Radiation-proof wall horizontal construction joint arrangement method and construction method

Abstract

The application discloses a horizontal construction joint arrangement method and construction method of a radiation-proof wall, relates to the field of radiation-proof wall construction technology, and comprises the following steps: supporting a first formwork for pouring a bottom plate in a construction area; supporting a second formwork on the upper side of the first formwork, the second formwork is located in a radiation-proof wall design area and is arranged along a radiation-proof wall design direction, the lower side of the second formwork is communicated with the first formwork, a forming cavity is formed in the second formwork, the distance between the two side walls of the forming cavity in the width direction of the second formwork is equal to the design thickness of the radiation-proof wall, and the middle part of the upper side of the second formwork is concave downward; pouring concrete into the first formwork and the second formwork; and removing the first formwork and the second formwork after the concrete is solidified, so that the bottom plate and the connecting body are integrally connected. The application has the effect of reducing the occurrence of the conditions that the lower side of the third formwork is exploded and a large amount of concrete is leaked when the radiation-proof wall is poured.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of radiation shielding wall construction technology, and in particular to a method for leaving horizontal construction joints in radiation shielding walls and a construction method thereof. Background Technology

[0002] Radiation-shielding walls are a special type of building material that prevents electromagnetic radiation, absorbs and scatters electromagnetic waves, and prevents electromagnetic pulses and ionizing radiation. For example, the walls of medical linear accelerator rooms are often made of thick radiation-shielding material.

[0003] In related technologies, radiation-shielding walls are constructed on a base slab. During the construction of the base slab, a connecting protrusion is formed on the upper side of the base slab. The forming of the connecting protrusion can be achieved by erecting a template for the connecting protrusion on the upper side of the base slab formwork before pouring the base slab, ensuring communication between the base slab formwork and the connecting protrusion template. After pouring, the connecting protrusion is integrally connected to the base slab. When pouring the radiation-shielding wall, a formwork for pouring the radiation-shielding wall is erected on the base slab above the connecting protrusion, with the formwork aligned with the direction of the connecting protrusion and the connecting protrusion located inside the formwork. After pouring, the connecting protrusion is embedded into the radiation-shielding wall, thereby reducing the leakage of radiation to the outside through the horizontal construction joints on the lower side of the radiation-shielding wall.

[0004] Regarding the aforementioned technologies, when setting up formwork for casting radiation-proof walls, it is difficult to install tie bolts and nuts on the lower side of the formwork due to the obstruction of the connecting protrusions. Furthermore, the lower side of the formwork bears significant pressure during the casting of the radiation-proof wall, which can easily lead to formwork bursting and large-scale concrete leakage. Therefore, there are areas for improvement. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to improve the problem of formwork bursting and massive leakage on the lower side of the formwork used for casting radiation-proof walls under the influence of connecting protrusions in related technologies, this application provides a method for leaving horizontal construction joints and a construction method for radiation-proof walls.

[0006] Firstly, this application provides a method for leaving horizontal construction joints in radiation-shielding walls, employing the following technical solution:

[0007] A method for leaving horizontal construction joints in a radiation-shielding wall includes the following steps:

[0008] Erect the first formwork in the construction area for pouring the base slab;

[0009] A second template is supported on the upper side of the first template. The second template is located in the radiation shielding wall design area and is set along the radiation shielding wall design direction. The lower side of the second template is connected to the first template. A forming cavity is formed inside the second template. The distance between the two side walls of the forming cavity in the width direction of the second template is equal to the design thickness of the radiation shielding wall. The middle part of the upper side of the second template is recessed downward.

[0010] Pour concrete into the first and second formwork;

[0011] After the concrete has solidified, the first and second formwork are removed, forming an integrally connected base plate and connector. The width of the connector is equal to the design thickness of the radiation shielding wall, and the middle of the connector is recessed to form a connecting groove.

