Artificial auditory ossicle with drug release function

Abstract

The utility model discloses an artificial ossicular with a medicine release function, which comprises an ossicular disc abutted against a tympanic membrane, and further comprises a release mechanism for releasing medicine, an angle adjusting mechanism for adjusting the mounting angle of the ossicular and a connecting mechanism for being connected with stapes, the releasing mechanism is arranged on the side, away from the tympanic membrane, of the ossicular disc, the angle adjusting mechanism is arranged on the outer side of the releasing mechanism, and the connecting mechanism is assembled at the end, away from the ossicular disc, of the releasing mechanism. The angle adjusting requirement of the auditory ossicle can be met while medicine is automatically released, the angle adjusting mechanism is arranged, the angle of the sectional type releasing support can be adjusted so that the installation angle of the artificial auditory ossicle can be adaptively adjusted according to the actual situation, use is flexible, and the connecting mechanism is arranged so that use is convenient. The adjustable connecting structure is matched with the antenna type supporting structure to be connected with the stapes, and the connecting stability of the artificial ossicular can be guaranteed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of medical devices, in particular to an artificial ossicle with a drug releasing function. Background Art

[0002] In the prior art, among ear diseases, otitis media is one of the most common diseases in the middle ear department throughout the year. The pus and water discharge associated with otitis media are unbearable for many patients. Severe cases may even lead to the destruction and loss of the ossicular chain, causing hearing loss. At present, artificial ossicular hearing reconstruction is usually performed with artificial ossicular hearing reconstruction in clinical practice for conductive hearing loss caused by the destruction and loss of the ossicular chain caused by chronic suppurative otitis media, which can save patients from hearing loss caused by chronic suppurative otitis media and improve their hearing. However, after the ossicular chain reconstruction surgery, the middle ear space is narrow due to the filling of cartilage and gelatin sponge in the middle ear surgical area, and the inflammatory edema of the middle ear after surgery has not completely dissipated. At the same time, after the tympanic membrane is repaired, local drug treatment cannot be performed on the middle ear after surgery, and the medication operation of the middle ear is relatively difficult. The external auditory canal can only be cleaned and medicated under an ear endoscope. Therefore, the artificial ossicular hearing reconstruction area may form inflammatory granulations in the ossicular chain and its surrounding areas due to the inflammatory stimulation of the middle ear, and complications such as local adhesion invagination and ossicular exposure may occur.

[0003] The Chinese utility model patent with application number: 202122310383.0 discloses an artificial ossicle with a drug release function, comprising: an ossicular body, the ossicular body comprising a top plate, a bone handle and a bottom plate, one end of the bone handle being connected to the top plate, and the other end being connected to the bottom plate; a drug release bracket, the drug release bracket being connected to the outer surface of the bone handle, and a plurality of drug sustained-release grooves being provided on the periphery of the drug release bracket. However, the drug release bracket and the bone handle of this artificial ossicular with a drug release function are composed of a linear structure, and the installation angle cannot be adjusted according to the patient's ear conditions, and the flexibility of use is poor. In addition, it lacks a positioning structure for the artificial ossicular, and the installation stability of the artificial ossicular cannot be guaranteed, resulting in a certain risk of the artificial ossicular falling off. Utility Model Content

[0004] The utility model aims to provide an artificial ossicle with a drug releasing function.

[0005] In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical solution proposed by the utility model is:

[0006] An artificial ossicle with a drug releasing function comprises an ossicular disc which abuts against an eardrum, a releasing mechanism for releasing drugs, an angle adjusting mechanism for adjusting the mounting angle of the ossicular disc, and a connecting mechanism for connecting with a stapes, wherein the releasing mechanism is arranged on a side of the ossicular disc away from the eardrum, the angle adjusting mechanism is arranged on the outside of the releasing mechanism, and the connecting mechanism is assembled on an end of the releasing mechanism away from the eardrum.

[0007] The release mechanism includes a release bracket and a release end ring. The release bracket is provided with two groups. The two groups of release brackets are relatively arranged on one side of the ossicular plate and the two groups of release brackets are connected by an angle adjustment mechanism. The release end ring is provided with two groups. The two groups of release end rings are respectively arranged at one end of the two groups of release brackets away from each other and are fixedly connected to the corresponding release brackets. The release end ring close to the ossicular plate is threadedly connected to the ossicular plate, and the release bracket is connected to the ossicular plate through the release end ring.

