Water and fertilizer management method for onions and application

Abstract

The invention relates to a water and fertilizer management method for onions and application, and belongs to the field of vegetable planting. Different growth periods of onions are divided, and the irrigation amount and the fertilization amount of the onions in the different growth periods are optimized; the onion water and fertilizer management method can effectively solve the problems of soil hardening, aggravated soil salinization degree, soil environment pollution, vegetable quality reduction, low planting benefit and the like caused by unscientific irrigation and fertilization (excessive irrigation and blind fertilization) in the prior art. According to the technical scheme, the purposes of saving water and fertilizer are achieved, and the utilization rate and production efficiency of water and fertilizer resources are improved; the economic benefits of the onions are effectively increased, specifically, the production cost of the onions is reduced, and the output of onion products is improved; the quality of the onions is effectively improved, and the improvement of the content of vitamin C, soluble sugar, protein and / or soluble solids in the onions is effectively promoted.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of vegetable planting, and particularly relates to a water and fertilizer management method for onions and an application thereof. Background Art

[0002] Onion, also known as round onion, shallot, and shallot, is a vegetable of the genus Allium in the Liliaceae family. It is a drought- and cold-resistant vegetable with fleshy bulbs. It is widely distributed throughout the country and even the world. It is one of the main vegetables at home and abroad. It has rich nutritional value and unique medicinal value. It is known as the "Queen of Vegetables" and is widely used in food, medicine and health care fields.

[0003] In recent years, with the rapid development of vegetable enterprises and the increasing demand for onions in the international market, the onion planting industry has developed rapidly. However, my country's onion breeding and cultivation started late. At present, the water-fertilizer integrated technology for irrigation and fertilization in onion production still adopts the "high fertilizer and high water" mode, which causes excessive irrigation, blind fertilization, and unscientific irrigation and fertilization, resulting in soil compaction, increased soil salinization, soil environmental pollution, reduced vegetable quality, and low planting benefits. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the problems of inaccurate and unscientific irrigation and fertilization of the water-fertilizer integrated technology promoted in onion production. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide an onion water and fertilizer management method and application, so as to solve the problems of inaccurate and unscientific irrigation and fertilization of the water-fertilizer integration technology promoted in onion production, achieve the purpose of saving water and fertilizer, increase onion yield, improve water and fertilizer resource utilization and production efficiency, improve onion quality and planting benefits, reduce pollution to the soil environment, and realize green, safe and efficient production of onions.

[0005] The invention provides an onion water and fertilizer management method, comprising the following steps:

[0006] Before transplanting onion seedlings, irrigate the planting area 10 to 30 m 3 / 667m 2 At the same time, 2.91kg / 667m3 of nitrogen fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 5.46kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 4.34kg / 667m 2 ;

[0007] After transplanting onion seedlings, water 10-15m 3 / 667m 2 ;

[0008] Irrigate onion seedlings for 20-25 m 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 2.91kg / 667m2 ;

[0009] Irrigate 30-40m during the onion leaf growth period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 4.37kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 2.89kg / 667m 2 ;

[0010] Irrigate 20-25m during the onion bulb formation period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 3.64kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 Potash fertilizer 5.78kg / 667m 2 ;

[0011] Irrigate onion bulbs at 40-50 m during the growing period. 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 0.73kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 7.23kg / 667m 2 ;

[0012] Irrigate 70-90m during the onion bulb expansion period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing potash fertilizer 8.67kg / 667m 2 .

[0013] Preferably, the seedling determination period is 3 to 5 days after transplanting;

[0014] The seedling acclimatization period is 20 to 25 days after transplanting.

[0015] Preferably, the leaf growth period is 30 to 50 days after transplanting.

[0016] Preferably, the bulb formation period is 50 to 60 days after transplanting.

[0017] Preferably, the bulb growth period is 60 to 75 days after transplanting.

[0018] Preferably, the bulb expansion period is 75 to 100 days after transplanting.

[0019] Preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer is measured as N; the phosphorus fertilizer is measured as P2O5; and the potash fertilizer is measured as K2O.

[0020] The present invention also provides application of the water-fertilizer management method described in the above technical solution in improving the quality of onions.

[0021] Preferably, improving the onion quality includes increasing one or more of the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, protein and soluble solids in the onion.

[0022] The present invention also provides the application of the water-fertilizer management method described in the above technical solution in reducing onion planting costs and / or increasing onion yields.

