Greenhouse film forcing cultivation method for prolonging picking period of waxberries and application of greenhouse film forcing cultivation method

Abstract

The invention provides a greenhouse film forcing cultivation method capable of prolonging the picking period of waxberries and application of the greenhouse film forcing cultivation method capable of prolonging the picking period of the waxberries. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method comprises the following steps of land selection and seed selection, greenhouse building, film mulching condition setting, temperature regulation and control, tip control and pruning, flower and fruit management and picking and film uncovering, and covering a second layer of film at a position which is 0.8-1.2 m away from the top of the first layer of film. According to the method, two modes of double-film greenhouse cultivation and open-field cultivation are matched, and two varieties of water chestnut variety Dongkui are matched for cultivation, so that the picking period can be prolonged to 57 days, and is 3.4 times of that of open-field cultivation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of fruit planting, and specifically relates to a greenhouse film forced cultivation method for prolonging the picking period of bayberry and its application. Background Art

[0002] Bayberry is a traditional specialty fruit of my country. Its fruit has unique flavor, sweet and sour taste, strong flavor, rich in protein, organic acid, iron, magnesium, copper, vitamin C, citric acid and bayberry polyphenols and other beneficial ingredients, and has good pharmacological effects. It can help digestion, diuresis and kidney, relieve summer heat and quench thirst. It has the effects of nourishing the stomach and spleen, detoxifying and beautifying, and can regulate qi and activate blood circulation to resist aging, and improve the body's immunity. The existing bayberry planting method does not start from the absorption characteristics of bayberry growth characteristics. Although it can allow bayberry to absorb part of the fertility, some fertilizers cannot be absorbed, making it insufficient for bayberry to absorb fertilizer nutrients, causing its poor growth, and also causing the bayberry to have insufficient sweetness and bad taste, affecting the quality of bayberry, reducing the quality of bayberry, and at the same time, leaving behind fertilizers that cannot be absorbed not only causes waste but also damages the land.

[0003] Bayberry is the third generation king of Chinese fruits. It is a fruit unique to my country and there is no similar fruit abroad. Therefore, the cultivation research of bayberry is limited to China, and is especially concentrated in Zhejiang and Hunan in southern my country where bayberry is produced in abundance. At present, the traditional cultivation technology of bayberry is backward, with low fruit setting rate, low yield, poor quality, short supply period on the market, and cannot meet the needs of market consumption. It is necessary to develop a cultivation method for bayberry that can extend the picking period of bayberry. Summary of the invention

[0004] The present invention provides a greenhouse film forced cultivation method for extending the picking period of bayberry, comprising the steps of selecting sites and seeds, building a greenhouse, film covering conditions, temperature control, shoot control and pruning, flower and fruit management, and picking and film removal. When building the greenhouse, the greenhouse is constructed by combining galvanized pipes and scaffolding, a first layer of film is covered on the top of the greenhouse, and a second layer of film is covered at a distance of 0.8-1.2 m from the top of the first layer of film, so that the picking period of bayberry under the double-film greenhouse can be effectively extended by 3.4 times compared with open-field cultivation.

[0005] In order to solve the above problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0006] A method for forcing cultivation using greenhouse films to extend the picking period of bayberry comprises the following steps:

[0007] (1) Site selection: Select soil and climate conditions in provinces and cities south of the Yangtze River. The best altitude is 100-300 meters. Hilly and gently sloping mountains, with the slope facing the sun and full sunlight are the best. The soil pH value is 5.0-6.0. At the same time, consider precipitation, water sources and water supply facilities. Select the "Dongkui" bayberry or "Biezhizhong" bayberry trees as the tree species, with a crown height of about 3m. The shed is equipped with 1-2% of bayberry male plants. The planting density is 300 plants / hm2. -2 -375 plants·hm -2 ;

[0008] (2) Greenhouse construction: Based on the selected site, the greenhouse is constructed with galvanized round tubes (φ48mm, thickness 1.8mm-2.3mm), with a shoulder height of 5m-5.5m, a top height of 6.3m-6.5m, a single building width of 6m, a column spacing of 3m, and a burial depth of 0.3m-0.5m. The top of the greenhouse is covered with a first layer of film, and a second layer of film is covered at a distance of 0.8-1.2m from the top. Preferably, the distance between the first and second layers of film is 1m; or galvanized square tubes (40mm*60mm, thickness 2mm) can be used, the height of which should be reduced by 1m and the width should be expanded by 2m. The first and second layers of film are both polyethylene films with a specification of 0.07mm-0.12mm; the film covering time is November-December.

[0009] (3) Cultivation conditions

[0010] Film covering conditions: Before film covering, the average temperature is below 15℃ and there is natural precipitation for 1-2 days.

