Anti-shedding paint and application thereof

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of paint, and particularly relates to anti-shedding paint and application thereof, and the anti-shedding paint comprises primer and finish paint. Polyvinyl alcohol microspheres are added into a primer, the particle size of the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres and the alcoholysis degree of polyvinyl alcohol are limited, so that the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres cannot be dissolved in the primer but are dissolved in hot water at the temperature of 90 DEG C or above, a base material is coated with the primer, and after the primer is dried to form a bottom layer, the surface of the bottom layer is washed with the hot water at the temperature of 90 DEG C or above; the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres on the surface of the bottom layer are dissolved and fall off, dents are left, the bottom layer with the multi-pit structure on the surface is obtained, the surface area of the bottom layer is increased, namely the contact area of the surface of the bottom layer and the finish paint is increased, the multi-pit structure can increase the gripping force of the surface of the bottom layer and the finish paint, and the purpose of improving the binding force of the bottom layer and the finish paint is achieved. The adhesive force between the finish paint and the primer is 0 grade, the finish paint is not prone to falling off, and the service life is prolonged.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of paint, specifically relating to an anti-peeling paint and its application. Background Art

[0002] Metals and wood exposed to the daily environment are easily corroded by external oxygen and moisture. Applying paint to the surface of metals and wood forms a protective film, providing anti-corrosion, waterproofing, and lightfastness, extending the material's lifespan and enhancing its appearance. Paint typically consists of resins, solvents, and additives, mainly including primer and topcoat. The primer is sprayed as the first layer on the material, improving the adhesion between the paint and the material, resulting in a more even coating. The topcoat is applied over the primer, usually with added pigments to enhance its aesthetic appeal. However, the adhesion of most topcoats on the market is currently around level 2, indicating insufficient bonding between the topcoat and primer. After prolonged exposure, the topcoat easily peels off the primer, affecting both appearance and protective effectiveness.

[0003] The patent with patent number "CN202110120123.9" entitled "A graphene non-stick coating and its preparation method" describes obtaining a coating on the surface of cookware. The coating uses a primer and a topcoat, both of which contain graphene oxide. Through the interaction between the active reactive groups on the surface of graphene oxide, an interpenetrating network structure is formed between the primer and the topcoat, organically combining the primer and the topcoat to achieve the effect of preventing peeling. However, this method is not suitable for paints on walls, furniture, etc., because the addition of graphene oxide will have a certain impact on the color and appearance of the paint. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides an anti-peeling paint and its application, which aims to improve the adhesion between the topcoat and the primer without affecting the properties of the topcoat and the primer themselves.

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0006] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide an anti-peeling paint, which includes a primer and a topcoat.

[0007] Preferably, the primer comprises the following components by weight: 40-60 parts epoxy resin emulsion, 15-20 parts amine curing agent, 20-30 parts deionized water, 0.1-0.3 parts defoamer, 1-2 parts dispersant, 0.1-0.5 parts leveling agent, 5-11 parts coloring pigment, 0.2-0.4 parts penetrant, 2-3 parts mica powder, and 6-10 parts polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

[0008] Preferably, the topcoat comprises the following components by weight: 55-65 parts of waterborne polyurethane acrylate emulsion, 15-20 parts of deionized water, 0.1-0.5 parts of leveling agent, 0.1-0.3 parts of defoamer, 1.5-2 parts of dipropylene glycol butyl ether, 1-1.5 parts of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, 1-2 parts of dispersant, and 12-17 parts of coloring pigment.

[0009] Preferably, the method for preparing the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is as follows:

[0010] S1. Add surfactant to liquid paraffin and stir for 10-20 minutes to obtain oil phase;

[0011] S2. Add polyvinyl alcohol to deionized water and heat to 90-95℃ to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol, thus obtaining a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution.

[0012] S3. The polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was stirred at high speed and added to the oil phase in the form of a jet. The reaction was carried out at 40-50℃ for 60-90 min. After the reaction was completed, the supernatant was removed by centrifugation. The precipitate was washed with ethyl acetate and deionized water in sequence, and then freeze-dried to obtain polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

[0013] Preferably, the surfactant in S1 is Span80 or Toast20, and the amount added is 2-4% of the mass of the liquid paraffin.

[0014] Preferably, in the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution in S2, the mass fraction of polyvinyl alcohol is 6-12%; and the degree of alcoholysis of the polyvinyl alcohol is 95-100%.

[0015] Preferably, the high-speed stirring rate in S3 is 300-400 r / min.

[0016] Preferably, the jet velocity in S3 is 40-50 ml / min, and the jet orifice diameter is 200 μm.

