can be selected based on, for example, the distances d between different UEs. 2 Pairing (association) may be performed (eg, by comparing the distance to a distance threshold) or by other criteria to reduce, for example, interference.

[0231] Coordinated actions of BS 22 and 34 may be performed. Figure 4 An example of a system 30 is shown, which may be Figure 3 An example of the same system (with the same BS 22 and 34) after some time has passed and some UEs have moved (typically, for example, in a mobile communication network). Some UEs (now indicated as 41a-41c and 43a-43d) may be within the range of 22' or 34' or BS 22 or 34. Therefore, clusters 41' and 43' may be defined (for example, based on the location of the UE). When UEs (for example, those in clusters 41' and 43') are within the range 22' of BS 22, some UEs 42a-42c may be at the boundary and / or intersection area between the ranges 22' and 34'. Therefore, a cluster 42' associated with both BSs 22 and 34 may be formed. When UEs 41a-41c communicate with BS 22 and UEs 43a-43d communicate with BS 34, UEs 42a-42c may communicate with both BSs 22 and 34. Multi-connection communication may be performed in which UEs 42a-42c transmit and receive data (e.g., in one frame) to and from both BSs 22 and 34. Communication may be scheduled so that UEs 42a-42c transmit to BS 22 during time slot 44a and receive from BS 34 during different time slots 45b. Figure 4 It is shown that the communication of BS22 is scheduled using frame 44, while the communication is scheduled using frame 45 (other frames may be used). In the third time slot 44a of frame 44, BS22 sends data (DL) to UE 42a-42c. In the first time slot 45b of frame 45, the second BS 34 receives data (UL) from UE 42a-42c. It is worth noting that frames 44 and 45 are sent / received at the same time (in this case, time slot 45b precedes time slot 44a).

[0232] It is feasible to couple UE 42a-42c with UE 41a-41c (e.g., at step 14 and / or step 16) so that at a specific time slot (e.g., 44a), UE 42a-42c is in DL with respect to BS 22, while UE 41a-41c is in UL with respect to BS 22. In addition, it is feasible to couple UE 42a-42c with UE 43a-43d (e.g., at step 14 and / or step 16) so that at a specific time slot (e.g., 45b), UE 42a-42c is in UL with respect to BS 34, while UE 43a-43d is in DL with respect to BS 34.

[0233] The coupling of time slots and / or the definition of time slots may be performed, for example, at steps 14 and / or 16 by taking into account criteria such as a threshold distance between UEs, the location of the UEs relative to the BS and range, and payload conditions. For example, if the first BS 22 cannot support the additional payload in the UL (or DL), the second BS 34 may relieve the first BS 22 by taking on some of the UL (or DL) payload.

[0234] BSs 22 and 34 may communicate in real time with each other and / or with a communication network (e.g., a geographic network). BSs 22 and 34 may agree to define the most preferred schedule for the communication (e.g., based on network conditions, such as the payload at the BS and / or data obtained through measurements performed on the communication (e.g., by the UE), etc.). A policy may be defined for switching from a normal operating mode ( Figure 3 ) Live migration to multi-connection operation mode ( Figure 4 ), and / or vice versa. For this purpose, a master BS and / or a coordinator may be defined.

[0235] Figure 5 A system 30 is shown that can operate in FDD (can be used with Figure 3 and Figure 4 For simplicity, only BS 22 is shown. Here, for example, at step 14, coupling (pairing, association) between UEs 51a-51c (cluster 51′) and UEs 52a-52c (cluster 52′) is performed, for example, based on criteria such as distance between UEs, mutual interference, QoS, QoE, etc. Here, spectrum 53 may be divided into a plurality of frequency bands f 1 -f 8 While some frequency bands may be used for UL, others may be used for DL, and still others are used for special purposes.

[0236] The frequency band f is indicated by 53a and 53b. 3 and f 6There may be dedicated resources (eg, resource blocks, RBs) for UL by UE 51a-51c and for DL ​​by UE 52a-52c, or vice versa. UL communications from some UEs may have little or no interference with contextual DL communications to paired UEs.

[0237] At the same time, BS 34 ( Figure 5 It is also possible to transfer to multi-connection operation, where both BSs 22 and 34 cooperate to allow communication with UEs at the boundary (or intersection) between ranges 22' and 34'.

[0238] Figure 6 A method 60 is shown that enables communications between UEs (e.g., UEs 24, 26, 31a-31c, 32a-32c, 41a-41c, 42a-42d, 51a-51c, 52a-52c) using a BS (e.g., BS 22 and / or 34).

[0239] At step 62, measurements and calculations may be performed. The measurements may be performed, for example, by the UE and / or the BS (or BSs). In particular, the UE may derive interference values ​​and / or QoS and / or QoE values, for example, by counting the amount of received / sent good frames (e.g., by using a cyclic redundancy check CRC), by measuring a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, SINR, an interference-plus-noise ratio, by measuring background noise and / or background interference, etc.

[0240] Additionally or alternatively, the BS may also perform measurements to determine overall interference of the network.Additionally or alternatively, a method for measuring interference may include, for example, measuring (eg, counting) an acknowledgement / negative acknowledgement message (ACK / NACK) rate.