[0012] By adopting the above technical solution, based on the connector integrated into the base plate, and designating the formwork for casting the radiation-shielding wall as the third formwork, the lower sides of the two side plates in the width direction of the third formwork can abut against the two side walls in the width direction of the connector. The upper part of the third formwork located on the connector can be normally installed with tie bolts and nuts. When casting the radiation-shielding wall, concrete can enter the connecting groove, and the two side walls of the connecting groove can bear and share the pressure of the concrete, making it difficult for concrete to enter between the bottom of the side plates of the third formwork and the connector. In this way, it helps to reduce the occurrence of formwork bursting at the lower side of the third formwork and large-scale concrete leakage during the casting of the radiation-shielding wall.

[0013] Preferably, before pouring concrete, tie rods are installed on the upper side of the first template. The tie rods are installed along the width direction of the second template. A set of tie rods is installed on each side of the second template in the width direction, and each tie rod passes through the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the second template.

[0014] By adopting the above technical solution, after the base plate and the connecting body are cast, one side of the tie rod is located inside the connecting body. When installing the third formwork, the tie rod can pass through the side plate in the width direction of the third formwork, and a nut can be threaded onto the tie rod to press the lower side of the side plate of the third formwork onto the connecting body. This helps to further reduce the occurrence of formwork bursting and large-scale concrete leakage at the lower side of the third formwork during the casting of the radiation shielding wall.

[0015] Preferably, when setting up the first formwork, a reinforcing cage is installed inside the first formwork, and the upper side of the reinforcing cage extends upward to form reinforcing bars;

[0016] When setting up the second formwork, ensure that the reinforcing steel bars are located inside the second formwork.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, after the connector is poured, the reinforcing steel bars will be able to improve the strength of the connector itself and the connection strength between the connector and the base plate.

[0018] Preferably, one end of the tie rod located inside the second template is fixed to the reinforcing steel bar.

[0019] By adopting the above technical solution, fixing the tie rod to the reinforcing steel bar helps to reduce the occurrence of tie rod deflection during the casting of the connection body and helps to improve the tensile strength of the tie rod.

[0020] Preferably, after the second template is removed, the side of the connector that faces away from the base plate is roughened.

[0021] By adopting the above technical solution, after the connector is roughened, the radiation shielding wall is poured on the upper side of the connector, and the connector will be more tightly connected to the radiation shielding wall.

[0022] Preferably, when setting up the second template, a threaded sleeve is installed inside the second template. The threaded sleeve is set along the width direction of the second template. A pull rod is coaxially threaded to the threaded sleeve. The pull rod extends outward from the side opposite to the threaded sleeve and passes through the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the second template. The pull rod is threaded to a locking nut on the outer part of the second template. The locking nut and the threaded sleeve abut against the two sides of the corresponding side plate of the second template and fix the threaded sleeve inside the second template.

[0023] By adopting the above technical solution, on the one hand, when setting up the second template, the tie rod is screwed into the threaded sleeve, the tie rod passes through the side plate of the second template, and the locking nut is tightened on the tie rod and the threaded sleeve is fixed on the side plate of the second template, which facilitates the casting of the threaded sleeve into the connecting body and reduces the occurrence of threaded sleeve displacement.

[0024] On the other hand, after the radiation shielding wall is completed, the tie rod can be unscrewed from the threaded sleeve without cutting, making the construction relatively convenient.

[0025] Secondly, this application provides a construction method for a radiation-shielding wall, employing the following technical solution:

[0026] A method for constructing a radiation shielding wall, including a method for leaving horizontal construction joints in the radiation shielding wall;

[0027] It also includes the following steps:

[0028] A third formwork is erected for pouring the radiation shielding wall. The third formwork is set along the direction of the connector, and the connector is located inside the lower side of the third formwork. The lower sides of the two side plates of the third formwork in the width direction are respectively pressed against the two sides of the connector in the width direction.

[0029] Pour concrete into the third formwork;

[0030] After the concrete in the third formwork solidifies, it will form a radiation-proof wall.

[0031] By adopting the above technical solution, when pouring the radiation shielding wall, concrete can enter the connecting groove. The two side walls of the connecting groove can bear and share the pressure of the concrete, and concrete is unlikely to enter the space between the bottom of the third formwork side plate and the connecting body. This method helps to reduce the occurrence of formwork bursting and large-scale concrete leakage at the bottom of the third formwork during the pouring of the radiation shielding wall.

[0032] Preferably, during the erection of the third template, each tie rod passes through the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the third template, and a locking nut is threaded onto each tie rod to press the corresponding side plate of the third template onto the connecting body.

