Hydrogen generation system

Abstract

A hydrogen production system with controlled water distribution is disclosed.SOLUTION: The system includes a reaction chamber containing a hydrogen-producing fuel, a liquid dispensing mechanism, and a control system. The liquid distribution mechanism includes a rotating arm with a liquid inlet that moves up and down within the fuel chamber to allow precise and efficient liquid delivery to the unreacted fuel to optimize hydrogen production. The unique fuel mixture utilizes chemicals that store large amounts of hydrogen in a solid state. A feature of the device is the up and down movement of the arm controlled by a screw mechanism that adjusts the height of the arm as it rotates, creating a helical liquid distribution pattern. The control system controls the liquid injection rate, arm rotation speed and up and down movement to optimize hydrogen production on demand. The system can also operate at low pressures and is scalable to various sizes in a safer and more efficient on-demand manner.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Hydrogen has many uses in scientific research and industry, but its greatest potential application is as an energy source for fuel cells that generate electricity and for other energy production methods.

[0002] Currently, steam methane reforming is the most common and low-cost method for producing hydrogen. Coal can also be gasified to produce hydrogen. Carbon dioxide (CO2)-free methods of producing hydrogen are either more expensive than fossil fuels or are in the early stages of development. Coal-based hydrogen production technologies are most attractive because the United States has more proven coal reserves than any other country, but effective, low-cost carbon sequestration technologies need to be developed.

[0003] Hydrogen is seen as the energy of the future. To use it for direct combustion or in fuel cells, other energy sources must be used to produce and utilize hydrogen. Therefore, the use of hydrogen and other materials for energy production will not be an environmentally clean and economical solution unless there is an economically viable method for carbon sequestration. With strong support from the U.S. Department of Energy, hydrogen use is being promoted at the federal level, and the future promises to see the use of hydrogen solutions in transportation and other energy applications. As a solution to reduce fossil fuel dependency and at the same time be economical, embodiments of the present invention enable the substitution of coal, hydrogen and hydride production. Many hydrides are used for on-board hydrogen generation, and the cost of hydride production is also important. The present invention is unique in that it uses carbon to generate hydrogen, but simultaneously sequestering the carbon and reacting the generated hydrogen with an appropriate metal to generate a hydride.

[0004] Coal is also widely used to produce synthetic fuels. The technology for using coal in gasifiers is well established, for example, to produce hydrogen via the following reaction: C + 2H2O = CO2 + 2H2. The gasifier operates at 800 to 1500 K depending on the conditions of steam, oxygen, and air, and the produced gas is a mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and water (H2O). The carbon monoxide (CO) produced can be further converted to hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by the gas shift reaction: CO + H2O = CO2 + H2.

[0005] The following is an excerpt from "The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES)," which shows the importance of this project. "Carbon emissions associated with current hydrogen production: Currently, global crude hydrogen production relies almost exclusively on processes to extract hydrogen from fossil fuel feedstocks. Carbon dioxide (CO2), a by-product of hydrogen production from these raw materials, is not currently captured or stored. As a result, over 100 megatons of carbon are emitted into the atmosphere annually during the production of approximately 38 megatons of hydrogen."

[0006] When coal is used in gasifiers or indirectly burned in power plants and other manufacturing plants, it produces large amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These atmospheric emissions not only have a negative impact on the environment, but also waste resources. Until now, this issue has been economically irrelevant to the industrial sector. The present invention provides a clear economic incentive to sequester carbon (carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO)) without significantly impacting current operational practices. Embodiments of the present invention contemplate multiple such processes.

[0007] Hydrogen gas can be safely transported, handled, and distributed when stored in high-pressure gas cylinders for scientific research and industrial use. However, storing hydrogen gas in high-pressure cylinders or storing liquid hydrogen at low temperatures is considered too dangerous for widespread use in commercial or private vehicles.

[0008] Another way to safely generate hydrogen (H2) gas when and where needed in the quantities needed is to use the well-known chemical reaction of hydrogen produced by reacting it with water or other liquids. These reactions are known as hydrogen hydrolysis. An example is the reaction of sodium (Na) metal with water (HO). Most people remember from high school chemistry class how, when a small piece of sodium is dropped into a beaker of water, it floats to the surface because sodium is lighter than water and reacts violently to produce hydrogen gas (H2). The reaction of sodium metal with water to produce hydrogen is represented by the following chemical equation: 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2. The precursors, sodium (metal) and water, and the products, hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), are non-toxic, not overly dangerous, and not expensive. Therefore, this method can safely generate hydrogen gas for fuel cells and has applications in powering commercial and private electric vehicles.

[0009] Furthermore, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is produced by the chemical reaction between sodium metal (Na) and water (HO), can be recovered and reused through electrolysis (electrolysis) at a dedicated plant. This environmentally friendly process allows the recovered sodium metal to react with water again and be used to generate hydrogen. The electrolysis of NaOH requires electrical energy and is represented by the following reaction: 2NaOH + 2e- → 2Na + H2O + 1 / 2O2. Electrolysis of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) produces sodium metal, water, and oxygen, but water and oxygen are normally present in the atmosphere and are considered to have no environmental impact. Electricity for large-scale reprocessing of NaOH can be supplied from large hydroelectric or nuclear power plants. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0010] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 3,449,078 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 5,514,353 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 6,534,033 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 6,818,334 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 6,936,081 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Patent No. 6,939,529 [Patent Document 6] U.S. Patent No. 6,946,104 [Patent Document 7] U.S. Patent No. 7,083,657 [Patent Document 8] U.S. Patent No. 7,306,780 [Patent Document 9] U.S. Patent No. 7,344,571 [Patent Document 10] U.S. Patent No. 7,393,369 [Patent Document 11] U.S. Patent No. 7,438,732 [Patent Document 12] U.S. Patent No. 7,481,858 [Patent Document 13] U.S. Patent No. 7,513,978 [Patent Document 14] U.S. Patent No. 7,530,931 [Patent Document 15] U.S. Patent No. 7,594,939 [Patent Document 16] U.S. Patent No. 7,641,889 [Patent Document 17] U.S. Patent No. 7,803,349 [Patent Document 18] U.S. Patent No. 7,858,068 [Patent Document 19] U.S. Patent No. 7,951,349 [Patent Document 20] U.S. Patent No. 8,152,873 [Patent Document 21] U.S. Patent No. 8,357,213 [Non-patent literature]