[0011] Humidity control: According to relative humidity, 60%-70% before flowering; 55%-65% during flowering; 70-80% during young fruit stage; 65%-70% during hard core stage; 60%-65% during maturity stage;

[0012] Temperature control: According to the daily average temperature, 8-16℃ before flowering, 13-20℃ during flowering, 18-26℃ from young fruit stage to red stage, 16-35℃ during maturity. There is a day and night temperature difference during maturity, which ranges from 12-17℃, 28-35℃ during daytime and 16-18℃ at night.

[0013] The control means are: when the temperature needs to be lowered, choose the surrounding film ventilation or ventilation equipment; when the temperature needs to be raised, the greenhouse is laid with reflective film insulation or heating equipment;

[0014] Light control: Natural light can meet the needs of bayberry growth and fruit development in the greenhouse. The use of supplementary light equipment during the fruit color change and ripening period is conducive to improving quality.

[0015] Water and fertilizer management: Before flowering and from the young fruit stage to the whitening stage, spray and drip irrigation should be applied once every 10-15 days; water should be controlled during the flowering stage and after the fruit turns red.

[0016] At the end of March, when the bayberry is in the hard core stage, spray 30 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate / 30 catties of water;

[0017] In mid-April, apply 2-3 catties of potassium fertilizer per tree to the roots;

[0018] After the bayberry harvest is over at the end of June, apply 1.5-2 catties of compound fertilizer per tree;

[0019] Spray boron, zinc and molybdenum foliar fertilizers at the end of September;

[0020] In mid-October, apply organic fertilizer, 40-60 catties of sheep manure per tree, or 30-50 catties of silkworm manure per tree, or 5-10 catties of rapeseed cake per tree (use sheep manure, silkworm manure, and rapeseed cake in turn);

[0021] (4) Tip pruning: Use the methods of sawing large branches, thinning, pulling branches, and pinching. The goal of the tree crown is ventilation and light transmission, and the purpose of the branch tip is to evacuate the unevenness. 10-20% of the branches are upright nutrient branches, and 80% of the fruiting branches are in the middle and lower parts of the crown;

[0022] (5) Flower and fruit management: For fruit-bearing trees in a weak year, at least one of the following methods can be selected, including ring cutting, ring stripping, bark sticking, and adding growth regulators, to promote flowering and fruiting, depending on the different types of trees. For bayberry trees in a strong year, thinning branches and fruits or manual thinning can be used according to the different fruit yields of each tree, with 1 fruit on short fruit branches, 2-3 fruit on medium fruit branches, and 3-5 fruit on long fruit branches.

[0023] (6) Picking and removing film: After the bayberry is picked, the top film should be removed in time and scientifically managed according to conventional methods.

[0024] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0025] 1. The present invention combines double-film greenhouse and open-field cultivation, and cultivates the two varieties of "water chestnut" and "Dongkui", which can extend the picking period to 57 days, which is 3.4 times that of open-field cultivation alone.

[0026] 2. The present invention clarifies the accumulated temperature during the phenological period of 'Water Chestnut Seed' and 'Dongkui', and provides temperature parameters for the precise regulation of the phenological period of bayberry; the daily average temperature of the double-film facility is 2.6°C higher than that of the single-film facility; double-film facility cultivation also increases the active accumulated temperature. The data show that the number of days with a daily average temperature ≥10°C and the active accumulated temperature under double-film conditions are significantly higher than those of the single-film, indicating that the warming and heat preservation effect of the double-film is more obvious, and is more conducive to the advancement of the phenological period. The initial flowering time and fruit maturity period of 'Water Chestnut Seed' and 'Dongkui' under the double-film facility are about 15 days earlier than those of the single-film. For bayberry, it solves the industry bottleneck problems such as concentrated harvest period and damage to the maturity period by plum rain.

[0027] 3. The greenhouse film forced cultivation method provided by the present invention makes the longitudinal and transverse diameters, single fruit weight, hardness, soluble solids, total sugars, flavonoids and other indicators of the 'Water Chestnut Seed' and 'Dongkui' fruits higher than those of open field cultivation. Among them, the effect of double-film cultivation is more significant, which significantly improves the yield and commercial fruit rate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the construction for the greenhouse;

[0029] Figure 2 It is the temperature change in single film, double film facilities and open field cultivation;

[0030] Figure 3 The leaves of 'Water Chestnut' under different cultivation conditions;

[0031] Figure 4 The leaf conditions of 'Dongkui' under different cultivation conditions;

[0032] Figure 5 This is a comparison chart of single fruit weight and hardness under different cultivation conditions;

[0033] Figure 6 This is a comparison chart of soluble solids and total acid content under different cultivation conditions;

[0034] Figure 7 It is a comparison chart of flavonoid and polyphenol contents under different cultivation conditions;

[0035] Figure 8 The changes of total sugar and glucose in 'Water Chestnut' under different cultivation conditions;

[0036] Fig. 9 The changes of total acid and citric acid in 'Dongkui' under different cultivation conditions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] In order to describe the present invention more specifically, the technical solution of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. These descriptions are only to show how the present invention is implemented and cannot limit the specific scope of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined in the claims.