[0033] By adopting the above technical solution, the lower side of the corresponding side plate of the third template is pressed tightly onto the connecting body by the locking nut, which helps to ensure the stability of the lower part of the third template and further reduces the occurrence of formwork bursting and large-scale concrete leakage at the lower side of the third template when pouring the radiation shielding wall. Attached Figure Description

[0034] Figure 1 This embodiment mainly illustrates the method for leaving horizontal construction joints in radiation-proof walls;

[0035] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the first template, second template, base plate, and connecting structure of Embodiment 1.

[0036] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the third template structure, as shown in Example 1.

[0037] Figure 4 This is a flowchart illustrating the construction method of the radiation shielding wall, which is the main feature of this embodiment.

[0038] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the first template, the second template, the base plate, and the connecting structure, which is the main features of Embodiment 2.

[0039] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the third template structure, which is the main feature of Example 2.

[0040] Reference numerals in the attached drawings: 1. First template; 11. Reinforcing cage; 111. Reinforcing steel bar; 12. Clearance groove; 2. Tie rod; 21. Locking nut; 3. Second template; 4. Base plate; 5. Connector; 51. Connecting groove; 6. Third template; 7. Threaded sleeve. Detailed Implementation

[0041] The present application will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0042] This application discloses a method for leaving horizontal construction joints in a radiation-proof wall and a construction method thereof.

[0043] Example 1:

[0044] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2 The method for leaving horizontal construction joints in radiation-shielding walls includes the following steps:

[0045] S1, Set up the first template 1.

[0046] A first formwork 1 for pouring the base slab 4 is erected in the construction area, and a reinforcing cage 11 is installed inside the first formwork 1. Furthermore, an avoidance groove 12 is provided on the upper side of the first formwork 1, the avoidance groove 12 being arranged along the design direction of the radiation shielding wall, and the reinforcing cage 11 extends upwards towards the avoidance groove 12, forming reinforcing bars 111. In this embodiment, the first formwork 1 is a wooden formwork, composed of several wooden boards spliced ​​together.

[0047] Meanwhile, tie rods 2 are welded and fixed to the reinforcing steel bars 111. The length direction of the tie rods 2 is set along the width direction of the relief groove 12. There is a set of tie rods 2 on each side of the relief groove 12 in the width direction. Each set of tie rods 2 includes tie rods 2 that are evenly spaced along the length direction of the relief groove 12.

[0048] S2, Set up the second template 3.

[0049] A second template 3 is supported on the upper side of the first template 1. The second template 3 is located in the design area of ​​the radiation shielding wall and is set along the design direction of the radiation shielding wall. The lower side of the second template 3 communicates with the interior of the first template 1 through a clearance groove 12. A forming cavity is formed inside the second template 3, and reinforcing steel bars 111 are located inside the forming cavity. The distance between the two side walls of the forming cavity in the width direction of the second template 3 is equal to the design thickness of the radiation shielding wall, and the middle of the upper side of the second template 3 is concave downward. In this embodiment, the second template 3 is a wooden template and is spliced ​​together from several wooden boards.

[0050] Simultaneously, each tie rod 2 penetrates the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the second template 3. Furthermore, a locking nut 21 can be threaded onto the tie rod 2 to press the locking nut 21 against the corresponding side plate of the second template 3.

[0051] S3, casting and molding.

[0052] Concrete is poured into the first formwork 1 and the second formwork 3, and a concrete vibration device is used to compact the concrete in the first formwork 1 and the second formwork 3. In this embodiment, the concrete vibration device can be a concrete vibrator.

[0053] S4. Demolding operation.

[0054] After the concrete has solidified, the first formwork 1 and the second formwork 3 can be removed, forming an integrally connected base plate 4 and connector 5. The width of the connector 5 is equal to the design thickness of the radiation shielding wall, and the middle of the connector 5 is recessed to form a connecting groove 51.

[0055] S5. Chiseling operation.

[0056] The side of the connector 5 facing away from the base plate 4 is roughened to improve the tightness of the connection between the radiation shielding wall and the connector 5 during subsequent construction.