[0241] The BS may, for example, perform measurements to detect the location of the UE. The measurements may include time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), angle of arrival (AOA), phase difference of arrival (PDOA) measurements, and measurements of signal levels. Based on these measurements, the BS may determine, for example, the location of the UE. Based on these measurements (e.g., using the measured locations), the BS may determine the distances between different UEs. The UE may also perform at least one of TOA, TDOA, AOA, PDOA, and signal level measurements. The UE may also derive its location based on other technologies (e.g., technologies based on the Global Positioning System (GPS)). The measurements may include aggregated measurements (e.g., integer values) based on values ​​that evolve over time. Filtered measurements may be used.

[0242] At step 62, the UE and the BS may send data associated with the measurement (eg, QoS, QoE, interference, mutual distance, etc.) to each other.

[0243] At step 64, the state of the network may be defined. The state of the network may be associated with, among other things, throughput, payload, QoS, QoE, location of UEs and / or distance between UEs, number of UEs within range of a BS, and the like.

[0244] Step 64 may include the definition of the expected service to be provided (e.g., in real time). For example, a priority value associated with a particular communication and / or UE may be evaluated (e.g., for ultra-reliable low latency communication URLLC and / or other services). The expected conditions of the network (e.g., in terms of expected throughput, payload, interference, business) may be estimated, for example, based on the expected service and / or the measurements performed.

[0245] Step 64 may include cooperation between different BSs (e.g., BSs 22 and 34) to determine the presence of UEs or UE groups (e.g., clusters) at the boundaries of the ranges of the BSs or at the intersection area between the ranges of the BSs. An exchange of information (e.g., payloads of two different BSs) may be performed. For example, the first BS may indicate that a threshold limit of the UL (or DL) has been (or will be) reached.

[0246] Step 66 may include an operation of generating clusters (clusters) from different UEs. When clustering is performed, groups of UEs are formed. Clusters may be generated by grouping UEs that share a specific attribute (e.g., they may be adjacent to each other). For example, multiple UEs in the same cluster may have a mutual distance less than a distance threshold. Additionally or alternatively, the maximum distance between the farthest UEs in the same cluster is less than the distance threshold. Additionally or alternatively, all UEs in the same cluster may be retrieved as UEs within the same radius from a geographic point. For example, UEs in the same cluster may send and receive frames in the same frequency band and / or the same time slot. As Figures 2 to 4 As shown, UEs in the same cluster can perform UL together at the same frequency band at the same time. In other examples, other dedicated resources can be used.

[0247] In some examples, the generation of clusters is performed by defining groups of UEs having common attributes, requirements, or allocations. For example, UEs in the same cluster / group may have a mutual distance less than a defined threshold. Additionally or alternatively, UEs in the same cluster / group may already share UL / DL resource allocations or service requirements. Additionally or alternatively, UEs in the same cluster / group may have compatibility (e.g., low interference relative to each other).

[0248] For example, UEs in the same cluster / group may communicate at the same frequency. For example, UEs in the same cluster / group may have the same schedule. For example, UEs in the same cluster / group may communicate on different spatial channels.

[0249] The definition of clusters may be based on the measurements, estimations and calculations performed at step 62 and / or the network status determined at step 64. For example, the definition of clusters may be performed by a BS, by a master BS or by a coordinator.

[0250] Step 66 may include operations for scheduling communications. For example, UL / DL allocations may be defined (e.g., according to definitions of 3GPP, 4G, 5G, etc.). For example, a periodicity may be defined (e.g., 5 ms, 10 ms, or other). The frames to be used may be defined according to a pattern that may be established by a standard. For example, the definition of scheduling may be performed by a BS, by a master BS, or by a coordinator.

[0251] In order to define dedicated resources (e.g., one or more time slots) for supporting FDC between two UEs (or clusters) and / or for pairing (associating) UEs and / or clusters, step 67 (e.g., implementing method 10) may be performed (e.g., downstream of step 66 or in parallel with step 66).

[0252] In step 67, it may be selected which UE(s) or which cluster(s) is paired (associated) with other UE(s) or cluster(s). For example, it may be defined which time slot (subframe) may be most suitable for FDC. The definition may be performed based on at least one of the executed and calculated data obtained in step 62, the state defined in step 64, and the activities performed in step 66. For example, the pairing between UEs and / or clusters and / or dedicated resources (subframes, time slots, spatial channels, power levels, codes, or a combination thereof) with which full-duplex communication is to be performed may be signaled from the BS to the UE.

[0253] Additionally or alternatively, it may be defined whether two different BSs cooperate with each other in multiple connections in step 67. Thus, definition of dedicated resources (subframes, time slots, spatial channels, power levels, codes or a combination thereof) on which FDC is performed may be performed.