[0011] [Non-Patent Document 1] The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES) Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0012] The development of the Tru-H2 hydrogen generation system was motivated by several key factors in the current hydrogen production and storage landscape. Traditional hydrogen storage methods, such as compressed gas or cryogenic liquids, present significant challenges in terms of safety, energy density, and infrastructure requirements. The goal is to create solutions that overcome these constraints and make hydrogen a more widespread clean energy carrier.

[0013] The primary motivation is to develop hydrogen production and storage systems that have higher energy density, improved safety, and greater deployment flexibility than existing technologies. By using a new chemical approach using Tru-H2 fuel, a proprietary technology of this invention, we aim to achieve hydrogen storage densities that far exceed current standards while enabling stable storage at atmospheric pressure.

[0014] Additionally, the present invention recognizes the need for a hydrogen production system that can be rapidly deployed without requiring major infrastructure modifications. This will enable the use of hydrogen in a variety of applications and locations where it was previously difficult to put into practical use, accelerating the transition to a hydrogen society.

[0015] A further goal is to achieve cleaner and more economical hydrogen production and storage solutions. By developing systems that allow for low-pressure operation, low-energy extraction, and even fuel reusability, embodiments of the present invention aim to address both the economic and environmental challenges associated with current hydrogen technology.

[0016] The Tru-H2 hydrogen generation system offers several advantages over existing hydrogen generation and storage technologies. First, it has a higher energy density: Tru-H2 fuel achieves over 5.5% hydrogen by weight (including water), significantly exceeding conventional hydrogen storage methods, which have less than 2% hydrogen by weight. This allows for more compact and efficient hydrogen storage.

[0017] Second, Tru-H2 hydrogen generation allows for safer storage and transportation. Unlike hydrogen as a compressed gas or cryogenic liquid, Tru-H2 fuel can be safely stored and transported at atmospheric pressure, simplifying logistics and reducing safety concerns.

[0018] As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,449,078, a proposed method for producing hydrogen relies on the conversion of hydrocarbons in the presence of steam using a catalyst (supported on a carrier) containing rhenium and trace amounts of alkali metals. However, this hydrogen generation invention does not propose a small-scale chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can then be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0019] As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,353, a new hydrogen generator configuration is described that utilizes the reaction of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydrides with water, overcoming the problem of hydride expansion when reacting with water to form hydroxides or oxides. The hydride cartridge is housed in a reactor and liquid water is added in a controlled manner. Hydrogen is produced when the water enters the reactor and reaches the hydride cartridge. However, this hydrogen generation invention does not propose a small-scale chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can then be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0020] As shown in US Pat. No. 6,534,033, a method is described in which a borohydride solution is used as a hydrogen storage source and hydrogen is released from the borohydride by a catalytic system. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can then be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0021] No. 6,818,334 describes a method for producing hydrogen by mixing two liquid solutions in the presence of one or more transition metal catalysts. The first solution is composed of 5-50% (by weight) alkali metal MBH4, 5-40% (by weight) alkali hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, and the remainder water. The second solution may be 51-100% water, with the remainder being water-soluble additives. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small-scale chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can then be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0022] No. 6,936,081 describes a method and apparatus for producing hydrogen from a hydride solution in the presence of a catalyst. The hydrogen generation reactor has a stacked structure of reaction plates in which reaction chambers and cooling chambers are arranged alternately, and each reaction plate has a solution flow path on one side and a cooling flow path on the other side, and each solution flow path has a common reaction chamber and multiple flow paths. Each reaction chamber is configured to receive a hydride solution and to contact at least a portion of the hydride solution with a catalyst. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small-scale chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can then be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0023] As seen in US Pat. No. 6,939,529, a method for producing hydrogen is described. The method automatically controls the rate of hydrogen production by monitoring one or more parameters of the hydrogen production process and effecting relative movement between fuel tanks containing complex metal hydrides. A catalytic chamber containing acids and transition metals (Ru, Co, Ni) is placed inside the fuel tank to increase or decrease the rate of hydrogen production. Bringing the catalyst chamber closer to the fuel solution increases the rate of hydrogen production, while moving it further away suppresses hydrogen production. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can then be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0024] As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,104, a method for producing hydrogen by chemical hydride is provided, which includes a storage tank for a chemical hydride solution, a reactor containing a catalyst, and a pump for supplying the chemical hydride solution from the storage tank to the reactor to produce hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst. A second supply line is used to continuously supply solution solvent to the chemical hydride solution during the reaction. The energy system includes a hydrogen generation system, a fuel cell that produces electricity and water from hydrogen and an oxidant, and a separator that captures the water produced in the fuel cell and returns it to the chemical hydride solution during the reaction. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small-scale chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0025] No. 7,083,657 proposes a method for producing hydrogen by contacting an aqueous solution of metal hydride salts with a hydrogen-producing catalyst and recycling condensed water from the product fluid to the feed line. An internal recycle line allows for the use of more concentrated metal hydride solutions, as they are diluted before contacting the catalyst. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0026] As shown in U.S. Patent No. 7,306,780, a method for producing hydrogen from sodium borohydride (NaBH4) has been proposed, in which water and finely divided sodium borohydride are brought into contact with each other in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt or ruthenium to produce gas. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0027] As shown in US Pat. No. 7,344,571, a method for producing hydrogen has been proposed in which a hydrogen source (eg, a hydride) is contained within a housing having an inlet for contacting a fluid with the solid hydrogen source. The inlet is in contact with a wicking region having a fluid affinity, and the wicking material can be a hydrophilic material. The hydrogen generator includes a hydrogen gas outlet with a gas-permeable membrane, and the inlet is connected to a fluid control system to control the fluid flow rate to the solid hydrogen source, making it a portable unit. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0028] No. 7,393,369 proposes a method and apparatus for producing hydrogen using a controlled chemical reaction between water and a chemical hydride. The invention includes a chemical hydride separated from water by a water-selective membrane. A water-containing fluid is contacted with the water-selective membrane and reacts with the chemical hydride. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0029] As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,438,732, a method of packaging a hydrogen generation cartridge has been proposed in which anhydrous chemical hydride reactant is contained within the cartridge for a hydrogen generation system, and multiple small diameter liquid conduits running the length of the cartridge serve as liquid distribution openings. However, this hydrogen generation cartridge invention does not propose a small chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, releasing hydrogen (H2) gas from the water in a chemical reaction and producing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can then be recovered and reused through electrolysis.