[0017] Preferably, the volume ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution to the oil phase in S3 is 1:2 to 3.

[0018] Preferably, the freeze-drying in S3 involves first freezing at -50°C for 12 hours, then freezing at room temperature for 6 hours, followed by freezing at -50°C for 8 hours and then freezing at room temperature for 4 hours.

[0019] Preferably, the average particle size of the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is 32–68 μm.

[0020] The second objective of this invention is to provide an application for preventing paint peeling, the application of which is as follows:

[0021] Clean and dry the substrate surface, then apply a primer to the substrate surface and dry it at 50-60℃ for 10-15 minutes to form the underlayer; rinse the surface of the underlayer with hot water to dissolve and remove the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres on the underlayer surface, leaving uniform pits to obtain an underlayer with a "multi-pit" structure; apply a topcoat to the surface of the underlayer with the "multi-pit" structure, dry it at 80-90℃ for 10-20 minutes, and then dry it at 110-120℃ for 30-40 minutes to obtain a substrate coated with anti-peeling paint.

[0022] Preferably, the temperature of the hot water is 90-100℃, and the rinsing flow rate is 10-20 ml / min.

[0023] Preferably, the coating amount of the primer is 60-80 g / m². 2 The coating amount of the topcoat is 60-80 g / m². 2 .

[0024] In the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microspheres, the degree of alcoholysis of PVA was limited to 95–100%. The resulting PVA microspheres were soluble in hot water above 90°C but insoluble in room temperature water. By limiting the concentration of the PVA aqueous solution, the jet flow rate, and the pore size, the average particle size of the microspheres was 32–68 μm. Since PVA microspheres were added to the primer, after the primer dried and formed the undercoat, the surface of the undercoat was rinsed with hot water. This caused the PVA microspheres on the undercoat surface to dissolve and detach, leaving uniform pits. This resulted in an undercoat with a "multi-pitted" surface structure, increasing the surface area of ​​the undercoat, thus increasing the contact area between the undercoat and the topcoat. Furthermore, the "multi-pitted" structure increased the "grafting force" between the undercoat and the topcoat, improving their adhesion and preventing the topcoat from peeling off the primer. The average particle size of the PVA microspheres was carefully controlled. If the particle size was too small, the pits on the undercoat surface would be too small, resulting in insufficient "grafting force" between the undercoat and the topcoat. If the particle size was too large, hot water rinsing risked damaging the primer structure and reducing the adhesion between the undercoat and the topcoat.

[0025] The temperature and flow rate of the hot water were limited to prevent the impact of the hot water from damaging the "multi-pitted" structure of the bottom surface, but it was also necessary to ensure that all polyvinyl alcohol microspheres were removed by the hot water. Therefore, the temperature of the hot water was selected to be 80-90℃ and the rinsing flow rate was 10-20ml / min.

[0026] Due to the adoption of the above technical solution, the technical effects achieved by the present invention are:

[0027] 1. The anti-peeling paint of the present invention is applied to the surface of the substrate to form a coating, which enhances the adhesion between the topcoat and the primer, making the topcoat less likely to peel off and affect the appearance, and extending the service life.

[0028] 2. This invention adds polyvinyl alcohol microspheres to the primer, limiting the particle size of the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres and the degree of alcoholysis of polyvinyl alcohol, so that the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres do not dissolve in the primer but dissolve in hot water above 90°C. The primer is applied to the substrate, and after the primer dries to form the underlayer, the surface of the underlayer is rinsed with hot water above 90°C, causing the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres on the surface of the underlayer to dissolve and fall off, leaving pits, resulting in an underlayer with a "multi-pit" structure. This increases the surface area of ​​the underlayer, that is, increases the contact area between the underlayer surface and the topcoat, and the "multi-pit" structure can increase the "graft" of the underlayer surface onto the topcoat, thereby improving the bonding force between the two and preventing the topcoat from peeling off the primer. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The present invention will be further illustrated below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0030] Example 1

[0031] A paint that prevents peeling, the paint comprising a primer and a topcoat.

[0032] The primer comprises the following components by weight: 45 parts epoxy resin emulsion, 17 parts amine curing agent, 25 parts deionized water, 0.2 parts defoamer, 1.5 parts dispersant, 0.3 parts leveling agent, 8 parts coloring pigment, 0.3 parts penetrant, 2.5 parts mica powder, and 8 parts polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

[0033] The topcoat comprises the following components by weight: 60 parts of waterborne polyurethane acrylate emulsion, 17 parts of deionized water, 0.3 parts of leveling agent, 0.2 parts of defoamer, 1.8 parts of dipropylene glycol butyl ether, 1.2 parts of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, 1.5 parts of dispersant, and 15 parts of coloring pigment.

