Electric energy meter error measurement device and method
The pulse counting of the timer and AND gate components is performed to solve the interrupt error and low-precision problems caused by software interrupts in the power meter error test, and high-precision power meter error measurement is achieved, avoiding software crashes.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202210283408.9
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2022-03-22
- Publication Date
- 2024-12-10
- Estimated Expiration
- 2042-03-22
AI Technical Summary
Interrupt errors and low-precision problems caused by software interrupts in existing power meter error tests, especially when high-frequency pulse detection is easily caused by software crash.
The pulse counting is performed using hardware components such as timers and AND gates. The memory access request is generated through direct memory access and input capture, avoiding software interrupts, and achieving high-precision power meter error measurement.
It effectively avoids interrupt errors caused by software interrupts, improves the accuracy of power meter error calculation, and prevents the risk of software crashing under high-frequency pulse detection.
Smart Images
Figure CN114814710B_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of electric energy meter error measurement, and relates to an electric energy meter error measurement device and method. Background Art
[0002] The accuracy of electric energy measurement is the guarantee of the safety and stability of the power system. However, the electric energy meter will inevitably have errors during operation, so it is necessary to calculate the error of the electric energy meter;
[0003] The error test of the electric energy meter calculates the error by counting pulses. The pulse counting in the existing error test of the electric energy meter adopts software interrupt. The problem of software interrupt is that it is easy to cause interrupt error and the error accuracy is not high. For the detection of high-frequency pulses, the system will frequently enter interruption, resulting in frequent memory occupation in the software, which may easily cause the software to crash. Summary of the invention
[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide an electric energy meter error measurement device and method, which solves the interrupt error problem caused by using software interrupts in the existing error calculation process, further solves the problem of low error accuracy of the electric energy meter, and further solves the technical problem that the software is prone to crash caused by high-frequency pulse detection.
[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
[0006] The present invention provides an electric energy meter error measurement device, comprising:
[0007] The first timer is used to compare the detected pulse with the check number of turns written into the comparator, and output a level signal to the second timer, the third timer and the AND gate respectively; the first timer outputs a low level signal when the output comparison occurs;
[0008] A second timer is used to obtain the value of the integer part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number and store it in the first direct memory access cache; the second timer receives the standard pulse and the level signal output by the first timer and counts;
[0009] An AND gate, used for performing a logical AND operation on the received standard pulse and the level signal output by the first timer, and outputting the result to the third timer;
[0010] A third timer is used to obtain a reference pulse number corresponding to the standard pulse and store it in a second direct memory access cache; used to obtain the reference pulse number corresponding to the decimal part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number and store it in a third direct memory access cache; the third timer receives the reference pulse, the level signal output by the AND gate and the level signal output by the first timer and counts.
[0011] In some embodiments, the second timer is used to obtain the value of the integer part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number and store it in the first direct memory access cache, including:
[0012] The second timer clock channel receives the standard pulse, and the level signal output by the first timer is output to the first channel of the second timer. The first channel of the second timer is a falling edge input capture. When a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated. The first direct memory access cache stores the value in the second timer, and the value in the second timer is stored in the capture register in the second timer.
[0013] In some embodiments, the third timer is used to obtain the reference pulse number corresponding to the standard pulse and store it in the second direct memory access cache, including:
[0014] The third timer clock channel receives the reference pulse, the AND gate receives the standard pulse and the level signal output by the first timer, and outputs them to the first channel of the third timer after logical AND. The first channel of the third timer is a rising edge input capture. When a rising edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated. The second direct memory access controller stores the value in the third timer, and the value in the third timer is stored in the capture register in the third timer.
[0015] In some embodiments, the third timer is used to obtain the reference pulse number corresponding to the fractional part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number, and store it in the third direct memory access cache, including:
[0016] The third timer clock channel receives the reference pulse, and the level signal output by the first timer is output to the second channel of the third timer. The second channel of the third timer is a falling edge input capture. When a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated. The third direct memory access cache stores the value in the third timer, and the value in the third timer is stored in the capture register in the third timer.