[0030] As shown in U.S. Patent No. 7,481,858, a method for mounting a hydrogen generation cartridge for a fuel cell has been proposed, which includes a reaction chamber having a first reactant, a storage tank having a second reactant as needed, and a flow control device that automatically stops the flow of reactants from the storage tank into the reaction chamber when the pressure in the reaction chamber reaches a predetermined value. However, this hydrogen generation cartridge invention does not propose a small chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, releasing hydrogen (H2) gas from the water in a chemical reaction and producing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can then be recovered and reused through electrolysis.

[0031] As shown in US Pat. No. 7,513,978, a method for producing hydrogen has been proposed based on an electrochemical hydrogen generation system consisting of two or more anode and cathode materials and an electrolyte. The electrolyte comprises a metal hydride, at least one stabilizer, and a solvent, and hydrogen gas is produced whenever the anode and cathode are electrically connected. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0032] As shown in U.S. Patent No. 7,530,931, a hydrogen production method has been proposed that comprises a fuel container for hydrogen production using a hydride solution such as sodium borohydride (NaBH4), a spent fuel container, a catalyst system, and a control system. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0033] As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,594,939, a method for storing and producing hydrogen has been proposed using a solid chemical hydride fuel selected from sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, magnesium hydride, and calcium hydride, where the fuel is contained in a number of removable capsules that can be pumped. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0034] As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,641,889, a method and apparatus have been proposed for producing hydrogen in a controlled manner by adding water to a hydrogen-containing composition (such as a hydride) in the presence of a catalyst that promotes hydrolysis. The rate of hydrogen production can be controlled passively by adjusting the amount of catalyst, or actively by using a large amount of catalyst, in which case the reaction rate is controlled by the rate of water supply to the hydride. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0035] As shown in US Pat. No. 7,803,349, a method and apparatus using chemical compositions for producing high purity hydrogen from water is provided. A metal or alloy (preferably aluminum) capable of reacting with water to produce hydrogen in an aqueous solution at room temperature and pressure is reacted with one or more inorganic hydrides capable of releasing hydrogen under the same conditions, and the reaction is catalyzed by one or more transition metal compounds. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0036] As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,858,068, a method for storing and producing hydrogen for fuel cell applications has been proposed, in which a dry solid fuel source, which is a mixture of a solid metal hydride or chemical hydride and a solid reaction control agent in a desired ratio, is used, a desired amount of liquid reactant is supplied to contact and react with the solid fuel source, and hydrogen gas is supplied to the fuel cell continuously or intermittently. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0037] No. 7,951,349 describes a method and system for the storage and production of hydrogen. Metals or metal hydride compounds are reacted with high temperature water vapor in a reaction chamber to produce hydrogen gas (H2) and metal oxides. A preferred metal is magnesium, which reacts with steam to produce hydrogen. The heat generated in the exothermic reaction drives the dehydrogenation of hydrogen-containing compounds, such as metal hydrides. However, this hydrogen storage and production invention does not propose a small, chemical-mechanical device, containing no electrical or electromechanical components, that can be used to control the addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen (H2) gas from the water and produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a by-product, which can be recovered and reused by electrolysis.

[0038] None of the above hydrogen gas storage and production methods and devices anticipate or describe a compact, highly efficient hydrogen generator that can deliver precisely controlled water to a specific fuel system (i.e., Tru-H2) to safely produce hydrogen (H2) gas when and where needed, on small or large scales. Neither does it include the controlled addition of liquid water (H2O) directly to solid sodium (Na) metal, releasing hydrogen (H2) gas from the water, and recovering and reusing the by-product sodium hydroxide (NaOH) through electrolysis.

[0039] Prior art examples of Tru-H2 hydrogen generation systems, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,873 B2, demonstrate continuous operation of the reaction at low pressure, hydrogen flow rates of up to 600 g / h, and gravimetric hydrogen storage efficiencies of greater than 2%. These prior art technologies for hydrogen production using Tru-H2 all operated continuously for long periods at low pressures. The basic operating principle was to feed a water flow from a reaction chamber to a mixing chamber.