[0038] Temperature control condition test

[0039] Example 1

[0040] This embodiment provides a method for forcing cultivation using greenhouse films to extend the picking period of bayberry, comprising the following steps:

[0041] (1) Site selection and seed selection: The site selection was carried out by the Songmen Bayberry Professional Cooperative in Sanmen County, Zhejiang Province. The selected species were 10-12 years old, uniformly growing ‘Dongkui’ bayberry. 1-2% of male bayberry plants were planted in the greenhouse. The planting density was 350 plants / hm2-2 ;

[0042] (2) Building a greenhouse: Based on the selected site, a galvanized round tube with a specification of φ48 mm and a thickness of 1.8 mm-2.3 mm is selected to build a greenhouse, with a shoulder height of 5.2 m, a top height of 6.4 m, a single building width of 6 m, a column spacing of 3 m, and a buried depth of 0.4 m. The top of the greenhouse is covered with a first layer of film, and a second layer of film is covered 1 m from the top. The first and second layers of film are both polyethylene films with a specification of 0.07 mm-0.12 mm. The film covering time is November-December;

[0043] (3) Cultivation conditions

[0044] Film covering conditions: before film covering, the average temperature is below 15℃, and there is natural precipitation for 1-2 days;

[0045] Humidity control: According to relative humidity, 60%-70% before flowering; 55%-65% during flowering; 70-80% during young fruit stage; 65%-70% during hard core stage; 60%-65% during maturity stage;

[0046] Temperature control: According to the daily average temperature, 8-16℃ before flowering, 13-20℃ during flowering, 18-26℃ from young fruit stage to red stage, 16-35℃ during maturity (including: 28-35℃ during the day, 16-18℃ at night, and the temperature difference between day and night is 12-17℃);

[0047] The temperature control means are: when the temperature needs to be lowered, choose the surrounding film ventilation or ventilation equipment; when the temperature needs to be raised, the greenhouse is laid with reflective film insulation or heating equipment;

[0048] Light control: Natural light can meet the needs of bayberry growth and fruit development in the greenhouse. The use of supplementary light equipment during the fruit color change and maturity period is conducive to improving quality;

[0049] Water and fertilizer management: Before flowering, from the young fruit swelling period to the whitening period, water should be sprayed and dripped once every 10-15 days; during the flowering period and after the fruit turns red, water should be controlled;

[0050] At the end of March, when the bayberry is in the hard core stage, spray 30 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate / 30 catties of water;

[0051] In mid-April, apply 2-3 catties of potassium fertilizer per tree to the roots;

[0052] After the bayberry harvest is over at the end of June, apply 1.5-2 catties of compound fertilizer per tree;

[0053] Spray boron, zinc and molybdenum foliar fertilizers at the end of September;

[0054] In mid-October, apply organic fertilizer, 40-60 catties of sheep manure per tree, or 30-50 catties of silkworm manure per tree, or 5-10 catties of rapeseed cake per tree (the three fertilization schemes of sheep manure, silkworm manure and rapeseed cake are used in turn);

[0055] (4) Tip pruning: Use the methods of sawing large branches, thinning, pulling branches, and pinching. The goal of the tree crown is ventilation and light transmission, and the purpose of the branch tip is to evacuate the unevenness. 10-20% of the branches are upright nutrient branches, and 80% of the fruiting branches are in the middle and lower parts of the crown;

[0056] (5) Flower and fruit management: mainly for fruit-bearing trees in off-season, ring cutting, ring stripping and bark sticking, and / or adding growth regulators can be used to promote flowering and fruiting according to the growth of each tree; mainly for bayberry trees in good years, thinning branches and fruits and manual fruit thinning can be used according to the amount of fruit each tree produces, leaving only one fruit on short fruit branches, 2-3 fruit on medium fruit branches, and 3-5 fruit on long fruit branches;

[0057] (6) Harvesting and removing the film: After the bayberry is harvested, the top film is removed in time, and the bayberry fruits are scientifically managed according to conventional methods, and the soluble solid content and sugar-acid ratio of the bayberry fruits cultivated in this example are measured when they are harvested.

[0058] Example 2

[0059] The cultivation method of this embodiment is basically the same as that of embodiment 1, except that the temperature in step (3) is controlled as follows: based on the daily average temperature, 8-16°C before flowering, 13-20°C during flowering, 18-26°C from young fruit stage to red fruit stage, and 18-35°C during maturity (including 28-35°C during the day and 18-24°C at night, with a temperature difference of 10-11°C between day and night).

