Old fan fire prevention on-line monitoring and early warning system and method

Abstract

The invention discloses an old fan fire prevention online monitoring and early warning system and method, and relates to the technical field of fan monitoring, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the temperature data of a fan through a wireless temperature sensor, and carrying out the preprocessing; the temperature data is transmitted to the data processing and display module through the receiver; the temperature data is uploaded to a PC or a mobile terminal through the data transmission module; the temperature data is monitored in real time through the data processing and display module; in the monitoring process, an alarm and early warning module is used for giving an alarm. Combined monitoring and dynamic analysis are carried out by combining the temperature and rotating speed data of the draught fan, the running state of the draught fan can be accurately judged, the accuracy of fault detection and the timeliness of early warning are remarkably improved by dynamically adjusting the alarm threshold value, trend prediction and a multi-stage alarm mechanism, and the defects of existing single temperature monitoring are overcome.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of fan monitoring, and in particular to an online fire prevention monitoring and early warning system and method for old fans. Background Art

[0002] With the continuous acceleration of the industrialization process, fan equipment, as an indispensable key equipment in the modern production process, is widely used in many industries such as electricity, metallurgy, and mining. The stable operation of the fan is crucial to ensuring production safety and improving work efficiency. However, in the long-term operation of the fan equipment, due to overload, aging, external environmental factors and other reasons, faults such as overtemperature and abnormal speed may occur, which may lead to major safety accidents such as fire. Therefore, real-time monitoring and early warning of fan temperature and speed have become the core requirements to ensure the safe operation of the fan. With the continuous development of wireless sensor technology, data communication technology and artificial intelligence, real-time monitoring systems based on wireless sensor networks have gradually become the mainstream of industry development. At present, the integrated application of temperature sensors and speed sensors, as well as the continuous improvement of data processing and alarm systems, have improved the safety monitoring capabilities of fans to a certain extent.

[0003] Although the existing fan monitoring systems can detect temperature anomalies and speed changes of fans to a certain extent, most systems have the following shortcomings. First, the existing monitoring systems often rely only on a single monitoring indicator of temperature or speed, lack comprehensive analysis of multiple parameters (such as joint monitoring of temperature and speed), and cannot effectively identify potential fault modes. For example, temperature and speed anomalies may not be simple independent events, but are caused by the combined effect of multiple factors such as equipment load and operating status. A single monitoring indicator cannot fully reveal the operating status of the fan. Secondly, the alarm mechanism in the existing technology is mostly based on static threshold settings, which is difficult to adapt to complex operating environments. The normal range of temperature and speed of the fan will be different under different loads and different working conditions, and the traditional threshold setting fails to fully consider these dynamic changes. Therefore, the alarm method based on static thresholds is prone to cause too frequent or too slow warnings, reducing the sensitivity and reliability of the system.

[0004] In response to the above problems, the present invention proposes a joint monitoring and early warning system based on a wireless temperature sensor and a speed sensor by combining two important parameters, the temperature and speed of the fan. Compared with the prior art, the present invention can achieve a comprehensive evaluation and accurate judgment of the working status of the fan through multi-dimensional monitoring data analysis, especially in identifying the correlation between temperature and speed changes. In addition, the dynamic threshold adjustment mechanism proposed in the present invention can flexibly adjust the alarm threshold according to the real-time operating status of the fan, thereby improving the accuracy and timeliness of the early warning and avoiding the problems of false alarms and missed alarms in traditional methods. Through these innovative designs, the present invention not only improves the fault diagnosis capability of the fan, but also greatly reduces potential safety risks, and plays a more positive role in the safe operation of the fan. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of the above-mentioned problems, the present invention is proposed.

[0006] Therefore, the technical problems solved by the present invention are: the traditional system only relies on single temperature or speed monitoring, and fails to comprehensively consider the correlation between the two; the existing temperature monitoring cannot adapt to the dynamically changing operating environment, which easily leads to inaccurate alarms; there is a lack of in-depth analysis of temperature change trends, making it difficult to timely discover potential overheating trends; it fails to effectively combine temperature and speed changes for fault prediction; and the existing alarm mechanism has a delayed response and fails to trigger an early warning in a timely manner.

[0007] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: an online monitoring and early warning system for fire prevention of old fans, which comprises the following steps:

[0008] Temperature acquisition module, wireless communication module, data processing and display module, data transmission module, data storage module and alarm and early warning module.

