An alternative to corn feed and its preparation method

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of feed production technology, specifically a method for preparing a substitute for corn feed. The preparation steps are as follows: S1, pretreated giant reed grass is placed in a mixed solution of water, ethanol, and acetic acid to obtain a primary filtrate and a primary filter residue; S2, the primary filtrate obtained in step S1 is mixed with pretreated edible mushroom residue to obtain a secondary filtrate and a secondary filter residue; S3, the secondary filter residue is mixed with water to obtain a mixture, and *Thiobacillus ferrooxidans* and *Thiobacillus thiooxidans* are added to the mixture for fermentation, followed by centrifugation and filtration to obtain a tertiary filter residue; S4, the tertiary filter residue is mixed with the primary filter residue and the secondary filtrate, and laccase, lactic acid bacteria, *Lactobacillus plantarum*, and yeast are added for fermentation to obtain the finished feed product. This invention prepares feed through the joint fermentation of edible mushroom residue and giant reed grass, which can effectively replace corn feed, and the feed has a low heavy metal content.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of feed production technology, specifically to a substitute for corn feed and its production method. Background Technology

[0002] Feed is a general term for the food of animals raised by all people. In a narrower sense, feed mainly refers to the food of animals raised in agriculture or animal husbandry.

[0003] The main raw materials for modern feed include soybeans, soybean meal, corn, grains, and other feed ingredients. Most of these feed ingredients are agricultural crops, and the consumption of agricultural crops as feed is very large. Therefore, new raw materials have emerged that can replace agricultural crops as feed ingredients, have a sufficiently large yield, and can meet the nutritional needs of livestock.

[0004] Giant reed grass and mushroom residue can be used to replace traditional crops as feed ingredients. Both have very high yields and provide sufficient nutrition to meet the needs of livestock. However, these feed ingredients have problems. For example, while giant reed grass has a large yield, as a plant that improves soil composition, it easily accumulates heavy metals in the soil. These heavy metals enter the livestock's body with the feed and eventually accumulate in the human body, causing harm to human health. Therefore, to address the problems mentioned in the background art, those skilled in the art propose a feed prepared by co-fermentation of mushroom residue and giant reed grass, which has a low heavy metal content. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide an alternative to corn feed and a method for producing it, so as to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0007] A method for preparing a substitute for corn feed includes the following steps:

[0008] S1. Place the pretreated giant reed into a mixed solution of water, ethanol and acetic acid, heat and stir at a constant temperature for 8-20 hours, and then filter to obtain a primary filtrate and a primary residue.

[0009] S2. Mix the primary filtrate obtained in step S1 with the pretreated edible fungus residue for 2-5 hours and then filter to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue.

[0010] S3. Mix the secondary filter residue obtained in step S2 with water to obtain a mixture. Add ferrous thiobacillus and sulfur thiobacillus to the mixture and aerobic ferment at 25-35℃ for 3-8 days. After fermentation, centrifuge and filter multiple times with sufficient water and remove the filtrate to obtain the tertiary filter residue.

[0011] S4. Mix the three filter residues obtained in step S3 with the one filter residues obtained in step S1 and the two filtrates obtained in step S2, and add laccase, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast for anaerobic fermentation. The fermentation time is 14-25 days. After the fermentation is completed, the finished feed product is obtained.

[0012] Furthermore, in step S1, the heating temperature is 40-55℃, the mass ratio of acetic acid, water and ethanol is 1:(8-12):(10-15), and the ratio of the mass of pretreated giant reed to the sum of the masses of acetic acid, water and ethanol is 1:2.

[0013] Furthermore, the mass ratio between the pretreated edible mushroom residue in step S2 and the pretreated giant reed in step S1 is 1:(2-4).

[0014] Furthermore, in step S3, the mass ratio of *Thiobacillus ferrooxidans*, *Thiobacillus thiooxidans*, and water to the pretreated edible mushroom residue in step S2 is 1:(1-2):(400-900):(300-600).

[0015] Furthermore, the mass ratio of laccase, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast in step S4 to the pretreated giant reed in step S1 is 1:(0.5-4):(2-3):(5-10):(500-1000).

[0016] Furthermore, the pretreated giant reed is prepared by the following method:

[0017] After harvesting, the giant Napier grass is washed and then cut into 1-2cm thin strips using a cutting machine. The cut giant Napier grass is then dried to obtain pre-treated giant Napier grass.

