Disinfectant for livestock and poultry and preparation method thereof
By using a combination of double-stranded quaternary ammonium salt compounds and plant extracts in livestock and poultry disinfectants, the problem of insufficient stability after storage of disinfectants is solved, and the long-term bactericidal effect is improved and the environmentally friendly and low-toxic properties are achieved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202111215671.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2021-10-19
- Publication Date
- 2024-12-27
- Estimated Expiration
- 2041-10-19
AI Technical Summary
The existing disinfectants for livestock and poultry are not disinfected for a long time after storage, making it difficult to maintain effective sterilization effect.
Using double-stranded quaternary ammonium salt compounds, plant extracts, biguanide compounds, acid compounds, surfactants and alcohol-based compounds, a stable disinfectant system is formed through specific weight ratios and compatibility methods, and disinfectant is added. stability and sterilization effect.
It improves the long-term sterilization stability of disinfectants and the disinfection effect of oil and oil, ensures the thorough disinfection of the environment and equipment of livestock and poultry houses, and the use of plant extracts has environmentally friendly and low-toxic properties.
Smart Images
Figure BDA0003310696520000071 
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to another field of A01N technology, and in particular to a disinfectant for livestock and poultry and a preparation method thereof. Background Art
[0002] A Chinese patent with patent application number CN201610075150.8 discloses a compound disinfectant and its application. The disinfectant has the advantages of high efficiency and low corrosiveness. It is used for disinfection of livestock and poultry environments, equipment, etc., and has broad market prospects and value. However, it does not solve the technical problem of the disinfection stability of the disinfectant after long-term storage.
[0003] A Chinese patent with patent application number CN201710482464.4 discloses a novel veterinary compound disinfectant and a preparation method thereof, which solves the problem of removing bad odors in livestock and poultry breeding places and is suitable for the field of veterinary disinfectants. However, it does not solve the technical problem of the disinfection stability of the disinfectant after long-term storage. Summary of the invention
[0004] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a disinfectant for livestock and poultry. The raw materials for preparation include, by weight: 8-15 parts of double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds, 20-30 parts of plant extracts, 0.6-1.5 parts of biguanide compounds, 0.05-0.8 parts of acid compounds, 8-15 parts of surfactants, 5-15 parts of alcohol compounds, and 55-70 parts of water; the plant extracts are selected from one or more of rosemary essential oil, litsea cubeba oil, eucalyptus oil, cinnamon oil, eucommia extract, and magnolia bark extract.
[0005] Preferably, the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound is selected from one or more of dioctyl quaternary ammonium salt, didecyl quaternary ammonium salt, didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt or octyldecyl quaternary ammonium salt, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide and dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide.
[0006] Preferably, the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound includes didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt and dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.
[0007] Preferably, the weight ratio of the didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt to dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride is 1.5:1.
[0008] Preferably, the biguanide compound is polyhexamethylene biguanide or a salt thereof.
[0009] Preferably, the biguanide compound is polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride.
[0010] The applicant unexpectedly discovered in the experiment that polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride has a good synergistic effect when used in combination with didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and dodecyl dimethyl betaine, and can enhance the bactericidal effect when didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, cinnamon oil, eucommia extract, and knotweed extract are used in combination.
[0011] Preferably, the acid compound is an inorganic acid.
[0012] Preferably, the inorganic acid is phosphoric acid.
[0013] Preferably, the surfactant includes an amphoteric surfactant and an anionic surfactant.
[0014] Preferably, the weight ratio of the amphoteric surfactant to the anionic surfactant is (1.5-3):1.
[0015] Furthermore, the weight ratio of the amphoteric surfactant to the anionic surfactant is 2:1.
[0016] Preferably, the amphoteric surfactant includes dodecyl dimethyl betaine and cocamidopropyl betaine.
[0017] Furthermore, the weight ratio of the dodecyl dimethyl betaine to the cocamidopropyl betaine is 1:1.