[0009] As a preferred solution of the online monitoring and early warning system for fire prevention of old fans described in the present invention, the temperature acquisition module collects temperature data of the fans in real time through wireless temperature sensors;

[0010] The wireless communication module transmits the collected temperature data to the receiver wirelessly;

[0011] The data processing and display module processes and displays the received temperature data;

[0012] The data transmission module uploads the temperature data to a PC or mobile terminal;

[0013] The data storage module stores the temperature data in a database;

[0014] The alarm and early warning module automatically alarms when abnormal temperature is detected.

[0015] Another object of the present invention is to provide an online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans, which can perform real-time monitoring and analysis by combining the temperature and speed data of the fan, and adopt dynamically adjusted alarm thresholds and linear regression trend analysis methods to predict and identify the overheating trend and potential failures of the fan in advance, thereby solving the problems of existing fan monitoring systems relying only on a single monitoring indicator, insufficient alarm sensitivity, inaccurate fault warnings, and untimely response to equipment abnormalities.

[0016] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: an online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans, comprising:

[0017] The temperature data of the fan is collected through the wireless temperature sensor and preprocessed; the temperature data is transmitted to the data processing and display module through the receiver; the temperature data is uploaded to the PC or mobile terminal through the data transmission module; the temperature data is monitored in real time through the data processing and display module; during the monitoring process, an alarm is issued through the alarm and early warning module.

[0018] As a preferred solution of the online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans described in the present invention, the preprocessing includes converting the temperature signal into a digital signal and sending the temperature data to a receiver in the form of a digital signal.

[0019] The preprocessing also includes collecting the speed data of the fan in real time through a speed sensor, converting the speed data into a digital signal, and sending the speed data to a receiver in the form of a digital signal.

[0020] As a preferred solution of the online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans described in the present invention, the transmission of temperature data to the data processing and display module includes filtering the temperature data, removing noise or outliers, detecting whether there is missing data, and if there is missing data, supplementing the missing data points by interpolation method.

[0021] Perform time series analysis on temperature data to extract trends and periodic characteristics of temperature changes and detect whether there is an overheating trend.

[0022] Analyze the speed data in real time to determine whether the fan is normal.

[0023] As a preferred solution of the online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans described in the present invention, when uploading to a PC or a mobile terminal, the temperature data is saved in real time to a database through a data storage module.

[0024] The real-time monitoring through the data processing and display module includes observing the fan speed if the temperature is higher than the upper first threshold and lower than the upper second threshold or lower than the lower first threshold and higher than the lower second threshold; if the fan speed is within an abnormal range, directly triggering an alarm through the alarm and early warning module; if the fan speed is within a normal range, observing whether the temperature time within the period exceeds the limit time.

[0025] If the time limit is exceeded, an alarm will be sounded through the alarm and early warning module. If the time limit is not exceeded, a prompt that the temperature deviates from the normal range will be sent to the operator through the interface of the data processing and display module, and the real-time monitoring function will be started to maintain continuous monitoring of the temperature and record abnormal events.

[0026] If the temperature is higher than the upper secondary threshold or lower than the lower secondary threshold, the alarm and early warning module will directly sound an alarm, immediately issue a red warning, trigger an audible alarm and flashing warning light, start the automatic response mechanism, and shut down the fan.

[0027] As a preferred solution of the online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans described in the present invention, the real-time monitoring through the data processing and display module also includes observing the rate of temperature rise or fall if the temperature rises or falls, and if the rate of temperature rise or fall exceeds the set threshold within the specified observation time, an alarm is issued through the alarm and early warning module.

[0028] Among them, if the rate of temperature rise exceeds the set threshold, the emergency stop operation is initiated, and the fan is immediately automatically shut down or powered off through the control system.

[0029] As a preferred solution of the online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans described in the present invention, the detection of whether there is an overheating trend includes randomly extracting temperature data points, performing linear regression on the temperature data points, and fitting the temperature change trend. If the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than zero, it means that the temperature has an upward trend. The trend is recorded through the data processing and display module and a temperature rise warning is issued.

[0030] If the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than the set threshold, it indicates that the equipment has a tendency to overheat. In this case, an intermediate warning will be issued through the alarm and early warning module, and the temperature change curve will be displayed through the data processing and display module. The operator will be advised to check the equipment or adjust the load.

[0031] If the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than the set threshold and the duration exceeds the maximum allowable time, the warning information will be sent to relevant personnel through the alarm and warning module.

[0032] A computer device includes a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, and when the processor executes the computer program, the steps of the above-mentioned online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans are implemented.

[0033] A computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the above-mentioned online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans.