[0018] Furthermore, the preparation of the pretreated edible mushroom residue is achieved through the following method:

[0019] S101. Put the edible mushroom residue into a pulverizer and pulverize it. Then, pass the pulverized edible mushroom residue through a 50-mesh screen.

[0020] S102. Soak the edible mushroom residue sieved in step S101 in a mixed solution of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 0.1 mol / L and sodium bicarbonate with a concentration of 1 mol / L for 0.5-1 h, and keep the temperature constant during the soaking process.

[0021] S103. Filter the mixed solution in step S102 to remove the filtrate. Wash the filtered product with water until the pH is neutral. Then put the filtered product into a hot air box to dry at a temperature of 65°C. After drying, the pretreated edible fungus residue is obtained.

[0022] Furthermore, in step S102, the heating temperature is 50-60℃, and the mass ratio between the sieved edible mushroom residue and the mixed solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate is 1:4.

[0023] A corn substitute feed is produced using the aforementioned method for producing a corn substitute feed.

[0024] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0025] This invention produces feed by co-fermenting edible mushroom residue and giant reed grass. The resulting feed can effectively replace corn feed, reducing crop consumption. Both giant reed grass and edible mushroom residue have very high yields, playing a very good substitution role and making better use of resources. In addition, the feed produced by this invention can effectively reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in livestock, thereby reducing the harm caused to human health after heavy metals enter the human body through the food chain. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is a process flow diagram of the method for producing corn feed as an alternative to the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 This is a process flow diagram of the pretreatment method for preparing edible mushroom residue in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0028] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0029] Please see Figures 1 to 2 The present invention provides a technical solution:

[0030] This invention produces feed by co-fermenting giant reed grass and edible mushroom residue, which can be used for traditional crops such as corn. This reduces production costs and provides good feeding results for livestock. Both the giant reed grass and edible mushroom residue used are pre-treated, and the specific operation method is as follows:

[0031] Preparation of pretreated giant reed:

[0032] After the harvested giant reed grass is washed, it is cut into 1-2cm thin strips using a cutting machine. The cut giant reed grass is then dried to obtain pre-treated giant reed grass. Specifically, according to the present invention, the total weight of the harvested giant reed grass is 5000kg.

[0033] The pretreatment of giant reed grass is mainly to clean it and cut it into sections to facilitate subsequent fermentation. After drying, the giant reed grass is easier to extract with alcohol and acid solutions in the process, which facilitates the precipitation of heavy metals.

[0034] Preparation of pre-treated edible mushroom residue:

[0035] S101. Put 2500kg of edible mushroom residue into a crusher and crush it. Pass the crushed edible mushroom residue through a 50-mesh screen.

[0036] S102. Soak the edible mushroom residue sieved in step S101 in a mixed solution of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 0.1 mol / L and sodium bicarbonate with a concentration of 1 mol / L for 0.5-1 h, and keep the temperature constant during the soaking process.

[0037] S103. Filter the mixed solution in step S102 to remove the filtrate. Wash the filtered product with water until the pH is neutral. Then put the filtered product into a hot air box to dry at a temperature of 65°C. After drying, the pretreated edible fungus residue is obtained.

[0038] The pretreatment of edible mushroom residue includes crushing, alkali treatment and hot air drying, which facilitates the reduction of particle size and expansion of edible mushroom residue, amplifies the high porosity and multiple active sites of edible mushroom residue itself, and enables rapid absorption of heavy metals in the filtrate.

[0039] The overall fermentation of feed includes the following four steps:

[0040] S1. The pretreated giant reed grass is placed in a mixed solution of water, ethanol and acetic acid, and heated and stirred at a constant temperature for 8-20 hours. After heating and stirring, the mixture is filtered to obtain a primary filtrate and a primary residue. In step S1, the heavy metals in the giant reed grass are extracted by the mixed solution.

[0041] S2. After mixing the primary filtrate obtained in step S1 with the pretreated edible fungus residue for 2-5 hours, filter to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary residue. The heavy metals contained in the primary filtrate quickly combine with the porous and multi-active site edible fungus residue, and the primary filtrate with the heavy metals removed becomes the secondary filtrate.

