Method for mixing and intercropping self-sowing green manure in apple orchard in semi-arid region

Abstract

The invention discloses a semi-arid region apple orchard self-sowing green manure mixing and intercropping method, and relates to the technical field of fruit tree planting. Selecting an apple orchard in a semi-arid region, ploughing the line space of the orchard before sowing, and applying a base fertilizer; the method comprises the following steps: selecting Orychophragmus violaceus L and Brassica campestris L strong winter rape varieties, and mixing the Orychophragmus violaceus L and the Brassica campestris L strong winter rape varieties in early August and middle August to be sown between rows of fruit trees; the orychophragmus violaceus and the oilseed rape bloom in April of the next year, seeds are mature in June, the mature seeds fall on the ground to germinate and grow in autumn and rain seasons, bloom and seed bearing are carried out in April of the next year after overwintering, and self-sowing breeding is carried out Dry green manure plants are rolled on sunny days in late July, so that the green manure plants are flatly covered on the ground. The method is environment-friendly and energy-saving, annual grass covering between rows of the orchard is achieved, the soil moisture content and the soil organic matter content, the total phosphorus content and the total nitrogen content of the 0-20 cm soil layer are remarkably increased, and weeds in the orchard are inhibited.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree planting, in particular to a method for mixed intercropping of self-seeded green manure in apple orchards in semi-arid areas, and in particular to a method for mixed intercropping of annual self-seeded green manure in apple orchards in semi-arid areas. Background Art

[0002] Semi-arid areas are rich in land resources, with sufficient sunlight and large temperature differences between day and night. They belong to the continental monsoon climate and have the typical climate characteristics of the northern arid and cold regions. They are dry and cold, with extreme temperatures in winter reaching below -20°C, and annual precipitation of about 500 mm. The rainfall is small and unevenly distributed seasonally, with drought in winter and spring and heavy rain in autumn.

[0003] The Loess Plateau is a typical representative of semi-arid regions. It is recognized worldwide as the best suitable area for apples, with excellent apple quality and a huge planting area. The apple area in northern Shaanxi alone has exceeded 3 million mu. Drought, water shortage and poor soil are the primary issues affecting apple production in the Loess Plateau, followed by orchard weeds. The yield and quality of apples in the Loess Plateau are mainly limited by the rainfall, soil fertility and orchard management level of the year. Taking appropriate covering measures to inhibit soil evaporation, control and slow down the drying of deep soil, fertilize the soil, and inhibit orchard weeds are the key to increasing apple yield and quality and reducing production costs.

[0004] In the semi-arid areas represented by northern Shaanxi, the relative soil moisture content is mostly less than 60% during the vigorous apple growing season, and seasonal drought is severe. The water storage in the 0-60cm soil layer is consistent with the change in precipitation; the water content in the 0-200cm soil layer in the rhizosphere of fruit trees is generally insufficient. Studies have found that in orchards in northern Shaanxi that have been in operation for more than 20 years, the infiltration of rainfall into the deep soil is close to zero, and orchards of different ages have experienced severe or intense drying below the 2.0-4.0m soil layer; the dry soil layer cuts off the connection between deep moisture and the upper layer, forming an abnormal soil moisture circulation pattern of "soil-plant-atmosphere". Planting green manure in orchards can form ground cover, which can effectively inhibit soil evaporation, maintain soil moisture, reduce surface temperature, and resist the damage of high temperatures in summer to fruit trees.

[0005] The soil texture in semi-arid areas is mainly loess soil, with a deep soil layer and low mineral nutrient content. The organic matter content of cultivated soil is less than 1%, the soil is compacted, and the air permeability and water permeability are low. The soil fertility and quality are poor. Orchard green manure can effectively increase the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil, fertilize the soil, promote the reproduction and metabolism of soil bacteria, increase soil porosity, and improve soil physical properties. Planting green manure in orchards can also reduce orchard weeds and weed control costs, establish a benign soil ecosystem, save production costs, and achieve quality and efficiency improvements in apple production.

[0006] Rapeseed and Orychophragmus violaceus (also known as Zhugecai, Orychophragmus violaceus L.) are both annual herbaceous green manure plants of the Cruciferae family. Orychophragmus violaceus is about 50 cm tall, sown in autumn, and blooms in April of the following year. The flowers are purple, light red or white. Rapeseed can be divided into cabbage-type Brassica napus L. and cabbage-type Brassica campestris L. Cabbage-type winter rapeseed and Orychophragmus violaceus have strong adaptability, are cold-resistant and drought-resistant, and the roots of rapeseed are interspersed in the soil. The pores formed in the soil after decay are conducive to rainwater infiltration and increase soil moisture storage; Orychophragmus violaceus and rapeseed are not strict with soil requirements, and can grow in both acidic and alkaline soils. They can grow well in barren land as long as management is strengthened.