[0060] Example 3

[0061] The cultivation method of this embodiment is basically the same as that of embodiment 1, except that the temperature in step (3) is controlled as follows: according to the daily average temperature, 10-20°C before flowering, 18-25°C during flowering, 18-26°C from young fruit stage to red stage, and 17-42°C during maturity (including 35-42°C during daytime and 17-22°C at night, with a temperature difference of 18-20°C between day and night);

[0062] Maturity Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Daytime / ℃ 28-35 28-35 35-42 Night / ℃ 16-18 18-24 17-22 Temperature difference between day and night / ℃ 12-17 10-11 18-20 Soluble solid content / % 13.5 12.3 11.8 Solid acid ratio 12.1 11.9 11.7

[0063] Example 4

[0064] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that in step (1) of this embodiment, the distance between the first layer of film and the second layer of film is 0.5 m.

[0065] Example 5

[0066] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that in step (1) of this embodiment, the distance between the first layer of film and the second layer of film is 1.1 m.

[0067] Example 6

[0068] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that in step (1) of this embodiment, the distance between the first layer of film and the second layer of film is 1.3 m.

[0069]

[0070]

[0071] The test results show that: the data of Examples 1-3 show that when the temperature difference between day and night during the maturity period is 12-17°C, the soluble solids content and solid-acid ratio of bayberry can be effectively increased, the bayberry flavor can be improved, and the picking period of bayberry can be extended without affecting the picking flavor. The data of Examples 1 and 4-6 show that when a double-film cultivation facility is used and the distance between the first film and the second film is 0.8-1.2m, the effective accumulated temperature during the maturity period and the active accumulated temperature with a daily average temperature ≥10°C are optimal, which helps to increase the climate heat in the greenhouse and is conducive to the growth and development of bayberry.

[0072] Film cultivation experiment

[0073] 1 Materials and methods

[0074] 1.1 Test materials

[0075] The site was selected for the experiment at Songmen Bayberry Professional Cooperative in Sanmen County, Zhejiang Province. The 'Water Chestnut' and 'Dongkui' bayberries with a tree age of 10-12 years and consistent growth were selected for the experiment. A total of 6 treatments were divided into 'Water Chestnut' open field, 'Water Chestnut' single film, 'Water Chestnut' double film and 'Dongkui' open field, 'Dongkui' single film, 'Dongkui' double film, single film greenhouse such as Figure 1 -b, double film greenhouse Figure 1 -a, the daily cultivation and management measures of each group were basically the same.

[0076] 1.2 Cultivation methods

[0077] The cultivation method of 'Echizhong' and 'Dongkui' in the open field is as follows: without any covering, pruning and fertilization management are carried out according to the phenological periods of bayberry growth, flowering, fruiting, dormancy, etc. The mature and picking period of bayberry in provinces and cities south of the Yangtze River is mostly in the plum rain season.

[0078] The cultivation method of double film and double film of 'water chestnut' adopts Example 1, and the cultivation method of single film and single film of 'water chestnut' is the same as the double film cultivation method, except that a single film greenhouse is built, and the film is covered in December-January. Figure 1 As shown, Figure 1 Figure a in the middle is a double-film greenhouse, and Figure b is a single-film greenhouse.

[0079] 2. Determination of cultivation results

[0080] 2.1 Measurement of light, temperature and humidity

[0081] 2.1.1 Measurement instruments

[0082] A portable digital illuminometer (HIMA, model AS813) was used to measure the light intensity under different treatments from 12:00 to 14:00 on a sunny day. The temperature and humidity data of the open field, single-film and double-film facilities were monitored and recorded in real time using the AGlog100 temperature and humidity recorder.

[0083] 2.1.2 Determination method

[0084] Between December 21, 2021 and May 28, 2022, temperature changes in the double-membrane and single-membrane facilities were recorded using temperature and humidity recorders.

[0085] 2.1.3 Data processing methods

[0086] The biological zero value is calculated by comprehensively utilizing the "average temperature 10 days before bud swelling" method, the least squares method and the linear regression equation. The effective accumulated temperature formula is K = (T-T0)N, where K is the effective accumulated temperature (℃), T is the daily average temperature (℃), T0 is the biological zero degree, and N is the growth and development time (d); the active accumulated temperature calculation formula is the sum of the daily average temperatures when the daily average temperature is ≥10℃.

[0087] 2.1.4 Measurement results

[0088] The results of the test are as follows Figure 2 As shown, compared with open-field cultivation, the temperature changes in double-film and single-film facilities are 5.1℃ higher on average in double-film facilities, and 2.5℃ higher in single-film facilities. The temperature in the facilities is significantly higher than the open-field temperature. The opening times of the female flowers of 'Water Chestnut' in double-film, single-film and open-field cultivation are January 30, February 15, and March 16, respectively, and the opening times of the female flowers of 'Dongkui' are January 18, February 4, and March 13, respectively.

[0089] The light and temperature results showed that the accumulated temperature for the opening of female flowers in single-film and double-film cultivations arrived earlier, which promoted the opening of female flowers and facilitated the early ripening of fruits.