[0017] In some embodiments, the first timer, the second timer, the third timer, the AND gate and the comparator are all disposed in an integrated circuit chip;
[0018] In some embodiments, the electric energy meter error measurement device further includes:
[0019] A display device, used for displaying the error value of the electric energy meter;
[0020] The display device is connected to the integrated circuit chip.
[0021] The present invention also provides an electric energy meter error measurement method, comprising:
[0022] The first timer receives the pulse to be detected, the comparator receives the number of verification turns, and the output comparison channel of the first timer outputs a level signal to the second timer, the third timer and the AND gate respectively; the first timer outputs a low level signal when an output comparison occurs;
[0023] The second timer clock channel receives a standard pulse, and the second timer first channel receives a level signal output by the first timer and counts; the second timer first channel is a falling edge input capture, and when a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and a first direct memory access cache stores the count value in the second timer, and the value in the second timer is stored in a capture register in the second timer;
[0024] The third timer clock channel receives a reference pulse, the AND gate receives the standard pulse and the level signal, and outputs the result to the first channel of the third timer after logic AND and counts. The first channel of the third timer is a rising edge input capture. When a rising edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated. The second direct memory access cache stores the count value in the third timer. The value in the third timer is stored in a capture register in the third timer.
[0025] The second channel of the third timer receives the level signal output by the first timer and counts; the second channel of the third timer is a falling edge input capture; when a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and a third direct memory access cache stores the count value in the third timer, and the value in the third timer is stored in a capture register in the third timer;
[0026] Calculate the error value of the electric energy meter when the number of verification turns is N, where N is a positive integer;
[0027] The output comparison channel of the first timer is set to a high level signal.
[0028] In some embodiments, the first channel of the third timer is a rising edge input capture and the second channel of the third timer is a falling edge input capture, including:
[0029] When the first timer does not perform output comparison, the first channel of the third timer is for rising edge input capture; when the first timer performs output comparison, the second channel of the third timer is for falling edge input capture, and the first channel of the third timer stops for rising edge input capture.
[0030] In some embodiments, the method further comprises:
[0031] When an output comparison interrupt occurs in the first timer, the value in the second timer stored in the first direct memory access cache, the value in the third timer stored in the second direct memory access cache, and the value in the third timer stored in the third direct memory access cache are extracted and saved in the program.
[0032] In some embodiments, the calculation of the error value of the electric energy meter when the number of verification turns is N includes:
[0033] The values Cs and Cs' in the second timer stored in the first direct memory access cache are respectively obtained when the output comparison interrupt occurs twice before and after the first timer; the value Cs in the third timer stored in the second direct memory access cache is obtained. A (n-1), C A (n) and C A '(n-1), C A '(n); The value C of the third timer stored in the third direct memory access cache B and C B ', the value of n is equal to the value of the verification number of turns N;
[0034] Calculating the electric energy meter error according to the electric energy meter error calculation formula;
[0035] The electric energy meter error calculation formula is:
[0036]
[0037] N is the number of verification turns, C1 is the pulse constant to be tested, C2 is the standard pulse constant, and ΔC' is The ΔC is
[0038] Beneficial effects of the present invention:
[0039] The electric energy meter error measurement device provided by the present invention comprises a first timer used as a comparison output of a detected pulse and a verification number of turns, a second timer used as an integer part counting of a standard pulse, and a third timer used as a decimal part counting of a standard pulse. A direct memory access function and input capture and output comparison of the timer are used to generate a direct memory access request to realize the counting of the standard pulse and the detected pulse, and a corresponding reference pulse is used to calculate the number of standard pulses with a decimal part. The electric energy meter error is measured by calculation, thereby avoiding the interruption error caused by software interruption in the prior art, ensuring the high precision of the electric energy meter error calculation, and solving the problem that the software is prone to freeze under high-frequency pulse detection. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0040] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.