[0008] The release bracket is configured as a grid structure and the interior of the release bracket is a hollow structure. The adjacent ends of the two groups of release brackets are configured as arc structures and the two are rotationally connected through an angle adjustment mechanism.

[0009] The angle adjustment mechanism includes an angle adjustment bracket, an angle adjustment connecting block and an angle adjustment sleeve. The angle adjustment bracket is provided with two groups. The two groups of angle adjustment brackets are respectively arranged on the sides of the two groups of release brackets and are fixedly connected to the corresponding release brackets. The two groups of angle adjustment brackets are staggered and arranged relative to each other. The angle adjustment connecting block is arranged at one end close to the two groups of angle adjustment brackets and its two ends are rotatably connected to the corresponding angle adjustment bracket by screws. The angle adjustment sleeve is provided with two groups. The two groups of angle adjustment sleeves are respectively arranged on one side of the two groups of angle adjustment brackets and are fixedly connected to the corresponding angle adjustment bracket. The angle adjustment sleeve and the angle adjustment bracket together constitute a ring structure to be ringed on the outside of the release bracket.

[0010] It also includes a limiting bracket, which is provided with two groups. The two groups of limiting brackets are symmetrically arranged on one side of the two groups of angle adjustment brackets and are fixedly connected to the corresponding angle adjustment brackets. The limiting bracket is an arc-shaped bracket structure and is arranged on the outside of the release bracket.

[0011] The connecting mechanism includes a connecting base block, a connecting bracket and a supporting assembly. The connecting base block is arranged at an end of the release mechanism away from the ossicular disc and is threadedly connected to the corresponding release end ring. The connecting bracket is arranged on a side of the connecting base block away from the release end ring and is fixedly connected to the connecting base block. The supporting assembly is assembled on a side of the connecting bracket away from the connecting base block.

[0012] The support assembly includes a support rod, a reinforcement rod and a support bracket, the support rod is provided with two groups, the two groups of support rods are arranged in parallel and spaced apart on a side of the connecting bracket away from the connecting base block and are clamped with the connecting bracket through a clamping block, the reinforcement rod is arranged between the two groups of support rods and its two ends are respectively fixedly connected to the two groups of support rods, the reinforcement rod and the two groups of support rods together constitute a frame structure and the reinforcement rod is located at one end of the support rod close to the connecting bracket, and the support bracket is arranged at one end of the two groups of support rods away from the connecting bracket and is fixedly connected to the support rod.

[0013] The side of the support bracket away from the support rod is arranged as a tentacle-shaped inwardly concave support structure.

[0014] The ossicular disc is configured as a disc-shaped structure, and a side edge of the ossicular disc away from the release mechanism is configured as a rounded structure, and the interior of the side of the ossicular disc away from the release mechanism is configured as a concave structure.

[0015] It also includes a positioning mechanism, which includes a positioning support beam and a positioning protrusion. The positioning support beams are provided in several groups, and the several groups of positioning support beams are radially arranged inside the side of the ossicular tray away from the release mechanism and are integrally formed with the ossicular tray. There are several positioning protrusions, and the several positioning protrusions are respectively arranged at the ends of the several groups of positioning support beams and are integrally formed with the corresponding positioning support beams. The positioning protrusion is arranged as a hemispherical protrusion structure, and the ossicular tray abuts against the tympanic membrane through the positioning mechanism.

[0016] The beneficial effects of the utility model are:

[0017] It is equipped with a release mechanism, which adopts a segmented release bracket, and can automatically release the drug while meeting the angle adjustment requirements of the ossicles. It is equipped with an angle adjustment mechanism, which can adjust the angle of the segmented release bracket to adaptively adjust the installation angle of the artificial ossicles according to actual conditions. It is flexible to use and is equipped with a connecting mechanism, which adopts an adjustable connecting structure with a tentacle-type supporting structure to connect with the stapes, which can ensure the connection stability of the artificial ossicles. A positioning structure is provided on the ossicular disc, which can ensure the installation stability of the artificial ossicles and effectively reduce the risk of ossicular slippage and displacement. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the utility model;

[0019] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the angle adjustment mechanism structure of the utility model;

[0020] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the cooperation between the ossicular disc and the positioning mechanism of the utility model.