[0007] February orchid and rapeseed have strong self-seeding and reproduction capabilities. In the autumn rainy season, February orchid and cabbage-type strong winter rapeseed are intercropped in orchards in semi-arid areas. The optimum temperature for germination and growth of February orchid and rapeseed is 15-25℃. Both grow well at around 10-30℃, and the flowering period of the two is the same. They bloom in April of the following year after wintering, and naturally dry up and die in June after setting seeds. After late July, most of the mature seeds fall to the ground. The fallen February orchid and rapeseed seeds germinate when it rains, and bloom and set seeds again in April of the following year after wintering. In this way, they reproduce by self-seeding and grow in a cycle. This self-seeding green manure planting model can suppress orchard weeds. Orchards without green manure need to manually clean the grass 3-4 times a year or mechanically mow the grass every month from March to August, while orchards with green manure have very few weeds, saving weeding costs. Green manure forms ground cover during the growth stage and after drying, inhibiting soil evaporation and reducing summer surface temperature. After the roots rot and degrade in autumn, the soil pore structure is increased, which promotes the infiltration of autumn rainwater and increases the soil water storage capacity. In addition, February orchid and rapeseed are rich in nutrients. After returning to the field, they increase soil organic matter, fertilize the soil, and improve soil structure. The implementation of this self-seeding green manure planting technology will bring good economic and ecological value.

[0008] This technology combines the functions of increasing water and conserving moisture, improving soil fertility, suppressing weeds, increasing production and income, and improving orchard ecology. It not only provides a new method and basis for solving bottleneck problems such as poor soil and water deficiency in apple production in semi-arid areas and improving apple yield and quality, but also greatly reduces planting costs. The operation is simple, which is of great significance in production and has huge market potential. Summary of the invention

[0009] The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for mixed intercropping of annual self-seeding green manure in apple orchards in semi-arid areas, so as to achieve self-seeding and reproduction of green manure in the orchard and year-round grass coverage, inhibit soil evaporation, activate and fertilize the soil, and inhibit orchard weeds, so as to form a benign ecological cycle in the orchard.

[0010] At the same time, the present invention intercrops annual self-seeding green manure in apple orchards in semi-arid areas to form a self-seeding green manure circulation ecology in the orchard, realizes year-round grass coverage in the orchard, inhibits soil evaporation, activates and fertilizes the soil, inhibits orchard weeds and reduces production costs, thereby achieving the purpose of increasing apple yield, quality and benefits.

[0011] To achieve the above object, the present invention mainly provides the following technical solutions:

[0012] An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for self-seeding green manure mixed intercropping in an apple orchard in a semi-arid area, the method comprising the following steps:

[0013] (1) Land preparation before sowing: Before land preparation, spread 150-225 kg / ha of diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer and plow the soil between rows outside the projection of the tree crown to a depth of 12-15 cm.

[0014] (2) Selection of green manure varieties: Choose strong winter rapeseed varieties such as Orychophragmus violaceus L. and Brassica campestris L. that have shallow root systems, consume little water during the growing season, can safely overwinter in semi-arid areas, and are suitable for planting in semi-arid areas;

[0015] (3) Green manure intercropping in apple orchards: Mix February orchid and rapeseed seeds in a ratio of 10:1.5. Sow the mixed green manure seeds between the rows of fruit trees in early August during the autumn rainy season. The green manure should be sown outside the tree canopy projection, with a sowing rate of 22.5-25.5 kg / ha.

[0016] (4) Self-seeding and growth of green manure: February orchid and rapeseed have strong self-seeding and reproduction capabilities. The two have the same phenological period and flowering period. They bloom from autumn sowing to April of the following year, and the seeds mature in June. The mature seeds fall to the ground. When it rains in autumn, they germinate and continue to grow. After wintering, they bloom and set seeds in April of the following year. This is how self-seeding and reproduction continues in a cycle of growth.

[0017] (5) Topdressing: In autumn every year, when the orchid and rapeseed are 5 to 6 leaves, spread urea at 75 to 150 kg / ha after rain to promote seedling growth;

[0018] (6) Rolling: Roll the dried green manure plants on a sunny day in late July to make them lie flat on the ground;

[0019] (7) Re-seeding: After the green manure has been self-seeded for 4 to 5 years (4 to 5 generations), all the dry grass residues of the current year and previous years should be cut and turned over before the rainy season arrives in July, and then the green manure can be re-seeded.