[0034] The method for preparing the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is as follows:

[0035] S1. Add surfactant to liquid paraffin and stir for 15 minutes to obtain oil phase;

[0036] S2. Add polyvinyl alcohol to deionized water and heat to 92°C to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol, thus obtaining a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution.

[0037] S3. The polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was stirred at high speed and added to the oil phase in the form of a jet. The reaction was carried out at 45°C for 80 min. After the reaction was completed, the supernatant was removed by centrifugation. The precipitate was washed with ethyl acetate and deionized water in sequence and then freeze-dried to obtain polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

[0038] The surfactant in S1 is Span80, and the amount added is 3% of the mass of the liquid paraffin.

[0039] The polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution in S2 contains 10% polyvinyl alcohol by mass; the degree of alcoholysis of the polyvinyl alcohol is 97%.

[0040] The high-speed stirring rate in S3 is 350 r / min.

[0041] The jet velocity in S3 is 45 ml / min, and the jet orifice diameter is 200 μm.

[0042] The volume ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution to the oil phase in S3 is 1:2.5.

[0043] The freeze-drying process in S3 involves first freezing at -50°C for 12 hours, then freezing at room temperature for 6 hours, followed by freezing at -50°C for 8 hours and then freezing at room temperature for 4 hours.

[0044] The average particle size of the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is 51 μm.

[0045] An application of an anti-peeling paint, the application being as follows:

[0046] Clean and dry the substrate surface, then apply a primer to the substrate surface and dry it at 55°C for 15 minutes to form the underlayer; rinse the surface of the underlayer with hot water to dissolve and remove the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres on the underlayer surface, leaving pits to obtain an underlayer with a "multi-pit" structure; apply a topcoat to the surface of the underlayer with the "multi-pit" structure, dry it at 85°C for 15 minutes, and then dry it at 115°C for 35 minutes to obtain a substrate coated with anti-peeling paint.

[0047] The temperature of the hot water is 95℃, and the rinsing flow rate is 15ml / min.

[0048] The coating amount of the primer is 70 g / m². 2 The coating amount of the topcoat is 70g / m². 2 .

[0049] Example 2

[0050] A paint that prevents peeling, the paint comprising a primer and a topcoat.

[0051] The primer comprises the following components by weight: 40 parts epoxy resin emulsion, 15 parts amine curing agent, 20 parts deionized water, 0.1 parts defoamer, 1 part dispersant, 0.1 parts leveling agent, 5 parts coloring pigment, 0.2 parts penetrant, 2 parts mica powder, and 6 parts polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

[0052] The topcoat comprises the following components by weight: 55 parts of waterborne polyurethane acrylate emulsion, 15 parts of deionized water, 0.1 parts of leveling agent, 0.1 parts of defoamer, 1.5 parts of dipropylene glycol butyl ether, 1 part of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, 1 part of dispersant, and 12 parts of coloring pigment.

[0053] The method for preparing the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is as follows:

[0054] S1. Add surfactant to liquid paraffin and stir for 10 minutes to obtain oil phase;

[0055] S2. Add polyvinyl alcohol to deionized water and heat to 90°C to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol, thus obtaining a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution.

[0056] S3. The polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was stirred at high speed and added to the oil phase in the form of a jet. The reaction was carried out at 40°C for 60 min. After the reaction was completed, the supernatant was removed by centrifugation. The precipitate was washed with ethyl acetate and deionized water in sequence and then freeze-dried to obtain polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

[0057] The surfactant in S1 is Span80, and the amount added is 2% of the mass of the liquid paraffin.

[0058] The polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution in S2 has a polyvinyl alcohol mass fraction of 12% and a degree of alcoholysis of 95%.

[0059] The high-speed stirring rate in S3 is 300 r / min.

[0060] The jet velocity in S3 is 40 ml / min, and the jet orifice diameter is 200 μm.

[0061] The volume ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution to the oil phase in S3 is 1:2.

[0062] The freeze-drying process in S3 involves first freezing at -50°C for 12 hours, then freezing at room temperature for 6 hours, followed by freezing at -50°C for 8 hours and then freezing at room temperature for 4 hours.

[0063] The average particle size of the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is 68 μm.

[0064] An application of an anti-peeling paint, the application being as follows:

[0065] Clean and dry the substrate surface, then apply a primer to the substrate surface and dry it at 50°C for 10 minutes to form the underlayer; rinse the surface of the underlayer with hot water to dissolve and remove the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres on the underlayer surface, leaving pits to obtain an underlayer with a "multi-pit" structure; apply a topcoat to the surface of the underlayer with the "multi-pit" structure, dry it at 80°C for 10 minutes, and then dry it at 110°C for 40 minutes to obtain a substrate coated with anti-peeling paint.

