Tokamak plasma vacuum chamber cascade heat utilization device

Abstract

The invention discloses a Tokamak plasma vacuum cavity wall body layered embedded pipe gradient heat utilization device, which is characterized in that a Tokamak vacuum cavity wall body is provided with a three-layer structure of an inner wall, a middle wall and an outer wall, and a high-temperature heat exchange pipe group, a middle-temperature heat exchange pipe group and a low-temperature heat exchange pipe group which are in arc fit are respectively embedded in the three-layer wall body; the distance between the plasma and the inner wall of the vacuum cavity is regulated and controlled through magnetic confinement, accurate adjustment of heat flux density is achieved, plasma heat is conducted from inside to outside in a stepped mode, the inner wall high-temperature heat exchange pipe set generates ultrahigh-temperature high-pressure steam for large-scale power generation, and the middle-wall medium-temperature heat exchange pipe set generates medium-temperature high-pressure steam for small-scale power generation. The outer wall low-temperature heat exchange pipe set heats water through waste heat to supply heat, and the distillation drinking water heat exchange pipe set achieves self-driven circulation through water vaporization natural impulsive force and also serves as a vacuum cavity wall body cooling protection layer. According to the device, Tokamak plasma heat cascade full utilization is achieved, the heat conduction efficiency is extremely high, the structure is simple and easy to achieve, direct output of multi-level energy can be completed only through the three-layer embedded pipe design of the vacuum cavity wall body, and the technical core focuses on heat exchange and energy distribution of the vacuum cavity body and the layered embedded pipes; and high-efficiency commercial conversion of nuclear fusion heat energy is adapted.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of nuclear fusion energy utilization technology, specifically to a cascaded heat utilization device with layered tubes embedded in the wall of a tokamak plasma vacuum chamber, which is particularly suitable for the efficient conversion and commercial application of thermal energy in tokamak nuclear fusion devices. Background Technology

[0002] As the core equipment of magnetic confinement nuclear fusion, the tokamak device generates extremely high heat during plasma operation. Traditional solutions mostly focus on single power generation or simple cavity wall cooling, resulting in problems such as low thermal energy utilization efficiency, energy gradient waste, and separation of cooling and power generation functions. Moreover, existing fusion thermal energy conversion devices are mostly single-stage output, which cannot meet the needs of multiple scenarios such as large-scale industrial power generation, small-scale supplementary power generation, and residential heating and hot water supply, making it difficult to achieve efficient commercialization of fusion energy across the entire chain. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Purpose of the invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a tokamak plasma vacuum cavity cascade heat utilization device. Through a three-layered tube-embedded annular vertical layout of the vacuum cavity wall, it achieves cascaded heat conduction and utilization across all scenarios, while also taking into account cavity wall cooling and protection. This solves the problems of low fusion thermal energy utilization efficiency and limited functionality, and promotes the commercialization of tokamak devices.

[0005] Technical solution

[0006] A tokamak plasma vacuum cavity cascade heat utilization device includes a tokamak plasma vacuum cavity. The cavity wall is fitted with three layers of heat exchange tubes arranged in a ring vertical layout, namely an inner wall high-temperature heat exchange tube group, a middle wall medium-temperature heat exchange tube group, and an outer wall low-temperature heat exchange tube group. The three layers of heat exchange tubes draw water from bottom to top. After being heated by plasma heat conducted through the cavity wall, ultra-high temperature, medium temperature, and low temperature steam flow are generated respectively. The three layers of heat exchange tubes also serve as a cooling and protection structure for the cavity wall.

[0007] Furthermore, the ultra-high temperature steam flow produced by the high temperature heat exchange tube group on the inner wall is adapted to drive a large steam turbine, the medium temperature steam flow produced by the medium temperature heat exchange tube group on the middle wall is adapted to drive a small steam turbine, and the water heated by the waste heat of the heat exchange tube group on the outer wall is adapted to urban heating and domestic hot water supply.

[0008] Furthermore, the three-layer heat exchange tube assembly is a structure with multiple tubes arranged in parallel, and the whole assembly can be arranged in a petal shape around the center of the tokamak to meet the energy output requirements of multiple steam turbines generating electricity simultaneously.