[0042] S3. Mix the secondary filter residue obtained in step S2 with water to obtain a mixture. Add *Thiobacillus ferrooxidans* and *Thiobacillus thiooxidans* to the mixture and ferment aerobically at 25-35℃ for 3-8 days. After fermentation, centrifuge and filter multiple times with sufficient water and remove the filtrate to obtain the tertiary filter residue. In this step, the combined action of *Thiobacillus ferrooxidans* and *Thiobacillus thiooxidans* completes the adsorption and passivation of heavy metals. The high porosity of the edible mushroom residue also facilitates its enrichment as a carrier for *Thiobacillus ferrooxidans* and *Thiobacillus thiooxidans*, accelerating the treatment speed of heavy metals. Finally, the treated edible mushroom residue is separated by centrifugation.

[0043] S4. Mix the three-stage filter residue obtained in step S3 with the one-stage filter residue obtained in step S1 and the two-stage filtrate obtained in step S2, and add laccase, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast for anaerobic fermentation. The fermentation time is 14-25 days. After the fermentation is completed, the feed product is obtained. In this step, laccase, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast are used for co-fermentation of edible mushroom residue and giant reed grass. In addition, the one-stage filtrate is added. The one-stage filtrate is obtained by extracting giant reed grass. During the extraction of giant reed grass, not only heavy metals are precipitated, but also polysaccharides, inorganic salts and small molecule peptides are precipitated in large quantities. The co-fermentation effectively improves the utilization efficiency of raw materials.

[0044] Specifically, the present invention produces feed through the following four embodiments:

[0045] Example 1

[0046] A method for preparing a substitute for corn feed includes the following steps:

[0047] S1. 420 kg of pretreated giant reed grass was placed in a mixed solution of 385 kg water, 420 kg ethanol and 35 kg acetic acid, heated to 45°C and stirred continuously for 18 h. After heating and stirring, the mixture was filtered to obtain a first filtrate and a first filter residue.

[0048] S2. The primary filtrate obtained in step S1 is mixed with 140 kg of pretreated edible fungus residue for 4.5 h and then filtered to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue.

[0049] S3. Mix the secondary filter residue obtained in step S2 with 210 kg of water to obtain a mixture. Add 0.35 kg of ferrooxidizing thiobacillus and 0.42 kg of sulfur-oxidizing thiobacillus to the mixture and aerobic ferment at 32°C for 5 days. After fermentation, centrifuge and filter multiple times with sufficient water and remove the filtrate to obtain the tertiary filter residue.

[0050] S4. Mix the three filter residues obtained in step S3 with the one filter residues obtained in step S1 and the two filtrates obtained in step S2, and add 0.53 kg of laccase, 1.32 kg of lactic acid bacteria, 1.12 kg of Lactobacillus plantarum and 4.21 kg of yeast for anaerobic fermentation. The fermentation time is 22 days. After the fermentation is completed, the finished feed product is obtained.

[0051] Example 2

[0052] A method for preparing a substitute for corn feed includes the following steps:

[0053] S1. 420 kg of pretreated giant reed grass was placed in a mixed solution of 176.8 kg of water, 221 kg of ethanol and 22.1 kg of acetic acid, heated to 40°C and stirred continuously for 8 hours. After heating and stirring, the mixture was filtered to obtain a first filtrate and a first filter residue.

[0054] S2. Mix the primary filtrate obtained in step S1 with 210 kg of pretreated edible fungus residue for 2 hours and then filter to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue.

[0055] S3. Mix the secondary filter residue obtained in step S2 with 280 kg of water to obtain a mixture. Add 0.7 kg of ferrous thiobacillus and 0.7 kg of sulfur thiobacillus to the mixture and aerobic ferment at 25°C for 3 days. After fermentation, centrifuge and filter multiple times with sufficient water and remove the filtrate to obtain the tertiary filter residue.

[0056] S4. Mix the three filter residues obtained in step S3 with the one filter residues obtained in step S1 and the two filtrates obtained in step S2, and add 0.84 kg of laccase, 0.42 kg of lactic acid bacteria, 1.68 kg of Lactobacillus plantarum and 4.2 kg of yeast for anaerobic fermentation. The fermentation time is 14 days. After the fermentation is completed, the finished feed product is obtained.

