A low-carbon transformation path planning method for an electric heating system

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of low-carbon operation of integrated energy systems, and discloses a low-carbon transformation path planning method for an electric heating system, comprising the following steps: system construction: constructing an electric heating system, wherein the electric side at least includes a conventional power generation unit and a renewable energy power generation unit, and the thermal side at least includes a combined heat and power unit and a thermal load; and at least one coupling device is configured to improve the flexibility of the system, wherein the coupling device includes an electric boiler, a heat pump, a thermal energy storage and a carbon capture device; fuel working condition setting: setting multiple fuel working conditions for the combined heat and power unit and the conventional thermal power unit as one of the low-carbon transformation paths, wherein the fuel working conditions at least include a pure coal working condition, a pure natural gas working condition and a natural gas hydrogen blending working condition. The present application can output phased transformation schemes for different investment constraints, technical maturity and carbon emission reduction targets, and can provide a basis for the comparison and selection of low-carbon transformation paths and operation decisions of the electric heating system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of low-carbon operation technology of integrated energy systems, and in particular to a method for planning a low-carbon transformation path for an electric heating system. Background Technology

[0002] Driven by the "dual carbon" goal, district heating systems with CHP units have become a key area for low-carbon transformation due to their dual functions of providing centralized heating and power support. Existing low-carbon retrofitting solutions mostly focus on equipment-side coupling, such as configuring electric boilers, heat pumps, thermal storage devices, or carbon capture equipment, to alleviate the lack of flexibility on the power side caused by the "heat-driven power generation" model of CHP units and improve renewable energy consumption capacity. However, relying solely on equipment-side coupling is insufficient for deep decarbonization: on the one hand, if the heat source on the heating side remains primarily fossil fuels, carbon emissions will still be high; on the other hand, with the increase in renewable energy penetration, simple electricity-to-heat or thermal storage methods are insufficient to achieve large-scale energy transfer and fuel substitution across time periods and fuel types. Therefore, a planning method that considers both equipment-side transformation and fuel-side evolution in a unified manner is urgently needed.

[0003] Existing research on hydrogen energy coupling largely assumes the availability of unlimited or low-cost hydrogen from external sources, failing to fully consider the feasibility and engineering boundaries of the internal closed-loop process of hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. Furthermore, it often neglects the significant waste heat generated during electrolyzer operation. Simultaneously, heat pumps typically utilize only ambient heat sources, failing to couple the waste heat from electrolyzers as a high-quality heat source. Moreover, when comparing multiple fuel pathways including coal, natural gas, and hydrogen, the lack of a unified energy metering standard leads to distorted comparisons of cross-path economics and carbon emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a low-carbon transition pathway planning method for electrothermal systems that considers fuel mode switching, green hydrogen internal circulation, and waste heat recovery. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the problems in existing low-carbon planning for electric heating systems, such as the disconnect between equipment-side modifications and fuel-side evolution, the assumption that external hydrogen purchases do not meet engineering boundaries, the underutilization of waste heat from electrolyzers, and the lack of a unified comparison standard for multiple fuel pathways, this invention provides a low-carbon transformation path planning method for electric heating systems, comprising the following steps:

[0005] System Construction: Construct an electric heating system, with the electric side including at least conventional power generation units and renewable energy power generation units, and the heat side including at least a combined heat and power unit and heat load; and configure at least one coupling device to improve system flexibility, the coupling device including an electric boiler, a heat pump, thermal energy storage and a carbon capture device;

[0006] Fuel operating condition settings: Multiple fuel operating conditions are set for the cogeneration unit and conventional thermal power unit as one of the low-carbon transformation paths. The fuel operating conditions include at least: pure coal operating condition, pure natural gas operating condition, and natural gas blended with hydrogen operating condition.

[0007] Green hydrogen internal circulation access: Without considering the external purchase of hydrogen, an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage device are introduced. The electrolyzer produces hydrogen with electrical energy as input. The hydrogen is stored in the hydrogen storage device over time periods and then used for fuel supply under the condition of natural gas blending with hydrogen.

[0008] Waste heat recovery coupling: The waste heat generated during the operation of the electrolytic cell is recovered and connected to the heating side. The heat source of the heat pump consists of two parts: an ambient heat source and a waste heat source from the electrolytic cell, and can be dynamically allocated.