[0057] Embodiment 1 of this application also discloses a construction method for a radiation shielding wall.

[0058] See Figure 3 and Figure 4 The construction method of radiation shielding walls, including steps S1-S5 in the method of leaving horizontal construction joints in radiation shielding walls.

[0059] It also includes the following steps:

[0060] S6, Set up the third template 6.

[0061] A third formwork 6 is erected for pouring the radiation shielding wall. The third formwork 6 is arranged along the direction of the connecting body 5, and the connecting body 5 is located inside the lower side of the third formwork 6. The lower sides of the two side plates of the third formwork 6 in the width direction are respectively pressed against the two side walls in the width direction of the connecting body 5. In this embodiment, the third formwork 6 is a wooden formwork and is made of several wooden boards spliced ​​together.

[0062] Simultaneously, each tie rod 2 penetrates the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the third template 6, and a locking nut 21 is threaded onto the tie rod 2, so that the locking nut 21 presses the lower side of the corresponding side plate of the third template 6 against the connecting body 5. Of course, reinforced concrete can also be supported inside the third template 6 to improve the strength of the radiation shielding wall.

[0063] It should be noted that the third template 6 is located on the upper side of the connecting body 5, and tie bolts and nuts can be installed normally to improve the stability of the two side plates in the thickness direction of the third template 6. The number of tie bolts and nuts will not be elaborated in this embodiment, as long as the construction requirements are met.

[0064] S7. Pour concrete.

[0065] Concrete is poured into the third formwork 6, and a concrete vibration device is used to compact the concrete inside the third formwork 6. In this embodiment, the concrete vibration device can be a concrete vibrator.

[0066] S8. Remove the third formwork 6.

[0067] After the concrete inside the third formwork 6 solidifies, a radiation shielding wall will be formed. At this point, the third formwork 6 can be removed, and the tie rod 2 located on the outside of the connector 5 can be cut off, thus completing the construction of the radiation shielding wall.

[0068] Example 2:

[0069] See Figure 1 and Figure 5 The method for leaving horizontal construction joints in radiation-shielding walls includes the following steps:

[0070] S1, Set up the first template 1.

[0071] A first formwork 1 for pouring the base slab 4 is erected in the construction area, and a reinforcing cage 11 is installed on the first formwork 1. Furthermore, an avoidance groove 12 is provided on the upper side of the first formwork 1, the avoidance groove 12 being arranged along the design direction of the radiation shielding wall, and the reinforcing cage 11 extends upwards towards the avoidance groove 12, forming reinforcing bars 111. In this embodiment, the first formwork 1 is a wooden formwork, composed of several wooden boards spliced ​​together.

[0072] S2, Set up the second template 3.

[0073] A second template 3 is supported on the upper side of the first template 1. The second template 3 is located in the design area of ​​the radiation shielding wall and is set along the design direction of the radiation shielding wall. The lower side of the second template 3 communicates with the interior of the first template 1 through a clearance groove 12. A forming cavity is formed inside the second template 3, and reinforcing steel bars 111 are located inside the forming cavity. The distance between the two side walls of the forming cavity in the width direction of the second template 3 is equal to the design thickness of the radiation shielding wall, and the middle of the upper side of the second template 3 is concave downward. In this embodiment, the second template 3 is a wooden template and is spliced ​​together from several wooden boards.

[0074] Simultaneously, prepare several threaded sleeves 7 and pull rods 2, and screw one end of the pull rod 2 into the threaded sleeve 7. Then, pass the pull rod 2 through the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the second template 3, and thread a locking nut 21 on the side of the pull rod 2 that passes through the side plate of the second template 3, and tighten the locking nut 21 to lock and fix the threaded sleeve 7 to the side plate of the second template 3. Furthermore, the threaded sleeve 7 is located inside the second template 3, and a set of threaded sleeves 7 is provided on each of the two side plates in the width direction of the second template 3. Each set of threaded sleeves 7 includes multiple threaded sleeves 7 evenly spaced along the length direction of the second template 3, and both the pull rod 2 and the locking nut 21 correspond one-to-one with the threaded sleeve 7.

[0075] S3, casting and molding.