[0023] Beneficial effects:

[0024] The present invention provides an onion water and fertilizer management method and application, which can effectively solve the problems of soil compaction, increased soil salinization, soil environmental pollution, reduced vegetable quality and low planting benefits caused by unscientific irrigation and fertilization (excessive irrigation, blind fertilization) in the prior art. Based on the optimization of the onion water and fertilizer management method of the present invention, the technical scheme of the present invention achieves the purpose of saving water and fertilizer, improves the utilization rate of water and fertilizer resources and production efficiency; and effectively increases the economic benefits of onions, specifically reduces the production cost of onions, and increases the output of onion products; and effectively improves the quality of onions, including effectively promoting the increase of the content of vitamin C, soluble sugar, protein and / or soluble solids in onions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0026] Figure 1 A graph showing the relationship between different nitrogen fertilizer application levels and onion yield effects provided by the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 A relationship diagram of different fertilization levels of phosphorus fertilizer provided by the present invention and onion yield effect;

[0028] Figure 3 A graph showing the relationship between different fertilization levels of potassium fertilizer provided by the present invention and onion yield effects;

[0029] Figure 4 A comparison chart of the vitamin C content of onions in various treatments provided by the present invention;

[0030] Figure 5 A comparison chart of soluble sugar content of onions in various treatments provided by the present invention;

[0031] Figure 6 A comparison chart of protein content of onions in various treatments provided by the present invention;

[0032] Figure 7 This is a comparison chart of the soluble solids content of onions in various treatments provided by the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] The invention provides an onion water and fertilizer management method, comprising the following steps:

[0034] Before transplanting onion seedlings, irrigate the planting area 10 to 30 m 3 / 667m 2 At the same time, 2.91kg / 667m3 of nitrogen fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 5.46kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 4.34kg / 667m 2 ;

[0035] After transplanting onion seedlings, water 10-15m 3 / 667m 2 ;

[0036] Irrigate onion seedlings for 20-25 m 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 2.91kg / 667m 2 ;

[0037] Irrigate 30-40m during the onion leaf growth period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 4.37kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 2.89kg / 667m 2 ;

[0038] Irrigate 20-25m during the onion bulb formation period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 3.64kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 Potash fertilizer 5.78kg / 667m 2 ;

[0039] Irrigate onion bulbs at 40-50 m during the growing period. 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 0.73kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 7.23kg / 667m 2 ;

[0040] Irrigate 70-90m during the onion bulb expansion period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing potash fertilizer 8.67kg / 667m2 .

[0041] In the present invention, the nitrogen fertilizer is preferably measured as N; the phosphorus fertilizer is preferably measured as P2O5; and the potassium fertilizer is preferably measured as K2O.

[0042] In the present invention, the onion seedlings are cultured before transplanting.

[0043] The invention irrigates the onion seedlings with water for 10 to 30 minutes before transplanting. 3 / 667m 2 At the same time, 2.91kg / 667m3 of nitrogen fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 5.46kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 4.34kg / 667m 2 .

[0044] After the onion seedlings are transplanted, water is irrigated for 10 to 15 minutes during the seedling stage. 3 / 667m 2 In the present invention, the seedling determination period is preferably 3 to 5 days after transplanting.

[0045] The invention irrigates 20 to 25 m during the onion seedling stage. 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 2.91kg / 667m 2 In the present invention, the seedling acclimatization period is preferably 20 to 25 days after transplanting.

[0046] The invention irrigates water for 30 to 40 m during the growth period of onion leaves. 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 4.37kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 2.89kg / 667m 2 In the present invention, the leaf growth period is preferably 30 to 50 days after transplanting. In the present invention, watering is performed for 30 to 40 minutes during the leaf growth period. 3 / 667m 2 The preferred method includes: irrigating 10-15 m3 of water 30-40 days after transplanting. 3 / 667m 2 , irrigate 20-25m 41-50 days after transplanting 3 / 667m 2 In the present invention, 4.37 kg / 667 m3 of nitrogen fertilizer is applied during the leaf growth period. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 2.89kg / 667m 2The preferred method includes: no topdressing of fertilizer 30-40 days after transplanting, and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer 4.37 kg / 667 m3 41-50 days after transplanting. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 , Potassium fertilizer 2.89kg / 667m 2 .

[0047] The invention irrigates 20 to 25 m during the onion bulb formation period. 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 3.64kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 Potash fertilizer 5.78kg / 667m 2 In the present invention, the bulb formation period is preferably 50 to 60 days after transplanting. In the present invention, water is irrigated for 20 to 25 m 3 / 667m 2 The preferred method includes: irrigating 10-15 m 50-60 days after transplanting 3 / 667m 2 In the present invention, 3.64 kg / 667 m3 of nitrogen fertilizer is applied during the bulb formation period. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 Potash fertilizer 5.78kg / 667m 2 The preferred method includes: applying nitrogen fertilizer 3.64kg / 667m 50-60d after transplanting 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 Potash fertilizer 5.78kg / 667m 2 .