[0040] Previous attempts to supply water to a hydrogen generator chamber have employed a pouch-type water supply system. In the hydrolysis of solid hydrides, the dynamic behavior of water penetration and product formation usually leads to early cutoff of the water supply to the reactants, making it difficult to fully utilize the hydrogen. Early technology controlled this distance by placing "pouches" or cells at an optimum distance based on the chemical composition of the fuel to prevent excessive solids formation. US Patent No. 8,357,213 discloses a pouch-type water supply system as shown in Figures 5A to 5C, in which water is introduced from the outside of the pouch and allowed to penetrate an optimal distance to the center of the pouch. The pouch comprises a plurality of cavities (501) and a sheet (502) extending outward from a central point (503). During the reaction of the hydride and liquid reactant, a lumpy, gummy layer (504) begins to form, as shown in cross section (505). [Table 1]

[0041] These pouches are difficult to manufacture, and the thermal conductivity of the reaction products and the pouch itself limits the amount of heat that can be removed from the system. This reduces the hydrogen production capacity that can be extracted from the system at one time.

[0042] In this prior art system, Tru-H2 fuel is fed into a mixing chamber via a fuel hopper sized for the application, and the system can be designed to handle higher operating pressures depending on the specific application. Once the fuel and water are mixed, hydrogen production begins. Hydrogen is extracted from the production chamber, water is recycled in a circulation loop, and spent fuel is collected and stored in a fuel recovery pod for later reclamation or disposal. The fuel hopper and recovery pod are then removed and replaced with a new one, and the cycle continues. The production process also generates heat, so a separate thermal control loop is activated to reject the heat outside the system.

[0043] This prior art system is intended to be modular, with additional systems operating in parallel to achieve higher hydrogen production capacity. In operation, there is a main hydrogen production system and a fuel pod for longer runs.

[0044] The present invention builds on prior art methods by incorporating new design elements and specification details to optimize performance, resulting in significantly greater efficiency, unexpected speed, purity, reduced complexity, and overall equipment cost and performance savings. The present invention is optimized based on a set of specifications designed to operate under specific pressure vessel requirements to reduce system cost and certification complexity. [Means for solving the problem]

[0045] (Summary of the Invention) The present invention discloses a hydrogen generation system with controlled water distribution. According to an embodiment of the current invention, a hydrogen generation system with controlled water distribution is disclosed. The system includes a reaction chamber containing hydrogen production fuel, a water distribution mechanism, and a control system. The water distribution mechanism includes a rotating arm with a water inlet that moves up and down within the fuel chamber, thereby accurately and efficiently delivering water to the unreacted fuel to optimize hydrogen production.

[0046] The system utilizes a proprietary fuel mixture called "Tru-H2Fuel," which contains hydrogen-producing chemicals such as sodium borohydride. When water comes into contact with this fuel, hydrogen gas is generated. The rotating arm design distributes the water evenly, preventing oversaturation and efficiently utilizing the entire fuel.

[0047] One key feature is the screw mechanism that controls the arm's vertical movement, allowing the arm's height to be adjusted as it rotates. This creates a spiral water distribution pattern, maximizing fuel utilization and reaction efficiency. This rising speed creates finely spaced water distribution points, allowing for more effective water supply to the entire hydride. The system also features thermal management using the water distribution arm.

[0048] The control system controls the water injection rate, arm rotation speed, and vertical movement to optimize hydrogen production according to demand, allowing for variable hydrogen output and efficient fuel consumption. The system operates at low pressure and can be scaled up to different sizes for various applications.

[0049] The present invention provides a method for on-demand hydrogen generation that is safer and more efficient than traditional storage methods, enabling widespread adoption of hydrogen technology in a variety of fields. The main reactions utilized in one embodiment of the present invention are as follows: NaBH4+ 4H2O → NaBO2·2H2O + 4H2

[0050] Although NaBH4 is used as an example to illustrate Tru-H2Fuel herein, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the use of other compounds, such as other borohydrides, such as potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, etc. Additionally, Tru-H2Fuel may utilize additional chemical additives to enhance hydrogen production.

[0051] The development of the Tru-H2 hydrogen generation system was motivated by several key factors in current hydrogen production and storage. Traditional methods of storing hydrogen as compressed gas or cryogenic liquids present significant challenges in terms of safety, energy density, and infrastructure requirements. Embodiments of the present invention overcome these limitations and provide a solution to enable widespread adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier.

[0052] The primary motivation is to develop a hydrogen generation and storage system that offers higher energy density, improved safety, and more flexible deployment than existing technologies. Our unique Tru-H2Fuel novel chemical approach aims to achieve stable hydrogen storage densities at atmospheric pressure that far exceed current standards.

[0053] Tru-H2Fuel has a wide operating temperature range, being temperature and pressure independent for hydrogen release. It can operate in environments from -20°F to 140°F (-30°C to 60°C) without any additional additives. Its design pressure ranges from atmospheric pressure to several thousand pounds.

[0054] Tru-H2Fuel is extremely stable under dry and watertight conditions and has been proven to withstand long-term storage. Tests have shown that even fuel manufactured 13 years ago shows little degradation.

[0055] Tru-H2Fuel has been optimized through years of development. It has been proven to produce humidified hydrogen gas with 99.999% purity, although some water vapor is generated during the production process. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in fuel cells from multiple manufacturers, and it has been confirmed to be an effective fuel source for hydrogen fuel cells, even after thousands of hours of operation.

[0056] Furthermore, there is a need for hydrogen generation systems that can be rapidly deployed without large-scale infrastructure changes, which will enable the use of hydrogen in a variety of applications and locations that were previously difficult to use, accelerating the transition to a hydrogen society.

[0057] Furthermore, it would be advantageous to create a more environmentally friendly and economical hydrogen generation and storage solution compared to traditional, high-cost energy production methods. Embodiments of the present invention address both the economic and environmental challenges associated with current hydrogen technology by enabling low-pressure operation, low-energy extraction, and even fuel reuse.