[0090] The biological zero-degree formula was used for calculation, and the biological zero-degree values ​​of 'Water Chestnut' and 'Dongkui' were 7.78℃ and 7.41℃, respectively (Table 1). Based on the temperature data of 'Water Chestnut' and 'Dongkui' at different development stages, the effective accumulated temperature formula was used to calculate the effective accumulated temperature of 'Water Chestnut' from the flowering stage, hard core stage, color change stage, red stage, initial maturity stage and maturity stage, which were 190.27℃, 620.84℃, 988.75℃, 1063.5℃, 1156.24℃ and 1191.73℃, respectively. The effective accumulated temperature of 'Dongkui' from the flowering stage to the flowering stage was 150.21℃, which was lower than 190.27℃ of 'Water Chestnut', but the effective accumulated temperature of the subsequent five growth periods was higher than that of 'Water Chestnut'.

[0091] Table 1 Effective accumulated temperature of Bayberry biological zero degree and different developmental stages

[0092]

[0093] The results of active accumulated temperature show that during the period from December 21, 2021 to May 28, 2022, under the double-film facility conditions, the number of days with a daily average temperature ≥ 10°C reached 147 days, significantly higher than the 115 days of the single-film facility and the 90 days of the open field; the active accumulated temperature under the double-film facility reached 2592.1°C, significantly higher than the single-film facility and the open field (Table 2). The richer the climate heat resources in the double-film greenhouse, the more sufficient the heat required for the growth and development of the cultivated bayberry.

[0094] Table 2 Activity accumulated temperature under different facilities with daily average temperature ≥ 10℃

[0095]

[0096] The above light and temperature results and active accumulated temperature results show that the temperature in single-film and double-film cultivation facilities is significantly higher than that in open-field cultivation. Compared with single-film facilities, the daily average temperature in the double-film facility is higher; based on the temperature data statistically collected during the experiment, the accumulated temperature of the phenological period of 'Water Chestnut Seed' and 'Dongkui' was clarified, providing temperature parameters for the precise regulation of the phenological period of bayberry; the daily average temperature of the double-film facility is 2.6℃ higher than that of the single-film facility; double-film facility cultivation also increases the active accumulated temperature. The data show that the number of days with a daily average temperature ≥10℃ and the active accumulated temperature under double-film conditions are significantly higher than those of single-film, indicating that the warming and insulation effect of the double film is more obvious, and is more conducive to the advancement of the phenological period. The first flowering time and fruit maturity period of 'Water Chestnut Seed' and 'Dongkui' under the double-film facility are about 15 days earlier than those of the single film. For bayberry, it also solves the industry bottleneck problems such as concentrated harvest period and damage to the maturity period by plum rain.

[0097] In addition, bayberry is a shade-tolerant plant with a low light compensation point and light saturation point, indicating that bayberry has a low light requirement of about 30 μmol / m 2·s, the light saturation point is about 550 μmol / m 2 ·s, that is, the external light intensity is 30μmol / m 2 ·s (i.e. light intensity of 1668 lux), the photosynthesis and respiration of the leaves are in a state of balance, and the dry matter synthesized by photosynthesis is equal to the dry matter consumed by respiration. In the double-film facility, the light intensity from 12:00 to 14:00 on a sunny day is between 2887.8-4222.0 lux; in the single-film facility, the light intensity during the same period is between 4664.2-7196.0 lux; under open field conditions, the light intensity during the same period is between 8471.0-11900.0 lux. The light compensation point needs of bayberry can be met in the greenhouse film facility cultivation, and the cultivation of the two greenhouse film facilities will not affect the normal photosynthesis and plant growth of bayberry.

[0098] 2.2 Leaf type identification

[0099] 2.2.1 Measurement instruments

[0100] The chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system Plant Explorer was used to measure chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv / Fm), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), circumference (cm) and area (cm 2 );The relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) was determined using a portable chlorophyll meter SPAD-502PLUS.

[0101] 2.2.2 Determination method

[0102] Sampling was carried out at maturity, with 10 plants in each of the six groups, and 50 leaves were randomly collected from each plant in the east, south, west, and north directions.

[0103] 2.2.3 Measurement results

[0104] In the double-film and single-film facility cultivation, the color of the tree leaves became significantly darker, and the relative chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the "water chestnut species" increased by 50.6%, 20.8%, 11.4%, and 7.1% respectively compared with those in the open field cultivation (Table 3, Figure 3 ); the relative chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of 'Dongkui' increased by 20.8%, 7.2%, 25.4% and 32.2% respectively compared with those of open field cultivation (Table 3, Figure 4 ). The above data show that single-film and double-film cultivation are beneficial to improving the photosynthetic efficiency of trees.