[0254] In some examples, steps 66 and 67 may be interrelated: in order to perform a specific goal, the generation of clusters may be performed so as to obtain the best paired clusters. For example, if the goal is to reduce interference between different clusters, clusters may be defined according to criteria that minimize interference between clusters (e.g., by generating each cluster from UEs that are near each other). Clusters may also be defined according to allocations: for example, UEs that will send a large amount of data in the UL may be grouped in a first cluster, while UEs that will receive a large amount of data in the DL may be grouped in a second cluster so that dedicated resources in the UL are used for the first cluster, while the second cluster uses the same dedicated resources in the DL.

[0255] In step 68 (which may be downstream of step 67), UL and DL communications between the UE and the BS may be performed according to the scheduling, clustering, and pairing defined in the previous steps.

[0256] Line 69 refers to the fact that at least some of the activities of method 60 may be repeated (eg, iteratively) and re-executed in real time (eg, in cycles).

[0257] Thus, the communication can be better adapted to the conditions of the network (QoS, mutual distance, interference, etc.).

[0258] Figure 7 A system 70 is shown that can allow the operations discussed above to be performed. In an example, the system 70 is embodied by a BS (e.g., BS 22 or 34). The system 70 can input measurements 71 (e.g., distance, interference, SINR values, interference-to-noise ratios, INR values, QoS values, QoE values, measurements (e.g., counts) positive / negative acknowledgement message rates, background noise and / or background interference, etc.) and / or estimates 72 (e.g., expected estimates, such as expected payload in the future) and / or expected services 73 (e.g., emergency calls, first responder communications, etc.). The system 70 can define a schedule 75 and / or decide on FDC-specific resources 75' to be used (e.g., time slots for FDC, frequency bands for FDC, etc.).

[0259] The system 70 can communicate with other BSs to send its status and obtain the status 74 of other BSs (the status includes, for example, the number of UEs, expected traffic, estimated conditions, payload, etc. in the mutual boundary or intersection area between two BSs).

[0260] In some examples, the system 70 may include a dedicated resource identifier module 77 that may identify (e.g., define, determine) a preferred dedicated resource (e.g., a time slot or frequency band in a scheduling frame and / or a spatial channel), and / or a power level and / or a code dimension) based on a parameter, which may be meant to reduce global interference and / or improve communication. The dedicated resource identifier module 77 may, for example, perform Figure 1 Step 16.

[0261] The system 70 may include a cluster generator 78a. The cluster generator 78a may create clusters (groups) 76, for example, by selecting UEs as part of the same cluster. For example, a cluster may be formed by UEs that share a particular attribute, allocation, or requirement. For example, UEs that are spatially close to each other may be grouped in the same group / cluster. Additionally or alternatively, UEs that share the same UL / DL resource allocation or service requirement may be grouped in the same group / cluster (however, in some examples, as long as their mutual distance is below a threshold). For example, UEs that should perform high priority communications may be grouped in the same group / cluster.

[0262] The system 70 may include a UE / cluster selector 78 that may select the most appropriate different UEs or clusters to pair. The UE / cluster selector 78 (which may perform step 14) may couple UEs / clusters based on the state of the network (e.g., which may include distances and / or mutual interference between clusters). The UE / cluster selector 78 may provide an output 76' indicating that the clusters are paired with each other.

[0263] In the case of using multiple connection scenarios (for example, Figure 4 As shown), the multi-connection engine 79 can exchange information with other BSs, particularly for performing protocol cooperation with other BSs to perform multi-connection operations.

[0264] Figure 8 A method 80 is shown. The method 80 may be performed, for example, to decide whether to perform FDC and / or whether to select UEs or clusters to pair with each other and / or to create clusters and / or to identify which dedicated resources (e.g., time slots and / or frequency bands and / or spatial channels and / or power levels and / or codes of subframes to be shared by coupled clusters or UEs) to use for FDC.

[0265] The method 80 may comprise a step of defining parameters (parameter definition) 86. The parameters may be based on one or more components.

[0266] The parameter may be based at least on a component such as a measurement 81 that may be related to the distance between UEs and / or clusters, interference measured by UEs and / or BSs, power consumption, etc. A central node (e.g., a master BS, a coordinator, etc.) may collect data associated with the measurement from UEs and / or clusters. The parameter may be obtained based on calculations and / or estimates performed on the measurement 81. For example, the mutual distance between UEs and / or clusters may be calculated based on the positions of UEs and / or clusters retrieved by a BS, for example. Aggregate data (e.g., integer values ​​in the time domain and / or in the frequency domain, transforms such as Fourier and / or Laplace transforms, etc.) may also be calculated and may be used to define parameters. Values ​​such as a channel covariance matrix of a channel may be calculated. The measurement may include measurements of background noise and / or background interference.

[0267] Additionally or alternatively, the parameters defined at step 86 may be based on components such as QoS 82, which may be determined, for example, by the UE and / or by the BS. For example, the results from a CRC calculation may be performed. A central node (e.g., a master BS, a coordinator, etc.) may collect data associated with QoS from the UE and / or the cluster.

[0268] Additionally or alternatively, the parameters defined at step 86 may be based on components such as estimation 83. The estimation may include a determination of the behavior of the network after operating in FDC. A central node (e.g., master BS, coordinator, etc.) may collect data associated with the estimation from UEs and / or clusters.