[0018] Preferably, the anionic surfactant includes sodium α-olefin sulfonate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
[0019] Furthermore, the weight ratio of the sodium α-olefin sulfonate to sodium dodecyl sulfate is 1:(2-3).
[0020] The CAS number of the sodium α-olefin sulfonate is 72674-05-6.
[0021] The mass content of the cocamidopropyl betaine is 35%.
[0022] The cocamidopropyl betaine was purchased from Jinan Shengxuan Chemical Co., Ltd., and the model number was CAB-35.
[0023] The applicant unexpectedly discovered in the experiment that the mixture of amphoteric surfactants, anionic surfactants and double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds added to the raw material system of the disinfectant can increase the stability of the raw material system and improve the disinfection effect of the disinfectant when it is stored and then used. When the weight ratio of the mixture composed of amphoteric surfactants, anionic surfactants and dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride is 1:1, the weight ratio of the amphoteric surfactant composed of dodecyl dimethyl betaine and cocamidopropyl betaine and the anionic surfactant composed of sodium α-olefin sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate is (1.5-3):1, especially when the weight ratio is 2:1, dodecyl dimethyl betaine, cocamidopropyl betaine, sodium α-olefin sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt and dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, when used together, the livestock and poultry disinfectant not only has good bactericidal effect and long-term antiviral stability, but also can soften the grease and oil stains in the livestock and poultry houses, and thoroughly disinfect the microorganisms contained in the grease and oil stains, thereby improving the disinfection and sterilization effect.
[0024] Preferably, the plant extract is selected from one or more of rosemary essential oil, litsea cubeba oil, eucalyptus oil, cinnamon oil, eucommia extract, and magnolia bark extract.
[0025] Preferably, the weight ratio of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound to the plant extract is 1:(1.5-3.5).
[0026] The applicant unexpectedly discovered in the experiment that when double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds and plant extracts are used in combination, when the weight ratio of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds to the plant extracts is 1: (1.5-3.5), especially when the weight ratio of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds to the plant extracts is 1: (2.5), they have a good bactericidal effect. The possible reason is that the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds can change the permeability of their cell membranes when they come into contact with bacteria, molds, and viruses, thereby enhancing the active ingredients in the plant extracts to destroy the protein molecules of bacteria, molds, and viruses, causing the protein molecules to lose their active functions and thus killing them. The combined use of double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds promotes the bactericidal effect.
[0027] The plant extract is a mixture of cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract, and the weight ratio of the cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract is (5-8):(2-4):1.
[0028] Preferably, the weight ratio of the cinnamon oil, the eucommia extract and the knotweed extract is (6-7):(2.5-3.5):1.
[0029] The use of plant extracts as raw material components of fungicides has an environmentally friendly effect, and when the plant extracts are used together with other raw materials in the fungicide raw material system, they have a synergistic effect, and the disinfectant for livestock and poultry has a good bactericidal effect. The applicant unexpectedly found in the experiment that when a mixture of cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract is added to the raw material system, when the weight ratio of cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract is (5-8):(2-4):1, especially when the weight ratio of cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract is (6-7):(2.5-3.5):1, the active ingredients in cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract can cooperate with each other to destroy the protein molecules in bacteria and viruses, making the protein molecules lose their active functions, thereby killing them, and the disinfection effect is thorough, thereby improving the bactericidal effect of the disinfectant for livestock and poultry.
[0030] Preferably, the acid compound is an inorganic acid.
[0031] Preferably, the alcohol-based compound is selected from one or more of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and isobutanol.
[0032] Preferably, the alcohol compound is n-propanol.
[0033] A method for preparing a disinfectant for livestock and poultry comprises the following steps: adding 8-15 parts of double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds, 20-30 parts of plant extracts, 0.6-1.5 parts of biguanide compounds, 0.05-0.8 parts of acid compounds, 8-15 parts of surfactants, 5-15 parts of alcohol compounds and 55-70 parts of water into a stirring device for stirring to obtain the disinfectant for livestock and poultry.
