Novel high school physics collision test equipment
By introducing automated control of infrared sensors and embedded Bluetooth terminals into high school physical collision test equipment, the problem of large measurement errors in the prior art is solved, and a more accurate and universal inspection of the conservation of momentum law is achieved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202411554416.8
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-01
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-03
AI Technical Summary
The existing high school physical collision test equipment lacks automation and electronicization, resulting in large subjective errors in the measurement results, and the law of conservation of momentum cannot be accurately tested, especially when the mass of the ball does not meet the specific premise, the test cannot be successfully completed.
A new type of high school physical collision test equipment is designed, including a test stand and a smart terminal, using infrared sensors, embedded Bluetooth terminals and microcontrollers, and through automated control and wireless communication, the speed and momentum before and after the collision are measured and calculated, and subjective errors are reduced. And prevent the ball from rotating.
It significantly improves the accuracy and universality of the experimental data, reduces errors, and can achieve error control within the allowable range of high school physics textbooks with a smaller cost investment, enhancing the testing ability of the law of conservation of momentum.
Smart Images
Figure CN119252115A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of test equipment, and in particular to a novel high school physics collision test equipment. Background Art
[0002] In the teaching and experiment of physics, collision experiment is an important means to understand the core concepts such as the law of conservation of momentum, the kinetic energy theorem and energy conversion. Especially in high school physics teaching, one-dimensional collision experiment is widely used to cultivate students' physical intuition and experimental skills because of its simplicity and intuitiveness. In a one-dimensional collision, the masses m1 and m2 of the two colliding objects and the velocities v1, v2, v1′ and v2′ of the objects before and after the collision are measured, and the momentum before the collision p=m1v1+m2v2 and the momentum after the collision p′=m1v1′+m2v2′ are calculated to see whether the momentum before and after the collision is equal.
[0003] Original test of existing textbooks (refer to the attached figure of the instruction manual) Figure 5 ) is as follows: do not place the hit ball, and let the incident ball roll down freely from a fixed height on the chute each time, repeat 10 times. Use a compass to draw a circle as small as possible to circle all the ball landing points. The center of the circle P is the average position of the ball landing points. Put the hit ball at the end of the chute, and let the incident ball roll down freely from the same height of the chute (the height in the previous step) each time to make them collide, and repeat the experiment 10 times. Use the method in the previous step to mark the average position M of the incident ball landing point after the collision and the average position N of the hit ball landing point. Connect ON and measure the lengths of line segments OP, OM, and ON. Fill the measured data into the table, and finally substitute m1·OP=m1·OM+m2·ON to see if it is true within the allowable error range.
[0004] The above-mentioned existing high school physics collision test equipment, the test data is basically measured manually by teachers and students, which can better allow students to participate in the test and cultivate a scientific and rigorous test spirit. However, due to the lack of automation and electrification, the actual results are mostly subject to large subjective errors, and it is impossible to achieve a good test effect. At the same time, through theoretical analysis, it can be concluded that the above test errors are basically above 5%, which cannot achieve the expected effect of "within the allowable error range". Moreover, the above test has great limitations for the test of the law of conservation of momentum. According to theoretical analysis, the premise of the above test is that the mass of the incident ball m1> the mass of the hit ball m2.
[0005] The ball used in the above test has a rotating motion state when rolling down, so it has angular momentum. In actual collision, angular momentum will also be converted into momentum, but the momentum measured at point P does not include the momentum converted from this part of angular momentum. Therefore, in actual experiments, it is almost impossible to achieve the expected test results within an error of less than 5%. According to the law of conservation of momentum, it can be deduced that when the mass of the incident ball m1 is less than the mass of the hit ball m2, the incident ball will be bounced back and the test cannot be completed smoothly. Summary of the invention
[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a new type of high school physics collision test equipment to solve the technical problems raised in the above-mentioned background technology.
[0007] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a new type of high school physics collision test equipment, including a test frame and an intelligent terminal, a mezzanine space is arranged at the bottom of the test frame, the mezzanine space divides the bottom of the test frame into two side spaces, a row of holes is opened through the top outer wall of the test frame, the row of holes is symmetrically arranged at the top of the test frame, a connecting rope is inserted through the inner wall of the row of holes, one end of the connecting rope is inserted in the row of holes, the connecting rope is tied to the test frame through the row of holes, one end of one of the connecting ropes is fixedly connected to an incident ball, one end of one of the connecting ropes is fixedly connected to a hit ball, an infrared sensor 1 and an infrared sensor 2 are arranged at the bottom of the inner wall of the test frame, the infrared sensor 1 is arranged on one side of the infrared sensor 2, and the two infrared sensors 1 and 2 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the test frame, the inner bottom of the test frame is fixedly connected to a bottom plate, and the top outer wall of the bottom plate is provided with scale lines, an embedded Bluetooth terminal is installed in the mezzanine space, and an intelligent terminal is arranged on one side of the test frame.