[0041] Figure 1 This is a hardware diagram of an electric energy meter error measurement device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
[0042] Figure 2 It is a principle block diagram of an electric energy meter error measurement device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
[0043] Figure 3 A flow chart of an electric energy meter error measurement method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
[0044] Figure 4 Obtaining a timing diagram for the integer part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number of the embodiment of the present invention;
[0045] Figure 5 A timing diagram for obtaining a reference pulse count corresponding to an integer pulse of a standard pulse according to an embodiment of the present invention;
[0046] Figure 6 A timing diagram for obtaining a reference pulse count corresponding to a decimal part of a standard pulse number corresponding to a detected pulse according to an embodiment of the present invention;
[0047] Figure 7 This is a timing diagram for obtaining the reference pulse count corresponding to the standard pulse decimal part of an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0048] The following is a clear and complete description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. It should be clear that the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0049] The embodiment of the present invention provides an electric energy meter error measurement device, referring to Figure 1 Hardware diagram of the energy meter error measurement device The energy meter error measurement device includes an integrated circuit chip and a display device for displaying the error calculation result, wherein the integrated circuit chip and the display device are connected via a USB cable;
[0050] It should be noted that in the embodiment of the present application, the integrated circuit chip and the display device are connected using a USB. In actual applications, the connection method can be determined according to the interface type of the integrated circuit chip and the display device.
[0051] refer to Figure 2 The principle block diagram of the electric energy meter error measurement device is shown in FIG. 1 . The main hardware used in the integrated circuit chip of the embodiment of the present application is as follows:
[0052] The first timer T1 is used to compare the detected pulse with the check number of turns written into the comparator, and output level signals to the second timer T2, the third timer T3 and the AND gate respectively; the first timer T1 outputs a low level signal when output comparison occurs;
[0053] The second timer T2 is used to obtain the value of the integer part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number, and store it in the first direct memory access cache; wherein the clock channel of the second timer T2 receives the standard pulse, and the level signal output by the first timer T1 is output to the first channel CH1 of the second timer T2, and the first channel CH1 of the second timer T2 is a falling edge input capture. When a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and the first direct memory access cache stores the value in the second timer T2, and the value in the second timer T2 is stored in the capture register in the second timer T2.
[0054] An AND gate, used for performing a logical AND operation on the received standard pulse and the level signal output by the first timer T1, and outputting the result to the third timer T3;
[0055] The third timer T3 is used to obtain the number of reference pulses corresponding to a standard pulse and store it in the second direct memory access cache; the clock channel of the third timer T3 receives the reference pulse, and the AND gate receives the standard pulse and the level signal output by the first timer T1, and outputs it to the first channel CH1 of the third timer T3 after logical AND. The first channel CH1 of the third timer is a rising edge input capture. When a rising edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and the second direct memory access controller stores the value in the third timer T3, and the value in the third timer T3 is stored in the capture register in the third timer T3.
[0056] The third timer T3 is also used to obtain the reference pulse number corresponding to the decimal part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number, and store it in the third direct memory access cache; the clock channel of the third timer T3 receives the reference pulse, and the level signal output by the first timer T1 is output to the second channel CH2 of the third timer T3. The second channel CH2 of the third timer T3 is a falling edge input capture. When a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated. The third direct memory access cache stores the value in the third timer T3, and the value in the third timer T3 is stored in the capture register in the third timer T3.
[0057] It should be noted that the reference pulse described in the embodiment of the present application is a 10 MHz pulse. In practical applications, the frequency of the reference pulse is not limited, and the higher the frequency of the reference pulse, the higher the calculation accuracy corresponding to the reference pulse will be.