[0269] Additionally or alternatively, the parameters defined at step 86 may be based on factors such as the intended service 84. For example, the parameters defined at step 86 may vary depending on the number of emergency calls requested. The more emergency calls, the more likely FDC is to be selected.

[0270] Additionally or alternatively, the parameters defined at step 86 may be based on components such as QoE 82' measurements.

[0271] Once the parameters are defined at 86 on the basis of one or more components 81 to 84, it can be verified whether the criteria for selecting (enabling) FDC are met. If not, FDC is not performed at step 88. If yes, for example, the selection of UEs and / or clusters to be paired with each other can be performed at step 14, and / or dedicated resources (time slots and / or frequency bands and / or power levels and / or spatial channels and / or codes) to be used for FDC can be identified at step 16, for example.

[0272] Importantly, the parameters defined at step 86 may be taken into account for selection of UEs and / or clusters and / or for identification of dedicated resources.

[0273] For example, if two UEs or clusters (e.g. Figure 3 If the distance between the two UEs 31a to 31c and 32a to 32c in the BS exceeds the distance threshold, the two UEs or clusters may be paired with each other. In this case, the criterion may be verified in step 87 by comparing the distance between the two UEs or clusters based on measurement 81 (the measurement includes the distance and / or position of the UE and / or cluster). For example, the BS may calculate the distance based on information received from the UE. The BS may monitor the interference based on interference measurements, positive / negative acknowledgement message rates between the BS and the UE, etc.

[0274] For example, if the interference between two UEs or clusters is extremely low, the two UEs or clusters may be paired with each other. In this case, the criterion may be verified at step 87 by comparing the distance between the two UEs or clusters based on measurements 81 (the measurements include values ​​related to interference, such as SINR values, INR values, measurements of background noise and / or background interference, etc.).

[0275] The criteria verified at step 87 may be based on the composition of different components. For example, two different UEs or clusters may be paired based on both their mutual distance and their interference. In this case, the parameters defined at step 86 may include a component based on distance-related measurements and a component based on interference-related measurements.

[0276] Additionally or alternatively, the criteria verified at step 87 may include data related to QoS, which may for example be associated with other data such as measurements 81. The same may be valid for the estimation.

[0277] At step 89, dedicated resources (time slots, frequency bands, spatial channels, power levels and / or code dimensions) can be identified, and / or a first UE or group and a second UE or group can be selected from a plurality of UEs based on a parameter (e.g., defined at 86) having a component (e.g., one of components 81-84) associated with the following items in order to pair the UEs or groups to reduce interference and / or improve QoS: measured and / or estimated and / or predicted interference, and / or quality of service QoS, and / or quality of experience QoE between the UEs or groups.

[0278] Additionally or alternatively, at step 89, a first UE or group and a second UE or group may be selected from a plurality of UEs or groups based on a parameter (e.g., defined at 86) having a component associated with a mutual distance between the UEs or groups (e.g., based on measurement 81). For example, if the distance between the first UE or group and the second UE or group is greater than a threshold, the first UE and the second UE may be paired.

[0279] Additionally or alternatively, at step 89, dedicated resources may be identified and / or a first UE or group and a second UE or group may be selected from a plurality of UEs or groups based on the assigned priority value to selectively increase uplink dedicated resources and / or downlink dedicated resources for higher priority communications.

[0280] Additionally or alternatively, in step 89, the first group / cluster and the second group / cluster from the plurality of UEs may be determined based on UL / DL resource allocation or traffic demand.

[0281] Additionally or alternatively, in step 89 , clusters may be generated.

[0282] Fig. 9A A scheme 90 is shown in which signaling operations are performed between a master node or coordinator (eg, a BS) and other nodes (eg, UEs) for signaling changes in operation.

[0283] As shown in scheme 90, multiple UEs and one or more BSs can communicate with each other. At 94, the UE can send data, such as requested resources (UE_Resource_req) and / or priority of communication (UE_Priority_Type{URLLC, eMBB...}), to, for example, at least partially reflect the indication of the desired service 84. At 94, the UE can send data such as UE_Zone_info to, for example, at least partially reflect the measurement 81 of the location of the UE 91 or its cluster. At 94, the UE can send data about the service, such as UE_Traffic_info, to, for example, at least partially reflect the transmission of QoS 82.

[0284] Based on the data obtained by the UE, the master node (e.g., BS 92) can determine in real time whether to operate in FDC, for example, using a dynamic TDD and FDC enabler 93. The dynamic TDD and FDC enabler 93 can perform, for example, at least one of steps 14, 16, and 87. The dynamic TDD and FDC enabler 93 can determine whether to operate in TDD or FDD. The dynamic TDD and FDC enabler 93 can determine whether the dedicated resources to be operated simultaneously by two different UEs in DL / UL are time slots (subframes) on the same frequency band or specific frequency bands on the same time slots.

[0285] At 95, BS 92 may signal "FDC_Swhitching_Signaling", "TDD_Swhitching_Signaling", "FDD_Swhitching_Signaling", "non-FDC_Swhitching_Signaling", e.g., to all UEs within range of the BS and / or to all UEs of a particular cluster or to all UEs to change their operation to FDC mode.