[0008] Preferably, the rows of holes are symmetrically arranged on the top of the test frame, and the rows of holes are distributed on the test frame in a uniform linear array.
[0009] Preferably, a slide rail is provided at the bottom of the test stand, a slide groove is provided on the top outer wall of the slide rail, and the bottom outer walls of the infrared sensor 1 and the infrared sensor 2 are slidably connected to the inner wall of the slide groove.
[0010] Preferably, the embedded Bluetooth terminal broadcasts the speed data to the smart terminal in the form of a Notification service via Bluetooth communication.
[0011] Preferably, the infrared sensor 1 and the infrared sensor 2 are electrically connected to the embedded Bluetooth terminal.
[0012] Preferably, a track graticule is fixedly connected to the back outer wall of the test frame.
[0013] Compared with the related art, the novel high school physics collision test equipment provided by the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
[0014] 1. The present invention provides a novel high school physics collision test equipment. The embedded intelligent terminal dedicated to the test instrument can automatically determine the size relationship between m1 and m2 according to the situation, so as to correctly record v0, v1, and v2; the user interaction interface of the test instrument can input the parameters of the test ball, receive the Bluetooth broadcast of the test instrument, display the data measured by the test instrument, and calculate and display the error of the test instrument in actual operation.
[0015] 2. The present invention provides a new type of high school physics collision test equipment. Under the premise of maintaining students' participation in the experiment, it significantly improves the accuracy and intuitiveness of the test data with a reasonable cost investment, effectively reduces subjective test errors, and reaches the test error requirements allowed by high school physics textbooks. At the same time, it expands the scope of experimental data and makes it more universal, and at the same time caters to the current national strategic policy of information-based education.
[0016] 3. The present invention provides a novel high school physics collision test equipment, which refers to the design of Newton's cradle to prevent unnecessary rotation of the ball, thereby solving the theoretical problem that angular momentum will be converted into momentum. It can also measure the motion state of the ball being bounced back, thereby improving the universality of the experimental verification of the law of conservation of momentum.
[0017] 4. The present invention provides a new type of high school physics collision test equipment. With the help of embedded single-chip microcomputer and its automatic control technology, analog circuit and sensor driving technology, Bluetooth wireless communication interface program technology and high school physics experiment teaching platform secondary development related technology, the test equipment has an embedded Bluetooth smart terminal, which achieves the purpose of intuitively reflecting the test data and errors in the test process. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the present invention;
[0019] Figure 2 For the present invention Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the cutaway structure;
[0020] Figure 3 It is a side view structural schematic diagram of the present invention;
[0021] Figure 4 For the present invention Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the cutaway structure;
[0022] Figure 5 This is the original test picture in the existing textbook.
[0023] In the figure: 1. test frame; 2. interlayer space; 3. row of holes; 4. connecting rope; 5. incident ball; 6. hit ball; 7. infrared sensor 1; 8. infrared sensor 2; 9. slide rail; 10. slide groove; 11. bottom plate; 12. scale line; 13. embedded Bluetooth terminal; 14. smart terminal; 15. track dividing plate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments; based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0025] See also Figure 1-Figure 4 The present invention provides a technical solution: a new type of high school physics collision test equipment, including a test frame 1 and an intelligent terminal 14, a mezzanine space 2 is arranged at the bottom of the test frame 1, and the mezzanine space 2 divides the bottom of the test frame 1 into two side spaces, a row of holes 3 are penetrated through the top outer wall of the test frame 1, and the row of holes 3 are symmetrically arranged at the top of the test frame 1, and a connecting rope 4 is inserted through the inner wall of the row of holes 3, and one end of the connecting rope 4 is inserted in the row of holes 3, and the connecting rope 4 is tied to the test frame 1 through the row of holes 3, and one end of one of the connecting ropes 4 is fixedly connected to an incident ball 5, and one end of one of the connecting ropes 4 is fixedly connected to a hit ball 6, an infrared sensor 1 7 and an infrared sensor 2 8 are arranged at the bottom of the inner wall of the test frame 1, the infrared sensor 1 7 is arranged on one side of the infrared sensor 2 8, and the two infrared sensors 1 7 and 2 8 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the test frame 1, a bottom plate 11 is fixedly connected to the inner bottom of the test frame 1, and a scale line 12 is arranged on the top outer wall of the bottom plate 11, and an embedded Bluetooth terminal 13 is installed in the mezzanine space 2.