[0009] Path combination and solution: The combination of "fuel conditions + equipment-side coupling configuration + hydrogen energy subsystem" is used as a candidate transformation path. An electric-thermal-hydrogen synergistic optimization model is established for each path and solved to obtain the optimal operation strategy and results under the path.

[0010] Furthermore, when establishing an electricity-heat-hydrogen co-optimization model for each candidate path, fuel consumption is uniformly converted and measured using lower heating value, and the equivalent lower heating value of the mixed fuel under hydrogen blending conditions is determined by weighting according to the blending ratio; the model takes the optimization of the system comprehensive objective as the criterion, which consists of fuel cost, wind curtailment cost, carbon trading cost and the comprehensive cost of coupled equipment, and satisfies the constraints of power balance, thermal balance, hydrogen conservation, hydrogen storage state evolution, hydrogen blending ratio boundary and the operating boundary of each equipment.

[0011] Furthermore, the fuel cost under the pure coal or pure natural gas operating conditions is calculated based on fuel consumption and fuel price, with fuel consumption determined by the unit output through a quadratic function fitting; the fuel cost under the natural gas-hydrogen blending operating conditions is calculated based on the actual consumption of natural gas in the blended gas and the price of natural gas, with the lower heating value of the blended gas volume determined by a weighted average of the hydrogen blending ratio, the lower heating value of hydrogen, and the lower heating value of natural gas.

[0012] Furthermore, the hydrogen blending ratio under the natural gas blending condition meets the stable combustion boundary constraint of 10% to 20% by volume percentage, and the system carbon emissions are calculated only based on the actual consumption of natural gas in the mixed gas and the emission factor of natural gas. The green hydrogen generated by the electrolyzer does not produce carbon emissions during combustion.

[0013] Furthermore, the waste heat recovery of the electrolytic cell satisfies the waste heat recovery constraint, which specifically means that the recovered waste heat is equal to the product of the input electrical power of the electrolytic cell, the electrolysis efficiency, and the waste heat recovery coefficient. The recovered waste heat is supplied to the heat pump or discharged as waste heat according to the heat source allocation rules.

[0014] Furthermore, the operating characteristics of the heat pump satisfy the dual heat source distribution constraint, that is, the total heat power output by the heat pump is equal to the product of the input electrical power under the ambient heat source condition and the heating performance coefficient of the ambient source, plus the product of the input electrical power under the waste heat source condition and the heating performance coefficient of the waste heat source; wherein, the heating performance coefficient of the waste heat source condition is greater than the heating performance coefficient of the ambient source condition.

[0015] Furthermore, the hydrogen energy subsystem consisting of the electrolyzer and the hydrogen storage device satisfies the following constraints: the electrolyzer satisfies the constraints on the electro-hydrogen conversion efficiency and the upper and lower limits of the input power; the hydrogen storage device satisfies the constraints on the conservation of hydrogen mass, the upper and lower limits of the hydrogen storage capacity, and the mutual exclusion constraint of hydrogen charging and discharging; the electricity consumed in the hydrogen compression process is linearly related to the hydrogen storage power.

[0016] Furthermore, the comprehensive cost of the coupling equipment includes the operating costs of the electric boiler, heat pump, thermal energy storage, electrolyzer, and hydrogen storage tank. The operating costs of each piece of equipment are converted into daily costs according to the scheduling cycle and are determined based on the investment cost, maintenance cost, replacement cost, and service life of each piece of equipment.

[0017] Furthermore, the aforementioned power balance, thermal balance, and hydrogen-side conservation constraints are specifically as follows: at any given time period, the sum of the electrical power of the conventional power generation unit, the renewable energy power generation unit, and the combined heat and power (CHP) unit is equal to the sum of the electrical load, the electric boiler, the heat pump, the carbon capture device, the electrolyzer, and the hydrogen compression equipment; the sum of the heat release power of the CHP unit, the electric boiler, the heat pump, and the thermal storage device is equal to the sum of the heat load, the thermal storage power of the thermal storage device, and the heat consumption power of the carbon capture device; and the sum of the hydrogen production of the electrolyzer and the hydrogen release of the hydrogen storage device is equal to the sum of the hydrogen storage capacity of the hydrogen storage device and the hydrogen consumption of the gas turbine unit.

[0018] Furthermore, the optimal operating strategy and results include at least: the optimal operating strategy under each candidate transition path, the level of wind curtailment, the structure of primary energy input of fuel, the hydrogen production, storage and use trajectory and carbon emission results. The above output results are used to provide a comparable path library and decision-making basis for the phased low-carbon transition.