[0021] In the figure: 1. auditory ossicular disc; 2. release bracket; 3. release end ring; 4. angle adjustment bracket; 5. angle adjustment connecting block; 6. angle adjustment sleeve; 7. limit bracket; 8. connecting base block; 9. connecting bracket; 10. support rod; 11. reinforcement rod; 12. support bracket; 13. positioning support beam; 14. positioning protrusion. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] The utility model is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0023] An artificial ossicle with a drug release function comprises an ossicular disc 1, the ossicular disc 1 abuts against the tympanic membrane, and further comprises a release mechanism for releasing drugs, an angle adjustment mechanism for adjusting the installation angle of the ossicular disc, and a connection mechanism for connecting with the stapes, wherein the release mechanism is arranged on a side of the ossicular disc 1 away from the tympanic membrane, the angle adjustment mechanism is arranged on the outside of the release mechanism, and the connection mechanism is assembled at an end of the release mechanism away from the ossicular disc 1. The overall structural schematic diagram of the utility model is shown as follows Figure 1 shown.

[0024] The release mechanism includes a release bracket 2 and a release end ring 3. The release bracket 2 is provided with two groups. The two groups of release brackets 2 are relatively arranged on one side of the ossicular disc 1 and the two groups of release brackets 2 are connected by an angle adjustment mechanism. The release end ring 3 is provided with two groups. The two groups of release end rings 3 are respectively arranged at one end of the two groups of release brackets 2 away from each other and are fixedly connected to the corresponding release bracket 2. The release end ring 3 close to the ossicular disc 1 is threadedly connected to the ossicular disc 1. The release bracket 2 is connected to the ossicular disc 1 through the release end ring 3. The release mechanism cooperates with the release bracket 2 and the release end ring 3 to form a drug release structure to automatically release the drug, wherein the release bracket 2 is used to store and automatically release the drug, and the release end ring 3 is used as a connecting structure at the end of the release bracket 2 to meet the assembly requirements of the release bracket 2.

[0025] The release bracket 2 is configured as a grid structure and the interior of the release bracket 2 is a hollow structure. The adjacent ends of the two groups of release brackets 2 are configured as arc structures and the two are rotatably connected by an angle adjustment mechanism. Among them, the release bracket 2 with a grid structure can meet the drug release requirements, and the relative angle between the two groups of release brackets 2 can be adjusted by the angle adjustment mechanism to adjust the installation angle of the artificial ossicles.

[0026] The angle adjustment mechanism includes an angle adjustment bracket 4, an angle adjustment connecting block 5 and an angle adjustment sleeve 6. The angle adjustment bracket 4 is provided with two groups. The two groups of angle adjustment brackets 4 are respectively arranged on the sides of the two groups of release brackets 2 and are fixedly connected to the corresponding release brackets 2. The two groups of angle adjustment brackets 4 are arranged relative to each other in a staggered manner. The angle adjustment connecting block 5 is arranged at one end close to the two groups of angle adjustment brackets 4 and both ends thereof are rotatably connected to the corresponding angle adjustment bracket 4 by screws. The angle adjustment sleeve 6 is provided with two groups. The two groups of angle adjustment sleeves 6 are respectively arranged on one side of the two groups of angle adjustment brackets 4 and are fixedly connected to the corresponding angle adjustment bracket 4. The angle adjustment sleeve 6 and the angle adjustment bracket 4 together constitute a sleeve structure to be ring-arranged on the outside of the release bracket 2. The angle adjustment mechanism is arranged by adjusting the angle. The bracket 4, the angle adjustment connecting block 5 and the angle adjustment sleeve 6 cooperate to realize the rotational connection between the two groups of release brackets 2 and adjust the relative angle between the two groups of release brackets 2, wherein the angle adjustment bracket 4 is used as a mounting structure on the release bracket 2, the angle adjustment connecting block 5 is used to rotationally connect the two groups of angle adjustment brackets 4 to realize the rotational connection between the two groups of release brackets 2, the relative angle between the two groups of angle adjustment brackets 4 can be adjusted to adjust the relative angle between the two groups of release brackets 2, and the angle adjustment sleeve 6 is used to form a collar structure together with the angle adjustment bracket 4 to improve the connection stability between the angle adjustment mechanism and the release bracket 2. The structural schematic diagram of the angle adjustment mechanism of the utility model is shown in FIG. Figure 2 shown.