[0105] The leaf length, width, area, circumference and other indicators of 'Water Chestnut Seed' and 'Dongkui' in double-film and single-film facility cultivation were significantly increased compared with those in open-field cultivation (Table 3). In double-film and single-film cultivation, the leaf area of ​​'Water Chestnut Seed' increased by 54.9% and 16.9% respectively compared with open-field cultivation; the leaf area of ​​'Dongkui' increased by 42.1% and 13.6% respectively. The above data show that the leaf size under single-film and double-film cultivation is significantly higher than that under open-field cultivation, which is beneficial to the effective photosynthetic area, yield and quality of the plant.

[0106] The SPAD values ​​of 'Water Chestnut' and 'Dongkui' in the double-film facility were 24.7% and 12.8% higher than those of the single-film facility, and both greenhouse film cultivations were superior to open-field cultivations, increasing the chlorophyll content and leaf area of ​​bayberry leaves. The above data show that compared with single-film cultivation, double-film cultivation increases chlorophyll and leaf area, which is beneficial for plants to capture more light energy and increase the effective photosynthetic area, thereby compensating for the lack of external light. Furthermore, greenhouse film facilities will not affect the photosynthesis and normal growth and development of bayberry.

[0107] The results of leaf type identification show that single-film and double-film cultivation are beneficial to the formation of tree leaf morphology and fruit development, and the leaf morphology of double-film cultivation is better than that of single-film cultivation.

[0108] Table 3 Leaf phenotypes under different cultivation conditions

[0109]

[0110]

[0111] 2.3 Fruit maturity test

[0112] 2.3.1 Determination method

[0113] Observe the hardness and color of the fruit with the naked eye every day. The hard core period is the time when the core becomes hard; the color change period is the time when the fruit changes from green to white; the red change period is the time when the fruit color changes from white to red; the early maturity period is the period when less than 30% of the fruits on the whole tree are ripe; the maturity period is when more than 50% of the fruits on the whole tree are ripe; the end of picking is when all the bayberries on the tree are picked.

[0114] 2.3.1 Measurement results

[0115] The fruit hard core period, color change period, red change period, initial maturity period, maturity period, and end of harvesting of 'Water Chestnut' in the double-film facility were March 27, April 24, April 29, May 6, May 8, and May 26, respectively; compared with the corresponding periods of single-film and open-field cultivation, they were about 20 days and 40 days earlier, respectively. The fruit hard core period, color change period, red change period, initial maturity period, maturity period, and end of harvesting of 'Dongkui' in the double-film facility were March 31, April 28, May 3, May 15, May 18, and June 26, respectively; compared with the corresponding periods of single-film and open-field cultivation, they were about 18 days and 40 days earlier, respectively (Table 4);

[0116] Table 4 Phenological period of fruit development in greenhouse-induced cultivation (2022)

[0117]

[0118]

[0119] The above-mentioned results of fruit development phenological period show that greenhouse film facility cultivation can significantly promote fruit ripening, especially double-film facility cultivation, which matures about 40 days earlier than open field cultivation, and the open field picking period is from June 14 to July 1, a total of 17 days; after the combination of double-film and Dongkui open field varieties and two cultivation methods, the picking period can be extended from May 6 to July 1, a total of 57 days, and the harvesting time is 3.4 times that of open field cultivation.

[0120] 2.4 Fruit weight and fruit firmness determination

[0121] 2.4.1 Determination method

[0122] Sampling was carried out at maturity, with 10 plants in each of the six groups, and 30 fruits were randomly collected from each plant in the east, south, west and north directions. The fruits of 10 plants in each group were mixed, and 15 fruits were randomly weighed using an electronic balance, repeated 3 times, and the average was taken as the single fruit weight. The longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruits were measured with a vernier caliper; the hardness of the fruits under different treatments was measured using a TA-X Tplus texture analyzer, and a 5.0 mm diameter probe was selected, with the unit being N.

[0123] 2.4.2 Measurement results

[0124] The test results of fruit weight and fruit firmness are shown in Table 5 and Figure 5 As shown, Figure 5 middle Figure 5 -a is single fruit weight, Figure 5-b is the hardness of the fruit. The data show that under greenhouse film cultivation, especially double-film cultivation, the average single fruit weight of 'Water Chestnut Seed' is 12.65g and that of 'Dongkui' is 22.2g, which are 14.0% and 6.2% higher than those of 11.1g and 20.9g cultivated in the open field, respectively. The hardness of 'Water Chestnut Seed' is 2.7N and that of 'Dongkui' is 2.9N, which are 12.5% ​​and 7.4% higher than those of 2.4N and 2.7N cultivated in the open field, respectively.

[0125] The results of fruit weight and fruit hardness test showed that the single fruit weight and hardness of bayberry were significantly improved under double-film greenhouse cultivation, which is beneficial to the improvement of single fruit weight and storage and transportation properties.