[0286] At 96, based on the decision determined by the master node (BS 92), UL / DL transmissions may be performed by UE 91 relative to BS 92. Thus, UL / DL operations may also be performed in a multi-connectivity scenario (e.g., as Figure 4 ). Some transmissions may be performed using FDC (e.g., in time slots 33a, 33b, 37a, 37b, 44a, 45b), while other transmissions may be performed without FDC (even in the same frame). Some transmissions may be performed using multi-connectivity, while other transmissions may avoid non-multi-connectivity.

[0287] An example of pseudo code for an FDC-enabled function (e.g., running at a master node) may be:

[0288]

[0289] Fig. 9B Method 97 is shown. Method 97 can reconfigure frame 98a for FDC. At step 98b, it can be determined whether the frame configuration type and / or frame structure (e.g., in terms of the length of the duration is one subframe or one frame) is an FDC frame (e.g., a frame containing dedicated resources to be shared by two UEs or clusters) or a non-FDC frame. For example, a comparison with the FDC_Enable flag can be performed. If frame 98a is to be reconfigured as an FDC frame, it is input to the dynamic TDD and FDC enabler 93, for example, at step 99a. Otherwise, it is input to the non-FDC dynamic framing portion 99b. For example, the non-FDC dynamic framing portion can be configured to, for example, perform 3GPP traditional dynamic TDD framing. At step 99c, the frame is reconfigured.

[0290] Priorities may also be assigned to UEs and / or communications. For example, URLCC communications may have a higher priority than eMMB communications.

[0291] The master node (eg, BS 22, 34, 92) can flexibly select the pairings, clusters, and dedicated resources to be duplexed.

[0292] In some examples, when a paired (corresponding) UE or cluster is retrieved, any dedicated resources (e.g., subframes in a frame or frequency bands or power levels or spatial channels or codes) may be used for non-FDC communications.

[0293] Fig.10A method 100 is shown, wherein a UE may request emergency communication (e.g., URLLC) at step 102. At step 104, it is checked whether the request can be satisfied. If possible, communication is performed at step 106 without using FDC. Otherwise, at step 108, the network is checked to assign the UE to a cluster (e.g., a high priority cluster), and / or a valid UE or cluster to be paired with the UE (cluster) requesting emergency communication is retrieved. The search may be performed, for example, by performing at least one of steps 62, 64, 86, and 87, and may include, for example: an estimation of measurement 81, QoS 82, QoE 82', an estimation 83, an expected service 84, and verification of a standard based on a parameter having one of entries 81-84 as at least one component. Once the most effective counterpart UE is found in the network (e.g., a UE farthest from the UE requesting an emergency call, and / or a UE with less mutual interference with the UE requesting an emergency call, etc.), then at step 110, the most effective UE may be selected as the most effective UE to be coupled with the UE requesting an emergency call. Parameters such as dedicated resources to be used may be selected (e.g., time slot and / or frequency band and / or power level and / or spatial channel and / or some specific code). After signaling (e.g., at 95), both UEs will transmit in parallel with respect to the same BS corresponding to the same dedicated resources: however, while one UE is operating (receiving) in the DL, the counterpart UE will be operating (transmitting) in the UL. Thus, interference will be minimized. Basically, dedicated resources for higher priority communications can be increased.

[0294] Fig.11 An apparatus 115 is shown, which may be a BS or a UE. The apparatus 115 may include a communication unit 116 for UL / DL communication (eg, with a BS). The communication unit 116 may be connected to an antenna 116', which may physically send and receive signals to and from the BS.

[0295] The apparatus 115 may include an FDC selection unit 117. The FDC selection unit 117 may be configured to determine whether to perform FDC, for example, based on signaling. In the case where it is necessary to start FDC, the communication unit 116 receives a command to operate according to FDC from the FDC selection unit 117. The FDC selection unit 117 may indicate, for example, dedicated resources (time slots and / or frequency bands and / or spatial channels and / or power levels and / or codes) to be shared with the corresponding UE (selected by the BS).

[0296] The apparatus 115 may include a measurement unit 118 that may determine measurements related to performance, interference, location, distance to other UEs or groups and / or BSs (e.g., 81). The measurement unit 118 may provide dedicated resources and information to be used by the BS to verify whether the criteria for requesting FDC are met.

[0297] Fig.12 A system 120 including a processor 122 is shown, which can implement at least one of the above methods, steps and / or operations. The system 120 may include a temporary memory 124 (random access memory, RAM and / or registers). For example, the structure of the data frame and the dedicated resource allocation should be written to the temporary memory 124 in real time.

[0298] In addition, the system 120 may include a non-volatile storage unit 126 (e.g., implemented as a read-only memory, ROM, flash memory, firmware, etc.), which includes instructions 126a, which when executed by a processor (e.g., processor 122) can cause the processor to perform at least one of the above-mentioned methods and / or operations.

[0299] The system 120 may also include at least an input / output I / O unit 128 for communicating with other devices.