[0034] Beneficial Effects
[0035] The amphoteric surfactant composed of dodecyl dimethyl betaine and cocamidopropyl betaine and the anionic surfactant composed of sodium α-olefin sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate are mixed with double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds and added to the raw material system of the disinfectant, which can increase the stability of the raw material system and improve the disinfection effect of the disinfectant when it is stored and then used again. When the weight ratio of the mixture composed of the amphoteric surfactant, the anionic surfactant and dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride is 1:1, when used together, the livestock and poultry disinfectant not only has a good bactericidal effect and long-term antiviral stability, but also can soften the grease and oil stains in the livestock and poultry houses, and thoroughly disinfect the microorganisms contained in the grease and oil stains, thereby improving the disinfection and sterilization effect.
[0036] When the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound and the plant extract are used in combination in the present invention, when the weight ratio of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound to the plant extract is 1:(1.5-3.5), especially when the weight ratio of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound to the plant extract is 1:(2.5), the disinfectant for livestock and poultry has a good bactericidal effect.
[0037] A mixture of cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract is added to a raw material system. When the weight ratio of cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract is (5-8):(2-4):1, especially when the weight ratio of cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract is (6-7):(2.5-3.5):1, the active ingredients in cinnamon oil, eucommia extract and knotweed extract can cooperate with each other to destroy protein molecules in bacteria and viruses, making the protein molecules lose their active functions and thus killing them. The disinfection effect is thorough, thereby improving the bactericidal effect of the disinfectant for livestock and poultry.
[0038] The livestock and poultry disinfectant prepared by the present invention has excellent bactericidal effects on a variety of pathogenic bacteria, and the livestock and poultry disinfectant prepared by the present invention uses plant extracts as raw materials and has the characteristics of low toxicity, safety and environmental protection. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] Example 1
[0040] A disinfectant for livestock and poultry, comprising the following raw materials, measured by weight: 6.75 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 4.5 parts of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 15.6 parts of cinnamon oil, 7.2 parts of eucommia extract, 2.4 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 4 parts of dodecyl dimethyl betaine, 4 parts of cocamidopropyl betaine, 1 part of sodium α-olefin sulfonate, 3 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water.
[0041] The cinnamon oil was purchased from Shaanxi Mufei Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the mass content was 99%.
[0042] The manufacturer of the Eucommia ulmoides extract is Shaanxi Huinengda Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0043] The manufacturer of the knotweed extract was Shaanxi Ruiwo Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0044] The CAS number of the polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride is 32289-58-0.
[0045] The mass content of the cocamidopropyl betaine is 35%.
[0046] The cocamidopropyl betaine was purchased from Jinan Shengxuan Chemical Co., Ltd., and the model number was CAB-35.
[0047] A preparation method of a livestock and poultry disinfectant comprises the following steps: adding 6.75 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 4.5 parts of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 15.6 parts of cinnamon oil, 7.2 parts of eucommia extract, 2.4 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 4 parts of dodecyl dimethyl betaine, 4 parts of cocamidopropyl betaine, 1 part of sodium α-olefin sulfonate, 3 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water into a stirring device for stirring to obtain the livestock and poultry disinfectant.
[0048] Example 2
[0049] A disinfectant for livestock and poultry, comprising the following raw materials, measured by weight: 8.6 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 5.8 parts of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 13.02 parts of cinnamon oil, 6.5 parts of eucommia extract, 2.6 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 4.5 parts of dodecyl dimethyl betaine, 4.5 parts of cocamidopropyl betaine, 1 part of sodium α-olefin sulfonate, 2 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water.
[0050] The mass content of the cocamidopropyl betaine is 35%.
[0051] The cocamidopropyl betaine was purchased from Jinan Shengxuan Chemical Co., Ltd., and the model number was CAB-35.