[0066] The temperature of the hot water is 90℃, and the rinsing flow rate is 10ml / min.

[0067] The coating amount of the primer is 80g / m².2 The coating amount of the topcoat is 80g / m². 2 .

[0068] Example 3

[0069] A paint that prevents peeling, the paint comprising a primer and a topcoat.

[0070] The primer comprises the following components by weight: 60 parts epoxy resin emulsion, 20 parts amine curing agent, 30 parts deionized water, 0.3 parts defoamer, 2 parts dispersant, 0.5 parts leveling agent, 11 parts coloring pigment, 0.4 parts penetrant, 3 parts mica powder, and 10 parts polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

[0071] The topcoat comprises the following components by weight: 65 parts of waterborne polyurethane acrylate emulsion, 20 parts of deionized water, 0.5 parts of leveling agent, 0.3 parts of defoamer, 2 parts of dipropylene glycol butyl ether, 1.5 parts of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, 2 parts of dispersant, and 17 parts of coloring pigment.

[0072] The method for preparing the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is as follows:

[0073] S1. Add surfactant to liquid paraffin and stir for 20 minutes to obtain oil phase;

[0074] S2. Add polyvinyl alcohol to deionized water and heat to 95°C to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol, thus obtaining a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution.

[0075] S3. The polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was stirred at high speed and added to the oil phase in the form of a jet. The reaction was carried out at 50°C for 90 min. After the reaction was completed, the supernatant was removed by centrifugation. The precipitate was washed with ethyl acetate and deionized water in sequence, and then freeze-dried to obtain polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

[0076] The surfactant in S1 is Toast 20, and the amount added is 4% of the mass of liquid paraffin.

[0077] The polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution in S2 has a polyvinyl alcohol mass fraction of 6% and a degree of alcoholysis of 100%.

[0078] The high-speed stirring rate in S3 is 400 r / min.

[0079] The jet velocity in S3 is 50 ml / min, and the jet orifice diameter is 200 μm.

[0080] The volume ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution to the oil phase in S3 is 1:3.

[0081] The freeze-drying process in S3 involves first freezing at -50°C for 12 hours, then freezing at room temperature for 6 hours, followed by freezing at -50°C for 8 hours and then freezing at room temperature for 4 hours.

[0082] The average particle size of the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is 32 μm.

[0083] An application of an anti-peeling paint, the application being as follows:

[0084] Clean and dry the substrate surface, then apply a primer to the substrate surface and dry it at 60°C for 12 minutes to form the underlayer; rinse the surface of the underlayer with hot water to dissolve and remove the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres on the underlayer surface, leaving pits to obtain an underlayer with a "multi-pit" structure; apply a topcoat to the surface of the underlayer with the "multi-pit" structure, dry it at 90°C for 20 minutes, and then dry it at 120°C for 30 minutes to obtain a substrate coated with anti-peeling paint.

[0085] The temperature of the hot water is 100℃, and the rinsing flow rate is 20ml / min.

[0086] The coating amount of the primer is 60g / m². 2 The coating amount of the topcoat is 60g / m². 2 .

[0087] Comparative Example 1

[0088] Example 1, a representative example, was selected. The polyvinyl alcohol microspheres in the primer were removed, while the rest were the same as in Example 1, serving as Comparative Example 1.

[0089] Comparative Example 2

[0090] Example 1, a representative example, was selected. The preparation conditions of polyvinyl alcohol microspheres were adjusted to obtain polyvinyl alcohol microspheres with an average particle size of 11 μm. All other conditions were the same as in Example 1, which served as Comparative Example 2.

[0091] Comparative Example 3

[0092] Example 1, a representative example, was selected. The preparation conditions of polyvinyl alcohol microspheres were adjusted to obtain polyvinyl alcohol microspheres with an average particle size of 96 μm. All other conditions were the same as in Example 1, which served as Comparative Example 3.

[0093] After the substrates coated with anti-slip paint in the examples and comparative examples were placed for one week, their various properties were tested. The specific results are shown in Table 1.

[0094] Table 1

[0095]

[0096] Note: Topcoat adhesion test standard: GB / T 1720-2020;

[0097] Pencil hardness testing standard: GB / T 6739-2006;

[0098] Gloss test: GB / T 9754-2007;

[0099] Impact resistance test standard: GB / T 1732-2020.