[0009] Working principle

[0010] The high-temperature heat generated during the operation of the tokamak plasma is conducted in a tiered manner from the inside to the outside through the vacuum chamber wall. Three layers of vertically arranged annular heat exchange tubes continuously draw water from the bottom up. The high-temperature heat exchange tubes on the inner wall are the first to contact the core high-temperature zone of the chamber wall, instantly vaporizing the water into ultra-high-temperature, high-pressure steam, which drives a large steam turbine for primary power generation. The medium-temperature heat exchange tubes on the middle wall absorb heat from the medium-temperature zone of the chamber wall, generating medium-temperature, high-pressure steam to drive a small steam turbine for supplemental power generation. The low-temperature heat exchange tubes on the outer wall utilize the residual heat from the chamber wall to heat the water, and the resulting warm water is directly used for urban centralized heating and domestic hot water supply. Simultaneously, the continuous flow and vaporization of the water within the heat exchange tubes continuously removes heat from the chamber wall, forming a natural cooling and protective layer to prevent damage from high-temperature erosion, thus achieving integrated operation of "cooling + power generation + domestic energy supply".

[0011] Beneficial effects

[0012] 1. Cascaded heat utilization for maximum efficiency: The plasma heat is distributed in a gradient manner through a three-layer heat exchange tube array. Ultra-high temperature, medium temperature and low temperature energy are respectively matched for large-scale power generation, small-scale power generation and domestic heating hot water, with no energy waste and heat utilization efficiency far higher than that of traditional single-stage solutions.

[0013] 2. Simple structure and integrated functions: Relying solely on the vacuum chamber wall embedded tube design, it can simultaneously achieve three core functions: chamber wall cooling, multi-level power generation, and residential energy supply. The structure is compact, requiring no additional complex heat exchange equipment, and the engineering implementation is simple.

[0014] 3. Flexible layout and strong adaptability: The three-layer heat exchange tube group has multiple parallel and ring-shaped vertical arrangements, which can be arranged in a petal shape around the center of the tokamak, easily adapting to the synchronous power generation of hundreds or more large steam turbines, and meeting the needs of large-scale energy output.

[0015] 4. Strong commercial applicability: It solves the core pain points of thermal energy conversion and cooling in tokamak devices, and can be directly connected to existing steam turbine power generation systems and urban heating networks, promoting nuclear fusion energy from the laboratory to large-scale commercial use, and helping to achieve energy independence and zero-carbon transformation.

[0016] Patentability Description

[0017] This invention, through the innovative design of a three-layer annular vertical tube embedded in the wall of a tokamak vacuum cavity, achieves for the first time the cascaded full utilization of fusion plasma heat. It also integrates three major functions: cavity wall cooling, multi-level power generation, and residential energy supply. Compared with existing technologies, it has outstanding substantive features and significant progress, and possesses the novelty, inventiveness, and utility requirements stipulated by patent law. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0019] Example 1

[0020] A tokamak plasma vacuum cavity cascade heat utilization device includes a tokamak plasma vacuum cavity. The cavity wall is fitted with a three-layer heat exchange tube assembly arranged in a ring vertical layout. The high-temperature heat exchange tube assembly on the inner wall, the medium-temperature heat exchange tube assembly on the middle wall, and the low-temperature heat exchange tube assembly on the outer wall are all made of high-temperature and high-pressure resistant alloy material, with a uniform tube diameter of 20mm. Each heat exchange tube assembly has 300 tubes arranged in parallel, and the whole assembly is arranged in a petal shape around the center of the tokamak.

[0021] All three layers of heat exchange tubes are connected to the municipal water supply system from bottom to top, drawing water at room temperature. When the tokamak plasma is running, the core temperature of the cavity wall reaches about 1000℃. The water in the high-temperature heat exchange tubes on the inner wall instantly vaporizes into ultra-high temperature and high pressure steam at 1000℃, which is then transported through pipelines to 10 large 1000MW steam turbines to generate the main power. The medium-temperature heat exchange tubes on the middle wall receive heat from the medium-temperature zone of the cavity wall (about 300-500℃) to generate medium-temperature steam, which drives 20 small steam turbines to generate supplementary power. The low-temperature heat exchange tubes on the outer wall use the residual heat of the cavity wall (about 80-100℃) to heat the water. The produced warm water is connected to the urban heating network and domestic hot water system to meet the needs of regional heating and domestic water use.

[0022] During operation, the water inside the heat exchange tube group continuously flows and vaporizes, carrying away heat from the cavity wall in real time, keeping the cavity wall temperature within a safe range, avoiding high-temperature erosion, and eliminating the need for an additional cooling system, thus achieving simultaneous cooling and energy utilization.