[0034] Beneficial effects of the present invention: The present invention combines the temperature and speed data of the fan for joint monitoring and dynamic analysis, can accurately determine the operating status of the fan, and significantly improves the accuracy of fault detection and the timeliness of early warning by dynamically adjusting the alarm threshold, trend prediction and multi-level alarm mechanism, avoiding the shortcomings of existing single temperature monitoring. At the same time, the real-time data storage and monitoring function provides data support for the long-term operation management of the fan, discovers potential risks in advance, and prevents the occurrence of serious accidents such as fire, thereby improving the safety and reliability of the equipment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other accompanying drawings can be obtained based on these accompanying drawings without paying creative work.

[0036] Figure 1 The overall framework diagram of the old fan fire prevention online monitoring and early warning system provided in the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0037] Figure 2 This is an overall flow chart of the online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans provided in the second embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] In order to make the above-mentioned purposes, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and easy to understand, the specific implementation methods of the present invention are described in detail below in conjunction with the drawings of the specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary persons in the art without creative work should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0039] Example 1, reference Figure 1 , which is an embodiment of the present invention, provides an online monitoring and early warning system for fire prevention of old fans, which is characterized by:

[0040] Temperature acquisition module 100 , wireless communication module 200 , data processing and display module 300 , data transmission module 400 , data storage module 500 and alarm and warning module 600 .

[0041] The temperature acquisition module 100 acquires temperature data of the fan in real time through a wireless temperature sensor.

[0042] The wireless communication module 200 transmits the collected temperature data to the receiver wirelessly.

[0043] The data processing and display module 300 processes and displays the received temperature data.

[0044] The data transmission module 400 uploads the temperature data to a PC or a mobile terminal.

[0045] The data storage module 500 saves the temperature data to a database.

[0046] The alarm and early warning module 600 automatically alarms when abnormal temperature is detected.

[0047] Example 2, reference Figure 2 , which is an embodiment of the present invention, provides a method for an online fire prevention monitoring and early warning system for old fans, characterized in that:

[0048] S1: Collect the temperature data of the fan through the wireless temperature sensor and perform preprocessing.

[0049] Preprocessing includes converting the temperature signal into a digital signal and sending the temperature data to a receiver in the form of a digital signal.

[0050] The preprocessing also includes collecting the speed data of the fan in real time through a speed sensor, converting the speed data into a digital signal, and sending the speed data to a receiver in the form of a digital signal.

[0051] Furthermore, through the synergy of wireless temperature sensors and speed sensors, the operating status of the fan can be monitored in real time, and temperature and speed data can be collected. The preprocessing stage of this process ensures the accuracy of the data and the efficiency of transmission by converting the signal into digital form. The preprocessing of speed and temperature data helps to remove noise and outliers, ensure the reliability of monitoring data, and thus provide a basis for subsequent analysis. The interpolation method supplements the missing data, ensures the integrity of the data, and enables the system to continuously monitor and accurately determine the operating status of the equipment.

[0052] S2: The temperature data is transmitted to the data processing and display module through the receiver.

[0053] Transmitting the temperature data to the data processing and display module includes filtering the temperature data to remove noise or outliers, detecting whether there is missing data, and if there is missing data, supplementing the missing data points by interpolation method.

[0054] Perform time series analysis on temperature data to extract trends and periodic characteristics of temperature changes and detect whether there is an overheating trend.

[0055] Analyze the speed data in real time to determine whether the fan is normal.

[0056] The data processing and display module filters and interpolates the received temperature and speed data, effectively removing noise and outliers, and ensuring high data quality. This process provides a clear basis for subsequent time series analysis. Through time series analysis, the trend and periodic characteristics of temperature changes can be extracted, and whether there is an overheating trend can be identified in advance, providing a reference for subsequent early warning judgments. In addition, real-time analysis of speed data ensures whether the fan is operating normally, avoiding equipment damage or safety hazards caused by abnormal speed.

[0057] S3: Upload the temperature data to the PC or mobile terminal through the data transmission module.

[0058] When uploading to a PC or mobile terminal, the temperature data is saved in real time to the database through the data storage module.

[0059] S4: The temperature data is monitored in real time through the data processing and display module.

[0060] Real-time monitoring through the data processing and display module includes observing the fan speed if the temperature is higher than the upper first threshold and lower than the upper second threshold or lower than the lower first threshold and higher than the lower second threshold; if the fan speed is within an abnormal range, the alarm is directly triggered through the alarm and early warning module; if the fan speed is within a normal range, observe whether the temperature time within the period exceeds the limit time.

[0061] If the time limit is exceeded, an alarm will be sounded through the alarm and early warning module. If the time limit is not exceeded, a prompt that the temperature deviates from the normal range will be sent to the operator through the interface of the data processing and display module, and the real-time monitoring function will be started to maintain continuous monitoring of the temperature and record abnormal events.