[0048] The invention irrigates 40 to 50 m during the growth period of onion bulbs. 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 0.73kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 7.23kg / 667m 2 In the present invention, the bulb growth period is preferably 60 to 75 days after transplanting. In the present invention, the bulb growth period is preferably irrigated for 40 to 50 m 3 / 667m 2 The preferred method includes: irrigating 15-20 m3 of water 60-70 days after transplanting. 3 / 667m 2 , irrigate 25-30m 71-75 days after transplanting 3 / 667m 2 In the present invention, 0.73 kg / 667 m3 of nitrogen fertilizer is applied during the bulb growth period. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m2 and potash fertilizer 7.23kg / 667m 2 The preferred method includes: no topdressing of fertilizers 60-70 days after transplanting, and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer 0.73 kg / 667 m2 71-75 days after transplanting. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 7.23kg / 667m 2 .

[0049] The invention irrigates 70-90m during the onion bulb expansion period. 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing potash fertilizer 8.67kg / 667m 2 In the present invention, the bulb expansion period is preferably 75 to 100 days after transplanting. In the present invention, the bulb expansion period is preferably irrigated for 70 to 90 m 3 / 667m 2 The preferred method includes: irrigating 25-30 m3 of water 75-80 days after transplanting. 3 / 667m 2 , irrigate 25-30m 81-90d after transplanting 3 / 667m 2 , irrigate 25-30m 91-100d after transplanting 3 / 667m 2 In the present invention, 8.67kg / 667m2 of potassium fertilizer is applied during the bulb expansion period. 2 The preferred method includes: applying potassium fertilizer 5.78kg / 667m3 75-80 days after transplanting 2 , apply potassium fertilizer 2.89kg / 667m2 81-90d after transplanting 2 .

[0050] The present invention also provides application of the water-fertilizer management method described in the above technical solution in improving the quality of onions.

[0051] In the present invention, the improving the onion quality preferably includes increasing one or more of the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, protein and soluble solids in the onion.

[0052] The present invention also provides the application of the water-fertilizer management method described in the above technical solution in reducing onion planting costs and / or increasing onion yields.

[0053] In order to further illustrate the present invention, an organic suspended liquid fertilizer provided by the present invention and its preparation method and application are described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0054] Example 1

[0055] 1. Cultivation of onion seedlings:

[0056] 1) Seedling bed preparation: Choose a loose, fertile field with convenient irrigation and drainage, and the previous crop is non-onion and garlic vegetables;

[0057] 2) Selection of seedling raising facilities: Choose a solar greenhouse with good thermal insulation or a multi-span greenhouse as the seedling raising site;

[0058] 3) Land preparation and fertilization: land preparation for seedling beds, combined with land preparation before seedling raising, every hm 2 Apply 20 tons of fully decomposed organic fertilizer, hoe the soil to a depth of 12 to 15 cm, harrow, level, fine and compact the soil;

[0059] 4) Seedling bed disinfection: One month in advance, combine land preparation and fertilization, turn the land over by plowing, clear the stubble and fumigate the land, mix the fumigant with the soil thoroughly, and then cover the land with film. Compact the film edge with soil to make it airtight;

[0060] 5) Sowing: Before sowing, the seedling bed should be pressed down once. The seedling bed should be compacted every 1m 2 The sowing amount for the seedbed is 10-11g, and after sowing, it is covered with 1-1.5cm thick fine sand;

[0061] 6) Watering: Water lightly after sowing. Water the seedbed thoroughly and water the surface of the bed to a depth of 8 to 10 cm to ensure sufficient moisture for the seeds to germinate.

[0062] During the growth period of onion seedlings, temperature management, water and fertilizer management are carried out on the seedlings:

[0063] Temperature management: From seedling emergence to 3 leaves and 1 heart, it takes about 50 days. Keep the daytime temperature at 15℃~18℃ and nighttime temperature at 8℃~10℃; From 3 leaves and 1 heart to 4 leaves and 1 heart, it takes about 20 days. Keep the daytime temperature at 16℃~18℃ and nighttime temperature at 8℃~10℃. Harden the seedlings 7d~10d before transplanting, 15℃~16℃ during the daytime and 5℃~6℃ at night.