[0058] The present application also provides an electric energy meter error measurement method applicable to the electric energy meter error measurement device of the present application embodiment, referring to Figure 3 A flow chart of an electric energy meter error measurement method; the method comprises:
[0059] The first timer T1 receives the pulse to be detected, the comparator receives the number of verification turns, and the output comparison channel of the first timer T1 outputs a level signal to the second timer T2, the third timer T3 and the AND gate respectively; the first timer T1 outputs a low level signal when an output comparison occurs;
[0060] The clock channel of the second timer T2 receives the standard pulse, and the first channel CH1 of the second timer T2 receives the level signal output by the first timer T1 and counts; the first channel CH1 of the second timer T2 is a falling edge input capture, and when a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and the first direct memory access cache stores the count value in the second timer T2;
[0061] Specifically, refer to Figure 4 The integer part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number is used to obtain the timing diagram. The detected pulse is used as the external clock input of the first timer T1, and the number of check cycles is written into the comparison register. The level signal of the comparison output is used as the input channel of the second timer T2. When the second timer T2 generates a falling edge input capture, a direct memory access request is generated, and the value of the capture register of the second timer T2 is stored in the direct memory access cache. When the timer T1 generates an output comparison interrupt (such as Figure 4 At time t1 in the figure, the data in the direct memory access cache corresponding to the second timer T2 is saved in the program as Cs, and the value of the comparison register (comparator) of the first timer T1 is set. When the next output comparison interrupt occurs (such as Figure 4At time t1' in the figure), the new data in the direct memory access cache corresponding to the second timer T2 is saved in the program and recorded as Cs'.
[0062] The third timer T3 clock channel receives the reference pulse, and the AND gate receives the standard pulse and level signal, and outputs the result to the first channel CH1 of the third timer T3 after the logic AND and counts. The first channel CH1 of the third timer T3 is a rising edge input capture. When the rising edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and the second direct memory access cache stores the count value in the third timer T3;
[0063] Specifically, refer to Figure 5 The reference pulse count corresponding to an integer pulse of the standard pulse is obtained in the timing diagram. The standard pulse and the level signal output by the comparison of the detected pulse and the number of verification turns of the first timer T1 are used as the input channel of the third timer T3 after passing through the AND gate. The first channel CH1 of the third timer T3 is set to the rising edge input capture. When the input capture event occurs, a direct memory access request is generated, and the value of the capture register of the third timer T3 is stored in the direct memory access request cache. When the first timer T1 generates an output comparison interrupt (such as Figure 5 At time t1 in the middle, the rising edge capture is stopped to prevent the direct memory access request cache data from being overwritten by new data, and the data in the direct memory access request cache is saved to the program and recorded as C A (n-1) and C A (n). Similarly, when the next output compare interrupt occurs (such as Figure 7 At time t1', the new data in the direct memory access request cache is saved to the program and recorded as C A '(n-1) and C A '(n).
[0064] The second channel CH2 of the third timer T3 receives the level signal output by the first timer T1 and counts; the second channel CH2 of the third timer T3 is a falling edge input capture; when a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and the third direct memory access cache stores the count value in the third timer T3;
[0065] Specifically, refer to Figure 6The reference pulse count corresponding to the decimal part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse is obtained in the timing diagram. The detected pulse is used as the external clock input of the first timer T1, and the number of test turns is written into the comparison register. The level signal of the comparison output is used as the input channel of the third timer T3. The second channel CH2 of the third timer T3 generates a falling edge input capture, generates a direct memory access request, and stores the value of the capture register of the third timer T3 into the direct memory access cache. When the first timer T1 generates an output comparison interrupt (such as Figure 6 At time t1 in the program, the data in the direct memory access cache corresponding to the third timer T3 is saved to the program and recorded as C B , and at the same time set the value of the comparison register of the first timer T1. Similarly, when the next output comparison interrupt occurs, the new data in the direct memory access cache corresponding to the third timer T3 is saved to the program and recorded as C B '.