[0052] The cinnamon oil was purchased from Shaanxi Mufei Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the mass content was 99%.
[0053] The manufacturer of the Eucommia ulmoides extract is Shaanxi Huinengda Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0054] The manufacturer of the knotweed extract was Shaanxi Ruiwo Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0055] The CAS number of the polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride is 32289-58-0.
[0056] A preparation method of a livestock and poultry disinfectant comprises the following steps: adding 8.6 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 5.8 parts of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 13.02 parts of cinnamon oil, 6.5 parts of eucommia extract, 2.6 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 4.5 parts of dodecyl dimethyl betaine, 4.5 parts of cocamidopropyl betaine, 1 part of sodium α-olefin sulfonate, 2 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water into a stirring device for stirring to obtain the livestock and poultry disinfectant.
[0057] Example 3
[0058] A disinfectant for livestock and poultry, comprising the following raw materials, measured by weight: 5.25 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 3.5 parts of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 18.2 parts of cinnamon oil, 9.1 parts of eucommia extract, 2.6 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 4.5 parts of dodecyl dimethyl betaine, 4.5 parts of cocamidopropyl betaine, 1.5 parts of sodium α-olefin sulfonate, 4.5 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water.
[0059] The cinnamon oil was purchased from Shaanxi Mufei Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the mass content was 99%.
[0060] The manufacturer of the Eucommia ulmoides extract is Shaanxi Huinengda Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0061] The manufacturer of the knotweed extract was Shaanxi Ruiwo Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0062] The CAS number of the polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride is 32289-58-0.
[0063] A preparation method of a livestock and poultry disinfectant comprises the following steps: adding 5.25 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 3.5 parts of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 18.2 parts of cinnamon oil, 9.1 parts of eucommia extract, 2.6 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 4.5 parts of dodecyl dimethyl betaine, 4.5 parts of cocamidopropyl betaine, 1.5 parts of sodium α-olefin sulfonate, 4.5 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water into a stirring device for stirring to obtain the livestock and poultry disinfectant.
[0064] Example 4
[0065] A disinfectant for livestock and poultry, comprising the following raw materials, measured by weight: 6.75 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 4.5 parts of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 7.2 parts of eucommia ulmoides extract, 2.6 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 4 parts of dodecyl dimethyl betaine, 4 parts of cocamidopropyl betaine, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water.
[0066] The cinnamon oil was purchased from Shaanxi Mufei Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the mass content was 99%.
[0067] The manufacturer of the Eucommia ulmoides extract is Shaanxi Huinengda Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0068] The manufacturer of the knotweed extract was Shaanxi Ruiwo Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0069] The CAS number of the polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride is 32289-58-0.
[0070] The mass content of the cocamidopropyl betaine is 35%.
[0071] The cocamidopropyl betaine was purchased from Jinan Shengxuan Chemical Co., Ltd., and the model number was CAB-35.
[0072] A preparation method of a livestock and poultry disinfectant comprises the following steps: adding 6.75 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 4.5 parts of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 7.2 parts of eucommia ulmoides extract, 2.6 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 4 parts of dodecyl dimethyl betaine, 4 parts of cocamidopropyl betaine, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water into a stirring device for stirring to obtain the livestock and poultry disinfectant.
[0073] Example 5
[0074] A disinfectant for livestock and poultry, comprising the following raw materials, measured by weight: 6.75 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 4.5 parts of dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 15.6 parts of cinnamon oil, 2.4 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water.
[0075] The cinnamon oil was purchased from Shaanxi Mufei Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the mass content was 99%.
[0076] The manufacturer of the Eucommia ulmoides extract is Shaanxi Huinengda Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0077] The manufacturer of the knotweed extract was Shaanxi Ruiwo Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
[0078] The CAS number of the polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride is 32289-58-0.