[0300] In some examples, system 120 may be embodied as a BS (e.g., 22, 34) and / or a dynamic TDD and FDC enabler 93, and / or perform operations at steps 14, 16, 62, 64, 68, 86-89, 94-96, 98a-99c, and 102-112. I / O unit 128 may include, for example, an interface with a UE, UL / DL communications with other BSs, and / or an interface for a user.

[0301] discuss

[0302] If different cells have different UL / DL frame configurations, this paper proposes a method to reduce congestion in TDD frame formatting. According to the example, instead of enabling UL / DL multi-connectivity in the virtual cell concept (as described above), the BS (e.g., g / eNB) can freely:

[0303] - Using full-duplex communication (FDC), appropriate users are selected to coexist on the same resources (at the same subframe) in different duplex directions, i.e. one is UL,

[0304] And the other is the downlink;

[0305] - The g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator / centralized controller, or any intelligent function implemented in a hybrid of partially centralized and partially distributed) must select sufficiently separated UEs to reduce inter-user interference when using FDC (UE in UL interferes with UE on DL on the same FDC subframe);

[0306] - g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator / centralized controller or any intelligent function implemented in a hybrid way of partially centralized and partially distributed) is free to choose any configuration without any effort to control UL / DL based on g / eNB congestion;

[0307] -g / eNB can cluster users and signal them to transmit in FDC mode; thus, URLLC users can be urgently served and coexist with mobile broadband users.

[0308] The suggested examples may be implemented in both distributed and centralized manners or in a hybrid manner (partially centralized and partially distributed) based on the deployment scenario and application / service type. They introduce a mechanism for enabling FDC in a cellular network where in a multi-cell environment, the g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator / centralized controller or any intelligent function implemented in a hybrid manner of partially centralized and partially distributed) will identify certain subframes where FDC can be enabled. This feature is enabled only at certain times to exploit the benefits provided by FDC only when possible while minimizing any potential performance loss that may occur due to additional interference that may arise within the system. It may also involve selecting users to duplex in different directions (UL and DL) while using full-duplex communication (FDC). This must take into account interference and self-interference for the entire system. The decision to enable (select) FDC in a multi-cell environment depends on at least one or some of various factors (to meet the criteria), such as:

[0309] - The relative position of g / eNB and all users;

[0310] - The SINR (or more precisely INR) required at each receiver; if the INR is high, a fallback to the legacy frame format or SDMA can be used;

[0311] - Transmit power limitation; transmit power control to minimize interference;

[0312] - FDC switching points based on system throughput, outage probability and / or user geographic location;

[0313] - transmit / receive power of both UE and g / eNB;

[0314] - Application / service / business / business forecast priority type;

[0315] -Business forecast;

[0316] - The degree of business asymmetry.

[0317] Regarding outage probabilities, they are similar to throughput switching points, where the rate in bits / second will be replaced by an outage percentage. An outage is the percentage of UEs or resources that do not receive sufficient SINR.

[0318] Regarding geographic location, this stores the location reported by the UE and compares the distance between possible paired UEs with the minimum distance to survive full duplex, i.e. "if the distance between the locations of two proposed paired UEs is less than (<) distance_threshold, FDC is not performed".

[0319] Examples present novel approaches to employing FDC in different scenarios, including:

[0320] - Static TDD scenario, where all g / eNBs use the same predetermined configuration;

[0321] - Cell-specific dynamic frame reconfiguration scenarios (as described above);

[0322] - With / without multiple connection scenarios (such as Figure 3 and Figure 4 shown);

[0323] -IoT, MTC (or Machine-to-Machine Communication or M2M), D2D and V2X scenarios.

[0324] For users who urgently need uplink or downlink transmission, FDC can be enabled on top of the TDD frame configuration (and the description can be similarly extended to the FDD frame configuration). When FDC is enabled (and applicable), users with ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) requirements will be switched to coexist with mobile broadband (MBB) users and / or URLLC users. Users are allowed to duplex with other users in the opposite duplex direction, for example, in one of the following situations:

[0325] - If a low latency user urgently needs to communicate within the congestion time of one (or more) g / eNBs; the g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator) will allocate UL / DL based on FDC and another user transmitting in the opposite direction.

[0326] - The g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator) can carefully select the users that will use the same subframe (in opposite directions) to be sufficiently separated (far away from each other) in order to reduce interference between users. The g / eNB (or g / eNBs coordinator) will analyze all positioning information and area information of all users and cluster all possible users, thus being able to pair users (from geographically separated clusters) on the same subframe using FDC. See Figure 3 (In the absence of multiple connections)

[0327] and Figure 4 (In case of multi-connection scenario).

[0328] - Once the g / eNB decides to duplex certain users using FDC, appropriate signaling is sent to the User Equipment (UE) to inform them of the FDC switching control information. Additionally, each UE can signal the following information to the g / eNB:

[0329] i.UE priority type: URLLC, eMBB and / or

[0330] ii. UE service priority, predicted service priority; and / or

[0331] iii.UE area information and positioning information

[0332] - Based on the previous information, the g / eNB (or g / eNBs coordinator) executes FDC_Enabling_Function (see pseudo code above) to obtain the decision and handover information for the requesting UE.