[0058] Tru-H2Fuel achieves a hydrogen content of over 5.5% by weight across all components (including water), or 10.6% if water is excluded (either externally supplied or partially captured fuel cell exhaust). This significantly exceeds current hydrogen storage technologies (typically less than 2%). Development of even more efficient fuel blends (over 6% by weight) is currently underway.

[0059] Unlike conventional hydrogen generation systems, Tru-H2 generates hydrogen on demand, eliminating the need for large-scale hydrogen storage infrastructure and reducing energy loss during long-term storage. It also operates over a wide temperature range (-20°F to 140°F) without additional adjustments, and features rapid start-up and shutdown (switching between maximum and minimum production modes in less than two minutes).

[0060] Safety is also a key factor. Embodiments of the present invention operate at low pressures. In one embodiment, operation is possible below 15 psig, and even higher-power models can operate below 75 psig, significantly reducing risk and infrastructure requirements compared to high-pressure storage approaches. Designs can accommodate a wide range of operating pressures, from atmospheric to 75 psig, or even higher if needed.

[0061] This system also supports modular and scalable design, allowing for flexible expansion of hydrogen generation capacity by combining multiple units. Furthermore, spent fuel can be recovered, reused, and recycled, contributing to reduced environmental impact and costs.

[0062] The hydrogen output from this system is extremely pure (99.999%), making it suitable for fuel cells and other high-purity applications. It is purer than other hydrogen production methods. Tru-H2Fuel is made from a proprietary mixture of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the primary component, along with select water and additives, making it stable at atmospheric pressure and easily operable in temperatures ranging from -20°F to 140°F.

[0063] Sodium borohydride is designated "Wet Hazardous (4.3)" by the U.S. Department of Transportation because it reacts with water to produce flammable hydrogen. Tru-H2Fuel has a safety data sheet outlining its chemical composition. The reaction products are low-risk and no environmental issues have been reported. No other chemicals are produced, and analysis of VOCs, organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, etc. has not been detected.

[0064] Alternative embodiments of the Tru-H2 hydrogen generation system offer a simpler, modular design, higher energy density (greater than 4% by weight, greater than 3% by volume), faster response, and reduced build complexity and cost.

[0065] This technology aims to achieve safer and more efficient hydrogen storage and production than current methods, enabling the rapid deployment of hydrogen infrastructure without the need for large-scale investment.

[0066] The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention will be better understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0067] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a hydrogen generating apparatus according to the present invention. [Figure 2]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the external structure of the hydrogen generation device of the present invention. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the development chamber as seen from above. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the top and side views of a double-D screw according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 5] 5A, 5B, and 5C are schematic diagrams of hydrogen generation components used in the prior art and are labeled "Prior Art." [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of the entire chamber system in operation. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is another schematic side view of the entire chamber system during operation. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a bottom view of the hydrogen chamber. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the detailed configuration of the rotary liquid supply mechanism. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a rotary drive system. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a rotational view of the lead screw. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a threaded drive screw with double D flats. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a side view schematic diagram of a threaded drive screw with double D flats.

[0068] Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a hydrogen generation system, with the main components enclosed within the dotted line (100). The main components are the hydrogen generation chamber (102), the liquid reservoir for water or aqueous solutions (103), the process controller (104), the fan (105), the liquid injection mechanism (106), and the hydrogen output (107). If necessary, a post-treatment unit (101) for dehumidification, compression, and liquefaction is also shown.

[0069] Figure 2 is a detailed schematic diagram of the production chamber and its associated components. Shown are the hydrogen production chamber (200), pressure sensor (201), hydrogen output (202), process controller (204), and rotary drive motor (205). Also shown is a hydrogen post-treatment unit (203) for dehumidification (not included in the main unit).

[0070] In one embodiment of the present invention, a system is disclosed that leverages these advanced concepts and the immediate benefits of improved energy density. Contrary to conventional technology, the system simplifies design and operation by altering the way fuel and water interact. The method and specifications of this embodiment begin with Tru-H2Fuel being introduced into a specially designed hydrogen generation chamber (200). Water or an aqueous solution (103) is pumped into the hydrogen generation chamber (200) and distributed in a controlled manner throughout to ensure uniform use of Tru-H2Fuel. This uniform and controlled mixing is managed by a process controller (104). According to one embodiment of the present invention, the water and fuel are precisely mixed using a drive motor. When the fuel and water or aqueous solution (103) are mixed, hydrogen is generated and removed from the generation chamber (102) via the hydrogen output (107), with the remaining precipitate stored in a post-treatment unit (101) for later reuse or recycling. Heat generated during this generation process is removed by a fan (105) installed outside the generation chamber. Table 2 below shows the conditions for hydrogen production using the process controller (104) and production chamber (102).

[0071] According to this embodiment, the system is designed to achieve high energy density storage in a safe and clean manner. It is anticipated that a single unit can achieve hydrogen densities of over 4% by weight and over 3% by volume (over 3% per liter). Different modules can be adapted to supply different amounts of hydrogen, allowing for larger volumes to be supplied. This represents a significant improvement in storage density compared to other embodiments of the present invention and existing hydrogen storage technologies.

[0072] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing the top of the pressure vessel or brewing chamber (300), highlighting the collapsible liquid inlet tube (301) and the top of the brewing chamber (302). Figure 3 shows how the liquid inlet tube (301) surrounds the lead screw.

[0073] Figure 4 shows various views of the lead screw mechanism, including a cross-sectional view (400), a side view (401), and the first and second flat surfaces (402 and 403) that form the double-D cross-sectional shape. The first flat surface (402) has a line (404) that represents a ridge used to raise and lower the liquid supply mechanism (606 / 704).