[0019] Compared with existing technologies, this invention provides a low-carbon transformation path planning method for electrothermal systems, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0020] 1. This invention constructs a three-layer path library of "equipment-side transformation—fuel-side transformation—hydrogen coupling," placing fuel condition switching (pure coal / pure natural gas / natural gas blended with hydrogen), electrothermal coupling equipment configuration (electric boiler / heat pump / thermal storage / carbon capture), and green hydrogen internal circulation subsystem (electrolyzer-hydrogen storage-waste heat recovery) under the same computable framework. This path library can output phased transformation schemes for different investment constraints, technology maturity levels, and carbon emission reduction targets, providing a basis for the comparison of low-carbon transformation paths and operational decisions for electrothermal systems.

[0021] 2. This invention, without relying on external hydrogen purchases, introduces an electrolyzer and hydrogen storage equipment to achieve a closed-loop internal system for green hydrogen production, storage, and utilization, and directly uses the hydrogen for the combustion of natural gas blended with hydrogen in CHP units. On the one hand, the electrolyzer can produce hydrogen during periods of renewable energy surplus or low electricity prices, realizing cross-period energy transfer and fuel substitution, reducing the impact of renewable energy output fluctuations on system operation; on the other hand, the closed-loop internal system reduces dependence on external hydrogen source prices and supply conditions, which is conducive to improving the boundary clarity and comparability of results when the hydrogen energy subsystem participates in the low-carbon transformation planning of the electrothermal system.

[0022] 3. This invention recovers waste heat from the operation of the electrolytic cell and connects it to the heating side of a heat pump, constructing a dual-source heat pump system consisting of an ambient heat source and a waste heat source, with the heat source ratio dynamically allocated. Since the heat pump's coefficient of performance (COP) is higher under waste heat source conditions than under ambient heat source conditions, this design reduces the equivalent power consumption of the heat pump, improves heating efficiency, and enables the recovery and utilization of waste heat from the electrolytic cell.

[0023] 4. This invention uses lower heating value (LHV) as a unified conversion benchmark to standardize energy measurement of coal, natural gas, and hydrogen consumption. The equivalent LHV of blended fuels under hydrogen blending conditions is determined by weighting according to the blending ratio. Fuel costs and carbon emission calculations are both based on this unified energy caliber. This design eliminates measurement biases in multi-fuel path comparisons, ensuring the comparability of pure coal, pure natural gas, and natural gas blended with hydrogen in terms of economics and carbon emissions, and providing a unified calculation basis for comparing the economics and carbon emissions of different fuel paths.

[0024] 5. This invention utilizes an electro-thermal-hydrogen synergistic optimization model, comprehensively considering fuel costs, wind curtailment penalties, carbon trading costs, and the converted costs of coupled equipment, while satisfying power balance, thermal balance, hydrogen conservation, hydrogen storage state evolution, hydrogen blending ratio boundaries, and operational constraints of each device. The solution outputs the optimal operating strategy, wind curtailment level, fuel energy input structure, hydrogen production, storage, and utilization trajectory, and carbon emission results for each path. Verification using a typical industrial park electro-thermal system example shows that, under conditions of 15% hydrogen blending, green hydrogen internal circulation, and waste heat recovery coupling, the system's carbon emissions are reduced by more than 60% compared to the pure coal path, the wind curtailment rate is reduced to below 3%, and the overall operating cost is lowered. This demonstrates that this method can provide a reference for the synergistic optimization of low-carbon, economical, and flexible systems. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 This is a framework diagram of an integrated electric-thermal-hydrogen system. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0027] Please see Figure 1 The present invention provides a technical solution:

[0028] This embodiment provides a low-carbon transition path planning method for regional electric heating systems containing combined heat and power (CHP) units. This embodiment uses an electric heating system in a typical industrial park in northern my country as an example, selecting a typical heating day as the scheduling cycle, with a time step of... Taking 1 hour, there are a total of 24 scheduling periods throughout the day. The system comprises: a 100MW coal-fired CHP unit, a 50MW pure condensing thermal power unit, and a 50MW wind farm. The peak electrical load is approximately 120MW, and the peak thermal load is approximately 80MW. The initial fuel condition for the system is pure coal operation.