[0126] Table 5 Fruit weight index under different cultivation conditions

[0127]

[0128]

[0129] 2.5 Fruit taste measurement

[0130] 2.5.1 Taste measurement at fruit maturity

[0131] 2.5.1.1 Determination method

[0132] Sampling was carried out at the maturity stage. Ten plants were selected from each of the six groups, and 30 fruits were randomly collected from each plant in the east, south, west and north directions. The soluble solid content of the fruit was determined with reference to the GB12295-1990 standard, and the test was repeated three times. The total sugar content was determined by the anthrone colorimetric method according to the GB / T5009.8-2009 standard. The total acid content was determined by the acid-base titration method with reference to the GB / T12456-2008 standard. Sugar-acid ratio = soluble solids / total acid.

[0133] 2.5.1.2 Measurement results

[0134] The soluble solid contents of 'Water Chestnut' under double-film and single-film cultivation were 12.1% and 11.0%, respectively, which were 20.8% and 10.3% higher than those in the open field; the total sugar contents were 58.7 mg / g FW and 64.8 mg / g FW, respectively, which were 19.9% ​​and 32.6% higher than those in the open field; the total acid contents were 8.8 g / kg FW and 7.1 g / kg FW, respectively, which were 15.8% higher and 6.1% lower than those in the open field; the highest solid-acid ratio was 15.4 under single-film cultivation.

[0135] The soluble solid contents of 'Dongkui' under double-film and single-film cultivation were 13.5% and 13.2%, respectively, which were 5.6% and 3.0% higher than those under open field cultivation; the total sugar contents were 56.7 mg / g FW and 61.7 mg / g FW, respectively, which were 1.3% and 10.4% higher than those under open field cultivation; the total acid contents were 11.2 g / kg FW and 7.2 g / kg FW, respectively, which were 10.8% higher and 28.8% lower than those under open field cultivation; the highest solid-acid ratio under single-film cultivation was 18.3 (Table 6, Figure 6 ), Figure 6 middle Figure 6 -a is soluble solids, Figure 6 -b is the total acid content.

[0136] The results of taste test show that double-film greenhouse cultivation is more conducive to increasing the total sugar content in bayberry compared with open-field cultivation, making the bayberry taste sweeter and not sour, which is beneficial to improving the taste of bayberry fruit.

[0137] Table 6 Fruit quality indicators under different cultivation conditions

[0138]

[0139]

[0140] 2.5.2 Determination of sugar and acid content in fruits at different stages

[0141] 2.5.2.1 Determination method

[0142] Thirty fruits of uniform size and without obvious surface damage were randomly selected at five stages of fruit development. The total sugar was determined by DNS colorimetry, and the total sugar was hydrolyzed into reducing sugar; the total acid was determined by national standard acid-base titration, referring to the national standard GBT12456-2008 method; glucose and citric acid were determined by kits from Nominkoda (Wuhan) Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0143] 2.5.2.2 Measurement results

[0144] The results of the determination of 'water chestnut species' are as follows Figure 8 As shown, the results of the Dongkui assay are as follows Fig. 9 As shown, Figure 8 and Fig. 9 In the middle, * indicates significant difference at the level of P≤0.05, ** indicates significant difference at the level of 0.01≤P<0.05, and the numbers corresponding to the varieties and cultivation methods are 'water chestnut species' open field control (BQ-CK), 'water chestnut species' single film (BS), 'water chestnut species' double film (BD), 'Dongkui' open field control (DK-CK), 'Dongkui' single film (DS), 'Dongkui' double film (DD), the same below. The sugar-acid ratio results are shown in the following table:

[0145] Comparison of sugar-acid ratio of fruits at maturity under different cultivation modes

[0146]

[0147] The results showed that compared with open field cultivation, the total sugar content of the two varieties under greenhouse film cultivation was significantly increased, and the glucose content showed an increasing trend. The double-film greenhouse was better than the single-film greenhouse, indicating that the glucose content of bayberry fruit was easily affected by the greenhouse film facility cultivation environment and changed.

[0148] 2.6 Determination of fruit nutrients

[0149] 2.6.1 Determination of ripe fruits

[0150] 2.6.1.2 Determination method

[0151] Sampling was carried out at the ripening stage, with 10 plants in each of the six groups, and 30 fruits were randomly collected from each plant in the east, south, west and north directions. The flavonoid and total phenol content in the fruit was determined by ultraviolet absorption method.

[0152] 2.6.1.2 Measurement results

[0153] As shown in Table 7 and Figure 7 As shown, Figure 7 Figure 7-a is a comparison chart of flavonoid content, and figure 7-b is a comparison chart of total phenol content. The results show that compared with open field cultivation, the flavonoid content of 'Water Chestnut' under double-film and single-film cultivation is 3.3 mg / g and 3.1 mg / g, respectively, which is 37.5% and 29.2% higher than that of open field cultivation; the total phenol content is 2.1 mg / g and 2.0 mg / g, respectively, which is 23.5% and 17.6% higher than that of open field cultivation; the flavonoid content of 'Donggui' under double-film and single-film cultivation is 1.7 mg / g and 1.6 mg / g, respectively, which is 70.0% and 60.0% higher than that of open field cultivation; the total phenol content is 1.4 mg / g, which is 7.7% higher than that of open field cultivation. The above data show that facility cultivation is beneficial to the improvement of flavonoid nutrients and total phenols in bayberry fruit, making the nutrients in the fruit richer, especially double-film greenhouse cultivation. The high content of flavonoids and total phenols is beneficial to the antioxidant capacity of the fruit and facilitates storage.