[0020] Furthermore, the Chinese cabbage-type strong winter rapeseed variety in step (2) is Yanyou No. 2. According to the climate characteristics of semi-arid areas, the annual green manure variety Eryuelan, which has a shallow root system, consumes less water for growth, has a consistent phenological period, and can safely overwinter at a low temperature of -20°C, and the Chinese cabbage-type strong winter rapeseed variety Yanyou No. 2 were selected, and according to the characteristics of Eryuelan with a small above-ground biomass and rapeseed with a large above-ground biomass, the seeds of the two were mixed at a ratio of 10:1.5 and sown between the rows of the apple orchard.

[0021] Furthermore, in step (3), the mixing ratio of February orchid and rapeseed seeds is 10:1.5.

[0022] Furthermore, in step (4), the green manure is sown in early August.

[0023] Furthermore, in step (7), February orchid and rapeseed are re-sown in early August of the same year.

[0024] Furthermore, after the green manure sprouts, spray pesticides for prevention and control according to the insect index.

[0025] Rapeseed can be cut manually or mechanically.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0027] The present invention utilizes the climate characteristics of heavy rain in autumn and drought in winter and spring in semi-arid areas, selects green manure crops, such as February orchid and cabbage-type strong winter rapeseed varieties, which can safely overwinter locally, and mixes them between rows in the orchard during the autumn rainy season to avoid competing with fruit trees for water; the February orchid and rapeseed seeds that mature in the summer of the following year fall to the ground, germinate in the autumn when it rains and continue to grow, so that a benign orchard ecological cycle of green manure sowing for one year and self-sowing and propagating for many years can be formed. February orchid and rapeseed form ground cover during the growing season, and the dry and dead branches of February orchid and rapeseed cover the ground in June and July, thereby forming a year-round grass cover for the orchard, reducing ground exposure, lowering the temperature of the orchard in summer, and reducing soil evaporation; the pore structure formed by the interlacing of the green manure roots increases rainwater infiltration and soil moisture storage, thereby improving soil moisture conditions; after the green manure rots, the soil organic matter and mineral nutrient content are increased; green manure covering the ground can also inhibit orchard weeds. This technology combines the functions of moisture conservation and water increase, soil fertilization, orchard weed suppression, orchard ecology improvement, cost savings, and increased production and income. It not only provides a new method and basis for solving bottleneck problems such as soil infertility and water deficiency faced in apple production in semi-arid areas, but is also simple to operate, has great significance in production, and has huge market potential. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 is the effect of planting several green manure crops on soil moisture content;

[0029] Figure 2It is the soil moisture content in the third year after February violet and rapeseed were mixed in the orchard (the second year of green manure self-seeding reproduction). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] In order to further explain the technical means and effects adopted by the present invention to achieve the predetermined invention purpose, the specific implementation methods, technical solutions, features and effects of the present invention are described in detail below with preferred embodiments. The specific features, structures, or characteristics of the multiple embodiments in the following description can be combined in any suitable form.

[0031] 1. Selection and cultivation of plant materials: Orychophragmus violaceus L., Brassica campestris L., a strong winter rapeseed variety Yanyou No. 2, arrow pea, and hairy vetch were selected as green manure materials.

[0032] 2. Required instruments and reagents: rotary tiller, multifunctional small and medium-grain crop precision direct seeding machine or spray seeder and related agricultural tools, fertilizers such as diammonium phosphate and urea.

[0033] Example 1: Screening test of green manure varieties by self-seeding in orchards

[0034] (1) The implementation site is an apple orchard in the hilly mountainous area of ​​Yan'an City. The land in the orchard is flat. The fruit tree varieties are Red Fuji Maluspumila Mill., with Malus octagonalis as the rootstock. The planting density is 5m×4m, and the trees are 3 years old.

[0035] (2) In late July, use a rotary tiller to till the land between the fruit tree rows to a depth of 13 cm. Combined with land preparation, apply 180 kg / ha of diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer.

[0036] (3) After the rain around August 10, rapeseed and February orchid were sown mechanically in furrows, with a soil covering depth of 0.5-1 cm and a row spacing of 30 cm; the sowing rate of February orchid was 22.5 kg / ha and the sowing rate of rapeseed was 4.5 kg / ha. After the rain in early September, arrow pea and hairy vetch were sown at a sowing rate of 45 kg / ha, and the soil was shallowly covered after sowing, with a soil covering depth of ≤2.0 cm. After the emergence of green manure, insecticide was sprayed according to the insect index. After the rain, 105 kg / ha of urea was applied to promote seedling growth of rapeseed and February orchid at the 5-leaf stage. No urea was applied to arrow pea and hairy vetch.