[0023] Example 2

[0024] The difference from Example 1 is that the high-temperature heat exchange tube assembly on the inner wall uses high-temperature and high-pressure alloy tubes with a diameter of 2cm, with 800 tubes laid in parallel and arranged in a petal shape around the center of the tokamak, which is suitable for 100 large steam turbines of 1000MW to generate electricity simultaneously.

[0025] Core parameters and operating details:

[0026] 1. Phase change time: With a conventional water supply flow rate of 1m / s, when the water flows through the 1000℃ high-temperature zone, it takes only 0.03~0.06 seconds (30~60 milliseconds) for the water to be completely vaporized into 1000℃ superheated steam through transient heat exchange. The millisecond-level phase change not only ensures energy conversion efficiency, but also avoids the continuous high-temperature load on the cavity wall caused by excessive heat exchange time, making it safe and efficient.

[0027] 2. Steam outlet velocity: Under the high-pressure environment of 20~25MPa suitable for fusion devices, the supersonic velocity of 1000℃ superheated steam at the outlet of a 2cm water pipe nozzle is about 700~850m / s (2~2.5 times the speed of sound), which is nearly twice as high as that of traditional thermal power steam. The energy density is maximized, and after the temperature is reduced, the high temperature resistance requirements of the steam for pipelines / turbines are reduced accordingly, which greatly reduces the difficulty of commercial deployment projects.

[0028] 3. Single-tube drive power: Based on steam parameters of 1000℃ / 700~850m / s, the continuous power output of a single 2cm water pipe is approximately 80~120MW. 8~10 water pipes of this specification can drive one 1000MW large steam turbine. 800 high-temperature heat exchange tubes on the inner wall can be used to power 100 large turbines, with a total installed capacity of 100,000MW (100 gigawatts), equivalent to the total power generation capacity of 4.4 Three Gorges Dams.

[0029] The system consists of 500 parallel medium-temperature heat exchange tubes on the middle wall, which collect heat from the medium-temperature zone of the cavity wall to generate medium-temperature steam, driving 50 small steam turbines for supplementary power generation. The system also includes 1000 parallel low-temperature heat exchange tubes on the outer wall, which utilize residual heat from the cavity wall to heat water. The resulting warm water can meet the needs of centralized heating, domestic hot water, and distilled drinking water for a medium-sized province. When the entire system is running, the three layers of heat exchange tubes simultaneously achieve full-scenario coverage of cavity wall cooling, main power generation, supplementary power generation, and residential energy supply, fully realizing the efficient cascade utilization and large-scale commercial application of fusion energy.

[0030] Figure description (brief explanation)

[0031] Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the tokamak plasma vacuum chamber cascade heat utilization device.

[0032] 01 High-temperature high-speed steam nozzle 02 Medium-temperature medium-speed steam nozzle 03 Low-temperature low-speed steam nozzle 04 Plasma vacuum chamber 05 Plasma 06 Inner wall high-temperature water pipe 07 Middle wall medium-temperature water pipe 08 Outer wall low-temperature water pipe 09 Foundation 10 Water inlet (return outlet) 11 Water tank

Claims

1. A tokamak plasma vacuum cavity cascade heat utilization device, characterized in that, The system includes a tokamak plasma vacuum chamber, on which a three-layer heat exchange tube assembly arranged in a ring vertical layout is embedded in the chamber wall. These three layers are: an inner high-temperature heat exchange tube assembly, a middle medium-temperature heat exchange tube assembly, and an outer low-temperature heat exchange tube assembly. Each of the three heat exchange tube assemblies draws water from bottom to top. After being heated by the plasma heat conducted through the vacuum chamber wall, ultra-high temperature, medium temperature, and low temperature steam flow are generated accordingly. The three heat exchange tube assemblies also serve as a cooling and protection structure for the vacuum chamber wall.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ultra-high temperature steam generated by the high temperature heat exchange tube group on the inner wall is adapted to drive a large steam turbine, the medium temperature steam generated by the medium temperature heat exchange tube group on the middle wall is adapted to drive a small steam turbine, and the water heated by the waste heat of the heat exchange tube group on the outer wall is adapted to urban heating and domestic hot water supply.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The three-layer heat exchange tube group is a structure with multiple tubes arranged in parallel. The whole can be arranged in a petal shape around the center of the tokamak to meet the energy output requirements of multiple steam turbines generating electricity simultaneously.

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