[0074] Figures 6 and 7 are schematic diagrams showing the hydrogen chamber (200, 600, 700) system in operation. Figure 6 shows a side view of the hydrogen chamber system (600) with the liquid supply mechanism (606) at the bottom of the chamber, and Figure 7 shows a side view of the hydrogen chamber system (700) with the liquid supply mechanism (704) at the top of the chamber. The controller (400) commands the rotary drive motors (601 / 701) to precisely control the level of water introduced into the liquid inlet tubes (604 / 703) using double-D or lead screws (400, 605, 706). The screw (400) rotates precisely, coiling in Figure 7 and unwound in Figure 6. As hydrogen is generated, it is vented out of the chamber through the hydrogen output (602 / 702). This entire process is also precisely controlled by a rotary liquid supply mechanism (606 / 704) and a mechanism that locks the rotation of the lead screw (608 / 708).

[0075] FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the chamber (800), showing the rotating liquid supply mechanism (801), liquid inlet tube (802), hydrogen output filter (803), and rotating climbing rock (804).

[0076] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the hydrogen generation chamber (200) includes an internal nut that couples with the liquid supply mechanism (606 / 702). Rotation of the lead screw (400, 605, 706) causes the internal nut to transfer rotational energy to the external liquid supply mechanism. A locking member or rotational climbing lock (608 / 708) locks the liquid supply mechanism (606 / 702) external to the shaft, allowing vertical movement.

[0077] Another embodiment of the invention includes a planetary gear mechanism that transmits the rotational motion of an internally geared nut to a counter-rotating external liquid feed arm. By adjusting the gear ratio, the rotational speed of the liquid feed arm can be controlled independently of the lead screw, allowing for more precise liquid dispensing. The internal nut is coupled to the liquid feed arm, and as it rotates, it locks onto a side shaft wheel (also known as a locking shaft), preventing the feed arm from rotating and allowing the nut to move vertically.

[0078] Figure 9 shows a detailed view of the rotary liquid supply mechanism and its components. The rotary liquid supply mechanism (900) uses folding assembly screws (901 and 902). This embodiment of the invention includes an anti-rotation locking plate (903) and a liquid inlet connection (904). The main components are a threaded nut (905) and a retention pin (906). Other components include a rotating cam (907), a rotating seal port (908), a liquid inlet dispensing tube / port (909), and an external seal rotating port (910). According to one embodiment of the invention, the external seal rotating port (910) and the rotating seal port (908) rotate in opposite directions when the drive mechanism rotates, allowing the threaded nut (905) to move up the screw. The rotating cam (907) serves to lock the external seal rotating port (910) against the rotation of the threaded screw.

[0079] FIG. 10 shows a rotary drive system (1000) including a drive screw with double D flats (1001), a liquid injection tube (1002), an anti-rotation lock plate (1003), a liquid injection dispense port (1004), and a rotary liquid supply mechanism (1005).

[0080] Finally, Figure 11 shows a rotated view of the lead screw (1100), highlighting the rotating fluid delivery head (1101), planetary gears (1102), indexed lead screw (1103), and rotational angle (1104). [Table 2]

[0081] Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of a threaded screw drive according to one embodiment of the present invention. The main component of this embodiment is a system of threaded drive screws (1200) with a double-D cross section. The threaded drive screws (1200) include a first water distribution manifold (1201) that controls the amount of water entering the hydrogen generation chamber (200) and a second water distribution manifold (1202) that precisely controls the water flow to the bottom of the hydrogen generation chamber (200). Connected to these manifolds are a first water input (1203) and a second water input (1204), each of which is connected to a collapsible tubing system (not shown). The combination of the first and second water inputs (1203, 1204) allows precise control of the water flow rate and volume to the hydrogen generation chamber (200).

[0082] The thread drive screw system (1200) includes a water distribution arm (1206) with micro-holes to control the amount and flow of water into the hydrogen generation chamber (200). The water distribution arm (1206) also includes an anti-rotation arm (1205) for counter-rotation control, used for level and water flow control. It also includes a second water distribution arm (1207) to control the water input into the hydrogen generation chamber (200) system.

[0083] FIG. 13 is a schematic side view of a thread drive screw (1300), depicting the screw ridges. The thread drive screw (1300) is equipped with a water distribution manifold (1301), which rotates to raise and lower the water distribution arms (1302, 1304). In one embodiment of the present invention, clockwise rotation of the manifold (1301) by the rotary drive motor (205) raises the arms, while counterclockwise rotation lowers them. Micropores in the arms (1302, 1304) allow for the controlled release of water into the hydrogen production chamber (200). When the manifold reaches the bottom of the production chamber (200), an anti-rotation arm (1303) activates, stopping the rotation of the screw and manifold.

[0084] Regeneration of sodium borohydride from sodium metaborate (NaBO) is another embodiment of the present invention, allowing for the recycling of raw materials. The regeneration process is carried out using a low-energy ball milling process (not shown).

[0085] This invention realizes a hydrogen storage and production system that far exceeds current technology. The use of an optimized Tru-H2Fuel enables safe operation, low-pressure operation, space-saving design, and a long lifespan. This invention also reduces weight, volume, and installation area, and Tru-H2Fuel has demonstrated a hydrogen content of over 5.5 wt%. Development of next-generation products is also progressing, demonstrating significant improvements in hydrogen density in both weight and volume, and is expected to far surpass competing products on the market.

[0086] This system does not require large-scale infrastructure development and can be deployed more quickly and at lower cost than other systems that use water electrolysis. This fuel allows for efficient deployment of hydrogen in areas without hydrogen infrastructure, paving the way for the use of hydrogen in a variety of applications.