[0154] Table 7 Fruit nutritional indicators under different cultivation conditions

[0155]

[0156] 2.7 Commercial fruit rate and yield

[0157] The commercial fruit rate and yield of the fruits picked this time are shown in Table 8. The average yield per mu of double-film and single-film facility cultivation of 'Water Chestnut' were 2312.5 kg and 2261.7 kg, respectively, which were 40.0% and 37.0% higher than those of open field cultivation; the average commercial fruit rates were 85.1% and 79.8%, respectively, which were 2.8 and 2.6 times that of open field cultivation; the average selling price was 80-120 yuan / kg, and the output value per mu was 144,000-236,000 yuan; the profit per mu was 165,000 yuan and 101,000 yuan, respectively, which were 8.2 and 5.0 times that of open field cultivation. The average yield per mu of double-film and single-film cultivation of 'Dongkui' is 1655.2kg and 1568.5kg respectively, which are 2.9 and 2.8 times of open-field cultivation respectively; the average commercial fruit rate is 84.5% and 81.3% respectively, which are 2.9 and 2.8 times of open-field cultivation respectively; the average selling price is 200-220 yuan / kg, and the per mu output value is 255,000-308,000 yuan; the per mu profit is 215,000 yuan and 179,000 yuan respectively, which are 9.8 and 8.1 times of open-field cultivation respectively. The above data show that the use of greenhouse film facilities can effectively increase the commercial fruit rate and per mu yield, greatly improve economic benefits, and be promoted and applied.

[0158] Table 8 Commercial fruit rate and economic benefits of protected cultivation of bayberry in 2022

[0159]

[0160] Although the present invention is disclosed as above, the present invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the scope defined by the claims.

Claims

1. A method for forcing cultivation under greenhouse film to prolong the picking period of bayberry, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Site selection and species selection: select hills or gently sloping mountains with an altitude of 100-300 meters and a soil pH of 5.0-6.0, and select Dongkui Bayberry or Water Chestnut Bayberry as the bayberry species for cultivation; (2) Building a greenhouse: Building a greenhouse at the selected site, covering the top of the greenhouse with a first layer of film, and covering the second layer of film 0.8-1.2m away from the top of the first layer of film; (3) Cultivation conditions Film covering conditions: before film covering, the average temperature is below 15℃, and there is natural precipitation for 1-2 days; Temperature control: According to the daily average temperature, 8-16℃ before flowering, 13-20℃ during flowering, 18-26℃ from young fruit stage to red stage, 16-35℃ during maturity. There is a day and night temperature difference during maturity, and the range of day and night temperature difference is 12-17℃. (4) Pruning: cutting large branches, thinning, pulling branches or pinching branches; (5) Flower and fruit management: For fruit trees in off-years, at least one of the following methods, including ring cutting, ring stripping, bark application, and the addition of growth regulators, is used to promote flowering and fruiting. For fruit trees in off-years, thinning branches and fruits or manual fruit thinning is used to promote flowering and fruiting. (6) Picking and removing film: After the bayberry picking is completed, remove the top film.

2. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step (1), the crown height of the bayberry tree species is 2-4 m, and the male bayberry plants in the tree species account for 1-2% of the total number of the tree species.

3. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The planting density of step (1) is 300 plants / hm2 -2 -375 plants·hm -2 .

4. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step (2), both the first film layer and the second film layer are polyethylene films with a specification of 0.07 mm-0.12 mm.

5. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The greenhouse in step (2) is constructed by combining galvanized pipes and scaffolding, the galvanized pipes are galvanized round pipes, the greenhouse has a shoulder height of 5m-5.5m, a top height of 6.3m-6.5m, and a buried depth of 0.3m-0.5m.

6. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step (3) also includes a coating time, which is from November to December.

7. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step (3) also includes humidity control, and the humidity control is: according to relative humidity, 60%-70% before flowering, 55%-65% during flowering, 70-80% during young fruit stage, 65%-70% during hard core stage, and 60%-65% during maturity.

8. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step (3), the temperature difference between day and night during the ripening period is regulated to 28-35°C during the day and 16-18°C at night.

9. The greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The temperature control means in step (3) is: using surrounding film ventilation or air exchange equipment to cool down, and using greenhouse ground reflective film insulation or heating equipment to increase the temperature.

10. Use of the greenhouse film forcing cultivation method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 in extending the picking period of bayberry.

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