[0062] If the temperature is higher than the upper secondary threshold or lower than the lower secondary threshold, the alarm and early warning module will directly sound an alarm, immediately issue a red warning, trigger an audible alarm and flashing warning light, start the automatic response mechanism, and shut down the fan.

[0063] Real-time monitoring through the data processing and display module also includes observing the rate of temperature increase or decrease if the temperature rises or drops. If the rate of temperature increase or decrease exceeds a set threshold within the specified observation time, an alarm is issued through the alarm and early warning module.

[0064] Among them, if the rate of temperature rise exceeds the set threshold, the emergency stop operation is initiated, and the fan is immediately automatically shut down or powered off through the control system.

[0065] During real-time monitoring, the system determines whether there is an abnormality based on changes in temperature and speed. If the temperature exceeds the first threshold but does not exceed the second threshold, the system will continue to monitor and record abnormal events; if it exceeds the set time, it will trigger an alarm and notify the operator in time. If the speed exceeds the normal range, the system will immediately trigger an alarm to ensure the normal operation of the fan. In the case of a rapid rise or fall in temperature, the system can trigger an alarm based on the set rate threshold and take emergency shutdown measures in time to avoid losses caused by overheating or failure of the equipment.

[0066] S5: During the monitoring process, an alarm is issued through the alarm and early warning module.

[0067] Detecting whether there is an overheating trend includes randomly extracting temperature data points, performing linear regression on the temperature data points, and fitting the temperature change trend. If the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than zero, it means that the temperature has an upward trend. The trend is recorded through the data processing and display module and a temperature rise warning is issued.

[0068] If the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than the set threshold, it indicates that the equipment has a tendency to overheat. In this case, an intermediate warning will be issued through the alarm and early warning module, and the temperature change curve will be displayed through the data processing and display module. The operator will be advised to check the equipment or adjust the load.

[0069] If the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than the set threshold and the duration exceeds the maximum allowable time, the warning information will be sent to relevant personnel through the alarm and warning module.

[0070] The detection of overheating trend is achieved through linear regression analysis, which randomly extracts temperature data points, fits the trend of temperature change, and determines whether there is an upward trend. If the slope of the fitted straight line exceeds the preset threshold, it indicates that the equipment has a tendency to overheat. The system will issue an intermediate warning and recommend that the operator check the equipment or adjust the load. This process can detect potential equipment failures or dangers in advance and provide effective protection for the safe operation of the fan. In addition, if the overheating trend continues for more than the maximum allowable time, the system will send information to relevant personnel through the alarm and warning module to ensure that timely countermeasures are taken to prevent accidents.

[0071] If the functions are implemented in the form of software functional units and sold or used as independent products, they can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of the present invention, or the part that contributes to the prior art or the part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. The computer software product is stored in a storage medium, including several instructions for a computer device (which can be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to perform all or part of the steps of the method described in each embodiment of the present invention. The aforementioned storage medium includes: U disk, mobile hard disk, read-only memory (ROM, Read-Only Memory), random access memory (RAM, Random Access Memory), disk or optical disk, etc., which can store program code.

[0072] The logic and / or steps represented in the flowchart or otherwise described herein, for example, can be considered as an ordered list of executable instructions for implementing logical functions, and can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by an instruction execution system, device or apparatus (such as a computer-based system, a system including a processor, or other system that can fetch instructions from an instruction execution system, device or apparatus and execute instructions), or in conjunction with such instruction execution systems, devices or apparatuses. For the purposes of this specification, "computer-readable medium" can be any device that can contain, store, communicate, propagate or transmit a program for use by an instruction execution system, device or apparatus, or in conjunction with such instruction execution systems, devices or apparatuses.

[0073] More specific examples of computer-readable media (a non-exhaustive list) include the following: an electrical connection with one or more wires (electronic device), a portable computer disk case (magnetic device), a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable and programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber device, and a portable compact disk read-only memory (CDROM). In addition, the computer-readable medium may even be a paper or other suitable medium on which the program is printed, since the program may be obtained electronically, for example, by optically scanning the paper or other medium, followed by editing, deciphering or, if necessary, processing in another suitable manner, and then stored in a computer memory.

[0074] It should be understood that the various parts of the present invention can be implemented by hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. In the above-mentioned embodiments, a plurality of steps or methods can be implemented by software or firmware stored in a memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system. For example, if implemented by hardware, as in another embodiment, it can be implemented by any one of the following technologies known in the art or their combination: a discrete logic circuit having a logic gate circuit for implementing a logic function for a data signal, a dedicated integrated circuit having a suitable combination of logic gate circuits, a programmable gate array (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.