[0333] - If they are URLLC and / or eMBB UEs, the g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator) can flexibly duplex the users using FDC. Additionally, despite the traffic load and / or TDD frame configuration selected at each g / eNB, the g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator) flexibly selects subframes that enable UL / DL coexistence in an FDC manner. The g / eNB (or g / eNBs coordinator) can also flexibly duplex users within its cell or users located on the cell edge of a neighboring cell, where the other user is located anywhere outside of at least the minimum separation distance. The g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator) can calculate possible regional locations (which can be paired) or adapt them based on the UE traffic load.

[0334] - Based on the user priority type, service priority, and UE area information and location information, a new FDC_Enabling_Function (located at the g / eNB or g / eNBs coordinator) decides (87) to switch some / all users to FDC communication based on:

[0335] i. Whether there are sufficiently separated UE pairs (at a minimum separation distance) to reduce mutual UE-UE interference on FDC frames; and / or

[0336] ii. Whether the system throughput will be increased compared to conventional TDD / FDD and / or spatial multiplexing in TDD / FDD. To this end, the channel covariance matrix may be analyzed to determine the FDC. The system throughput switching point may be saved and stored in a lookup table;

[0337] - Once all signaling triggered by the UE is received by the BS (e.g. g / eNB (or g / eNB coordinator)), it starts deciding to assign the UE to FDC / TDD / FDD. The handover information is a decision from the g / eNB, which takes into account:

[0338] i. Coexistence of URLLC communication with eMBB. Therefore, the UE must signal its priority type {URLLC, eMBB}. Based on these priorities, the URLLC user is selected to duplex with the best matching user pair from the eMBB UE using FDC.

[0339] ii.g / eNB can flexibly select UL or DL ​​eMBB direction to coexist with URLLC devices using FDC duplexing (For more information on user switching with / without multiple connections, see Figure 3 and Figure 4 ).

[0340] iii. Once the correct UE pair is found, any subframe (UL or DL) of TDD / FDD can be reused in the user direction.

[0341] - For device-to-device (D2D) and / or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, in case of D2D / V2V resource pool congestion, the g / eNB signals the URLLC devices to deploy FDC and enable UL / DL duplexing in the same subframe. Thus, only pairs that meet the maximum pair separation (for direct communication) can be signaled that they are allocated to FDC subframes (an example of FDC enabling functionality is provided in the pseudo code reported above).

[0342] - Once the g / eNB rejects FDC mode or falls back to conventional 3GPP TDD / FDD frame reconfiguration, the FDC enabler functionality can be bypassed, e.g. Fig. 9B As shown in the following flow chart.

[0343] Referring to the lookup table, each row may correspond to a condition and each column may correspond to a specific number of UEs (e.g., from a minimum number of UEs to a maximum number of UEs). Each entry of the lookup table may contain a measurement (e.g., an average value measurement) and / or an estimate associated with a throughput of a specific number of UEs and a specific condition (the roles of columns and rows may be interchanged). The lookup table may be updated in real time and may give information about the throughput calculated under normal operation without FDC, thereby giving the possibility of deciding whether to select FDC. For example, the throughput with FDC (e.g., the total throughput) may be compared with the total throughput without FDC (e.g., with an additional Δ that may be a percentage or metric, thereby determining a threshold, Δ being selected to verify certain QoS) to decide whether to start FDC. For example, if the throughput with FDC is greater than or equal to (≥) the throughput without FDC + Δ, switching to FDC may be selected (e.g., at 87). A lookup table may be prepared for UL, and a lookup table may be prepared for DL.

[0344] Based on the example, the following assumptions can be made:

[0345] - The relative position of g / eNB and all users;

[0346] - The required SINR (or more precisely INR) at each receiver; if the INR is high, a fallback to the conventional frame format or SDMA can be used;

[0347] - Transmit power limitation;

[0348] - Transmit power control to minimize interference;

[0349] -interference:

[0350] i. Self-interference at the base station; handled by the g / eNB self-interference mitigation mechanism; and / or

[0351] ii UE-to-UE interference within a cell: For UEs with FDC enabled, a wider distance will be used to reduce UE-to-UE interference within the cell;

[0352] -Self-interference at the base station; handled by the g / eNB self-interference mitigation mechanism;

[0353] - UE-to-UE interference within a cell: For FDC-enabled UEs, a wider distance will be used to reduce UE-to-UE interference within that cell;

[0354] - The ideas presented are of course independent of the used Radio Access Technology (RAT) or the radio frequency band;

[0355] - The present invention is also independent of network architecture and deployment scenario.

[0356] Examples can be based on at least one of the following characteristics:

[0357] - Users may be selected to reuse the same resource blocks for UL / DL allowing FDC simultaneously. Users are selected such that they are sufficiently separated at the cell site, ie, a minimum separation distance is met.

[0358] - Users at the cell edge can enjoy dual connectivity, thereby mixing different duplex directions between neighboring cells. Base stations; Based on the above points, it is still allowed to reuse the same resources (in the opposite direction) for users that are far enough away.