[0026] In this implementation, during the experiment, the user only needs to first pull the incident ball 5 backward to a certain height and then release the incident ball 5. The incident ball 5 passes through the two infrared photoelectric gates of the first infrared sensor 7 successively. The level output by the photoelectric gate to the embedded terminal is pulled low, triggering the external interrupt of the single-chip microcomputer to record that the incident ball 5 passes through two known distances d in a time t0, and the initial velocity v0 of the incident ball is calculated. Then, the incident ball 5 and the struck ball 6 have a one-dimensional central collision. If the mass m1 of the incident ball 5 > the mass m2 of the struck ball 6, then the final velocities of both the incident ball 5 and the struck ball 6 are in the same direction as the initial velocity of the incident ball 5, and the struck ball 6 has a faster velocity. The struck ball 6 passes through the second infrared sensor 8 first, and then the incident ball 5 also passes through the second infrared sensor 8. The single-chip microcomputer will measure the post-collision velocities v1 and v2 of the incident ball 5 and the struck ball 6 in the same way; if m1 < m2, then the velocity of the struck ball 6 is in the same direction as the initial velocity of the incident ball 5, while the direction of the velocity of the incident ball 5 is reversed. The struck ball 6 passes through the second infrared sensor 8, and its post-collision velocity v2 is measured by the single-chip microcomputer in the same way as above, while the incident ball 5 returns through the first infrared sensor 7 and is measured a post-collision velocity v1 with a sign opposite to its initial velocity.
[0027] After all the velocity data are measured, the embedded Bluetooth terminal 13 will broadcast the three velocity data in the form of a Notification service through Bluetooth communication for the smart terminal 14 to obtain. At the same time, no new velocity information will be recorded until the test equipment is restarted to prevent unnecessary interference caused by the ball's reverberation.
[0028] The secondary development program of the application platform of the smart terminal 14 obtains the ball mass information input by the user through the user interaction interface, reads the velocity information in the Bluetooth broadcast, and then calculates the momentum p0 and the total final momentum p1 respectively. p0 = m1 * v0, p1 = m1 * v1 + m2 * v2 (the sign of the velocity represents the relative motion direction, and the direction of the initial velocity of the incident ball 5 is specified as positive). At the same time, calculate the relative test error percentage dfp = abs(p0 - p1) / p0 * 100 [%], and then output the velocity data, momentum data, and test error percentage through the user interaction interface, accurately and intuitively reflecting the test data and error degree.
[0029] Among them, the row of holes 3 is symmetrically arranged at the top of the test stand 1, and the row of holes 3 is distributed in a uniform linear array on the test stand 1.
[0030] In this implementation, multiple rows of holes 3 are used to adjust the position of balls with different diameters to ensure that the collision between the two is a one-dimensional central collision.
[0031] Among them, a slide rail 9 is arranged at the bottom of the test frame 1, and a slide groove 10 is opened on the top outer wall of the slide rail 9. The bottom outer walls of the infrared sensor 1 7 and the infrared sensor 2 8 are slidably connected to the inner wall of the slide groove 10.
[0032] In this embodiment, the bottom slide groove 10 is used to carry the infrared sensor 1 7 and the infrared sensor 2 8, allowing them to move in the same straight line. The scale lines 12 on the bottom plate 11 are used to determine the best positions for placing the infrared sensor 1 7 and the infrared sensor 2 8, ensuring that the speed of the ball is measured at the lowest possible position when it performs a pendulum-like motion, otherwise there will be a large error.
[0033] The embedded Bluetooth terminal 13 broadcasts the speed data to the smart terminal 14 in the form of a Notification service via Bluetooth communication.
[0034] The infrared sensor 1 7 and the infrared sensor 2 8 are electrically connected to the embedded Bluetooth terminal 13 .
[0035] In this implementation, the embedded Bluetooth terminal 13 can use a development board or a module with mature technology. The infrared sensor uses a comparator to determine the threshold and output the corresponding level (here it is pulled high by default when there is no obstruction). The smart terminal application platform can use Phyphox (mobile phone physics workshop) or a corresponding APP developed by itself.
[0036] A track graticule 15 is fixedly connected to the back outer wall of the test frame 1 .
[0037] In this embodiment, the track graticule 15 can be used in conjunction with a screen flash camera, carbon paper, or other instrument or tool that can record the ball's motion trajectory, so as to facilitate recording the ball's motion trajectory. The track graticule 15 is provided with scale lines and mesh lines.