[0076] Concrete is poured into the first formwork 1 and the second formwork 3, and a concrete vibration device is used to compact the concrete in the first formwork 1 and the second formwork 3. In this embodiment, the concrete vibration device can be a concrete vibrator.

[0077] S4. Demolding operation.

[0078] After the concrete has solidified, the locking nut 21 can be dropped from the tie rod 2, and the first template 1 and the second template 3 can be removed, forming an integrally connected base plate 4 and connecting body 5. The width of the connecting body 5 is equal to the design thickness of the radiation shielding wall. The middle of the connecting body 5 is recessed and forms a connecting groove 51, and the threaded sleeve 7 is located inside the connecting body 5.

[0079] S5. Chiseling operation.

[0080] The side of the connector 5 facing away from the base plate 4 is roughened to improve the tightness of the connection between the radiation shielding wall and the connector 5 during subsequent construction.

[0081] See Figure 4 and Figure 6 Embodiment 2 of this application also discloses a construction method for a radiation shielding wall, including steps S1-S5 in the method for leaving horizontal construction joints in the radiation shielding wall.

[0082] It also includes the following steps:

[0083] S6, Set up the third template 6.

[0084] A third formwork 6 is erected for pouring the radiation shielding wall. The third formwork 6 is arranged along the direction of the connecting body 5, and the connecting body 5 is located inside the lower side of the third formwork 6. The lower sides of the two side plates of the third formwork 6 in the width direction are respectively pressed against the two side walls in the width direction of the connecting body 5. In this embodiment, the third formwork 6 is a wooden formwork and is made of several wooden boards spliced ​​together.

[0085] Simultaneously, each tie rod 2 penetrates the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the third template 6, and a locking nut 21 is threaded onto the tie rod 2, so that the locking nut 21 presses the lower side of the corresponding side plate of the third template 6 against the connecting body 5. Of course, reinforced concrete can also be supported inside the third template 6 to improve the strength of the radiation shielding wall.

[0086] It should be noted that the third template 6 is located on the upper side of the connecting body 5, and tie bolts and nuts can be installed normally to improve the stability of the two side plates in the thickness direction of the third template 6. The number of tie bolts and nuts will not be elaborated in this embodiment, as long as the construction requirements are met.

[0087] S7. Pour concrete.

[0088] Concrete is poured into the third formwork 6, and a concrete vibration device is used to compact the concrete inside the third formwork 6. In this embodiment, the concrete vibration device can be a concrete vibrator.

[0089] S8. Remove the third formwork 6.

[0090] After the concrete in the third template 6 has solidified, a radiation shielding wall will be formed. At this time, the locking nut 21 can be unscrewed from the tie rod 2, and the third template 6 can be removed. Then, the tie rod 2 can be unscrewed from the threaded sleeve 7, thus completing the construction of the radiation shielding wall.

[0091] The above are all preferred embodiments of this application, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, all equivalent changes made in accordance with the structure, shape and principle of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A method for leaving horizontal construction joints in a radiation-shielding wall, characterized in that: The method comprises the following steps: Supporting a first formwork (1) for pouring a bottom plate (4) in a construction area; Supporting a second formwork (3) on the upper side of the first formwork (1), the second formwork (3) is located in the design area of the radiation-proof wall and is arranged along the design direction of the radiation-proof wall, the lower side of the second formwork (3) is communicated with the first formwork (1), a forming cavity is formed in the second formwork (3), the distance between the two side walls of the forming cavity in the width direction of the second formwork (3) is equal to the design thickness of the radiation-proof wall, and the middle part of the upper side of the second formwork (3) is concave downward; Pouring concrete into the first formwork (1) and the second formwork (3); After the concrete is solidified, the first formwork (1) and the second formwork (3) are removed, and a bottom plate (4) and a connecting body (5) which are integrally connected are formed, the width of the connecting body (5) is equal to the design thickness of the radiation-proof wall, and the middle part of the connecting body (5) is concave and forms a connecting groove (51); Before pouring the concrete, a pull rod (2) is arranged on the upper side of the first formwork (1), the pull rod (2) is arranged along the width direction of the second formwork (3), one group of pull rods (2) is arranged on each side of the second formwork (3) in the width direction, and each pull rod (2) penetrates through the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the second formwork (3); When the first formwork (1) is supported, a steel reinforcement cage (11) is installed in the first formwork (1), the upper side of the steel reinforcement cage (11) extends upward to form a reinforcing steel bar (111); When the second formwork (3) is supported, the reinforcing steel bar (111) is located in the second formwork (3); The end of the pull rod (2) located in the second formwork (3) is fixed with the reinforcing steel bar (111).