[0064] Water and fertilizer management: Determine the amount and frequency of irrigation according to soil moisture conditions. Generally, water frequently with small amounts of water. After all seedlings emerge, water once every 667m 2 Irrigation 20~30m 3 ; Growth 25d~30d, every 667m 2 Urea 3kg~5kg, water 20m 3 ~30m 3 ; 40d~45d, every 667m 2 Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium water-soluble fertilizer (15-15-15) 5kg~6kg, irrigation 20m 3 ~30m 3 ; 60d~65d, every 667m 2 Irrigation 20m 3 ~30m 3; 75d~80d, every 667m 2 Irrigation 20m 3 ~30m 3 Before planting, gradually increase ventilation, control water appropriately, promote root growth, and meet the requirements for strong seedlings.

[0065] 2. Transplanting and planting

[0066] The planting area is 17.5m 2 (5.0m×3.5m). Set the row spacing to 16.5cm, plant spacing to 16.5cm, and density to 20,800 plants / 667m 2 .

[0067] The ground is covered with black film, with a width of 1.6m. Each plot is covered with 2 rows of black film, and 9 rows of onions are planted in each row of black film.

[0068] Drip irrigation under film, 4 drip tapes are arranged per film, the dripper flow rate is 2L / h, and the dripper spacing is 15cm.

[0069] The drip irrigation system is arranged in the field to irrigate and replenish water before and after transplanting.

[0070] When applying fertilizer, choose water-soluble fertilizer, choose monoammonium phosphate for phosphate fertilizer, choose urea for nitrogen fertilizer, and choose potassium sulfate for potash fertilizer.

[0071] Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied in 7 times, with 1 basal application as the auxiliary and 6 topdressing as the main application:

[0072] Among them, 20% nitrogen fertilizer is applied as basal application and 80% as topdressing, 40% phosphorus fertilizer is applied as basal application and 60% as topdressing, and 15% potassium fertilizer is applied as basal application and 85% as topdressing.

[0073] Topdressing should be carried out according to the different fertilizer requirements of onions at different growth stages. 20% nitrogen fertilizer should be applied during the seedling stage (20-25 days after transplanting);

[0074] During the rapid leaf growth period (40-50 days), nitrogen fertilizer is 30%, phosphorus fertilizer is 20%, and potassium fertilizer is 10%;

[0075] During the rapid leaf growth period and bulb formation period (50-60 days after transplanting), nitrogen fertilizer is 25%, phosphorus fertilizer is 20%, and potassium fertilizer is 20%;

[0076] During the rapid growth period of bulbs (70-75 days), apply 5% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphorus fertilizer, and 25% potassium fertilizer;

[0077] During the bulb expansion period (75-80 days), apply 20% potassium fertilizer;

[0078] In the late stage of bulb expansion (80-90 days), apply 10% potassium fertilizer.

[0079] The specific water and fertilizer management plan is shown in Table 1.

[0080] Table 1 Onion water and fertilizer management plan

[0081]

[0082] Comparative Example 1

[0083] Water and fertilizer management was performed on the onion according to conventional fertilization and irrigation schemes, wherein the cultivation and transplanting and planting methods of the onion seedlings were the same as those in Example 1, except that the water and fertilizer management was performed according to the scheme shown in Table 2.

[0084] Table 2 Onion water and fertilizer management plan

[0085]

[0086] Application Example 1

[0087] The fertilization schemes described in Example 1 and Example 2 were tested at three demonstration sites: Xijinyan River, Pengbao in Yuanzhou District, and Tongxinwangtuan. The test results are shown in Table 3.

[0088] Table 3 Onion yields under different water and fertilizer management schemes

[0089]

[0090] According to the onion yields of different water-fertilizer management schemes in Table 3, compared with the comparative example 1 in which the water-fertilizer management of onions was performed using conventional fertilizer application and irrigation amount, the water-fertilizer management scheme shown in Example 1 has a significant effect on improving the onion yield. Under the premise of saving fertilizer application and irrigation amount, compared with the water-fertilizer management scheme of onions with conventional fertilizer application and irrigation amount, the yield per mu increased by 416.53kg / 667m 2 .

[0091] Example 2

[0092] A quadratic regression 3414 complete design was used, with three factors and four levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, totaling 14 treatments, each repeated 3 times, and arranged completely randomly.