[0038] Working principle: When conducting the experiment, the user only needs to first pull the incident ball 5 backward to a certain height and then release the incident ball 5. The incident ball 5 passes through the two infrared photoelectric gates of the infrared sensor 1 7 successively. The level output by the photoelectric gate to the embedded terminal is pulled low, triggering the external interrupt of the single-chip microcomputer to record that the incident ball 5 passes through two known distances d in a time of t0, and the initial velocity v0 of the incident ball is calculated. Then, the incident ball 5 and the struck ball 6 have a one-dimensional central collision. If the mass m1 of the incident ball 5 > the mass m2 of the struck ball 6, then the final velocities of both the incident ball 5 and the struck ball 6 are in the same direction as the initial velocity of the incident ball 5, and the struck ball 6 has a faster velocity. The struck ball 6 passes through the infrared sensor 2 8 first, and then the incident ball 5 also passes through the infrared sensor 2 8. The single-chip microcomputer will measure the post-collision velocities v1 and v2 of the incident ball 5 and the struck ball 6 in the same way; if m1 < m2, then the velocity of the struck ball 6 is in the same direction as the initial velocity of the incident ball 5, while the direction of the velocity of the incident ball 5 is reversed. The struck ball 6 passes through the infrared sensor 2 8 and its post-collision velocity v2 is measured by the single-chip microcomputer in the same way as above, while the incident ball 5 returns and passes through the infrared sensor 1 7 and is measured to have a post-collision velocity v1 with a sign opposite to its initial velocity.
[0039] After all the velocity data are measured, the embedded Bluetooth terminal 13 will broadcast the three velocity data in the form of a Notification service through Bluetooth communication for the smart terminal 14 to obtain. At the same time, no new velocity information will be recorded until the test equipment is restarted to prevent unnecessary interference caused by the ball's reverberation.
[0040] The secondary development program of the application platform of the smart terminal 14 obtains the ball mass information input by the user through the user interface, reads the velocity information in the Bluetooth broadcast, and then calculates the momentum p0 and the total final momentum p1 respectively. p0 = m1 * v0, p1 = m1 * v1 + m2 * v2 (the sign of the velocity represents the relative motion direction, and the initial velocity direction of the incident ball 5 is specified as positive). At the same time, the relative test error percentage dfp = abs(p0 - p1) / p0 * 100 [%] is calculated, and then the velocity data, momentum data, and test error percentage are output through the user interface to accurately and intuitively reflect the test data and error degree.
[0041] As described above, it is only the preferred specific implementation manner of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, according to the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, makes equivalent substitutions or changes, and all should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A novel high school physics collision test equipment, comprising a test stand (1) and an intelligent terminal (14), characterized in that: The top outer wall of the test frame (1) is provided with a row of holes (3), the inner wall of the row of holes (3) is provided with a connecting rope (4), one end of the connecting rope (4) is provided in the row of holes (3), the connecting rope (4) is fastened to the test frame (1) through the row of holes (3), one end of one of the connecting ropes (4) is fixedly connected to an incident ball (5), one end of one of the connecting ropes (4) is fixedly connected to a hit ball (6), the bottom of the inner wall of the test frame (1) is provided with an infrared sensor 1 (7) and an infrared sensor 2 (8), the The infrared sensor 1 (7) is arranged on one side of the infrared sensor 2 (8), and the two infrared sensors 1 (7) and 2 (8) are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the test frame (1). The inner bottom of the test frame (1) is fixedly connected to a bottom plate (11), and the top outer wall of the bottom plate (11) is provided with scale lines (12). The bottom of the test frame (1) is provided with an interlayer space (2), and the interlayer space (2) divides the bottom of the test frame (1) into two side spaces, and an embedded Bluetooth terminal (13) is installed in the interlayer space (2).
2. A new type of high school physics collision test equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The rows of holes (3) are symmetrically arranged on the top of the test frame (1), and the rows of holes (3) are distributed on the test frame (1) in a uniform linear array.
3. A new type of high school physics collision test equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: A slide rail (9) is provided at the bottom of the test frame (1), a slide groove (10) is provided on the top outer wall of the slide rail (9), and the bottom outer walls of the infrared sensor 1 (7) and the infrared sensor 2 (8) are slidably connected to the inner wall of the slide groove (10).
4. A new type of high school physics collision test equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The embedded Bluetooth terminal (13) broadcasts the speed data to the smart terminal (14) in the form of a Notification service via Bluetooth communication.
5. A new type of high school physics collision test equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The infrared sensor 1 (7) and the infrared sensor 2 (8) are electrically connected to the embedded Bluetooth terminal (13).
6. A new type of high school physics collision test equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: A track graticule (15) is fixedly connected to the back outer wall of the test frame (1).