[0029] To achieve low-carbon transition path planning, this embodiment first expands the system and configures parameters. On the equipment side, the following coupling devices are configured as a candidate set for the path: an electric boiler with a rated power of 30MW and a heat pump with a rated input power of 20MW (environmental source heating performance coefficient). Waste heat source heating performance coefficient A thermal storage device with a thermal storage capacity of 100MWh and a set of carbon capture devices with a rated carbon capture capacity of The carbon capture device. On the hydrogen energy subsystem side, an alkaline electrolyzer with a rated power of 15MW is configured (electrolysis efficiency...). The system includes a 15-year operating lifespan and a hydrogen storage tank with a capacity of 5000 Nm³ (operating pressure 1.6 MPa, maximum hydrogen charging / discharging rate of 500 Nm³ / h). A fuel property table is established: lower heating value of coal. coal prices Yuan / ton, emission factor Low heating value of natural gas gas price Yuan / Nm³, emission factor The lower heating value of hydrogen .

[0030] This embodiment determines the set of candidate transition paths through path generation and screening. The candidate path set is generated according to "fuel operating conditions—equipment configuration—hydrogen subsystem parameters—waste heat utilization method". Typical paths include, but are not limited to:

[0031] Path P1 (Baseline Path): Pure coal operation + electric boiler / thermal storage / heat pump + hydrogen-free subsystem;

[0032] Path P2 (Fuel-Side Transition Path): Pure Natural Gas Operating Conditions + Electric Boiler / Thermal Storage + Hydrogen-Free Subsystem;

[0033] Pathway P3 (Deep Low-Carbon Pathway): Natural Gas Blending with Hydrogen (Hydrogen Blending Ratio) + Electric boiler / heat storage / heat pump + electrolyzer + hydrogen storage (green hydrogen internal circulation) + waste heat recovery from electrolyzer to supply heat pump.

[0034] Among them, path P3 needs to meet the pre-screening conditions: an electrolyzer and hydrogen storage have been configured, the hydrogen doping ratio is in the stable combustion range of 10% to 20%, and the waste heat recovery interface of the electrolyzer has been connected to the waste heat source side of the heat pump.

[0035] For each candidate path, an electro-thermal-hydrogen co-optimization model is established. Taking path P3 as an example, the objective function is... To minimize overall operating costs, the specific expression is:

[0036]

[0037] In the formula, For fuel costs, The cost of wind curtailment penalty (unit cost of wind curtailment) (Take 500 yuan / MWh) Carbon trading costs (carbon price) Take 100 yuan / ton as the free carbon quota coefficient Pick ), The daily cost of the coupling equipment (including the investment and operation and maintenance costs of electric boilers, heat pumps, thermal storage, electrolyzers, and hydrogen storage tanks, converted to a daily scale based on an operating life of 10 to 20 years and 365 operating days per year).

[0038] For fuel cost and emissions accounting, this embodiment uses a unified conversion based on lower heating value (LHV). Taking hydrogen blending as an example, the volumetric LHV of the mixed fuel gas... According to the hydrogen doping ratio Weighted:

[0039]

[0040] According to the electrical power of the CHP unit With thermal power Secondary fuel characteristic curves are used to calculate the required fuel energy. Then convert it to the volumetric consumption of the mixed gas:

[0041]

[0042] Thus, the actual consumption of natural gas is obtained. Actual amount of hydrogen used: .

[0043] fuel costs Carbon emissions are based solely on and natural gas emission factors According to calculations, the electrolyzer produces hydrogen without generating carbon emissions. (Wind curtailment costs...) Carbon trading costs are calculated by multiplying the difference between the predicted wind power output and the actual grid-connected output by the unit cost of wind curtailment. .

[0044] Regarding constraints, this embodiment strictly satisfies power balance, thermal balance, and hydrogen conservation. The power balance equation is:

[0045]

[0046] The thermal balance equation is:

[0047] .

[0048] The hydrogen conservation equation is:

[0049]

[0050] Specifically, for the coupling of green hydrogen internal circulation and waste heat recovery in path P3, this embodiment sets the following key constraints:

[0051] Electrolytic cell operating constraints: , .

[0052] Hydrogen storage constraints:

[0053] Hydrogen charging and discharging are mutually exclusive: Compressed power consumption ,in .

[0054] Waste heat recovery constraints: Waste heat power recoverable from the electrolytic cell Waste heat is recovered and prioritized for supply to the waste heat source side of the heat pump; the remainder is discarded. .