2. The method for arranging horizontal construction joints of a radiation shielding wall according to claim 1, wherein: After the second formwork (3) is removed, the side of the connecting body (5) away from the bottom plate (4) is chiseled.

3. A method for arranging horizontal construction joints of a radiation shielding wall, characterized by: The method comprises the following steps: Supporting a first formwork (1) for pouring a bottom plate (4) in a construction area; Supporting a second formwork (3) on the upper side of the first formwork (1), the second formwork (3) is located in the design area of the radiation-proof wall and is arranged along the design direction of the radiation-proof wall, the lower side of the second formwork (3) is communicated with the first formwork (1), a forming cavity is formed in the second formwork (3), the distance between the two side walls of the forming cavity in the width direction of the second formwork (3) is equal to the design thickness of the radiation-proof wall, and the middle part of the upper side of the second formwork (3) is concave downward; Pouring concrete into the first formwork (1) and the second formwork (3); After the concrete is solidified, the first formwork (1) and the second formwork (3) are removed, and a bottom plate (4) and a connecting body (5) which are integrally connected are formed, the width of the connecting body (5) is equal to the design thickness of the radiation-proof wall, and the middle part of the connecting body (5) is concave and forms a connecting groove (51); When the second formwork (3) is erected, a threaded sleeve (7) is installed in the second formwork (3), the threaded sleeve (7) is arranged along the width direction of the second formwork (3), the threaded sleeve (7) is coaxially and threadedly connected with a pull rod (2), the pull rod (2) penetrates through the corresponding side plate of the second formwork (3) in the width direction from the side away from the threaded sleeve (7), and the pull rod (2) is threadedly connected with a lock nut (21) outside the second formwork (3), the lock nut (21) and the threaded sleeve (7) abut the two sides of the corresponding side plate of the second formwork (3) respectively and fix the threaded sleeve (7) in the second formwork (3).

4. The method for arranging horizontal construction joints of a radiation shielding wall according to claim 3, wherein: After the second formwork (3) is removed, the side of the connecting body (5) away from the bottom plate (4) is chiseled and treated.

5. A method of constructing a radiation shield wall, characterized by: The method comprises the steps that a horizontal construction joint of a radiation-proof wall is set up according to any one of claims 1-2 or any one of claims 3-4; a third formwork (6) for pouring the radiation-proof wall is erected, the third formwork (6) is arranged along the direction of the connecting body (5), the connecting body (5) is located inside the lower side of the third formwork (6), and the lower sides of the two side plates in the width direction of the third formwork (6) abut the two sides in the width direction of the connecting body (5) respectively; concrete is poured into the third formwork (6); and the third formwork (6) is removed after the concrete in the third formwork (6) is solidified. The method further comprises the steps that: During the erection of the third formwork (6), each pull rod (2) penetrates through the corresponding side plate in the width direction of the third formwork (6), and a lock nut (21) is threadedly connected with each pull rod (2), so that the corresponding side plate of the third formwork (6) is pressed against the connecting body (5) respectively. After the third formwork (6) is removed, the side of the connecting body (5) away from the bottom plate (4) is chiseled and treated. The method comprises the steps that a horizontal construction joint of a radiation-proof wall is set up according to any one of claims 1-2 or any one of claims 3-4; a third formwork (6) for pouring the radiation-proof wall is erected, the third formwork (6) is arranged along the direction of the connecting body (5), the connecting body (5) is located inside the lower side of the third formwork (6), and the lower sides of the two side plates in the width direction of the third formwork (6) abut the two sides in the width direction of the connecting body (5) respectively; concrete is poured into the third formwork (6); and the third formwork (6) is removed after the concrete in the third formwork (6) is solidified.

6. The construction method of a radiation shielding wall according to claim 5, wherein: The method further comprises the steps that:

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