[0079] A preparation method of a livestock and poultry disinfectant comprises the following steps: adding 6.75 parts of didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt, 4.5 parts of dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 15.6 parts of cinnamon oil, 2.4 parts of knotweed extract, 1 part of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, 0.45 parts of phosphoric acid, 12 parts of n-propanol and 65 parts of water into a stirring device for stirring to obtain the livestock and poultry disinfectant.
[0080] Performance Testing
[0081] Test method: Disinfection test shall be carried out in accordance with the suspended quantitative bactericidal experiment in GB / T 38502-2020 "Laboratory Test Method for Bactericidal Effect of Disinfectants".
[0082] The disinfectant prepared in Example 1-5 with a mass concentration of 5% was used to sterilize Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis black variant spores after the disinfectant was stored for 0 days and 180 days, respectively. The sterilization time was 4 minutes. The sterilization logarithm value was calculated after sterilization. When the sterilization logarithm value exceeded 7.6, the evaluation result was A, which could achieve a complete killing effect; when the sterilization logarithm value was greater than 5 and less than 7.6, the evaluation result was B, which could not achieve a complete killing effect; when the sterilization logarithm value was less than 5.0, the evaluation result was C, which could not meet the standard requirement of the sterilization logarithm value greater than or equal to 5.0 in the laboratory sterilization effect test method of the disinfectant. The test evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
[0083] Table 1
[0084]
[0085]
Claims
1. A disinfectant for livestock and poultry, characterized in that: The raw materials include, by weight: 8-15 parts of double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds, 20-30 parts of plant extracts, 0.6-1.5 parts of biguanide compounds, 0.05-0.8 parts of acid compounds, 8-15 parts of surfactants, 5-15 parts of alcohol compounds, and 55-70 parts of water; the plant extract is a mixture of cinnamon oil, eucommia extract, and knotweed extract; The surfactant includes amphoteric surfactant and anionic surfactant; The weight ratio of the amphoteric surfactant to the anionic surfactant is (1.5-3):1; The amphoteric surfactant includes dodecyl dimethyl betaine and cocamidopropyl betaine; The weight ratio of the dodecyl dimethyl betaine to cocamidopropyl betaine is 1:1; The anionic surfactants include sodium α-olefin sulfonate and sodium lauryl sulfate; The weight ratio of the sodium α-olefin sulfonate to sodium dodecyl sulfate is 1:(2-3); The weight ratio of the cinnamon oil, the eucommia extract and the knotweed extract is (5-8):(2-4):
1.
2. The livestock and poultry disinfectant according to claim 1, characterized in that: The double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound is selected from one or more of dioctyl quaternary ammonium salt, didecyl quaternary ammonium salt, didodecyl quaternary ammonium salt or octyldecyl quaternary ammonium salt, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, dioctaalkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctaalkyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, and didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide.
3. The livestock and poultry disinfectant according to claim 1, characterized in that: The biguanide compound is polyhexamethylene biguanide or a salt thereof.
4. The livestock and poultry disinfectant according to claim 1, characterized in that: The weight ratio of the cinnamon oil, the eucommia extract and the knotweed extract is (6-7):(2.5-3.5):
1.
5. The livestock and poultry disinfectant according to claim 1, characterized in that: The weight ratio of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compound to the plant extract is 1:(1.5-3.5).
6. The livestock and poultry disinfectant according to claim 1, characterized in that: The acid compound is an inorganic acid.
7. The livestock and poultry disinfectant according to claim 1, characterized in that: The alcohol-based compound is selected from one or more of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and isobutanol.
8. A method for preparing the livestock and poultry disinfectant according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: 8-15 parts of double-chain quaternary ammonium salt compounds, 20-30 parts of plant extracts, 0.6-1.5 parts of biguanide compounds, 0.05-0.8 parts of acid compounds, 8-15 parts of surfactants, 5-15 parts of alcohol compounds and 55-70 parts of water are added into a stirring device and stirred to obtain a disinfectant for livestock and poultry.