[0100] As shown in Table 1, in Comparative Example 1, removing polyvinyl alcohol microspheres from the primer significantly reduced the adhesion and impact resistance of the topcoat. In Comparative Example 2, adding smaller polyvinyl alcohol microspheres to the primer significantly reduced the adhesion and impact resistance of the topcoat, with no improvement compared to Comparative Example 1. This indicates that the small particle size resulted in insufficient gripping force on the topcoat due to the indentations formed on the substrate surface, thus the adhesion and impact resistance remained largely unchanged compared to Comparative Example 1. In Comparative Example 3, adding larger polyvinyl alcohol microspheres to the primer slightly improved the adhesion and impact resistance compared to Comparative Examples 1 and 2, but still fell far short of Example 1. This suggests that the excessively large polyvinyl alcohol microspheres, after being washed away with hot water, had a certain impact on the structure of the primer and reduced the bonding force between the substrate and the topcoat.

[0101] Unless otherwise specified, the ratios and percentages described in the present invention are all by mass; all raw materials are commercially available.

[0102] Finally, it should be noted that the above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art will be able to modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments or substitute equivalents for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention shall be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An anti-shedding paint, characterized in that: The anti-shedding paint comprises a primer and a topcoat.

2. The anti-shedding paint according to claim 1, characterized in that: The primer includes the following components in parts by weight: 40-60 parts of epoxy resin emulsion, 15-20 parts of amine curing agent, 20-30 parts of deionized water, 0.1-0.3 parts of defoaming agent, 1-2 parts of dispersant, 0.1-0.5 parts of leveling agent, 5-11 parts of coloring pigment, 0.2-0.4 parts of penetrant, 2-3 parts of mica powder, and 6-10 parts of polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

3. The anti-shedding paint according to claim 1, characterized in that: The topcoat comprises the following components in parts by weight: 55-65 parts of aqueous polyurethane acrylate emulsion, 15-20 parts of deionized water, 0.1-0.5 parts of leveling agent, 0.1-0.3 parts of defoaming agent, 1.5-2 parts of dipropylene glycol butyl ether, 1-1.5 parts of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, 1-2 parts of dispersant, and 12-17 parts of coloring pigment.

4. The anti-shedding paint according to claim 2, characterized in that: The preparation method of the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is: S1. Add a surfactant to liquid paraffin and stir for 10 to 20 minutes to obtain an oil phase; S2, adding polyvinyl alcohol to deionized water, heating to 90-95° C. to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol, to obtain a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution; S3. Stir the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution at high speed and add it into the oil phase in the form of a jet, react at 40-50°C for 60-90 minutes, centrifuge after the reaction, remove the supernatant, wash the precipitate with ethyl acetate and deionized water in turn, and freeze-dry to obtain polyvinyl alcohol microspheres.

5. The anti-shedding paint according to claim 4, characterized in that: The surfactant in S1 is span80 or toast 20, and the added amount is 2-4% of the mass of liquid paraffin.

6. The anti-shedding paint according to claim 4, characterized in that: In the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution in S2, the mass fraction of polyvinyl alcohol is 6-12%; the alcoholysis degree of the polyvinyl alcohol is 95-100%.

7. The anti-shedding paint according to claim 4, characterized in that: The speed of high-speed stirring in S3 is 300-400 r / min; The flow rate of the jet in S3 is 40-50 ml / min, and the jet aperture is 200 μm; The volume ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution to the oil phase in S3 is 1:2-3; The freeze drying in S3 is to first freeze at -50°C for 12 hours and then at room temperature for 6 hours, and then freeze at -50°C for 8 hours and then at room temperature for 4 hours.

8. The anti-shedding paint according to claim 4, characterized in that: The average particle size of the polyvinyl alcohol microspheres is 32 to 68 μm.

9. The use of an anti-shedding paint as claimed in claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The application is as follows: the surface of the substrate is cleaned and dried, and then a layer of primer is applied on the surface of the substrate, and the substrate is dried at 50-60° C. for 10-15 minutes to form a bottom layer; the surface of the bottom layer is rinsed with hot water to obtain a bottom layer with a "multi-pit" structure; a layer of topcoat is applied on the surface of the bottom layer with the "multi-pit" structure, and the substrate is dried at 80-90° C. for 10-20 minutes, and then dried at 110-120° C. for 30-40 minutes to obtain a substrate coated with anti-shedding paint.

10. The use of an anti-shedding paint according to claim 9, characterized in that: The temperature of the hot water is 90-100°C, and the flushing flow rate is 10-20 ml / min; The coating amount of the primer is 60 to 80 g / m 2 The coating amount of the topcoat is 60 to 80 g / m 2 .

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