[0359] - The g / eNB (or coordinator g / eNB or cloud RAN unit) has to perform the correct switching between FDC and traditional TDD depending on the user’s geographical location, available beamforming techniques and capacity.

[0360] - If FDC is not possible for cell edge users, they can always fall back to virtual frames.

[0361] - The base station can always provide FDC / TDD offline switching according to the traffic map and cellular / network deployment.

[0362] The above examples can be applied to delay-constrained (mission-critical) communication services, multi-level QoS services, narrowband IoT devices, mMTC, ultra-reliable communications, enhanced multiple access (MA) schemes, and MAC channels.

[0363] Additional Examples

[0364] Generally, the examples can be implemented as a computer program product with program instructions, the program instructions being operable to perform one of the methods when the computer program product runs on a computer. The program instructions can, for example, be stored on a machine-readable medium.

[0365] Other examples comprise the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein, stored on a machine readable carrier.

[0366] In other words, a method example is, therefore, a computer program having program instructions for performing one of the methods described herein, when the computer program runs on a computer.

[0367] Therefore, another example of the method is a data carrier (or a digital storage medium or a computer-readable medium) having recorded thereon a computer program for performing one of the methods described herein. The data carrier medium, the digital storage medium or the recorded medium are tangible and / or non-transitory, as opposed to intangible and transitory signals.

[0368] A further example of a method is, therefore, a data stream or a sequence of signals representing the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein.The data stream or the sequence of signals may be transmitted, for example, via a data communication connection, for example via the Internet.

[0369] Another example comprises a processing device, for example a computer or a programmable logic device, which performs one of the methods described herein.

[0370] A further example comprises a computer having installed thereon the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein.

[0371] Another example includes an apparatus or system for transmitting (e.g. electronically or optically) a computer program to a receiver, the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein. The receiver may be, for example, a computer, a mobile device, a storage device, etc. The apparatus or system may, for example, include a file server for transmitting the computer program to the receiver.

[0372] In some examples, a programmable logic device (e.g., a field programmable gate array) can be used to perform some or all of the functions of the methods described herein. In some examples, a field programmable gate array can collaborate with a microprocessor to perform one of the methods described herein. Typically, the method is performed by any suitable hardware device.

[0373] The above examples are merely illustrative of the principles disclosed above. It should be understood that modifications and variations of the arrangements and details described herein will be apparent. Therefore, it is intended to be limited by the scope of the claims rather than by the specific details given by way of description and explanation of the examples herein.

[0374] In the following description, equal or equivalent elements or elements having equal or equivalent functions are denoted by equal or equivalent reference numerals even if they appear in different drawings.

[0375] List of abbreviations

[0376]

[0377]

[0378] References

[0379]

[0380]

Claims

1. A user equipment UE for performing uplink and downlink communication, the UE being allocated with a specific resource group, the specific resource group being a resource group of a first UE cluster, the UE being configured for full-duplex communication FDC with a base station BS based on at least one of uplink / downlink resource allocation and service demand, The UE is configured to: performing uplink communication while the second UE cluster performs downlink communication in corresponding dedicated resources, the dedicated resources being a second resource group different from the specific resource group used by the UE in uplink, and / or The second UE cluster performs downlink communication while performing uplink communication in the corresponding dedicated resources, the dedicated resources being a second resource group different from the specific resource group used by the UE in downlink. 2 . The UE according to claim 1 , configured to use the specific resource group, the specific resource group comprising a frequency band of a spectrum.

3. The UE according to claim 1, configured to use the specific resource group, the specific resource group includes a frequency band of the spectrum, and the second resource group has another frequency band of the spectrum.

4. The UE of claim 1, configured to perform uplink communication in first resources in the specific resource group, while at least one other UE of the second cluster performs downlink communication in second resources in the second resource group.

5. The UE according to claim 1 is configured to operate in multiple connections with the BS and another BS so as to communicate with the BS in uplink or downlink in the specific resource group, and communicate with the other BS in uplink or downlink in another resource group, and the other resource group is the resource group of the first UE cluster.

6. The UE according to claim 1 is further configured to perform the FDC process or not perform the FDC process based on channel properties between UEs, uplink / downlink resource allocation, and at least one of service requirements or channel properties. 7 . The UE of claim 1 , further configured to perform emergency communication when in a specific cluster having a resource group supporting emergency communication.

8. The UE according to claim 1, configured to request at least one resource from the BS, the BS indicating an intended service and providing measurements on the location of the UE and / or data on traffic, The UE is configured to receive information regarding whether to operate in FDC based on measurements regarding the location of the UE and based on at least one of uplink / downlink resource allocation and traffic demand.

9. The UE according to claim 8, configured to receive the information on whether to operate in FDC as a flag in a frame indicating whether the frame is an FDC frame.

10. The UE according to claim 8, configured to indicate the urgency of the communication so as to receive information on whether to operate in FDC based on the urgency of the communication.

11. The UE according to claim 1, further comprising an FDC selection unit for selecting between communicating in the FDC and not communicating in the FDC according to signaling from the BS.

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