[0066] In the embodiment of the present application, when the first timer T1 has no output comparison, the first channel CH1 of the third timer T3 is the rising edge input capture; when the first timer T1 has output comparison, the second channel CH2 of the third timer T3 is the falling edge input capture, and the first channel CH1 of the third timer T3 stops the rising edge input capture.
[0067] Calculate the error value of the electric energy meter when the number of calibration turns is N, where N is a positive integer;
[0068] Specifically, the values Cs and Cs' in the second timer T2 stored in the first direct memory access cache are obtained when the output comparison interrupt occurs twice before and after the first timer T1; the value Cs in the third timer T3 stored in the second direct memory access cache is obtained; A (n-1), C A (n) and C A '(n-1), C A '(n); The value C of the third timer T3 stored in the third direct memory access cache B and C B ', the value of n is equal to the value of the number of verification turns N;
[0069] The calculation formula of electric energy meter error is:
[0070]
[0071] Among them, N is the number of calibration turns, C1 is the pulse constant to be tested, C2 is the standard pulse constant, and M is the number of pulses of the standard meter;
[0072] References Figure 7As shown in the timing diagram of obtaining the reference pulse count corresponding to the decimal part of the standard pulse, the number of pulses detected from t1 to t1' is N, and the corresponding number of standard pulses recorded in the second timer T2 is Cs'-Cs. Because this pulse number actually has a deviation of ±1, it will produce a large calculation error. Therefore, in Example 2 of the present application, a high-frequency 10MHz reference pulse is used to calculate the part of the standard pulse that is less than one pulse number (using the decimal part of the standard pulse to express it, recorded as ΔC and ΔC'), as shown in Figure 7 As shown, the clock of the third timer T3 is a 10MHz pulse, and this reference pulse is used as the decimal part of the calculation standard pulse, and the method is as follows:
[0073] The reference pulse number corresponding to an integer pulse number of the standard pulse is C. A (n)- C A (n-1), the reference pulse number corresponding to the decimal part of the standard pulse measured by the reference pulse is C B -C A (n), the above ΔC and ΔC′ are respectively:
[0074]
[0075]
[0076] Therefore, the calculation formula for the standard meter pulse number M is:
[0077] M=C s '-C s +ΔC'-ΔC
[0078] In summary, the calculation formula for the electric energy meter error is:
[0079]
[0080] Finally, the output comparison channel of the first timer T1 is set to a high level signal.
[0081] The above contents are further detailed descriptions of the present invention in combination with specific implementation methods, and it cannot be determined that the specific implementation of the present invention is limited to these descriptions. For ordinary technicians in the technical field to which the present invention belongs, several simple deductions or substitutions can be made without departing from the concept of the present invention, which should be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. An electric energy meter error measurement device, characterized in that: include: The first timer is used to compare the detected pulse with the check number of turns written into the comparator, and output a level signal to the second timer, the third timer and the AND gate respectively; the first timer outputs a low level signal when the output comparison occurs; A second timer, used for obtaining a value of an integer part of a standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number, and storing the value in a first direct memory access cache; The second timer receives the standard pulse and the level signal output by the first timer and performs counting; An AND gate, used for performing a logical AND operation on the received standard pulse and the level signal output by the first timer, and outputting the result to the third timer; A third timer, used for obtaining a reference pulse number corresponding to the standard pulse, and storing it in a second direct memory access cache; Used to obtain the reference pulse number corresponding to the fractional part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number, and store it in a third direct memory access cache; The third timer receives the reference pulse, the level signal output by the AND gate and the level signal output by the first timer and performs counting; The third timer is used to obtain the reference pulse number corresponding to the standard pulse and store it in the second direct memory access cache; including: The third timer clock channel receives the reference pulse, the AND gate receives the standard pulse and the level signal output by the first timer, and outputs the result to the first channel of the third timer after logic AND, the first channel of the third timer is a rising edge input capture, and when a rising edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, the second direct memory access controller stores the value in the third timer, and the value in the third timer is stored in the capture register in the third timer; The third timer is used to obtain the reference pulse number corresponding to the fractional part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number, and store it in a third direct memory access cache; comprising: The third timer clock channel receives the reference pulse, and the level signal output by the first timer is output to the second channel of the third timer. The second channel of the third timer is a falling edge input capture. When a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated. The third direct memory access cache stores the value in the third timer, and the value in the third timer is stored in the capture register in the third timer.