[0087] The Tru-H2 hydrogen generator uses Tru-H2Fuel to produce high-density hydrogen on demand, simplifying logistics and ensuring high safety. Two main systems are currently under development: one that achieves dynamic hydrogen production with an energy density of over 2% for large-scale applications, and the other that simplifies operation and integration to enable high-density hydrogen storage, rapid deployment, and rapid integration into fuel cells, etc., with an energy density of over 3% by volume and over 4% by weight.

[0088] Leveraging Tru-H2Fuel's high energy storage properties while retaining all its advantages, safe, clean, and high density hydrogen storage is achieved, with a single unit with fuel pods expected to have over 2% hydrogen content throughout the system, and even more in individual pods.

[0089] This embodiment demonstrates faster hydrogen generation response, higher density storage in terms of both weight and volume, and simpler and less expensive construction than conventional Tru-H2 systems. It outperforms current hydrogen technologies on the market, and these improvements enable rapid deployment in customer-specific applications and meet the demands of emerging hydrogen infrastructure markets.

[0090] The composition of Tru-H2Fuel can be modified to include other hydrogen-containing chemicals and additives. In one embodiment of the present invention, potassium borohydride (KBH4) can be used as the primary hydrogen-producing component instead of sodium borohydride. Various stabilizing additives can also be added to further improve fuel life and reaction rate. Furthermore, the water-to-borohydride ratio can be adjusted to optimize hydrogen yield and reaction rate for specific applications.

[0091] In another embodiment of the invention, multiple rotating arms are positioned at different heights within the reaction chamber to improve water distribution efficiency. The shape and number of inlets on the distribution arms can also be varied to optimize water distribution. Additionally, another embodiment incorporates a pulsed water injection system to more precisely control the reaction rate.

[0092] Other embodiments improve the thermal management system by integrating heat storage (phase change materials) into the reactor walls to absorb excess heat during peak production. Other embodiments include a thermoelectric cooling system to convert waste heat into electricity, and variable speed fans to adjust cooling based on real-time temperature measurements. A variety of thermal management techniques are possible, including options for thermal control using phase change materials and other materials.

[0093] Other embodiments of the invention can optimize the shape and configuration of the reactor chamber, such as a cylindrical reactor with a vertically moving spiral water distribution mechanism, modular, stackable chambers for scalable hydrogen production, or a dual-chamber design where spent fuel is automatically transferred to a separate compartment.

[0094] In other embodiments, the control system can be improved to improve performance and user interaction. Machine learning algorithms can optimize water injection rates based on historical operating data, and remote monitoring and control can be achieved via smartphone. Additionally, the system can include integrated sensors to detect fuel quality and use that data to automatically adjust operating parameters.

[0095] This embodiment can be used as a portable power source in remote locations, such as geological surveys, archaeological excavations, and disaster relief. Its compact size, modular design, and wide temperature range (-20°F to 140°F) make it possible to provide reliable power even in areas lacking infrastructure. Its fast startup time of less than two minutes and high energy density allow field teams to quickly install and operate critical equipment, including communications, scientific, and medical devices.

[0096] Uninterruptible power is essential for data centers. The Tru-H2 hydrogen generation system can be used as a reliable backup power source, replacing or supplementing traditional diesel generators. The combination of on-demand hydrogen generation and fuel cells provides clean, quiet, and efficient backup power. The modular design allows for scalability, and Tru-H2Fuel's high energy density allows for longer operation than battery-powered systems, ensuring data centers can continue to operate even during extended power outages.

[0097] The maritime industry is actively seeking cleaner energy solutions to reduce emissions. The Tru-H2 hydrogen generation system can be installed on ships to provide auxiliary power for lighting, air conditioning, electronics, and more. Its compact design and ability to operate under a variety of pressures makes it easy to integrate into existing ship structures. Tru-H2 Fuel's high energy density extends the refueling interval even on long-distance voyages, making it particularly advantageous for long-term operation. In addition, low-pressure operation (less than 75 psig) enhances safety in the offshore environment.

[0098] This invention makes it possible to set up hydrogen refueling stations in remote areas or areas without hydrogen infrastructure. This will enable the introduction of fuel cell vehicles in areas where hydrogen supply was previously impossible. The modular design allows for expansion according to demand, and the high-speed hydrogen production capacity of up to 600 g / h allows for rapid refueling. Safe fuel storage and transportation under atmospheric pressure simplifies logistics compared to compressed or liquefied hydrogen, making it feasible to set up refueling stations in isolated areas.

[0099] Remote telecommunications towers often rely on diesel generators, which are expensive to maintain and have a significant environmental impact. The Tru-H2 hydrogen generation system offers a cleaner and more efficient power solution for these off-grid installations. Its wide operating temperature range and low maintenance requirements make it easy to deploy in a variety of climates and remote locations. Its high energy density reduces refueling and operational costs. Quiet operation minimizes noise in sensitive locations.

[0100] The primary objective of this invention is to develop a hydrogen generation and storage system with higher energy density, safety, and deployment flexibility than current technologies. By using a unique chemical approach and Tru-H2Fuel, we have achieved both a hydrogen storage density that far exceeds current standards and stable storage at atmospheric pressure.

[0101] There is also a recognized need for rapidly deployable hydrogen generation systems that do not require large-scale infrastructure modifications, which will facilitate the use of hydrogen in a variety of applications and regions that were previously not possible, accelerating the transition to a hydrogen society.

[0102] Furthermore, the aim is to create a greener and more economical hydrogen production and storage solution, which addresses both the economic and environmental challenges of current hydrogen technologies through its low-pressure operation, low energy extraction and reusability of the fuel.