[0027] It also includes a limiting bracket 7, which is provided with two groups. The two groups of limiting brackets 7 are symmetrically arranged on one side of the two groups of angle adjustment brackets 4 and are fixedly connected to the corresponding angle adjustment brackets 4. The limiting bracket 7 is an arc-shaped bracket structure and the limiting bracket 7 is arranged on the outer side of the release bracket 2, wherein the limiting bracket 7 is used to limit the release bracket 2 to prevent the release bracket 2 from being offset relative to the angle adjustment bracket 4, thereby improving the installation stability between the angle adjustment bracket 4 and the release bracket 2.

[0028] The connecting mechanism includes a connecting base block 8, a connecting bracket 9 and a supporting assembly. The connecting base block 8 is arranged at an end of the release mechanism away from the ossicular disc 1 and is threadedly connected to the corresponding release end ring 3. The connecting bracket 9 is arranged on a side of the connecting base block 8 away from the release end ring 3 and is fixedly connected to the connecting base block 8. The supporting assembly is assembled on a side of the connecting bracket 9 away from the connecting base block 8. The connecting mechanism connects the artificial ossicles to the stapes through the cooperation of the connecting base block 8, the connecting bracket 9 and the supporting assembly, wherein the connecting base block 8 is used to provide installation support for the connecting bracket 9 and assemble and connect the connecting bracket 9 to the release end ring 3, the connecting bracket 9 is used to provide installation support for the supporting assembly, and the support assembly is used to cooperate with the connecting bracket 9 to connect the artificial ossicles to the stapes.

[0029] The support assembly includes a support rod 10, a reinforcing rod 11 and a support bracket 12. The support rod 10 is provided with two groups. The two groups of support rods 10 are arranged in parallel and spaced apart on a side of the connecting bracket 9 away from the connecting base block 8 and are clamped with the connecting bracket 9 through a clamping block. The reinforcing rod 11 is arranged between the two groups of support rods 10 and its two ends are respectively fixedly connected to the two groups of support rods 10. The reinforcing rod 11 and the two groups of support rods 10 together constitute a frame structure and the reinforcing rod 11 is located at one end of the support rod 10 close to the connecting bracket 9. The support bracket 12 is arranged at one end of the two groups of support rods 10 away from the connecting bracket 9 and is fixedly connected to the support rod 10. The support assembly connects the artificial ossicles to the stapes through the support rod 10, the reinforcing rod 11 and the support bracket 12, wherein the support rod 10 is used to provide installation support for the support bracket 12, the reinforcing rod 11 is used to form a bracket structure together with the support rod 10, and the support bracket 12 is used as an installation connection structure on the artificial ossicle to connect the artificial ossicles to the stapes.

[0030] The side of the support bracket 12 away from the support rod 10 is configured as a tentacle-shaped inward-concave support structure, wherein the support bracket 12 is configured as a tentacle-shaped inward-concave support structure, which can effectively improve the installation stability between the support bracket 12 and the stapes.

[0031] The ossicular disc 1 is configured as a disc-shaped structure, and the side edge of the ossicular disc 1 away from the release mechanism is configured as a rounded structure, and the inside of the side of the ossicular disc 1 away from the release mechanism is configured as a concave structure, wherein the ossicular disc 1 with a disc-shaped structure can effectively improve the connection effectiveness between the artificial ossicles and the tympanic membrane, and the side edge is configured as a rounded structure to prevent the artificial ossicles from causing damage to the tympanic membrane. The schematic diagram of the cooperation between the ossicular disc 1 of the utility model and the positioning mechanism is shown in FIG. Figure 3 shown.