[0075] It should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions of the present invention may be modified or replaced by equivalents without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, which should all be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. Online monitoring and early warning system for fire prevention of old fans, characterized by: include: A temperature collection module (100), a wireless communication module (200), a data processing and display module (300), a data transmission module (400), a data storage module (500), and an alarm and warning module (600).

2. The old fan fire prevention online monitoring and early warning system according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The temperature acquisition module (100) acquires temperature data of the fan in real time through a wireless temperature sensor; The wireless communication module (200) transmits the collected temperature data to a receiver in a wireless manner; The data processing and display module (300) processes and displays the received temperature data; The data transmission module (400) uploads the temperature data to a PC or a mobile terminal; The data storage module (500) stores the temperature data in a database; The alarm and early warning module (600) automatically alarms when abnormal temperature is detected.

3. A method using the old fan fire prevention online monitoring and early warning system as described in any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: include: The temperature data of the fan is collected through the wireless temperature sensor and pre-processed; The temperature data is transmitted to the data processing and display module through the receiver; Upload temperature data to PC or mobile terminal through data transmission module; Temperature data is monitored in real time through the data processing and display module; During the monitoring process, alarms are issued through the alarm and early warning module.

4. The online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans as claimed in claim 3 is characterized by: The preprocessing includes converting the temperature signal into a digital signal and sending the temperature data to a receiver in the form of a digital signal; The preprocessing also includes collecting the speed data of the fan in real time through a speed sensor, converting the speed data into a digital signal, and sending the speed data to a receiver in the form of a digital signal.

5. The online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans as claimed in claim 4 is characterized by: The transmitting of the temperature data to the data processing and display module includes filtering the temperature data to remove noise or abnormal values, detecting whether there is data missing, and if there is data missing, supplementing the missing data points by an interpolation method; Perform time series analysis on temperature data to extract trends and periodic characteristics of temperature changes and detect whether there is an overheating trend; Analyze the speed data in real time to determine whether the fan is normal.

6. The online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: When uploading to a PC or mobile terminal, the temperature data is saved in real time to a database through a data storage module; The real-time monitoring by the data processing and display module includes observing the speed of the fan if the temperature is higher than the upper level threshold and lower than the upper level threshold or lower than the lower level threshold and higher than the lower level threshold; if the speed of the fan is within an abnormal range, directly triggering an alarm through the alarm and early warning module; if the speed of the fan is within a normal range, observing whether the time of the temperature within the period exceeds the limit time; If the time limit is exceeded, an alarm will be sounded through the alarm and early warning module. If the time limit is not exceeded, a reminder that the temperature has deviated from the normal range will be sent to the operator through the interface of the data processing and display module, and the real-time monitoring function will be started to maintain continuous monitoring of the temperature and record abnormal events. If the temperature is higher than the upper secondary threshold or lower than the lower secondary threshold, the alarm and early warning module will directly sound an alarm, immediately issue a red warning, trigger an audible alarm and flashing warning light, start the automatic response mechanism, and shut down the fan.

7. The online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans according to claim 6, characterized in that: The real-time monitoring by the data processing and display module also includes, if the temperature rises or falls, observing the rate of temperature rise or fall, and if the rate of temperature rise or fall exceeds a set threshold within a specified observation time, an alarm is issued by the alarm and early warning module; Among them, if the rate of temperature rise exceeds the set threshold, the emergency stop operation is initiated, and the fan is immediately automatically shut down or powered off through the control system.

8. The online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans as claimed in claim 7 is characterized by: The detecting whether there is an overheating trend includes randomly extracting temperature data points, performing linear regression on the temperature data points, fitting the temperature change trend, and if the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than zero, it indicates that the temperature has an upward trend, recording the trend through the data processing and display module and issuing a temperature rise warning; If the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than the set threshold, it indicates that the equipment has a tendency to overheat. Then, an intermediate warning will be issued through the alarm and warning module, and the temperature change curve will be displayed through the data processing and display module. The operator will be advised to check the equipment or adjust the load. If the slope of the fitted straight line is greater than the set threshold and the duration exceeds the maximum allowable time, the warning information will be sent to relevant personnel through the alarm and warning module.

9. A computer device comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, wherein: When the processor executes the computer program, the steps of the old fan fire prevention online monitoring and early warning method described in any one of claims 3 to 8 are implemented.

10. A computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that: When the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the online monitoring and early warning method for fire prevention of old fans described in any one of claims 3 to 8 are implemented.

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