[0037] (4) Comparison of the frost resistance of several green manure crops revealed that under the lowest winter temperature of -21°C, the winter survival rates of Eryuelan and Yanyou 2 rapeseed plants were ≥85%, while those of arrow pea and hairy vetch were <10% and 20% to 30%.

[0038] (5) Eryuelan, Yanyou No. 2 rapeseed, and hairy vetch planted in autumn enter the flowering period in April of the following year. Comparing the plant height (length of hairy vetch runner) and taproot length during the flowering period, the order from large to small is: hairy vetch > rapeseed > Eryuelan. The aboveground biological yield (hay yield) of Yanyou No. 2 rapeseed, Eryuelan, and hairy vetch during the flowering period is 696.8, 247.5, and 468.8 kg / mu, respectively (Table 1). Hairy vetch has well-developed lateral roots, which can penetrate 1 meter deep into the soil.

[0039] Table 1 Biological characteristics and nutrient content of several green manure crops

[0040]

[0041] (5) The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the flowering period were 2.28%, 0.20% and 3.29% in Cymbidium chinense, 3.49%, 0.26% and 1.80% in rapeseed, and 4.22%, 0.15% and 0.99% in Vetch, as shown in Table 1. Cymbidium chinense had the highest potassium content, rapeseed had the highest phosphorus content, and Vetch had the highest nitrogen content.

[0042] (6) The soil moisture content was measured in April of the following year. Compared with the control (clear tillage), the soil moisture content in the 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly reduced after planting Eryuelan and Yanyou No. 2 rapeseed, and the soil moisture content in the 20-100 cm soil layer was significantly or insignificantly increased. The soil moisture content in the 100-120 cm soil layer was not significantly different from the control. After planting hairy vetch, the soil moisture content in the 0-120 cm soil layer was significantly or insignificantly lower than that in the control. Figure 1 That is, hairy vetch consumes more deep soil moisture during its growth, which reduces the moisture content of deep soil, while Eryuelan and Yanyou No. 2 rapeseed mainly consume soil moisture in the 0-20 cm soil layer during their growth. Planting Eryuelan and rapeseed can increase the soil water storage capacity in the 20-100 cm soil layer.

[0043] (7) In June, the seeds of February orchid and rapeseed mature, and the plants dry up and cover the ground; the mature seeds fall into the soil, and after the rain in early August, the seeds germinate and continue to grow, and can safely overwinter. The flowering period of hairy vetch lasts until the end of August, and the fallen mature seeds can also germinate if it rains.

[0044] (8) Comprehensive analysis shows that Eryuelan and Yanyou No. 2 rapeseed have shallow root systems, consume less deep soil water during the growing season, have strong frost resistance, can safely overwinter in semi-arid areas, are rich in plant nutrients, and have strong self-seeding and reproduction capabilities. Therefore, they are suitable green manure varieties for orchards in semi-arid areas.

[0045] Example 2: Self-seeding green manure mixed intercropping experiment in apple orchards in semi-arid areas

[0046] (1) The implementation location, basic conditions of the orchard, and fruit tree species are the same as those in Example 1.

[0047] (2) In late July, use a rotary tiller to till the soil between the fruit tree rows to a depth of 13 cm, and apply 180 kg / ha of diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer in conjunction with land preparation.

[0048] (3) Mix Eryuelan and Yanyou No. 2 rapeseed seeds in a ratio of 10:1.5. Sow seeds before or after rain in early August while the soil is moist. Before sowing, mix the mixed seeds with urea in a ratio of 1:10, put them into the sprayer box and spray them at a rate of 22.5 kg / ha. Sow green manure seeds between the rows of fruit trees outside the canopy projection. Sprinkle 105 kg / ha of urea after rain when the rapeseed is in the 5-leaf stage to promote seedling growth.

[0049] (4) February orchid and rapeseed enter their flowering period in April of the following year. In June, the seeds of February orchid and rapeseed mature, the plants dry up and cover the surface, and the mature seeds fall into the soil. After the rain in early August, the seeds germinate and continue to grow, and can safely overwinter. After overwintering, they enter their flowering period again in April of the following year, and the growth cycle continues.