2. The electric energy meter error measurement device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second timer is used to obtain the value of the integer part of the standard pulse number corresponding to the detected pulse number and store it in the first direct memory access cache; including: The second timer clock channel receives the standard pulse, and the level signal output by the first timer is output to the first channel of the second timer. The first channel of the second timer is a falling edge input capture. When a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated. The first direct memory access cache stores the value in the second timer, and the value in the second timer is stored in the capture register in the second timer.
3. The electric energy meter error measurement device according to claim 1, characterized in that: Also includes: The first timer, the second timer, the third timer, the AND gate and the comparator are all arranged in an integrated circuit chip.
4. The electric energy meter error measurement device according to claim 3, characterized in that: Also includes: A display device, used for displaying the error value of the electric energy meter; The display device is connected to the integrated circuit chip.
5. A method for measuring an electric energy meter error, characterized in that: include: The first timer receives the pulse to be detected, the comparator receives the number of verification turns, and the output comparison channel of the first timer outputs a level signal to the second timer, the third timer and the AND gate respectively; the first timer outputs a low level signal when an output comparison occurs; The second timer clock channel receives a standard pulse, and the second timer first channel receives a level signal output by the first timer and counts; the second timer first channel is a falling edge input capture, and when a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and a first direct memory access cache stores the count value in the second timer; The third timer clock channel receives a reference pulse, the AND gate receives the standard pulse and the level signal, and outputs the result to the first channel of the third timer after logic AND and counts. The first channel of the third timer is a rising edge input capture. When a rising edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated. The second direct memory access cache stores the count value in the third timer. The second channel of the third timer receives the level signal output by the first timer and counts; the second channel of the third timer is a falling edge input capture; when a falling edge input capture is generated, a direct memory access request is generated, and the third direct memory access cache stores the count value in the third timer; Calculate the error value of the electric energy meter when the number of calibration turns is N, where N is a positive integer; The output comparison channel of the first timer is set to a high level signal.
6. The method for measuring the error of an electric energy meter according to claim 5, characterized in that: The first channel of the third timer is a rising edge input capture and the second channel of the third timer is a falling edge input capture; comprising: When the first timer does not perform output comparison, the first channel of the third timer is for rising edge input capture; when the first timer performs output comparison, the second channel of the third timer is for falling edge input capture, and the first channel of the third timer stops for rising edge input capture.
7. The method for measuring the error of an electric energy meter according to claim 5, characterized in that: The method further comprises: When an output comparison interrupt occurs in the first timer, the value in the second timer stored in the first direct memory access cache, the value in the third timer stored in the second direct memory access cache, and the value in the third timer stored in the third direct memory access cache are extracted and saved in the program.
8. The method for measuring the error of an electric energy meter according to claim 5, characterized in that: The calculation of the error value of the electric energy meter when the number of verification turns is N includes: The values Cs and Cs' in the second timer stored in the first direct memory access cache are respectively obtained when the output comparison interrupt occurs twice before and after the first timer; the value Cs in the third timer stored in the second direct memory access cache is obtained. A (n-1), C A (n) and C A '(n-1), C A '(n); The value C of the third timer stored in the third direct memory access cache B and C B ', the value of n is equal to the value of the verification number of turns N; Calculating the electric energy meter error according to the electric energy meter error calculation formula; The electric energy meter error calculation formula is: N is the number of verification turns, C1 is the pulse constant to be tested, C2 is the standard pulse constant, and ΔC' is The ΔC is