[0093] The meaning of the 4 levels:

[0094] The 0 level refers to no fertilization (set as the control CK in this experiment);

[0095] Level 2 refers to 70% of the fertilizer application rate of conventional fields (set as medium treatment), and the fertilizer application rates of conventional fields are: N application rate 20.8kg / mu, P2O5 application rate 19.5kg / mu, K2O application rate 41.3kg / mu;

[0096] Level 1 = Level 2 × 0.5 (this level is the level of reduced fertilization);

[0097] Level 3 = Level 2 × 1.5 (this level is the level of overfertilization).

[0098] Two additional treatments were added: ultra-high potassium treatment N2P2K 3.5 , ultra-high nitrogen treatment N4P2K2, a total of 16 treatments. The fertilization levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in each treatment are shown in Table 4.

[0099] Table 4 Fertilization level for each treatment

[0100]

[0101] The 16 treatment schemes obtained above were respectively subjected to sowing experiments at the Wangtuan Town Experimental Base in Tongxin County, where each group of treatment schemes differed from Example 1 only in the level of fertilizer application. The final onion yield results of different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers under water-fertilizer integrated mulching drip irrigation are shown in Table 5. It can be seen that the onion yield per mu of each treatment is 2668.64kg / 667m 2 ~6968.21kg / 667m 2 .

[0102] Table 5 Onion yield results of different fertilization treatments

[0103]

[0104]

[0105] As shown in Table 5, compared with the treatment without fertilizer (N0P0K0), the onion yield of each treatment increased significantly, with the increase rate ranging from 38.50% to 161.12%. 3.5 The yield increase rates of the 9 treatments (N4P2K2, N1P2K2) were all higher than 100%, and the yield increase rate of the low nitrogen treatment (N1P2K2) was also above 95%, indicating that fertilization has a significant effect on increasing onion yield. The yields of the nitrogen deficiency treatment (N0P2K2), phosphorus deficiency treatment (N2P0K2), and potassium deficiency treatment (N2P2K0) were 3803.25kg / 667m 2 、3696.00kg / 667m 2 5438.08kg / 667m 2 The average output of the three is 4312.44kg / 667m 2 , compared with the yield of no fertilizer treatment (N0P0K0) of 2668.64kg / 667m 2 The yield increased by 61.60%, while the average yield of the other 12 treatments was 5875.60kg / 667m 2, compared with the yield of no fertilizer treatment (N0P0K0) of 2668.64kg / 667m 2 The yield increased by 120.17%, indicating that the balanced application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers has a significant promoting effect on onion yield.

[0106] As shown in Table 5, under the conditions of fixed phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen and potassium, and nitrogen and phosphorus application, the yield increase and yield rate of onion increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application. For example, under the nitrogen (P2K2) factor condition, the corresponding yield increase of the four treatments N1P2K2, N2P2K2, N3P2K2, and N4P2K2 was 2647.88kg / 667m 2 4299.57kg / 667m 2 、3822.59kg / 667m 2 、3469.29kg / 667m 2 , respectively 1134.61kg / 667m 2 The output increased by 1513.27kg / 667m 2 、3164.96kg / 667m 2 、2687.98kg / 667m 2 、2334.68kg / 667m 2 , indicating that increasing the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers appropriately will increase onion yield, while excessive application will reduce yield. Compared with the no fertilization treatment (N0P0K0), the average increase rate of nitrogen was 134.53%, the average increase rate of phosphorus was 124.94%, and the average increase rate of potassium was 144.08%. It shows that there is an obvious interaction between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The order of influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on onion yield is potassium>nitrogen>phosphorus, and the high-amount treatment shows a decrease in yield. At the same time, the correlation test of the three-factor fertilizer effect model equation of onion nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is carried out below (Table 6, Table 7). Onion yield is positively correlated with the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and fertilization has a significant effect on increasing onion yield. From the first-order terms of the regression model of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers and onion yield, it can be seen that the absolute values ​​of the partial regression coefficients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are b3>b1>b2, indicating that potassium fertilizer contributes the most to onion yield, followed by nitrogen fertilizer, and phosphorus fertilizer the least.