[0055] Heat pump dual heat source distribution constraints: total output heat power of heat pump .in, and The input electrical power is from the environmental source and the waste heat source, respectively. The sum of the two is constrained by the rated power of the heat pump, and The corresponding available waste heat shall not exceed .

[0056] This embodiment uses a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) solver to solve the optimization model for each path. Using typical heating day data as input, paths P1, P2, and P3 are solved respectively to obtain the optimal operating strategy and results for each path.

[0057] The comparison of the solution results shows:

[0058] Under path P1 (pure coal + equipment coupling), the total carbon emissions of the system are 680 tons / day, the wind curtailment rate is 12.3%, and the comprehensive operating cost is 562,000 yuan / day. In the fuel energy input structure, coal accounts for 100%.

[0059] Under Pathway P2 (pure natural gas + equipment coupling), total carbon emissions are reduced to 410 tons / day, wind curtailment rate is reduced to 8.5%, and the comprehensive operating cost is 587,000 yuan / day (due to high gas prices). Natural gas accounts for 100% of the fuel energy input structure.

[0060] Under path P3 (15% hydrogen blending + green hydrogen internal circulation + waste heat recovery), total carbon emissions are further reduced to 270 tons / day, a 60.3% decrease compared to path P1. The wind curtailment rate drops to 3.1%, and the overall operating cost is 524,000 yuan / day, lower than both paths P1 and P2. The electrolyzer operates at full power during low electricity prices at night or during periods of surplus wind power (00:00-06:00), producing approximately 12,000 Nm³ of hydrogen per day, stored in hydrogen storage tanks, and used for hydrogen blending and combustion in the CHP unit during peak daytime heat load periods. The electrolyzer recovers an average of approximately 4.5 MW of waste heat, all of which is supplied to the waste heat source side of the heat pump, increasing the average COP of the heat pump from 3.0 under ambient source conditions to 5.0 under waste heat source conditions. Heat pump power consumption is reduced by approximately 40%, improving heating efficiency. In the fuel energy input structure, hydrogen accounts for 15% (by volume), corresponding to approximately 4.8% of the energy, replacing some of the natural gas consumption.

[0061] The optimal operating strategies, wind curtailment levels, fuel and energy input structures, hydrogen production, storage, and utilization trajectories, and carbon emission results for each of the above paths are archived to form a comparable path library. This embodiment ultimately outputs recommendations for different stages of low-carbon transition: Path P1 is suitable for near-term retrofitting (high investment constraints, limited natural gas availability); Path P2 is suitable for medium-term transition (well-developed natural gas infrastructure, low carbon prices); Path P3 is suitable for long-term deep decarbonization (mature hydrogen technology, sufficient surplus renewable electricity). System decision-makers can select or implement the corresponding transition path in stages from the path library based on their investment capabilities, carbon reduction targets, and resource conditions.

[0062] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for planning a low-carbon transition path for an electric heating system, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: System Construction: Construct an electric heating system, with the electric side including at least conventional power generation units and renewable energy power generation units, and the heat side including at least a combined heat and power unit and heat load; and configure at least one coupling device to improve system flexibility, the coupling device including an electric boiler, a heat pump, thermal energy storage and a carbon capture device; Fuel operating condition settings: Multiple fuel operating conditions are set for the cogeneration unit and conventional thermal power unit as one of the low-carbon transformation paths. The fuel operating conditions include at least: pure coal operating condition, pure natural gas operating condition, and natural gas blended with hydrogen operating condition. Green hydrogen internal circulation access: Without considering the external purchase of hydrogen, an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage device are introduced. The electrolyzer produces hydrogen with electrical energy as input. The hydrogen is stored in the hydrogen storage device over time periods and then used for fuel supply under the condition of natural gas blending with hydrogen. Waste heat recovery coupling: The waste heat generated during the operation of the electrolytic cell is recovered and connected to the heating side. The heat source of the heat pump consists of two parts: an ambient heat source and a waste heat source from the electrolytic cell, and can be dynamically allocated. Path combination and solution: The combination of "fuel conditions + equipment-side coupling configuration + hydrogen energy subsystem" is used as a candidate transformation path. An electric-thermal-hydrogen synergistic optimization model is established for each path and solved to obtain the optimal operation strategy and results under the path.