[0103] The development of Tru-H2 hydrogen generation technology was also motivated by the need for more versatile and adaptable hydrogen generation solutions. While traditional hydrogen technologies often require specialized infrastructure and deployment constraints, embodiments of the present invention create systems that can be easily integrated into a variety of applications and environments, from stationary to mobile and portable.

[0104] While challenges in storing and transporting hydrogen have also been a barrier to widespread adoption, embodiments of the present invention have simplified logistics and reduced distribution costs by developing a fuel that can be safely stored and transported at atmospheric pressure. This approach will make hydrogen more accessible even in areas where hydrogen infrastructure is not yet in place.

[0105] Additionally, embodiments of the present invention increase the efficiency of hydrogen production and utilization. On-demand generation minimizes energy loss during long-term storage and eliminates energy-intensive processes such as compression and liquefaction. This maximizes resource utilization and reduces environmental impact, resulting in a more sustainable energy solution.

[0106] In another embodiment of the invention, the system's compactness and modularity allow for easy integration as a portable backup power source, enabling deployment in remote locations, disaster relief, and as an uninterruptible power source for critical infrastructure, providing a clean and reliable alternative to diesel generators. [Industrial Applicability]

[0107] By enabling widespread and efficient use of hydrogen in multiple sectors, embodiments of the present invention will significantly contribute to the global transition to a low-carbon economy, opening up new markets and creating significant business opportunities in the rapidly growing hydrogen energy sector.

Claims

1. A hydrogen generation system comprising: a) a reaction chamber containing fuel for hydrogen generation; b) a liquid dispensing mechanism including a rotating arm having a water inlet; c) a vertical movement mechanism coupled to the rotating arm; d) a control system configured to control the water injection, arm rotation, and vertical movement; and e) Hydrogen output port.

2. 2. The hydrogen generating fuel of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen generating fuel is sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ).

3. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the vertical movement mechanism includes a lead screw.

4. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the control system is configured to create a spiral water distribution pattern within the reaction chamber.

5. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a thermal management system that utilizes the rotating arm to dissipate heat.

6. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system operates at a pressure less than 75 psig.

7. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen generating fuel achieves greater than 5.5% hydrogen by weight, including water.

8. 1. A method for producing hydrogen, comprising: a) providing a reaction chamber containing a fuel for hydrogen generation; b) introducing liquid into the reaction chamber via a rotating arm having a liquid inlet; c) controlling the vertical movement of the rotating arm to create a spiral liquid distribution pattern; d) adjusting the liquid injection rate and the arm rotation speed to optimize hydrogen production; and e) recovering the produced hydrogen gas; A method comprising:

9. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of dissipating heat using the rotating arm.

10. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the hydrogen generating fuel comprises sodium borohydride and an additive for stabilizing or enhancing hydrogen production.

11. A modular hydrogen generation system comprising: a) a plurality of reaction chambers, each containing a fuel for hydrogen generation; b) Within each chamber, a liquid distribution mechanism consisting of a rotating arm with a liquid inlet and a vertical movement mechanism; c) a central control system that controls the liquid injection, arm rotation, and vertical movement across all chambers; and d) A mechanism for integrating the hydrogen output from all chambers.

12. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the scale of the system can be expanded or reduced by adding or removing reaction chambers.

13. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the fuel for hydrogen generation is stored under atmospheric pressure conditions prior to use.

14. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein full hydrogen production is achieved within 2 minutes after startup.

15. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the purity of the hydrogen produced is 99.999%.

16. 1. A method for producing hydrogen, comprising: a) providing a reaction chamber containing a fuel for hydrogen generation; b) introducing a liquid into the reaction chamber via a rotating arm having a liquid inlet; c) controlling the vertical movement of the rotating arm within the reaction chamber; d) adjusting the liquid injection rate and arm rotation speed to optimize hydrogen production; and e) recovering the produced hydrogen gas.

17. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the vertical movement of the rotating arm is controlled to form a helical liquid distribution pattern within the reaction chamber.

18. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising the step of dissipating heat using a rotating arm.

19. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the hydrogen generating fuel comprises sodium borohydride.

20. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising operating the system at a pressure less than 75 psig.

21. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the hydrogen generating fuel achieves greater than 5.5% hydrogen by weight, including water.

22. 17. The method of claim 16, including achieving complete hydrogen production within two minutes of start-up.

23. 1. A modular hydrogen production method comprising: a) providing a plurality of reaction chambers, each containing a fuel for generating hydrogen; b) introducing liquid into each reaction chamber via a rotating arm with a separate liquid inlet; c) controlling the vertical movement of the rotating arm within each reaction chamber; d) centrally adjusting the liquid injection rate and arm rotation speed across all chambers to optimize hydrogen production; e) collecting and combining the hydrogen gas produced from all chambers; A method comprising:

24. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising adjusting the rate of hydrogen production by adding or removing reaction chambers.

25. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the hydrogen generating fuel is stored at atmospheric pressure prior to use.

26. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising producing hydrogen gas at 99.999% purity.

27. 1. A method for controlling liquid distribution in hydrogen production, comprising: a) providing a reaction chamber containing a fuel for hydrogen generation; b) rotating a liquid dispensing arm within the reaction chamber; c) vertically moving the liquid dispensing arm via a lead screw mechanism; d) injecting liquid through a port in the liquid dispensing arm; e) controlling the rotational speed, vertical displacement, and liquid injection to form a spiral liquid distribution pattern within the fuel.

28. 30. The method of claim 27, further comprising adjusting the liquid distribution pattern based on hydrogen demand.

29. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the liquid dispensing arm contributes to heat dissipation within the reaction chamber.

30. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising operating the system at a pressure less than 15 psig.

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