[0057] Example 3

[0058] A method for preparing a substitute for corn feed includes the following steps:

[0059] S1. 420 kg of pretreated giant reed grass was placed in a mixed solution of 180 kg of water, 225 kg of ethanol and 15 kg of acetic acid, heated to 55 °C and stirred continuously for 20 h. After heating and stirring, the mixture was filtered to obtain a first filtrate and a first filter residue.

[0060] S2. Mix the primary filtrate obtained in step S1 with 105 kg of pretreated edible fungus residue for 5 hours and then filter to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue.

[0061] S3. Mix the secondary filter residue obtained in step S2 with 157.5 kg of water to obtain a mixture. Add 0.175 kg of ferrooxidizing thiobacillus and 0.35 kg of sulfur-oxidizing thiobacillus to the mixture and aerobic ferment at 35°C for 8 days. After fermentation, centrifuge and filter multiple times with sufficient water and remove the filtrate to obtain the tertiary filter residue.

[0062] S4. Mix the three filter residues obtained in step S3 with the one filter residues obtained in step S1 and the two filtrates obtained in step S2, and add 0.42 kg of laccase, 1.68 kg of lactic acid bacteria, 1.26 kg of Lactobacillus plantarum and 4.2 kg of yeast for anaerobic fermentation. The fermentation time is 25 days. After the fermentation is completed, the finished feed product is obtained.

[0063] Example 4

[0064] A method for preparing a substitute for corn feed includes the following steps:

[0065] S1. 420 kg of pretreated giant reed grass was placed in a mixed solution of 157.5 kg of water, 245 kg of ethanol and 17.5 kg of acetic acid, heated to 50 °C and stirred continuously for 16 h. After heating and stirring, the mixture was filtered to obtain a primary filtrate and a primary filter residue.

[0066] S2. The primary filtrate obtained in step S1 is mixed with 180 kg of pretreated edible fungus residue for 3.5 h and then filtered to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue.

[0067] S3. Mix the secondary filter residue obtained in step S2 with 320 kg of water to obtain a mixture. Add 0.4 kg of ferrous thiobacillus and 0.7 kg of sulfur thiobacillus to the mixture and aerobic ferment at 35°C for 7 days. After fermentation, centrifuge and filter multiple times with sufficient water and remove the filtrate to obtain the tertiary filter residue.

[0068] S4. Mix the three filter residues obtained in step S3 with the one filter residues obtained in step S1 and the two filtrates obtained in step S2, and add 0.48 kg of laccase, 1.45 kg of lactic acid bacteria, 1.2 kg of Lactobacillus plantarum and 3.36 kg of yeast for anaerobic fermentation. The fermentation time is 21 days. After the fermentation is completed, the finished feed product is obtained.

[0069] Comparative Example

[0070] The difference between Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 is that steps S2 and S3 are directly omitted, while the remaining steps are exactly the same as in Example 1.

[0071] The heavy metal content of the feeds prepared in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Example 1 was determined. The detection method for arsenic was in accordance with GB / T 13079, the detection standard for mercury was in accordance with GB / T 13081, and the detection standard for lead was in accordance with GB / T 13080. The results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0072] Table 1: Heavy metal content of feeds prepared in Examples 1-4 and the comparative example

[0073] Arsenic (mg / kg) Mercury (mg / kg) Lead (mg / kg) Example 1 0.18 0.048 1.54 Example 2 0.24 0.042 1.38 Example 3 0.31 0.059 1.51 Example 4 0.22 0.037 1.69 Comparative Example 1.05 0.096 3.07

[0074] As can be seen from the data in Example 1 and the comparative example in Table 1 above, the feed produced by the present invention can effectively reduce the heavy metal content, avoid the accumulation of heavy metals in the human body through animals, and reduce the health hazards to humans. Moreover, the arsenic content of the feed products obtained in Examples 1-4 is ≤2mg / kg, which complies with the provisions of "Feed Hygiene Standard GB13078-2017"; the mercury content is ≤0.1mg / kg, which complies with the provisions of "Feed Hygiene Standard GB13078-2017"; and the lead content is ≤10mg / kg, which complies with the provisions of "Feed Hygiene Standard GB13078-2017".