[0032] The present invention also includes a positioning mechanism, which includes a positioning support beam 13 and a positioning protrusion 14. The positioning support beam 13 is provided with a plurality of groups, and the plurality of positioning support beams 13 are radially arranged inside a side of the ossicular disc 1 away from the release mechanism and are integrally formed with the ossicular disc 1. A plurality of positioning protrusions 14 are provided, and the plurality of positioning protrusions 14 are respectively arranged at the ends of the plurality of groups of positioning support beams 13 and are integrally formed with the corresponding positioning support beams 13. The positioning protrusion 14 is provided with a hemispherical protrusion structure. The ossicular disc 1 abuts against the tympanic membrane through the positioning mechanism. The positioning mechanism cooperates with the positioning support beam 13 and the positioning protrusion 14 to improve the installation stability between the ossicular disc 1 and the tympanic membrane, wherein the positioning support beam 13 is used as a mounting structure on the ossicular disc 1, thereby providing mounting support for the positioning protrusion 14, and the positioning support beam 13 can improve the stability of the ossicular disc 1. The positioning protrusion 14 is used as a positioning structure on the ossicular disc 1, which abuts against the tympanic membrane, thereby improving the installation stability between the ossicular disc 1 and the tympanic membrane.

[0033] Working principle:

[0034] When in use, the device is placed in the patient's ear canal so that the ossicular disc 1 abuts against the patient's tympanic membrane through the positioning structure, and the relative angle between the two groups of release brackets 2 is adjusted through the connecting mechanism according to actual conditions, thereby adjusting the installation angle of the artificial ossicles. Thereafter, the support bracket 12 is connected to the stapes to complete the installation of the artificial ossicles. Before installation, the relative position between the support rod 10 and the connecting bracket 9 can be adjusted through the block according to usage requirements, thereby adjusting the length of the artificial ossicles. Among them, the release mechanism, the connecting mechanism, the connecting bracket 9 and the support rod 10 together constitute the handle part of the artificial ossicles.

[0035] The beneficial effects of the utility model are that it is provided with a release mechanism, which is composed of a segmented release bracket, and can automatically release the drug while meeting the angle adjustment requirements of the ossicles. It is provided with an angle adjustment mechanism, and the angle of the segmented release bracket can be adjusted to adaptively adjust the installation angle of the artificial ossicles according to actual conditions. It is flexible to use and is provided with a connecting mechanism, which adopts an adjustable connecting structure in combination with a tentacle-type supporting structure to connect with the stapes, which can ensure the connection stability of the artificial ossicles. A positioning structure is provided on the ossicular disc, which can ensure the installation stability of the artificial ossicles and effectively reduce the risk of ossicular slippage and displacement.

[0036] The above is a detailed description of an embodiment of the utility model, but the content is only a preferred embodiment of the utility model and cannot be considered to limit the scope of implementation of the utility model. All equivalent changes and improvements made within the scope of application of the utility model should still fall within the scope of the patent coverage of the utility model.

Claims

1. An artificial auditory ossicle with a drug release function, comprising an auditory ossicular disc (1), wherein the auditory ossicular disc (1) abuts against the eardrum, and is characterized in that: It also includes a release mechanism for releasing the drug, an angle adjustment mechanism for adjusting the installation angle of the ossicular disc, and a connection mechanism for connecting with the stapes. The release mechanism is arranged on a side of the ossicular disc (1) away from the tympanic membrane, the angle adjustment mechanism is arranged on the outside of the release mechanism, and the connection mechanism is assembled on an end of the release mechanism away from the ossicular disc (1).

2. The artificial ossicle with drug release function according to claim 1, characterized in that: The release mechanism comprises a release bracket (2) and a release end ring (3), wherein the release bracket (2) is provided with two groups, the two groups of the release bracket (2) are arranged oppositely on one side of the ossicular tray (1) and the two groups of the release bracket (2) are connected via an angle adjustment mechanism, and the release end ring (3) is provided with two groups, the two groups of the release end ring (3) are respectively arranged at one end of the two groups of the release bracket (2) away from each other and are fixedly connected to the corresponding release bracket (2), the release end ring (3) close to the ossicular tray (1) is threadedly connected to the ossicular tray (1), and the release bracket (2) is connected to the ossicular tray (1) via the release end ring (3).

3. The artificial auditory ossicle with drug release function as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: The release bracket (2) is configured as a grid-like structure and the interior of the release bracket (2) is a hollow structure; the adjacent ends of the two groups of release brackets (2) are configured as arc-like structures and the two are rotationally connected via an angle adjustment mechanism.