2. The method for low-carbon transition path planning of an electric heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that, When establishing an electricity-heat-hydrogen co-optimization model for each candidate path, fuel consumption is uniformly converted and measured using lower heating value. The equivalent lower heating value of the mixed fuel under hydrogen blending conditions is determined by weighting according to the blending ratio. The model takes the optimization of the overall system objective as the criterion. The overall system objective consists of fuel cost, wind curtailment cost, carbon trading cost, and the overall cost of coupled equipment, and satisfies the constraints of power balance, thermal balance, hydrogen conservation, hydrogen storage state evolution, hydrogen blending ratio boundary, and the operating boundary of each device.

3. The method for low-carbon transformation path planning of an electric heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fuel cost under the pure coal or pure natural gas operating conditions is calculated based on fuel consumption and fuel price, with fuel consumption determined by the unit output through a quadratic function fitting; the fuel cost under the natural gas-hydrogen blending operating conditions is calculated based on the actual consumption of natural gas in the blended gas and the price of natural gas, with the lower volumetric calorific value of the blended gas determined by a weighted average of the hydrogen blending ratio, the lower volumetric calorific value of hydrogen, and the lower volumetric calorific value of natural gas.

4. The method for low-carbon transition path planning of an electric heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydrogen blending ratio under the natural gas blending condition meets the stable combustion boundary constraint of 10% to 20% by volume percentage, and the system carbon emissions are calculated only based on the actual consumption of natural gas in the mixed gas and the emission factor of natural gas. The green hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer does not produce carbon emissions during combustion.

5. The method for low-carbon transition path planning of an electric heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The waste heat recovery of the electrolytic cell meets the waste heat recovery constraint, which is specifically: the recovered waste heat is equal to the product of the input electrical power of the electrolytic cell, the electrolysis efficiency, and the waste heat recovery coefficient. The recovered waste heat is supplied to the heat pump or discharged as waste heat according to the heat source allocation rules.

6. A low-carbon transition path planning method for an electrothermal system according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that, The operating characteristics of the heat pump satisfy the dual heat source distribution constraint, that is, the total heat power output by the heat pump is equal to the product of the input electrical power under the ambient heat source condition and the heating performance coefficient of the ambient source, plus the product of the input electrical power under the waste heat source condition and the heating performance coefficient of the waste heat source; wherein, the heating performance coefficient of the waste heat source condition is greater than the heating performance coefficient of the ambient source condition.

7. The method for low-carbon transition path planning of an electric heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydrogen energy subsystem consisting of the electrolyzer and the hydrogen storage equipment satisfies the following constraints: the electrolyzer satisfies the constraints on the electro-hydrogen conversion efficiency and the upper and lower limits of the input power; the hydrogen storage equipment satisfies the constraints on the conservation of hydrogen mass, the upper and lower limits of hydrogen storage capacity, and the mutual exclusion constraint of hydrogen charging and discharging; the electricity consumed in the hydrogen compression process is linearly related to the hydrogen storage power.

8. The method for low-carbon transition path planning of an electric heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The comprehensive cost of the coupling equipment includes the operating costs of the electric boiler, heat pump, thermal energy storage, electrolyzer, and hydrogen storage tank. The operating costs of each piece of equipment are converted into daily costs according to the scheduling cycle and are determined based on the investment cost, maintenance cost, replacement cost, and service life of each piece of equipment.

9. The method for low-carbon transition path planning of an electric heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific constraints on power balance, thermal balance, and hydrogen conservation are as follows: at any given time, the sum of the electrical power of conventional power generation units, renewable energy power generation units, and combined heat and power (CHP) units equals the sum of the electrical load, electric boilers, heat pumps, carbon capture devices, electrolyzers, and hydrogen compression equipment; the sum of the heat release power of CHP units, electric boilers, heat pumps, and thermal storage devices equals the sum of the heat load, the thermal storage power of thermal storage devices, and the heat consumption power of carbon capture devices; and the sum of the hydrogen production of electrolyzers and the hydrogen release of hydrogen storage devices equals the sum of the hydrogen storage capacity of hydrogen storage devices and the hydrogen consumption of gas turbine units.

10. The method for low-carbon transition path planning of an electric heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optimal operating strategy and results include at least the optimal operating strategy, wind curtailment level, primary energy input structure of fuel, hydrogen production, storage and use trajectory and carbon emission results under each candidate transition path. The above output results are used to provide a comparable path library and decision-making basis for phased low-carbon transition.

Images