[0075] Twenty-five beef cattle were selected, each with an average weight of approximately 150 kg. These cattle were divided into five groups of five. The groups were fed the feed prepared in Examples 1-4 and ordinary corn feed (corn protein feed produced by Fengyuan), respectively. The average weight of each group was measured before feeding. The feeding period was 28 days, with three feedings per day, each consisting of the same weight. After 28 days, the weight of each group was measured again. The test results are shown in Table 2 below.

[0076] Table 2: Weight changes of beef cattle after 28 days of feeding with standard corn feed in Examples 1-4 and Examples 4

[0077] Average body weight before feeding (kg) Average body weight (kg) after 28 days of feeding Weight gain (kg) Example 1 148.6 180.4 31.8 Example 2 156.4 189.7 33.3 Example 3 144.1 178.6 34.5 Example 4 152.8 189.6 36.8 Corn feed 147.3 181.2 33.9

[0078] As can be seen from Table 2 above, after feeding beef cattle with the feed prepared in the four embodiments of the present invention for 28 days, the weight gain was 31.8, 33.3, 34.5 and 36.8 kg respectively, with an average weight gain of 34.1 kg. Compared with the weight gain of 33.9 kg of ordinary corn feed, the weight gain effect is comparable, which proves that the feed prepared by the present invention, which is co-fermented with giant reed grass and edible mushroom residue, can be a good substitute for corn feed.

[0079] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for producing feed to replace corn, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Place the pretreated giant reed into a mixed solution of water, ethanol and acetic acid, heat and stir at a constant temperature for 8-20 hours, and then filter to obtain a primary filtrate and a primary residue. S2. Mix the primary filtrate obtained in step S1 with the pretreated edible fungus residue for 2-5 hours and then filter to obtain secondary filtrate and secondary filter residue. S3. Mix the secondary filter residue obtained in step S2 with water to obtain a mixture. Add ferrous thiobacillus and sulfur thiobacillus to the mixture and aerobic ferment at 25-35℃ for 3-8 days. After fermentation, centrifuge and filter multiple times with sufficient water and remove the filtrate to obtain the tertiary filter residue. S4. Mix the three filter residues obtained in step S3 with the one filter residues obtained in step S1 and the two filtrates obtained in step S2, and add laccase, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast for anaerobic fermentation. The fermentation time is 14-25 days. After the fermentation is completed, the finished feed product is obtained. In step S1, the heating temperature is 40-55℃, the mass ratio of acetic acid, water and ethanol is 1:(8-12):(10-15), and the mass ratio of the pretreated giant reed to the sum of the masses of acetic acid, water and ethanol is 1:

2. In step S3, the mass ratio of *Thiobacillus ferrooxidans*, *Thiobacillus thiooxidans*, and water to the pretreated edible mushroom residue in step S2 is 1:(1-2):(400-900):(300-600). The pretreated edible mushroom residue is prepared by the following method: S101. Put the edible mushroom residue into a pulverizer and pulverize it. The pulverized edible mushroom residue is then passed through a 50-mesh sieve. S102. Soak the edible mushroom residue sieved in step S101 in a mixed solution of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 0.1 mol / L and sodium bicarbonate with a concentration of 1 mol / L for 0.5-1 h, and keep the temperature constant during the soaking process. S103. Filter the mixed solution in step S102 to remove the filtrate. Wash the filtered product with water until the pH is neutral. Then put the filtered product into a hot air box to dry at a temperature of 65°C. After drying, the pretreated edible fungus residue is obtained.

2. The method for producing a substitute for corn feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass ratio between the pretreated edible mushroom residue in step S2 and the pretreated giant reed in step S1 is 1:(2-4).

3. The method for producing a substitute for corn feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass ratio of laccase, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast in step S4 to the pretreated giant reed in step S1 is 1:(0.5-4):(2-3):(5-10):(500-1000).

4. The method for producing a substitute for corn feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pretreated giant reed is prepared by the following method: After harvesting, the giant Napier grass is washed and then cut into 1-2cm thin strips using a cutting machine. The cut giant Napier grass is then dried to obtain pre-treated giant Napier grass.

5. The method for producing a substitute for corn feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S102, the heating temperature is 50-60℃, and the mass ratio between the sieved edible mushroom residue and the mixed solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate is 1:

4.

6. A corn substitute feed, characterized in that, It is produced by the method for producing corn substitute feed as described in any one of claims 1-5.

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