[0050] (3) The soil moisture content of February orchid and rapeseed intercropping (February orchid + rapeseed) was measured at the beginning of the flowering period (late April) in the third year after the orchard was planted. The average soil moisture content of the 0-20, 20-100, and 100-160 cm soil layers was 9.53%, 15.23%, and 14.3%, respectively, while that of the control (clean tillage) was 10.8%, 11.94%, and 14.7%. Compared with the control, the soil moisture content of the 20-100 cm soil layer increased significantly by about 27.6% after February orchid and rapeseed intercropping was planted in the orchard, but the soil moisture content of the 0-20 and 100-160 cm soil layers was not significantly affected. Figure 2 .

[0051] (5) In the third year after February orchid and rapeseed were intercropped in the orchard (the second year of self-sowing of green manure), the soil nutrient content of the 0-20 cm soil layer was measured in late July. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium content increased significantly, increasing by 32.0%, 22.2%, 8.9%, 20.8%, and 48.9% respectively compared with the control (clear tillage), as shown in Table 2. Therefore, the intercropping of February orchid and rapeseed in the orchard has a significant effect on improving soil fertility.

[0052] Table 2 Soil nutrient content in the third year after February orchid and rapeseed were mixed in the orchard (the second year of green manure self-seeding propagation)

[0053]

[0054] (8) The orchards implementing the method were investigated and found to have very few weed species and numbers, with only sporadic weeds, and no mowing or weed clearing was required from March to July; whereas the orchards not implementing the method had a large number and variety of weeds, with weeds covering the ground and reaching a height of about 70 cm, and manual mowing was required 3 to 4 times from March to July. The present invention significantly inhibits orchard weeds and reduces planting costs.

[0055] In short, by mixing February orchid and cabbage-type strong winter rapeseed in apple orchards in semi-arid areas during the autumn rainy season (early August), biomass complementarity can be achieved, and competition for water with fruit trees can be avoided. It can also safely overwinter, and can also form year-round grass coverage in the orchard, reduce ground exposure and soil evaporation, increase rainwater infiltration, increase soil moisture accumulation, increase green manure input, fertilize the soil, and suppress orchard weeds, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of apple production and reducing costs.

[0056] For matters not covered in the embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art can select from the prior art.

[0057] The above disclosure is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, which should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the above claims.

Claims

1. A method for self-seeding green manure mixed intercropping in apple orchards in semi-arid areas, characterized in that: The method comprises the following steps: (1) Land preparation before sowing: Before land preparation, spread 150-225 kg / ha of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as base fertilizer, and plow the soil between the rows outside the tree crown projection to a depth of 12-15 cm; (2) Selection of green manure varieties: Orychophragmus violaceus L. and Brassica campestris L., strong winter rapeseed varieties; (3) Mixed intercropping of green manure in apple orchards: Mix February orchid and rapeseed seeds, and sow the mixed green manure seeds between the rows of fruit trees. The green manure should be sown outside the projection of the tree canopy, with a sowing rate of 22.5-25.5 kg / ha; (4) Self-seeding and growth of green manure: The seeds of February orchid and rapeseed are sown in autumn and bloom in April of the following year. The seeds mature in June and fall to the ground. When it rains, they germinate and continue to grow. After wintering, they bloom and set seeds in April of the following year. This is how self-seeding and growth cycle occurs. (5) Topdressing: In autumn every year, when the orchid and rapeseed are 5 to 6 leaves, spread urea at 75 to 150 kg / ha after rain to promote seedling growth; (6) Rolling: Roll the dried green manure plants on a sunny day in late July to make them lie flat on the ground; (7) Re-seeding: After 4 to 5 years of self-seeding of green manure, all the hay residues of the current year and previous years should be cut and turned over before the rainy season arrives in July, and then the green manure can be re-seeded.

2. The method for self-seeding green manure mixed intercropping in apple orchards in semi-arid areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The Brassica campestris L. strong winter rapeseed variety in step (2) is Yanyou 2.

3. The method for self-seeding green manure mixed intercropping in apple orchards in semi-arid areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: In step (3), the mixing ratio of February orchid and rapeseed seeds is 10:1.

5.

4. The method for self-seeding green manure mixed intercropping in apple orchards in semi-arid areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: In step (3), the green manure is sown in early August.

5. The method for self-seeding green manure mixed intercropping in apple orchards in semi-arid areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: In step (7), February orchid and rapeseed are mixed and sown again in early August of the same year.

6. The method of self-seeding green manure mixed intercropping in apple orchards in semi-arid areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: After the green manure sprouts, spray pesticides for prevention and control according to the insect index.

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