[0107] ① Analysis of main effect of factors (ternary quadratic fertilizer effect model)

[0108] With nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium dosage as independent variables and onion yield as dependent variable, a three-variable quadratic polynomial regression analysis was conducted (see Table 6). The three-variable quadratic fertilizer effect model equation was established (see Table 8):

[0109] Y=2728.3045+42.2865N-100.0470P+179.3070K-6.8177N^2-6.1518P^2-1.0096K^2+31.0735NP-6.6268NK-1.7576PK

[0110] In the formula: Y represents onion 667m 2 Production, N, P, K represent N, P2O5, K2O per 667m 2 The condition for the successful fitting of the above equation is that the coefficient of the quadratic term is negative and the coefficient of the linear term is positive, that is, it is a typical fertilizer effect model, and the F value test is significant. The significance test of the effect equation (Table 6, Table 7) shows that the multiple correlation coefficient R = 0.9262 and the determination coefficient R 2 =0.8579, adjusted correlation coefficient Ra =0.907883, adjusted determination coefficient Ra 2 =0.8243, F value =25.4918>F0.05, p value =0, indicating that onion yield has a significant regression relationship with the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

[0111] Table 6 Three-variable quadratic polynomial regression analysis

[0112]

[0113] Table 7 Regression analysis

[0114]

[0115] Table 8 Fitting equation

[0116]

[0117]

[0118] ② Analysis of single factor effect (one-dimensional quadratic fertilizer effect model)

[0119] The one-dimensional quadratic fertilizer effect model was selected for fitting. The equation used is Y = a + bX + cX 2 ; Select specific treatments in the experiment and fit the quadratic equations of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and onion yield respectively, and get equations (2), (3) and (4) as Y N =-0.5089x 2 +304.25x+56097, coefficient of determination R 2 =0.9515; Y P =-0.2135x 2 +245.38x+51543, coefficient of determination R 2 =0.8495; Y K=-0.099x 2 +98.01x+82807, coefficient of determination R 2 =0.9518. The fitting was successful after F test. The yields corresponding to the single factor dosages of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were respectively formed into Table 9, Table 10 and Table 11, and the corresponding effect equations were drawn as Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 It can be seen that the onion yield increases with the increase of fertilizer dosage, and then decreases with the increase of fertilizer dosage after reaching the maximum yield. The three-factor effect equation diagrams all show a parabolic trend, which conforms to the law of diminishing returns. Within the range of fertilizer dosage in this experiment, the single factor effect equations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium all have maximum values, which are: 14.56kg / 667m 2 , 13.65kg / 667m 2 , 28.91kg / 667m 2 .

[0120] In summary, the optimal fertilization scheme of "3414" obtained from the experiment on the effect of different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on onion yield under integrated water-fertilizer film-mulching drip irrigation is N2P2K2, that is, the fertilizer amounts of N, P and K are 14.56kg / 667m 2 , 13.65kg / 667m 2 , 28.91kg / 667m 2 When the ratio between the three is 1:0.9375:1.9856, the onion yield will reach the theoretical maximum.

[0121] Table 9 Onion yield corresponding to different nitrogen fertilizer application rates

[0122]

[0123] Table 10 Onion yield corresponding to different amounts of phosphorus fertilizer

[0124]

[0125] Table 11 Onion yield corresponding to different potassium fertilizer dosages

[0126]

[0127] Example 3

[0128] Quality analysis of onions grown under 16 fertilization schemes in Example 2

[0129] In this experiment, four indicators, namely soluble sugar, vitamin C, soluble solids and protein, were set to reflect the quality of onion. The determination of soluble sugar, vitamin C, soluble solids and protein was carried out according to NY / T1278-2007, GB5009.86-2016, NY / T2637-2014 and GB5009.5-2016, respectively.

[0130] The final quality index determination results are shown in Table 12. The determination results of vitamin C in each treatment onion were 8.19-10.2 mg / 100 g, the determination results of soluble sugar were 6.28-8.39 g / 100 g, the determination results of protein were 0.79-1.12 g / 100 g, and the determination results of soluble solids were 7.9-10.4%.

[0131] For the vitamin C content, see the comparison chart of vitamin C content of onions in each treatment. Figure 4 Compared with the no-fertilization treatment (N0P0K0), except for the N3P2K2 group, which caused a decrease in the vitamin C content in onions, the other fertilization schemes increased the vitamin C content in onions to varying degrees. Among them, the vitamin C content of onions in the N2P3K2 group increased the most after fertilization, reaching 10.2 mg / 100 g, which was 22.45% higher than that in the no-fertilization treatment group. It can be seen that the reasonable application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can effectively promote the increase of vitamin C content in onions.

[0132] For soluble sugar content, see the comparison chart of soluble sugar content of onions in each treatment. Figure 5 Compared with the no-fertilization treatment (N0P0K0), except for the N2P2K1 treatment, N3P2K2 treatment and N4P2K2 treatment, which caused the soluble sugar content in onions to decrease, the other fertilization schemes increased the soluble sugar content in onions to varying degrees. Among them, the soluble sugar content of onions increased the most after the N2P2K2 treatment, reaching 8.39g / 100g, which was 18.84% higher than that of the no-fertilization treatment. It can be seen that the reasonable application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can effectively promote the increase of soluble sugar content in onions.