4. The artificial auditory ossicle with drug release function as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: The angle adjustment mechanism comprises an angle adjustment bracket (4), an angle adjustment connecting block (5) and an angle adjustment sleeve (6); the angle adjustment bracket (4) is provided with two groups, the two groups of angle adjustment brackets (4) are respectively arranged on the sides of the two groups of release brackets (2) and are fixedly connected to the corresponding release brackets (2); the two groups of angle adjustment brackets (4) are arranged relative to each other in a staggered manner; the angle adjustment connecting block (5) is provided at one end close to the two groups of angle adjustment brackets (4) and its two ends are rotatably connected to the corresponding angle adjustment brackets (4) by screws; the angle adjustment sleeve (6) is provided with two groups, the two groups of angle adjustment sleeves (6) are respectively arranged on one side of the two groups of angle adjustment brackets (4) and are fixedly connected to the corresponding angle adjustment brackets (4); the angle adjustment sleeve (6) and the angle adjustment bracket (4) together form a sleeve structure to be arranged around the outer side of the release bracket (2).

5. The artificial ossicle with drug release function as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that: It also comprises a limiting bracket (7), wherein the limiting bracket (7) is provided with two groups, the two groups of limiting brackets (7) are symmetrically arranged on one side of the two groups of angle adjustment brackets (4) and are fixedly connected to the corresponding angle adjustment brackets (4), the limiting bracket (7) is an arc-shaped bracket structure and the limiting bracket (7) is arranged on the outside of the release bracket (2).

6. The artificial auditory ossicle with drug release function according to claim 5, characterized in that: The connection mechanism comprises a connection base block (8), a connection bracket (9) and a support assembly, wherein the connection base block (8) is arranged at an end of the release mechanism away from the ossicular disc (1) and is threadedly connected to the corresponding release end ring (3), the connection bracket (9) is arranged at a side of the connection base block (8) away from the release end ring (3) and is fixedly connected to the connection base block (8), and the support assembly is assembled on a side of the connection bracket (9) away from the connection base block (8).

7. The artificial auditory ossicle with drug release function according to claim 6, characterized in that: The support assembly comprises a support rod (10), a reinforcing rod (11) and a support bracket (12); the support rod (10) is provided with two groups; the two groups of support rods (10) are arranged in parallel and spaced apart on a side of the connecting bracket (9) away from the connecting base block (8) and are clamped with the connecting bracket (9) through a clamping block; the reinforcing rod (11) is arranged between the two groups of support rods (10) and its two ends are respectively fixedly connected to the two groups of support rods (10); the reinforcing rod (11) and the two groups of support rods (10) together constitute a frame structure and the reinforcing rod (11) is located at one end of the support rod (10) close to the connecting bracket (9); the support bracket (12) is arranged at one end of the two groups of support rods (10) away from the connecting bracket (9) and is fixedly connected to the support rod (10).

8. The artificial auditory ossicle with drug release function according to claim 7, characterized in that: The side of the support bracket (12) away from the support rod (10) is arranged as a tentacle-shaped inwardly concave support structure.

9. The artificial auditory ossicle with drug release function according to claim 8, characterized in that: The ossicular disc (1) is configured as a disc-shaped structure, and an edge of the ossicular disc (1) away from the release mechanism is configured as a rounded structure, and the interior of the ossicular disc (1) away from the release mechanism is configured as a concave structure.

10. The artificial auditory ossicle with drug release function according to claim 9, characterized in that: The device also includes a positioning mechanism, which includes a positioning support beam (13) and a positioning protrusion (14). The positioning support beam (13) is provided with a plurality of groups, and the plurality of groups of the positioning support beams (13) are radially arranged inside a side of the ossicular tray (1) away from the release mechanism and are integrally formed with the ossicular tray (1). The device also includes a plurality of positioning protrusions (14), and the plurality of positioning protrusions (14) are respectively arranged at the ends of the plurality of groups of the positioning support beams (13) and are integrally formed with the corresponding positioning support beams (13). The positioning protrusion (14) is provided as a hemispherical protrusion structure, and the ossicular tray (1) abuts against the tympanic membrane through the positioning mechanism.

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