[0133] For protein content, see the comparison chart of protein content of onions in each treatment. Figure 6 Compared with the no-fertilization treatment (N0P0K0), except for the N3P2K2 and N4P2K2 treatments, which caused a slight decrease in the protein content in onions, the other fertilization schemes increased the protein content in onions to varying degrees. Among them, the protein content of onions in the N2P2K2 group increased the most after fertilization, reaching 1.12g / 100g, which was 28.74% higher than that in the no-fertilization treatment. It can be seen that the reasonable application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can effectively promote the increase of onion protein content.

[0134] For the soluble solids content, see the comparison chart of soluble solids content of each treatment. Figure 7 Compared with the no-fertilization treatment (N0P0K0), except for the N4P2K2 treatment, which caused a decrease in the soluble solids content in onions, the other fertilization schemes increased the soluble solids content in onions to varying degrees. Among them, the soluble solids content of onions increased the most after the N2P2K2 treatment, reaching 10.4%, which was 25.3% higher than that of the no-fertilization treatment. It can be seen that the reasonable application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can effectively promote the increase of soluble solids content in onions.

[0135] In summary, the reasonable application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can effectively promote the increase of soluble sugar, vitamin C, soluble solids and protein content in onions, thereby improving the quality of onions. Among them, the fertilization treatment N2P2K2 has the best effect on increasing the content of protein, soluble sugar and soluble solids in onions. As for the increase of vitamin C content, although the effect of fertilization treatment N2P2K2 on increasing vitamin C content is slightly lower than that of treatment groups N2P3K2, treatment N2P2K3 and treatment N2P2K 3.5 , but the difference is small. Compared with the no-fertilization treatment (N0P0K0), the vitamin C content in onions is still significantly increased. Considering the improvement effects of protein content, soluble sugar content and soluble solids content in onions, the fertilization treatment N2P2K2 has the best effect on improving onion quality, which can increase the vitamin C content in onions to 9.33mg / 100g, the soluble sugar content to 8.39g / 100g, the protein content to 1.12g / 100g, and the soluble solids content to 10.4%.

[0136] Table 12 Determination results of onion quality indicators under different treatments

[0137]

[0138]

[0139] Example 4

[0140] Economic Benefit Analysis

[0141] Economic analysis indicators are numerical indicators used to reflect the operating conditions of agricultural production activities and analyze various economic factors that affect economic effects. Economic benefit analysis and evaluation indicators use output indicators such as output, product quality, output value, labor consumption indicators such as working hours, and production cost indicators such as fertilizer application, seedling application, drip irrigation material application, mulch film application, and drip irrigation water application to conduct economic benefit analysis.

[0142] Similarly, the regression equations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer effects and onion profitability were established:

[0143] Y=9.9723+96.2560N-116.7040P+234.7158K-12.3361N 2 -11.9795P 2 -0.7035K 2 +

[0144] 48.7755NP-9.9101NK-2.2076PK.

[0145] ①Production cost and output value analysis

[0146] The onion production cost of this experiment includes the cost of physical and chemical inputs such as fertilizers, drip irrigation materials, seedlings, pesticides, and the activation inputs and mechanized inputs for transplanting and harvesting.

[0147] The production cost of onions under different fertilization treatments (Table 13) ranged from 4341.14 to 4832.17 yuan. 3.5 The production cost per mu is the highest, which is 4,832.17 yuan.

[0148] The per-acre output value of onions under different fertilization treatments ranged from 3736.09 yuan to 9755.49 yuan. Among them, the N2P2K2 treatment with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium had the highest per-acre output value of 9755.49 yuan, followed by the high-potassium N2P2K3 treatment with the highest per-acre output value of 9497.23 yuan.

[0149] ②Cost-output ratio analysis

[0150] Cost-output ratio is the output value produced for every 100 yuan of input cost. Cost-output ratio = output or output value / production cost × 100%. According to the cost-output ratio formula, the cost-output ratio of different treatments in this experiment is 86.06-208.14%, among which the cost-output ratio of N2P2K2 treatment is the highest, that is, 208.14 yuan can be obtained for every 100 yuan of production cost, see Table 13.

[0151] ③ Cost-profit analysis of onion bulb products under different fertilization systems

[0152] The profits of different treatments in this experiment ranged from -605.04 to 5068.58 yuan, among which the N2P2K2 treatment had the highest profit of 5068.58 yuan, see Table 13.

[0153] ④ Analysis on the cost-profit ratio of onion bulb products under different fertilization systems

[0154] Cost-profit ratio = profit amount or profit value / production cost × 100%. According to the cost-profit ratio formula, the cost-profit ratios of different treatments in this experiment range from -13.93% to 108.14%. Among them, the cost-profit ratio of N2P2K2 treatment is the highest, that is, if the production cost is 100 yuan, a profit of 108.14 yuan can be obtained, as shown in Table 13.

[0155] Table 13 Comparative analysis of economic benefits of onions under different fertilization treatments

[0156]

[0157]

[0158] in conclusion

[0159] The "3414" test model was adopted to study the effects of different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on onion yield, quality and economic benefits under water-fertilizer integrated film-covered drip irrigation. 2 ~6968.21kg / 667m 2 When fertilized according to the fertilization treatment group N2P2K2, the yield reached 6968.21kg / 667m 2 . In addition, the reasonable application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can effectively promote the increase of soluble sugar, vitamin C, soluble solids and protein content in onions, thereby improving the quality of onions. Among them, the fertilization treatment group N2P2K2 has the best effect on increasing the content of protein, soluble sugar and soluble solids in onions. As for the increase of vitamin C content, although the effect of fertilization treatment group N2P2K2 on increasing vitamin C content is slightly lower than that of treatment groups N2P3K2, treatment groups N2P2K3 and treatment groups N2P2K 3.5 , but the difference is small. Compared with the non-fertilization treatment (N0P0K0), the vitamin C content in onions is still significantly increased. In terms of the improvement effect of protein content, soluble sugar content and soluble solid content in onions, the fertilization treatment group N2P2K2 has the best effect on improving onion quality, which can increase the vitamin C content in onions to 9.33mg / 100g, the soluble sugar content to 8.39g / 100g, the protein content to 1.12g / 100g, and the soluble solid content to 10.4%. The production cost is 4248.14-4690.76 yuan / 667m 2 , the output value is 4038.16~9634.11 yuan / 667m 2 The cost-output ratio is 95.05-209.71%, and the profit rate is -4.94-109.71%. Taking all factors into consideration, we should adhere to the principle of controlling nitrogen, retaining phosphorus and increasing potassium, and adopt the most appropriate fertilization mode of N2P2K2, that is, the fertilizer application rates of N, P and K are 218.40 kg / hm2 、204.75kg / hm 2 、433.65kg / hm 2 .

[0160] Although the above embodiment describes the present invention in detail, it is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. People can also obtain other embodiments based on this embodiment without creative work, and these embodiments all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for managing onion water and fertilizer, comprising the following steps: Water the onion seedlings 10-30m before transplanting. 3 / 667m 2 At the same time, 2.91kg / 667m3 of nitrogen fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer. 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 5.46kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 4.34kg / 667m 2 ; After transplanting onion seedlings, water 10-15m 3 / 667m 2 ; Irrigate onion seedlings for 20-25 m 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 2.91kg / 667m 2 ; Irrigate 30-40m during the onion leaf growth period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 4.37kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 2.89kg / 667m 2 ; Irrigate 20-25m during the onion bulb formation period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 3.64kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 Potash fertilizer 5.78kg / 667m 2 ; Irrigate onion bulbs at 40-50 m during the growing period. 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 0.73kg / 667m 2 , Phosphate fertilizer 2.73kg / 667m 2 and potash fertilizer 7.23kg / 667m 2 ; Irrigate 70-90m during the onion bulb expansion period 3 / 667m 2 , topdressing potash fertilizer 8.67kg / 667m 2 .

2. The water and fertilizer management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The seedling determination period is 3 to 5 days after transplanting; the seedling acclimatization period is 20 to 25 days after transplanting.

3. The water and fertilizer management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The leaf growth period is 30 to 50 days after transplanting.

4. The water and fertilizer management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bulb formation period is 50 to 60 days after transplanting.

5. The water and fertilizer management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bulb growth period is 60 to 75 days after transplanting.

6. The water and fertilizer management method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bulb expansion period is 75 to 100 days after transplanting.

7. The water and fertilizer management method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The nitrogen fertilizer is measured in N; the phosphorus fertilizer is measured in P2O5; and the potash fertilizer is measured in K2O.

8. Use of the water and fertilizer management method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in improving the quality of onions.

9. The use according to claim 8, characterized in that: The method of improving the onion quality comprises increasing the content of one or more of vitamin C, soluble sugar, protein and soluble solids in the onion.

10. Use of the water and fertilizer management method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in reducing onion planting costs and / or increasing onion yields.

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